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Latinidaj Planlingvoj (AIS-Kurso, 1 Studunuo)
Vĕra Barandovská-Frank: Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo) La Latina apartenas al la italika grupo de la hindeŭropa lingvofamilio (tiu ĉi lingvofamilio ampleksas i.a. preskaŭ ĉiujn eŭropajn lingvojn, ekz. grupon ĝermanan kaj slavan), el la Latina evoluiĝis etnaj lingvoj nomataj Romanaj ( = latinidaj), precipe itala, romanĉa, sarda, franca, okcitana, hispana, kataluna, galega, portugala, gudezma, rumana, moldava. Latinidaj planlingvoj estas similaj al la Romanaj lingvoj kaj ofte imitas ilian evoluon. Latina skribo (el la greka kaj etruska alfabetoj): originale 20 majusklaj literoj (maiuscula): A B C D E F H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X . Literon I oni uzis ankaŭ por la sono [j], literon C ankaŭ por G, poste diferenciĝis [k] kaj [g]. U kaj V estis la sama litero: majuskle ekzistis nur V, poste minuskle (minuscula) u: VENIO – uenio (minuskloj evoluiĝis el la mezepoka karolinga alfabeto). En la klasika latina ne estis K, k, J j, U, u, v, W, w, Y, y, Z, z poste trans- prenitaj aŭ el la greka alfabeto (K, U, Y, Z ), aŭ faritaj el jam ekzistantaj literoj (J, W). Restaŭrita prononco: vokaloj longaj kaj mallongaj. La litero V/u estas aŭ konsonanta [ŭ] aŭ vokala [u]; i (j) aŭ konsonanta [j] aŭ vokala [i]. La litero c prononciĝis kiel [k]; qu kiel [kŭ]; au kiel [aŭ]; ae kiel [aj]; oe kiel [oj]. h estis antikve ĉiam prononcata, sed iom post iom malaperis. En helenaj pruntvortoj estis uzataj ch, ph, th [kh]/[ĥ], [ph], [th], poste [k], [p], [t]. La akcento ĝenerale troviĝis sur la antaŭlasta silabo, se ĝia vokalo estis longa, aŭ je la antaŭantaŭlasta, se mallonga, ekz. -
Neutrality of International Languages*
Haitao Liu 37 Journal of Universal Language 7 September 2006, 37-64 Neutrality of International Languages* Haitao Liu Communication University of China Abstract This paper focuses on the neutrality of international languages. First, a derivation of the concept of “neutral language” from “inter- national communicative act” is provided; it is argued that an acceptable neutral language for international communication can only be an artificial language. Certain characterizations of consciously created languages are discussed. The paper distinguishes two types of neutrality: communicative neutrality and linguistic neutrality. All planned languages are communicatively neutral, but their linguistic neutrality varies, reflecting the diversity of language design principles. Given that absolute linguistic neutrality unattainable, it becomes reasonable to construct a language based on certain control languages plus linguistic universals. We introduce the term “deneutralization” to designate a process whereby a neutral language changes into an ordinary language. The paper also shows that Esperanto has not become deneutralized. Keywords: international language, neutrality, deneutralization, artificial language, planned language, universal language, Esperanto * I am grateful to Detlev Blanke for insightful discussion. I’d also like to thank Probal Dasgupta for providing detailed comments and correcting my English. 38 Neutrality of International Languages 1. Introduction Today English is already a global language (Crystal 1997), but many people still consider that it is not an ideal solution for international communication. Wright (2000: 246-247) mentions one reason for this in her book on the role of language in nation-state building and European integration: “They [artificial languages] are ideally suited to the role [of lingua franca] since they are not the languages of European nations of states. -
Scientific Babel: How Science Was Done Before and After Global English
