Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada
From the molecule to the organism: Physiology of the insect to help plant protection
Desde la molécula al organismo: Fisiologia del insecto en ayuda de la protección
Yvan Pelletier Potato Research Centre, AAFC Canada
XXIII Congreso de la ALAP´08 VI Seminario Latinoamericano de Uso y C omercialización de la Papa Potato Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Potato Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
30% Production in 2007 25% 158,966 ha (4,969,506 t) 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% C.-B. Alb. Sask. Man. Ont. Qué. N.-B. N.-E I.-P.-E. T.-N. Potato Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Fredericton Potato Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Fredericton Main site (administrative and scientific) 17 scientists 20 laboratories and 300 hectares
Benton Ridge Breeding sub-station 350 hectares Potato Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Insect Physiology Laboratory Potato Research Centre
Mandate: Study potato insect pests Insect-plant interactions Potato Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Insect Physiology Laboratory
Insect Physiology and Biomechanics
Insecticide Resistance
Potato Resistance to Insects
PVY Transmission by Aphids Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada
Green Peach Aphid Potato Aphid
Colorado Potato Potato Beetle Potato Tuber Moth fleabeetle Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado Potato Beetle Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada
The Research and Development Continuum
Research Development Application Control Method
How it works How to make it work Work with it Haemolymph Plasma Ions
Macrosiphum albifrons
Aphid blood collection: 1 student, 2 weeks, 70 hours 4,000 aphids 0.4 ml of blood Haemolymph Plasma Ions Haemolymph Plasma Ions
Development of physiological saline solutions CPB anti-diuretic hormone
aDH collection: 25,000 CPB heads CPB anti-diuretic hormone
First insect anti-diuretic hormone active on Malpighian tubules CPB water loss
Conditions: 30°C, 5% RH Plastic lined trench CPB biomechanics Walking on slope CPB biomechanics Walking on slope
First description of the biomechanics of an insect walking on slope CPB biomechanics Obstacle perception
First time antennae were associated with terrestrial locomotion Physical control method Flamer Physical control method Thermal injuries Physical control method Thermal injuries
Injury level of adult CPB dipped in water of different temperature for one second. Physical control method Thermal injuries Physical control method Lethal temperature Physical control method Lethal temperature Physical control method CPB scorcher Insecticide resistance Colorado potato beetle
Whalon, M., D. Mota-Sanchez, and L. Duynslager. 2004. CPB has The database of arthropod resistance to pesticides. developed http://www.pesticideresistance.org/DB/index.html. acetamiprid resistance to 49 aldicarb dioxacarb oxamyl aldrin endosulfan parathion insecticides azinphos-methyl endrin parathion-methyl Bt CryIIIA esfenvalerate permethrin carbaryl fenvalerate phorate carbofuran hydrogen cyanide phosmet cartap imidacloprid phoxim chlordane lindane/BHC propoxur chlorfenvinphos malathion quinalphos cloethocarb methamidophos rotenone clothianidin methidathion Spinosad cypermethrin methoxychlor tetrachlorvinphos DDT monocrotophos thiacloprid deltamethrin N-Desmethylthiamethoxam thiamethoxam Dieldrin N-Methylimidacloprid toxaphene dinotefuran nitenpyram trichlorfon Insecticide resistance Molecular tools
Low Density Reverse BAC libraries Northern Array Identification of ~70 detoxification genes Sequencing of 3 nAChE receptor genes Dr. Jianhua Zhang Method for quantification of point mutation in populations Insecticide resistance Cuticular proteins Insecticide resistance Cuticular proteins
First demonstration of expression of cuticular protein genes at adult stage Response to environmental stresses (insecticide and dehydration) Provide protection against environmental stresses?
