Thursday, August 24, 2006

Part III

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 10 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 712), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of conform with accepted usage; (9) change 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–j). The MBTA the scientific names of 64 species to Fish and Wildlife Service implements treaties between the United conform with accepted usage; (10) States and four neighboring countries change the common and scientific 50 CFR Part 10 for the protection of migratory birds, as names of 7 species to conform with RIN 1018–AB72 follows: accepted usage; (11) change the (1) Canada: Convention for the scientific names of 4 species in the General Provisions; Revised List of Protection of Migratory Birds, August alphabetical list to conform with Migratory Birds 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on accepted usage and to correct behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. inconsistencies between the AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, No. 628; alphabetical and taxonomic lists; (12) Interior. (2) Mexico: Convention for the correct errors in the common (English) ACTION: Proposed rule. Protection of Migratory Birds and Game name of 2 species; (13) correct errors in Mammals, February 7, 1936, United the scientific names of 3 species in the SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), taxonomic list; and (14) change the Wildlife Service, propose to revise the 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912; status of 1 taxon from protected List of Migratory Birds by adding (3) Japan: Convention for the subspecies to non-protected species numerous species and removing Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds (due to lack of natural occurrence in the numerous species. Reasons for the in Danger of Extinction, and Their United States or its territories). In proposed changes to the list include Environment, March 4, 1972, United accordance with the Migratory Bird correcting previous mistakes including States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108– misspellings, adding species based on No. 7990; and 447) (MBTRA), we also reaffirm our new evidence of occurrence in the (4) Russia: Convention for the determination of March 15, 2005 (70 FR United States or U.S. territories, Conservation of Migratory Birds and 12710), that the mute swan (Cygnus removing species no longer known to Their Environment, United States- olor), which was never formally listed occur within the United States, and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 50 CFR 10.13 but was treated as changing names based on new (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. protected by the MBTA since December taxonomy. The net increase of 140 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073. 28, 2001, as the result of a court order species (152 added and 12 removed) What Is the Purpose of This (Hill v. Norton, 275 F.3d 98 (D.C. Cir. brings to 972 the total number of species Rulemaking? 2001)), is no longer afforded protection protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty because it is nonnative and human- Act (MBTA). We regulate most aspects Our purpose is to inform the public of introduced. See Fund for Animals v. of the taking, possession, transportation, the species protected by regulations Norton, 374 F. Supp. 2d 91 (D.D.C. sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and implementing the MBTA. These 2005) (denying injunction because of importation of migratory birds. An regulations are found in Title 50, Code the clear language of the MBTRA), accurate and up-to-date list of species of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, appeal pending. protected by the MBTA is essential for 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR regulatory purposes. the taking, possession, transportation, 10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 DATES: Submit comments on or before sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule October 23, 2006. importation of migratory birds. An published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), accurate and up-to-date list of species we suggested updating the List of ADDRESSES: Submit your comments on protected by the MBTA is essential for Migratory Birds by adding 20 species, this proposal in one of the following regulatory purposes. removing 1 species, and revising the ways: common (English) or scientific names of (1) By postal mail to Chief, Division Why Is This Amendment to the List of 23 previously listed species to conform of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Migratory Birds Necessary? to the most recent nomenclature. The Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 North The proposed amendment is needed proposed amendments were Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop 4107, to: (1) Add 2 species covered by the necessitated by five published Arlington, VA 22203. Japanese and Russian treaties that were supplements to the 6th (1983) edition of (2) By hand-delivery to U.S. Fish and mistakenly omitted from previous lists; the American Ornithologists’ Union’s Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory (2) add 26 species of accidental or (AOU’s) Check-list of North American Bird Management, 4501 North Fairfax casual occurrence documented prior to birds. Knowing that additional Drive, Room 4000, Arlington, VA 22203. April 1985, but not included in prior amendments would be necessary You can also examine materials lists; (3) add 60 species based on new following the anticipated publication of available for public inspection at this distributional records documenting a 7th edition of the Check-list, we address; their occurrence in the United States elected to delay publication of a final (3) By fax to (703) 358–2272; or since April 1985; (4) add 27 species that rule until after the appearance of the (4) By e-mail to [email protected]. occur naturally in the United States revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John only in the Pacific island territories of rule generated just two public L. Trapp, (703) 358–1714. American Samoa, Baker and Howland comments, from the American SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Ornithologists’ Union and the Islands; (5) add 37 species newly Association of Scientific Collections. What Statutory Authority Does the recognized as a result of taxonomic The comments of those organizations, Service Have for This Rulemaking? changes; (6) remove 11 species not mostly editorial in nature, are reflected We have statutory authority and known to occur within the boundaries in this document, as appropriate. responsibility for enforcing the of the United States; (7) remove 1 Following publication of the 7th Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 species that is now treated as a edition of the Check-list in July 1998, U.S.C. 703–711), the Fish and Wildlife subspecies; (8) change the common administrative workloads and staff Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. (English) names of 47 species to shortages prevented work on a final rule