Scientific Babel Scientific Babel How Science Was Done Before and After Global English Michael D. Gordin The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London Michael D. Gordin is the Rosengarten Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at Princeton University and the author of The Pseudoscience Wars, also published by the University of Chicago Press. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2015 by Michael D. Gordin. All rights reserved. Published 2015. Printed in the United States of America 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 00029- 9 (cloth) ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 00032- 9 (e- book) DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226000329.001.0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gordin, Michael D., author. Scientific Babel : how science was done before and after global English / Michael D. Gordin. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-226-00029-9 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-226-00032-9 (e-book) 1. Communication in science. 2. English language— Technical English. I. Title. Q223.G67 2015 501'.4—dc23 2014032723 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper). To my language teachers Contents Introduction: Talking Science 1 Chapter 1: The Perfect Past That Almost Was 23 Chapter 2: The Table and the Word 51 Chapter 3: Hydrogen Oxygenovich 79 Chapter 4: Speaking Utopian 105 Chapter 5: The Wizards of Ido 131 Chapter 6: The Linguistic Shadow of the Great War 159 Chapter 7: Unspeakable 187 Chapter 8: The Dostoevsky Machine 213 Chapter 9: All the Russian That’s Fit to Print 241 Chapter 10: The Fe Curtain 267 Chapter 11: Anglophonia 293 Conclusion: Babel Beyond 317 Acknowledgments 327 List of Archives 331 Notes 333 Index 403 Introduction Talking Science Les savants des autres nations à qui nous avons donné l’exemple, ont cru avec raison qu’il écriraient encore mieux dans leur langue que dans la nôtre. -
Inventive Linguistics Sandrine Sorlin
Inventive Linguistics Sandrine Sorlin To cite this version: Sandrine Sorlin. Inventive Linguistics. France. Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée, 216 p., 2011, Sciences du langage, 978-2-84269-908-6. halshs-01271311 HAL Id: halshs-01271311 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01271311 Submitted on 21 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. PĹrĂeŊsŇsĂeŊŽ ĹuŠnĹiŠvČeĽrŇsĹiĹtĄaĹiĹrĂeŊŽ ĂdĂe ĎlĄaĞ MĂéĄdĹiĹtĄeĽrĹrĂaŠnĂéĄe— UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 99 63 69 23 ĂoŁuĞ 27. SORLINDĹuĎlĽiĹtĽtĄeĽrĂaĹiĹrĂeOK — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2010-11-15 — 10 ŘhĞ 28 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 1 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 1) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 216 PĹrĂeŊsŇsĂeŊŽ ĹuŠnĹiŠvČeĽrŇsĹiĹtĄaĹiĹrĂeŊŽ ĂdĂe ĎlĄaĞ MĂéĄdĹiĹtĄeĽrĹrĂaŠnĂéĄe— UŢnĂe ĂqĹuĂeŊsĹtĽiĂoŤn? UŢnĞ ŇpĹrĂoĘbĘlĄèŞmĂe? TĂéĚlĄéŊpŘhĂoŤnĂeĽz ĂaĹuĞ 04 99 63 69 23 ĂoŁuĞ 27. SORLINDĹuĎlĽiĹtĽtĄeĽrĂaĹiĹrĂeOK — DĂéŊpĂaĹrĹt ĹiŠmŇpĹrĹiŠmĂeĽrĹiĂe — 2010-11-15 — 10 ŘhĞ 28 — ŇpĂaĂgĄe 2 (ŇpĂaĂgĽiŠnĂéĄe 2) ŇsĹuĹrĞ 216 PĹrĂeŊsŇsĂeŊŽ ĹuŠnĹiŠvČeĽrŇsĹiĹtĄaĹiĹrĂeŊŽ ĂdĂe ĎlĄaĞ MĂéĄdĹiĹtĄeĽrĹrĂaŠnĂéĄe— -
Edgar Von Wahl 1867– 1948: Keelemees Ja Poliitiline Prohvet
Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2016, 2 (156), 295–312 Edgar von Wahl 1867– 1948: keelemees ja poliitiline prohvet Kalmer Mäeorg, Aigi Rahi-Tamm Edgar von Wahl on mees, kelle nimi käib läbi õige mitmest käsitlusest, seda ennekõike tehiskeele oksidentaali loojana,1 kuid samuti seoses Tal- linna 1914. aasta nimesõjaga,2 Eestis elavate saksa rahvusest kodanike küü- ditamisega 1945. aastal3 või sündmuste ettekuulutajana.4 Kuigi Wahli kirev natuur on paelunud mitmeid autoreid, on tema eluloolised andmed esita- tud sageli eksitavalt. Alljärgnevalt püüame neis rohkem selgust luua ning ühtlasi avaldame Edgar von Wahi kirja 18. juulist 1943 oma naise sugulas- tele Posenisse, mille tõttu ta Saksa Julgeolekupolitsei poolt vangistati ning riigireetmises süüdistati. Edgar Alexis (Alexei) Robert von Wahl (ka de Wahl) sündis 23. augus- til 1867. aastal Venemaal Podobia kubermangus Bogopoli linnas.5 Tollane Bogopol oli umbes viie tuhande elanikuga linnake Lõuna-Pugi jõe ääres, kus pooled elanikud olid juudi rahvusest. Sama jõe põhjakaldal asus pisut suurem Olviopoli linn, mida on samuti vahel Edgar von Wahli sünniko- haks märgitud. Edgar ristiti kodus 2. aprillil 1867 Elisabetgradi linna lute- riusu Püha Maarja koguduse pastori Dolli poolt. Mõni aasta hiljem kolisid Wahlid Poltaava kubermangu Dnepri ääres umbes 60 tuhande elanikuga Krementšuki linna, kus 7. aprillil 1870 sündis perre ka teine laps, poeg 1 Ülo Lumiste, Leo Võhandu, “Kolmest Eestis loodud tehiskeelest ja nende loojatest”, Akadeemia, 3 (2007), 482–510; Aleksander Dulitšenko, Maailmakeelte otsinguil ehk interlingvistika kõigile (Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 2004). 2 Aadu Must, “Privilegeeritust põlualuseks: baltisaksa ühiskonnategelaste represseeri- mine Esimese maailmasõja ajal”, Esimene maailmasõda ja Eesti. Eesti Ajalooarhiivi toimetised, 22 (29), toim. Tõnu Tannberg (Tartu: Eesti Ajalooarhiiv, 2014), 30–31. -
