Processing Underpinnings of Executive Functions Across Adulthood: the Interplay of Cognitive Control and Inhibition

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Processing Underpinnings of Executive Functions Across Adulthood: the Interplay of Cognitive Control and Inhibition Imagem Luís Miguel da Silva Pires PROCESSING UNDERPINNINGS OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS ACROSS ADULTHOOD: THE INTERPLAY OF COGNITIVE CONTROL AND INHIBITION Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia, na especialidade de Neuropsicologia, sob orientação do Professor Doutor José Augusto Simões Gonçalves Leitão, da Professora Doutora Chiara Guerrini e do Professor Doutor Mário Manuel Rodrigues Simões, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra Julho 2017 0 Luís Miguel da Silva Pires PROCESSING UNDERPINNINGS OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS ACROSS ADULTHOOD: THE INTERPLAY OF COGNITIVE CONTROL AND INHIBITION Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia, na especialidade de Neuropsicologia, orientada pelo Professor Doutor José Augusto Simões Gonçalves Leitão, pela Professora Doutora Chiara Guerrini e pelo Professor Doutor Mário Manuel Rodrigues Simões, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra Julho de 2017 1 2 Tese de Doutoramento Título| Processing underpinnings of executive functions across adulthood: The interplay of cognitive control and inhibition. / A estrutura das Funções Executivas durante a vida adulta: relação entre o controlo cognitivo e a inibição. Ano| 2017 Autor| Luís Miguel da Silva Pires Orientação| José Augusto Simões Gonçalves Leitão; Chiara Guerrini; Mário Manuel Rodrigues Simões Domínio científico| Psicologia Área de especialização| Neuropsicologia Instituição| Universidade de Coimbra - Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação 3 4 Os trabalhos apresentados na presente Tese de Doutoramento foram realizados no âmbito de uma Bolsa Individual de Doutoramento concedida pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/70011/2010). 5 6 DEDICATÓRIA À Ana Rita, À filha Maria, … por me darem vida! 7 8 AGRADECIMENTOS Antístenes (446 - 366 a.C.), filósofo grego, escreveu um dia que “a gratidão é a memória do coração”. E é a partir do que me ficou gravado no coração ao longo destes anos de crescimento pessoal e profissional que escrevo estas palavras e agradeço… …Aos meus orientadores: Ao professor José Leitão por me ajudar a crescer como investigador, pelo seu cuidado ao indicar-me o que preciso de melhorar mas também por reconhecer as minhas qualidades. Acima de tudo, por me inspirar a procurar uma compreensão cada vez mais profunda do que subjaz a cada efeito, a cada conceito. À professora Chiara Guerrini, ou melhor, à Chiara que conheci há sete anos e que me tem inspirado desde o primeiro momento em que a conheci em Inglaterra. Por confiar na minha capacidade de trabalho e me orientar nestes anos mesmo que muitas vezes à distância. Ao professor Mário Rodrigues Simões por estar sempre disponível a reunir quando foi necessário, por me motivar a divulgar o conhecimento, a contactar com outros investigadores, a escrever. Sobretudo, por ser uma grande referência para mim desde o primeiro ano da faculdade em que passava horas a ouvi-lo falar sobre avaliação psicológica. …A tantos outros professores/investigadores que me inspiraram ao longo destes anos de vida académica, em particular: À professora Manuela Vilar, que sempre me apoiou ao longo destes anos, incentivando-me a crescer como futuro investigador/professor. Pelas conversas, por ser uma referência para mim com a sua capacidade de ensinar. À professora Margarida Lima por me ter inspirado a manter sempre o conhecimento no seu devido lugar, ao serviço dos outros, a valorizar cada pessoa seja ela um estudante de primeiro ano, um paciente ou uma pessoa mais velha. À professora Teresa Machado, que pela sua confiança em mim desde o primeiro ano de faculdade me inspirou a continuar a crescer numa altura em que ainda tinha reservas sobre se aprender Psicologia seria o melhor caminho para mim. 9 …A tantos profissionais e entidades que tornaram possível a concretização dos vários estudos desenvolvidos ao longo destes anos, em particular: À Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia que me deu os meios financeiros para desenvolver este projecto de investigação. À Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra que desde 2003 me tem acolhido. Aos funcionários que tive oportunidade de conhecer nesta instituição, desde as pessoas que cuidam do edificio às pessoas que me recebem todos os dias. Aos alunos de Psicologia que aceitaram participar nos diversos estudos que foram realizados ao longo destes anos. Pela sua participação e interesse mas também por me ajudarem a compreender que é a ensinar que mais me realizo profissionalmente. À Aposenior que me abriu as portas para contactar com os seus estudantes mais velhos. A todas as pessoas mais velhas que abdicaram de um pouco do seu tempo para participar. Guardo comigo a simpatia e a enorme disponibilidade de todas estas pessoas. Ao Centro Hospitalar da Universidade de Coimbra, onde