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PDF | 326 KB) Kansas State University, Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service ANNÉE 2016 THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l'Université Bretagne Loire pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Biologie / écologie Ecole doctorale Vie-Agro-Santé présentée par Yoann Navasse Préparée à l’unité de recherche UMR IGEPP 1349 Institut de génétique, environnement et protection des plantes Thèse soutenue à Agrocampus Spécialisation Ouest le 7 décembre2016 parasitaire chez les devant le jury composé de : Flavie VANLERBERGHE Aphidiinae : existe-t-il Directrice de recherche, INRA, CBGP / rapporteur Jean-Pierre SARTHOU des parasitoïdes de Maître de conférences, INRA, ENSAT / rapporteur Marlène GOUBAULT pucerons Maître de conférences, IRBI, Université François Rabelais / examinatrice généralistes ? Anne-Marie CORTESERO Professeure, Université de Rennes 1 / examinatrice Nicolas RIS Ingénieur de recherche, INRA/ examinateur Anne LE RALEC Professeure, Agrocampus Ouest / directrice de thèse Manuel PLANTEGENEST Professeur, Agrocampus Ouest / co-directeur de thèse 2 Sommaire Introduction générale .......................................................................................................... 5 I. Le caractère généraliste ............................................................................................................. 5 I.. Qu’est-e u’ue espèce généraliste ? ......................................................................................... 5 I.. L’eistee du aate galiste, u sujet otoves .......................................................... 6 I.3. La spécialisation écologique .......................................................................................................... 8 I.. Ipotae et ôle du aate galiste/spialiste das l’effiait du sevie écosystémique de régulation ............................................................................................................ 11 I.4.1. Le service écosystémique de régulation .............................................................................. 11 I... Ipotae du aate galiste e vue d’ue lutte iologiue pa osevatio ...... 12 I... Dfii le aate galiste ou spialiste d’u pdateu ou paasitoïde .................... 14 II. Modles d’tude .................................................................................................................... 16 II.1. Les pucerons ............................................................................................................................... 16 II.2. Les parasitoïdes Aphidiinae ........................................................................................................ 21 II.3. Spécialisation parasitaire chez les Aphidiinae ............................................................................ 24 II.4. Ves la ise e plae d’ue lutte iologiue pa osevatio, tats des oaissaes des communautés hôte-parasitoïde ........................................................................................................ 26 Objectifs de la thèse et méthodes utilisées ................................................................ 30 I. Polatiue et aes d’tudes ............................................................................................... 30 II. Mthodes ises e œuve ...................................................................................................... 32 II.1 Analyse des interactions pucerons-parasitoïdes dans les agrosystèmes et recherche de structuration génétique .................................................................................................................... 32 II.1.1 Échantillonnage de terrain ................................................................................................... 32 II... Mthode d’hatilloage ................................................................................................ 34 II.1.3. Les méthodes de détection du parasitisme ........................................................................ 35 II.1.4. Analyse de la structuration génétique par barcoding moléculaire : approche multilocus . 40 II.2 Expérimentations au laboratoire................................................................................................. 41 Chapitre 1 : Les espèces de parasitoïdes généralistes à l'échelle d'un agroécosystème .................................................................................................................. 43 Objectifs ............................................................................................................................................ 43 A) Les espèces Aphidiinae et leurs traits généralistes ou spécialistes dans les agroécosystèmes ... 45 3 B) Copaaiso de deu thodes d’estiatio du paasitise et tude de la daiue d’eploitatio tepoelle des htes de espes galistes .................................................... 82 Conclusion et perspective ................................................................................................................. 97 Chapitre 2 : Analyse du caractère généraliste, spécialisation et spéciation écologiques chez Diaeretiella rapae. ............................................................................ 101 Synthèse des connaissances sur Diaeretiella rapae et ses interactions avec les pucerons ............ 101 Objectifs .......................................................................................................................................... 103 A) Daiue d’eploitatio tepoelle des htes pa ue espe supposée généraliste : Diaeretiella rapae ..................................................................................................................... 105 B) Spécialisation écologique des Diaeretiella rapae en lien avec le caractère cultivés ou sauvages des plantes hébergeant les hôtes ............................................................................................... 128 Conclusion et perspective ............................................................................................................... 149 Discussion générale et perspectives ............................................................................ 153 I. Avantages et inconvénients des deux méthodes utilisées pour la détection du parasitisme et pour l’estiatio des spetes d’htes des Aphidiiae ....................................................................... 153 II. Les espèces généralistes chez les Aphidiinae .......................................................................... 155 III. Comment se répartissent les espèces généralistes et spécialistes dans les agroécosystèmes et comment agissent les facteurs de spécialisation sur le caractère généraliste et spécialiste des Aphidiinae ? .............................................................................................................................. 160 III.1. Répartition et distribution des espèces généralistes et spécialistes dans les différents habitats des agrosystèmes au cours du temps. ............................................................................................ 162 III.2. Les facteurs de spécialisation écologique chez les Aphidiinae ............................................... 163 III.3. Le maintien du caractère généraliste chez les Aphidiinae ...................................................... 166 IV. Conséquences agronomiques de la spécialisation parasitaire des Aphidiinae ......................... 167 Références bibliographiques hors articles .................................................................................. 170 Annexe ..................................................................................................................................... 188 4 Introduction générale Cette thèse est consacrée à la spialisatio paasitaie au sei d’u groupe d’isetes parasitoïdes les Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). La uestio de l’eistee et du aintien du caractère généraliste dans les populations naturelles, présentes dans les agroécosystèmes, va être abordée dans ce travail. Nous avons cherché à observer, en conditions naturelles et à une échelle locale, les modes d’eploitatios des ressources par les Aphidiinae, ressources constituées par les différentes espèces de pucerons hôtes. Des pistes de recherche sur les facteurs de spécialisation écologique chez les parasitoïdes seront explorées, ainsi que leurs conséquences sur le service écosystémique rendu par ces organismes. I. Le caractère généraliste I.1. Qu’est-e u’ue espe galiste ? La notion d’espe galiste et spécialiste est fortement utilisée dans les études portant sur la ophesio des aises d’volutio des espes, notamment à travers les mécanismes de spécialisation. Ce concept de spécialisation est etal das le doaie de l’écologie évolutive, de l'écologie comportementale et de l'écologie des communautés (Rieseberg, 2001 ; Kassen, 2002 ; Coyne et Orr, 2004 ; Bolnick et al., 2007 ; Loxdale et al., 2011). Central car les caractéristiques écologiques des espèces généralistes et spécialistes sont à la base de la répartition des espèces dans l’espae et de l’ogaisatio des seau tophiues (Devictor et al., 2008, 2010). En effet, la sélection naturelle induit des stratégies plus ou moins spécialisées chez les espèces, selon un compromis évolutif ete la apait d’ue espe à eploite u gadiet de essoue et la performance sur cette ressource (Levins, 1968). Les stratégies spécialistes devraient bénéficier d'environnements qui sont relativement homogènes dans l'espace et / ou le temps, alors que les stratégies généralistes devraient bénéficier d'environnements hétérogènes dans l'espace et / ou le temps (Kassen, 2002 ; Marvier
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