Mitteilungsblatt Der Gesellschaft Für Interlinguistik E.V. 5
Mitteilungsblatt der Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik e.V. 10 Jahrgang • Intl ISSN 1430-2888 • Nr. 39 (2/2001) 1 Der Sammelband „Interlinguistische Studien" 3 1.1 Kimura Goro C.: Conscious Interventions in Language Use - Perspectives and Problems in Forming a Comprehensive Theory (D) 3 1.2 Ignat F. Bociort: Artificial and Natura! Approaches in the Development of the Romanfan Language in the l9th Century: A Historical Sketch (E) 4 1.3 Johannes Irmscher: Greek as an International Language (D) 4 1.4 Christer Kiselman: The Situation of Swedish in the Fields of Technology, Mathematics, and the Natura! Sciences (E) 5 1.5 Werner Bormann: Changes in the Balance of Power: Linguistic Implications (D) 5 1.6 Hans Erasmus: The Language Problem in the European Union (D) 6 1.7 Max Hans-Jürgen Mattusch: Globalisation and European Foreign Language Training (D) 6 1.8 Renato Corsetti: Human Rights, Linguistic Human Rights and Esperanto (E) 7 1.9 Aleksandr D. DuliZenko: Planned Language: Between Engineered and Ethnic Languages (Report of a Twological Analysis) (E) 7 1.10 Sergej N. Kuznecov : Interlinguistics in a ,cosmic dimension': A journey between cosmoglottics and cosmolinguistics (E) 7 1.11 LIU Haitao: Interlinguistics from an Informatics Perspective (E) 7 1.12 Klaus Schubert: The Optimization of International Communication: The New Industrial Language Design from an Interlinguistic Perspedive (E) 8 1.13 Probat Dasgupta: The Metaliterature (E) 8 1.14 Mark Fettes: "Essence and future" - a centennial relrospective (E) 9 1.15 Vira Barandovski-Frank: -
Although It Is Almost Forgotten Today, 100 Years Ago René De Saussure Was an Eminent Mathematician with a Strong Interest in Language
Feature The other Saussure The other Saussure Although it is almost forgotten today, 100 years ago René de Saussure was an eminent mathematician with a strong interest in language. Javier Alcalde examines the relationship between René and his brother Ferdinand. t is well-known that Both of them achieved Ferdinand de Saussure remarkable academic success. came from a very Today, Ferdinand is considered prominent Genevese the father of linguistics, but family, which included at the time René was also several historical figures. regarded as an eminent figure IFerdinand’s great-grandfather, in different fields, including Horace-Bénédict (1740–1799), mathematics and linguistics. was a geologist, physicist and For example, he was one of the pioneer of alpinism, who made regular participants in meetings sure that his three children organised by the International received the best progressive Auxiliary Language Association education available. Horace- (IALA) in the 1920s and 30s. Bénédict’s daughter Albertine These meetings sought to choose (1766–1841) became a pedagogue the best artificial language and early advocate of education among rivals such as Esperanto for women, while his son and Ido, putting René in the Nicolas-Théodore (1767–1845) company of other prominent was a chemist and pioneer of the linguists such as Otto Jespersen, study of photosynthesis. Horace- William Edward Collinson, Bénédict’s youngest, Alphonse Edgar de Wahl and Edward Sapir. (1770–1853), was the mayor of IALA had been founded by a Genthod (a municipality of the billionaire from the Vanderbilt Canton of Geneva) and father family and had many resources of Théodore and Henri; Henri to promote linguistic research, (1829–1905), a mineralogist, so it is not surprising that some René de Saussure. -
125. Word-Formation and Planned Languages