comecei a desenvolver estudos que acabaram por não fazer parte oficial deste percurso mas que em muito me ajudaram a crescer como psicólogo/investigador. Ao Dr. Horácio Firmino que me orientou no estágio curricular e me inspirou pela sua abertura à Psicologia, pelo seu cuidado em nos integrar no Serviço de Psiquiatria, pelo seu entusiasmo na divulgação do nosso trabalho. Nunca esquecerei as palavras de incentivo que me disse no ínicio deste projecto permitindo-me focar os meus esforços no que mais me realizava, uma carreira académica. …A todos os meus amigos Aos amigos de faculdade, Catarina, Liliana, Patricia, Alexandra, Diana Balaias, Joana, Marta, Marina, Ana Margarida, André, Pedro Pelichos, Bruno, Hélder, Sandro, Carmen, Sara, Fábio, Edgar, Ana, Ana Maria, Alda, Mónica, Isabel, Rita, Ana Lúcia, Diana, Pedro, Ana Rita, Fernando, Sérgio e tantos outros com quem partilhei muitos momentos na minha vida académica, desde a preparação para os exames às grandes festas académicas. Aos amigos de casa (C4) que me ajudaram a crescer como homem, ao Nuno, ao Tiago, ao Nelson, ao Francisco, ao Marco, ao Mário, ao Mário N., 10 ao Nuno G., ao Sérgio, ao Hugo, ao Carlos, ao Hélder, ao António, ao João, ao Amândio, ao Zé Manuel, ao André, ao Hugo P., ao Gonçalo, e tantos outros que tal como eu vieram de famílias de origens humildes e encontraram na Universidade o ambiente perfeito para crescer, para ir mais longe. Aos amigos do Coro Misto da Universidade de Coimbra, ao Maestro Rodrigo, ao João, ao Serrano, ao Paulo, ao Diogo, ao Ricardo, à Sofia, à Anaísa, à Patrícia, à Mariana, à Cristininha e tantos outros, com quem aprendi que nós podemos ser/aprender o que quisermos se nos dedicarmos a isso. Aos amigos que fiz em Inglaterra, ao Mark, à Hollie, ao Steve, ao Will, ao Paul, ao Alex, à Asia, à Evi, à Jade e tantos outros que me ajudaram a sentir em casa mesmo noutro país. À Vera, ao João, ao César, à Sofia, à Cátia, à Raquel, ao Zé, à Margarida, ao Rui, à Telma, à Catarina, à Natércia, à Rita Duque, ao Padre Nuno Santos por me terem dado a oportunidade de viver com a alegria que a Fé nos dá. À Célia e ao Fernando, à Rita e ao Diogo, à Paula e ao Edson, à Elsa e ao João Nuno, e ao Padre João Paulo Vaz por me terem acompanhado ao longo deste período mas sobretudo por acreditarem no poder transformador que Deus nos dá quando nos casamos e caminhos juntos em direcção a Ele. Aos amigos da CVX, em especial aos amigos da Effathá, à Joana, ao Gonçalo, ao Pedro, à Diana, à Joana Queiró, ao Zé, à Raquel, à Clara, à Joana Maria, à Inês, à Ana, à Jacinta, ao Padre Nuno, ao Padre Gonçalo por me acompanharem de perto durante este projecto, nos momentos de consolação e desolação, por me ensinarem a "ponderar tudo no coração" e a "colocar a Deus em todas as coisas e todas as coisas em Deus". Ao Licínio, pelo cuidado que tem para comigo, por me sentir perfeitamente à vontade para falar com ele sobre tudo. Ao Filipe, pela amizade, pela partilha de tantos momentos, por nos acompanharmos mutuamente há mais de 15 anos, como estudantes, como benfiquistas, como maridos, como pais. 11 À minha pequena irmã Mariana, que já vai este ano para a Universidade, pelas brincadeiras, pela partilha do gosto pela música. Apesar de estar mais afastada espero que um dia nos possamos voltar a ver. À minha irmã Sílvia, por ter sido a minha primeira amiga, pelas dificuldades que enfrentámos juntos, pelas discussões que tivemos, pelas vezes que fizemos as pazes sem precisar de falar, pelas brincadeiras, por toda esta vida partilhada que me permite chamar-te irmã! À minha mãe, que me ensinou o valor do estudo, do trabalho, do esforço, da preserverança. Que me deu o melhor que podia sempre e que apesar de se encontrar agora mais distante tenho a certeza que estaria orgulhosa deste meu percurso académico e sobretudo da pessoa que me tornei, com muitas das suas virtudes! Aos meus avós emprestados, D. Dorinda e Sr. Mário, que há um ano partiram para o Céu mas que permanecerão para sempre comigo. Pelo seu amor à vida e entusiasmo já depois dos 90 anos! Aos meus sogros, D. Júlia e Sr. Américo, por me terem ensinado o valor de procurar fazer bem tudo aquilo a que somos chamados, mas acima de tudo por sentir que sou também um filho para vós, por me apoiarem e acreditarem em mim sempre! À minha filha Maria, pela alegria que brota no meu coração quando olho para os seus olhos a brilhar ou quando ela me pega pela mão para irmos brincar. À minha esposa Ana Rita, por termos feito este caminho de Doutoramento literalmente juntos, por me ter ensinado a cuidar dos amigos, pelos abraços de conforto e pelos incentivos, por me continuar a surpreender e a encantar todos os dias com o seu coração lindo. A Deus. "Não é o muito saber que sacia e satisfaz a alma, mas o sentir e saborear internamente todas as coisas" Santo Inácio de Loiola 12 13 14 INDEX RESUMO ____________________________________________________________________________ 23 ABSTRACT __________________________________________________________________________ 27 INTRODUCTION ______________________________________________________________________ 33 1.
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