Cuticular protein genes over expressed after treatment with insecticide,Cuticular and more protein so in genes insecticide over expressed resistant CinPB adults Expression of cuticular protein in the epidermis of CPB adults maintained in dry conditions and adult CPB when starved Resistance to insects Wild Sola n u m Resistance to insects Research approach
The approach
Performance on wild Solanum
Behaviour on wild Solanum
Identification of the mode of resistance
Can the insects adapt to the resistant potato? Resistance to insects Solanum tarijense Resistance to insects Solanum tarijense Resistance to insects Solanum tarijense
Effect of trichomes on CPB behavior
n % Fell Time to fall tar with trichomes 30 60% 2 min 23s tar without trichome 20 0% tbr 30 0% Resistance to insects Solanum tarijense
Effect of trichomes on the feeding of adult CPB
Feeding (g) tar with trichomes 8.62 " 2.2 ac tar without trichome 7.69 " 1.5 a tbr with trichomes 20.61 " 2.1 b tbr without trichomes 15.34 " 2.1 bc Resistance to insects Solanum tarijense
Consumption (mm 2) of potato leaf disk treated with leaf surface extract from S. tarijense or potato Feeding (mm 2) tar 5.9 " 0.55 a tbr 8.3 " 0.53 b Solvent 8.6 " 0.50 b Resistance to insects Potato Tuber Moth
Dr. Finbarr Horgan Resistance to insects Potato Tuber Moth
S. tarijense adaxial abaxial trichone A hairs trichone A hairs
S. berthaultii adaxial abaxial trichone A trichome B trichone A trichome B Proportion of eggs on on eggs of leaf Proportion
Trichome density (cm -2) Resistance to insects Potato Tuber Moth
S. tarijense adaxial abaxial trichone A hairs trichone A hairs
S. berthaultii adaxial abaxial trichone A trichome B trichone A trichome B Proportion of neonates established of Proportion neonates
Trichome density (cm -2) Resistance to insects Potato Tuber Moth
Resistance in tubers of S. berthaultii and S. tarijense as determined from laboratory challenges with PTM neonate larvae. Species Accession Total Resistance Proportion of Resistance b Resistance a after Perforation Periderm Cortex Ber HAM 141 0.47 ± 0.10a 0.07 ± 0.04 0.81 0.19 ± 0.13 Ber HCH 4422 0.70 ± 0.13a 0.39 ± 0.11 0.48 0.52 ± 0.06 Ber HHCH 4562 0.33 ± 0.15a 0.07 ± 0.07 0.78 0.22 ± 0.33 Ber HHCH 4728 0.33 ± 0.11a 0.07 ± 0.07 0.75 0.25 ± 0.25 Ber HHCH 4746 0.53 ± 0.06a 0.17 ± 0.07 0.67 0.33 ± 0.11 Ber OCH 12008 0.33 ± 0.00a 0.20 ± 0.08 0.4 0.60 ± 0.24 Ber OCHS 15599 0.40 ± 0.12a 0.07 ± 0.07 0.75 0.25 ± 0.25 Ber UGN 4561 0.67 ± 0.09a 0.17 ± 0.05 0.72 0.28 ± 0.09 Tar HOFF 2017 0.43 ± 0.06a 0.14 ± 0.07 0.64 0.36 ± 0.18 Tar OCH 11993 0.58 ± 0.12a 0.25 ± 0.06 0.55 0.46 ± 0.16 Tar OCH 12001 0.60 ± 0.16a 0.07 ± 0.07 0.9 0.10 ± 0.10 Tar OCHS 15561 0.70 ± 0.06ab 0.40 ± 0.08 0.38 0.62 ± 0.12 Tar OCHS 15584 0.76 ± 0.08ab 0.33 ± 0.08 0.52 0.48 ± 0.11 Tar OCHS 15592 0.67 ± 0.00a 0.33 ± 0.11 0.5 0.50 ± 0.16 Tar OCHS 15593 0.67 ± 0.08a 0.26 ± 0.07 0.61 0.39 ± 0.11 Tar OCHS 15596 0.78 ± 0.08b 0.37 ± 0.04 0.48 0.52 ± 0.07 Tbr c ‘Peruanita’ 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0 0.00 ± 0.00 Resistance to insects Aphids
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Potato Aphid Resistance to insects Electric Penetration Graph Mesophyll Xylem
Phloem Xylem /(xylem+phloem) Resistance to insects 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 012 10 8 6 3 2 1 0 aphid age (day) Aphid probing Aphid Resistance to insects Aphid probing
fecundity Xylem proportion
2.5 0.5 Xylem/xylem+phloem) 2.0 0.4
1.5 0.3
1.0 0.2 Nymphs/female
0.5 0.1
0.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 aphid age (day) Resistance to insects Aphid probing
flight capability fecundity Xylem proportion
100% 3.00
2.50 80% Nymphs/female 2.00 60% 1.50 40%
Aphids flying Aphids 1.00
20% 0.50
0% 0.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 aphid age (day) Resistance to insects Aphid probing
fecundity Xylem proportion
1.0 0.9 4 0.8 0.7 Nymphs/female 3 0.6 0.5 2 0.4 0.3
Xylem/xylem+phloem) 0.2 1 0.1 0.0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516 aphid age (day) Resistance to insects Aphid probing
Xylem consumption is modulated by the physiological state of the aphid and linked to fecundity and/or flight.
Xylem consumption is part of the host selection process, maintaining the aphid ability to flight (light weight).
Factor of plant resistance in the xylem might contribute to the defense of a plant towards a specific aphid species. Potato Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Insect Physiology Laboratory
Insect Physiology and Biomechanics
Potato Resistance to Insects
Insecticide Resistance