2210 XIV. Word-formation and language use Voigt, Gerhard 1982 Bezeichnungen für Kunststoffe im heutigen Deutsch. Eine Untersuchung zur Morpholo- gie der Markennamen. Hamburg: Buske. Wehking, Erwin 1984 Produktnamen für Arzneimittel. Wortbildung, Wortbedeutung, Werbewirksamkeit. Ham- burg: Hamburger Buchagentur. Zilg, Antje 2006 Markennamen im italienischen Lebensmittelmarkt. Wilhelmsfeld: Egert. Internet Mercedes Benz Hongkong <http://www.mercedes-benz.com.hk/content/hongkong/mpc/mpc_hongkong_website/zh/home_mpc/ passengercars.flash.html> Mercedes Benz Taiwan <http://www.mercedes-benz.com.tw/content/taiwan/mpc/mpc_taiwan_website/twng/home_mpc/ passengercars.flash.html> Elke Ronneberger-Sibold, Eichstätt (Germany) 125. Word-formation and planned languages 1. Purposeful design 2. Planned languages 3. Volapük 4. Naturalistic languages 5. Schematic languages 6. Word-formation in usage 7. References Abstract In planned languages, it is possible to investigate the principles of purposefully designed word-formation. The most rewarding objects of study are Volapük, Esperanto and Ido. The controversy resulting from a reform of Esperanto proposed under the name of Ido gave rise to a more profound scholarly interest in planned languages and to the disci- pline of interlinguistics. A central issue in the dispute was word-formation, to which the author of Ido, Couturat, had a prescriptive attitude, while the partisans of Esperanto took a descriptive stance. In the linguistic analysis of Esperanto, a specific theory of word-formation was suggested. It is based on (1) the complete compositionality of Espe- ranto words, (2) a semantic classification of morphemes (rather than words) out of context into inherently verbal, adjectival/adverbial or nominal morphemes and (3) the morpheme effect, a form of semantic induction, through which the meaning of a depend- Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 23.10.15 12:58 125. -
Neutrality of International Languages*
Haitao Liu 37 Journal of Universal Language 7 September 2006, 37-64 Neutrality of International Languages* Haitao Liu Communication University of China Abstract This paper focuses on the neutrality of international languages. First, a derivation of the concept of “neutral language” from “inter- national communicative act” is provided; it is argued that an acceptable neutral language for international communication can only be an artificial language. Certain characterizations of consciously created languages are discussed. The paper distinguishes two types of neutrality: communicative neutrality and linguistic neutrality. All planned languages are communicatively neutral, but their linguistic neutrality varies, reflecting the diversity of language design principles. Given that absolute linguistic neutrality unattainable, it becomes reasonable to construct a language based on certain control languages plus linguistic universals. We introduce the term “deneutralization” to designate a process whereby a neutral language changes into an ordinary language. The paper also shows that Esperanto has not become deneutralized. Keywords: international language, neutrality, deneutralization, artificial language, planned language, universal language, Esperanto * I am grateful to Detlev Blanke for insightful discussion. I’d also like to thank Probal Dasgupta for providing detailed comments and correcting my English. 38 Neutrality of International Languages 1. Introduction Today English is already a global language (Crystal 1997), but many people still consider that it is not an ideal solution for international communication. Wright (2000: 246-247) mentions one reason for this in her book on the role of language in nation-state building and European integration: “They [artificial languages] are ideally suited to the role [of lingua franca] since they are not the languages of European nations of states. -
Precursors of Interlingua
How Interlingua came to be Precursors of Interlingua Toward the end of the 1800’s with the formation of far-off colonies, Europeans became conscious of the world and other cultures and languages. Wars were also breaking out between the colonial powers as well as with their colonial subjects. And frequently these wars were between peoples speaking different languages. Someone then got the idea that what was needed was a world language that everyone could speak and communicate in. Volapük. In 1879-1880 a Roman Catholic priest in Baden, Germany had a dream in which God told him to create an international language. Which he did. He called it Volapük from vol meaning “world” and pük meaning “speech” or “language”. Taking bits and pieces from English, with some from German, French, and Latin, he altered the forms of basic words so that they would be easy to pronounce and of one syllable and not easily recognizable to anyone from their own language (which otherwise would give an unfair advantage to some). He developed a regularized grammar that he thought simple to learn, based on the IndoEuropean languages (English, German, Swedish, Russian, French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin are IndoEuropean languages). Word formation tended to be agglutinative in which words are formed by combining language units together without changing their forms. Certain endings indicated whether a word was a verb –ön, adjective -ik, adverb –o. -il indicated something small. Verbs combined pronouns with the verb. With binön the verb “to be”, and om “he”, and cil “child” and jil “school”: Cil binom ün jil. -
