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Spectrum Monitoring — Supplement Spectrum Monitoring - Supplement International Telecommunication Union Handbook Spectrum Monitoring — Supplement Spectrum Monitoring - Supplement *33367* Printed in Switzerland International Telecommunication Geneva, 2008 Union ISBN 92-61-12611-1 Radiocommunication Bureau Photo credits: PhotoDisc Handbook THE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF ITU The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Inquiries about radiocommunication matters Please contact: ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 5800 Fax: +41 22 730 5785 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.itu.int/itu-r Placing orders for ITU publications Please note that orders cannot be taken over the telephone. They should be sent by fax or e-mail. ITU Sales and Marketing Division Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Fax: +41 22 730 5194 E-mail: [email protected] The Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications ¤ ITU 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. iii FOREWORD The purpose of this Supplement to the ITU-R Handbook – Spectrum Monitoring, Edition 2002, is to provide, in a timely manner, up-to-date information on several issues before the publication of the next complete edition of the Handbook. Specifically, it provides a complete and self-contained revision of Chapter 3 (Monitoring equipment and automation of monitoring operations), § 5.1 (Spacecraft emission monitoring) of Chapter 5 and Annex 1 (Monitoring system planning and tenders) of the Handbook. This Supplement was prepared by a Rapporteur Group established for this purpose by Radiocommunication Study Group 1. I convey my great appreciation to the Rapporteur, Chapter Rapporteurs and Co-Rapporteurs, contributors, participants and all those who have provided lots of support and dedication to the work of the Rapporteur Group for the successful development of the Supplement. Valery Timofeev Director, Radiocommunication Bureau v INDEX Page FOREWORD........................................................................................................................................ iii CHAPTER 3 – MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND AUTOMATION OF MONITORING OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 5 – SPECIFIC MONITORING SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES.......................... 87 5.1 – Spacecraft emission monitoring............................................................................... 87 ANNEX 1 – MONITORING SYSTEM PLANNING AND TENDERS................................. 159 Spectrum Monitoring – Supplement 1 CHAPTER 3 MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND AUTOMATION OF MONITORING OPERATIONS Page 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 3 3.1.1 General considerations.......................................................................................................... 3 3.1.2 Influence of interference environment .................................................................................. 4 3.1.3 Man-machine interface ......................................................................................................... 5 3.1.3.1 Basic principles..................................................................................................................... 5 3.1.3.2 Actions and effects................................................................................................................ 6 3.1.3.3 Actuator identification and feedback requirements .............................................................. 6 3.1.3.4 Computer interface................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Monitoring and measurement antennas ................................................................................ 7 3.2.1 General considerations.......................................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Suitable antenna configurations ............................................................................................ 7 3.2.2.1 Monitoring tasks associated with omnidirectional antennas................................................. 8 3.2.2.2 Monitoring tasks associated with directional antennas......................................................... 10 3.2.2.3 Antenna selection summary .................................................................................................. 12 3.2.3 Antennas for VLF, LF, MF and HF ...................................................................................... 13 3.2.3.1 VLF/LF/MF omnidirectional types....................................................................................... 13 3.2.3.2 General considerations for HF antennas ............................................................................... 15 3.2.3.3 HF antenna types................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.4 Antennas for VHF, UHF and SHF........................................................................................ 20 3.2.4.1 VHF and UHF omnidirection types ...................................................................................... 20 3.2.4.2 VHF and UHF directional types ........................................................................................... 24 3.2.4.3 Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz......................................................................... 24 3.2.5 Siting of antennas.................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.6 Antennas for mobile monitoring stations.............................................................................. 31 3.2.7 Antennas for transportable and portable stations .................................................................. 34 3.2.8 Transmission lines and distribution systems......................................................................... 36 3.2.8.1 Transmission lines................................................................................................................. 36 3.2.8.2 Distribution systems.............................................................................................................. 36 3.3 Monitoring receivers ............................................................................................................. 42 3.3.1 General considerations.......................................................................................................... 42 3.3.2 Analogue receivers................................................................................................................ 42 2 Spectrum Monitoring – Supplement Page 3.3.3 Digital receivers .................................................................................................................... 43 3.3.4 Frequency synthesizers for receivers .................................................................................... 45 3.3.5 Typical specifications for monitoring receivers.................................................................... 45 3.4 Direction-finding (DF).......................................................................................................... 49 3.4.1 General considerations.......................................................................................................... 49 3.4.2 Antennas................................................................................................................................ 49 3.4.3 Equipment ............................................................................................................................. 50 3.4.4 Number of receivers.............................................................................................................. 50 3.4.4.1 Single-channel systems ......................................................................................................... 50 3.4.4.2 Multi-channel systems (one reference channel and one or more switched sampling channels) ............................................................................................................................... 52 3.4.4.3 N-channel systems (N = number receiver channels = number antennas).............................. 52 3.4.5 Signal processing.................................................................................................................. 53 3.5 Additional and separate equipment....................................................................................... 53 3.5.1 Frequency measuring equipment .......................................................................................... 53 3.5.2 Field-strength measuring equipment..................................................................................... 54 3.5.3 Spectrum analysing and bandwidth measuring equipment................................................... 54 3.5.4
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