Almanac De Interlingua
Almanac de Interlingua Numero 9 – Julio 2010 Editor: Cláudio Rinaldi ([email protected]) Le tres interlinguas Le anno es 1903. Es calorose le debattos re un ancian question que finalmente comencia a trovar su curso: le lingua auxiliar international. Con le bon acceptation de Volapük e de Esperanto, il pare que Europa habera in breve tempore un solution definitive pro su difficultate de communication international. Nove linguas auxiliar es proposite die post die. Idiom Neutral es de facile apprentissage e ha como avantage un vocabulario plus recognoscibile, lo que attrahe multe volapükistas. Zamenhof rectifica alcun deficientias de su idioma pro satisfacer al criticos, ma le usatores ja non accepta reformationes. Le cordes es inflammate, le rationalitate menacia abandonar le discussiones. In medio a iste scenario explosive, un professor italian publica un articulo in un revista de mathematicas. Su suggestion es que on debe lassar iste inutile debattos. Le ration es simple: le lingua auxiliar international ja existe! Le latino es tunc le lingua cultural le plus traditional del continente. Inseniate in le scholas ante centennios, le idioma del romanos es ancora vivente in documentos, inscriptiones, publicationes scientific e ceremonias religiose. Tote homine culte lo cognosce al minus in superficie, post que su parolas supervive in le linguas romanic e in ultra impregna le idiomas germanic e slavic. Ecce, dunque, le simple e sol solution. Il es ver que apprender le latino demanda troppo tempore. Su stylo es archaic e su grammatica abhorrente, con declinationes intricate e centos de formas verbal. Ma Giuseppe – io prende le libertate de nominar per su prenomine a iste sympathic senioretto italian (assi io lo imagina) –, ille es un enthusiasta del scientias exacte e propone liberar le belle idioma ancestral de tote su inutile cargo de flexiones. -
Dialogo Kaj Interkompreno En Interlingvistika Laboro De Otto Jespersen
Věra Barandovská-Frank: Dialogo kaj interkompreno en interlingvistika laboro de Otto Jespersen Resumo Prof. Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) estis famkonata dana lingvisto. Liaj verkoj “Modern English Gram- mar” kaj “Growth and Structure of the English Language” estas ĝis nun mondvaste konsultataj. Respe- ktata estas anka ŭ lia holisma teorio pri ekesto de la homa lingvo. Li kontribuis al ĝenerala lingvistiko per la teorio pri rango kaj plekta ĵo kaj la koncepto de kunteksto. Krome li fami ĝis kiel kunfondinto de „International Phonetics Association“. Ne malpli gravas lia interlingvistika laboro. Jespersen enga ĝiĝis en pluraj internaciaj interlingvistikaj organiza ĵoj: en « Academia pro Interlingua », en « Délégation pour l’adoption de la langue auxiliaire internationale », en Akademio de Ido kaj en « International Auxiliary Language Assosiation ». Sian propran internacilingvan projekton Novial li publikigis en 1928. En 1930 li prezidis kunsidon de IALA en Ĝenevo, kiu komparis planlingvojn Esperanto, Nov Esperanto, Ido, Occidental, Novial kaj Latino sine flexione. Dum la monda kongreso de lingvistoj en Ĝenevo 1931 li distribuis demandilojn por priju ĝi neceson kaj utilon de internacia helplingvo. Antaŭ la kvara internacia kongreso de lingvistoj en Kopenhago en 1936, kiun li prezidis, li organizis diskuton pri internacia helplingvo. Jespersen interesi ĝis pri dialogo kun aliaj interlingvistoj. Li detale priskribis sian agadon en la artikolo “Men labore pro un international lingue” en Novialiste 18/1937 kaj 19/1938. Por la historio de interlin- gvistiko estas grava la junia numero 1935 kun modela faka dialogo inter Jespersen, defendanta Novial, kaj Edgar De Wahl, reprezentanta Occidental. La teksto estas parte skribita paralele en amba ŭ lingvoj. Estas interese sekvi dialogon de amba ŭ a ŭtoroj, kies celo samas.