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until September 2000. A followup What Criteria Are Used To Identify Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is proposed rule was deemed necessary Individual Species Protected by the listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula because of the 5-year delay since MBTA? (R); publication of the initial proposed rule, A species qualifies for protection Anas americana (American Wigeon) is and the many new changes necessitated under the MBTA by meeting one or listed as Mareca americana (J); by the 7th edition of the Check-list. In more of the following four criteria: Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) is a second proposed rule published (1) It (a) Belongs to a family or group listed as Spatula clypeata (J); Anas penelope (Eurasian Wigeon) is October 12, 2001 (66 FR 52282), we of species named in the Canadian convention of 1916, as amended in listed as Mareca penelope (J); suggested adding 30 species, removing 1 Anous minutus (Black Noddy) is listed species, and revising the common 1996; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape as Anous tenuirostris (J); (English) or scientific names of 78 Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) is recordings provide convincing evidence previously listed species to conform to listed as Anthus spinoletta (J & R); accepted usage. of natural occurrence in the United Branta bernicla (Brant) incorporates States or its territories; and (c) the Of the 116 letters received on the Branta nigricans (R); documentation of such records has been Calidris alba (Sanderling) is listed as proposed rule of October 12, 2001, 109 recognized by the AOU or other dealt solely with the presumed Crocethia alba (J); competent scientific authorities. Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is protective status of the mute swan (2) It (a) Belongs to a family of group listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J); (Cygnus olor) under the MBTA. Of the of species named in the Mexican Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) is remaining seven letters, three provided convention of 1936, as amended in listed as Acanthis flammea (J); comments of a general nature (including 1972; (b) specimens, photographs, Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) recommendations for adding or deleting videotape recordings, or audiotape is included as part of Carduelis certain species); two expressed general recordings provide convincing evidence flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis support without offering specific of natural occurrence in the United hornemanni (R); comments; one questioned the legality States or its territories; and (c) the Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian of extending MBTA protection to documentation of such records has been Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias species that do not cross State or recognized by the AOU or other morinellus (J & R); international boundaries; and one competent scientific authorities. Chen caerulescens (Snow Goose) is (3) It is a species listed in the annex expressed concern about the harvest of listed as Anser caerulescens (J); to the Japanese convention of 1972, as Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed MBTA-protected shorebirds in the amended. Caribbean. These comments remain part as Anser canagicus (J), and Philacte (4) It is a species listed in the canagica (R); of the public record and will be appendix to the Russian convention of incorporated, as appropriate, into the Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) 1976. incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R); final rule. In accordance with the MBTRA, we Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is listed Because of the delay since publication have not listed species whose as Demigretta sacra (J); of the 2001 proposed rule, plus the occurrences in the United States are Ficedula narcissina (Narcissus many new changes necessitated by six strictly the result of intentional human Flycatcher) is listed as Muscicapa published supplements (AOU 2000, introduction(s). narcissina (J); 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) to the 7th How Do the Scientific Names Proposed Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is edition of the Check-list, we are issuing Here Compare to Those That Appear in listed as Lunda cirrhata (J & R); another proposed rule. This will the Japanese and Russian Treaties? Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) is enhance efficiency by allowing the listed as Capella gallinago (R); The Japanese and Russian treaties list Gallinago megala (Swinhoe’s Snipe) is public to review and comment on all of individual species of birds that are the desired changes that have come to listed as Capella megala (R); covered. For 37 of these species, the Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is light since publication of the 1995 and scientific (genus or species) name listed as Capella stenura (R); 2001 proposed rules. currently recognized by scientific Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed authorities (AOU 1998, 1999; Monroe Tattler) is included as part of Tringa What Scientific Authorities Are Used and Sibley 1993) differs from that which To Amend the List of Migratory Birds? incana (J); appears in the treaties. The following Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Although bird names (common and cross-reference provides a linkage Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana (J); scientific) are relatively stable, staying between the scientific names used in Luscinia calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) this list and those that appear in the current with standardized usage is is listed as Erithacus calliope (J); annex to the Japanese treaty and the necessary to avoid confusion in Melanitta fusca (White-winged Scoter) appendix to the Russian treaty. The first incorporates Melanitta deglandi (J); communications. We here follow the name is the modern equivalent 7th edition of the American Mergellus albellus (Smew) is listed as proposed here, and the second name is Mergus albellus (J & R); Ornithologists’ Union’s Check-list of that which appears in one or both of the Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as North American birds (AOU 1998), as treaties. These changes modernize the Milvus korschun (R); amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, regulatory list without revising either Numenius borealis (Eskimo Curlew) is 2004, 2005, and 2006), on matters of the Japanese or the Russian treaty included as part of Numenius taxonomy, nomenclature, and the (indicated by J and R, respectively): minutus (J); sequence of species and other higher Accipiter gularis (Japanese Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked taxonomic categories (orders, families, Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter Phalarope) is listed as Lobipes lobatus subfamilies). For the few species that virgatus (J & R); (R); occur outside the geographic area Actitis hypoleucos (Common Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed covered by the Check-list, we follow Sandpiper) is listed as Tringa Albatross) is listed as Diomedea Monroe and Sibley (1993). hypoleucos (J & R); albatrus (J & R);

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Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina— families covered by the Canadian and Albatross) is listed as Diomedea Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, Mexican treaties and most are immutabilis (J & R); 1998); considered to be of accidental or casual Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis— occurrence. For each species, we list the Albatross) is listed as Diomedea Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); State(s) in which it has been recorded nigripes (J & R); Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla— plus the relevant AOU publication(s): Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche listed as Pterodroma leucoptera (R); Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs— melanophris—Virginia (AOU 2002); Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) is Maine to Massachusetts (AOU 1982, Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria listed as Iridoprocne bicolor (R); and 1983, 1998); palpebrata—California (AOU 1997, Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed Thrush) is Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops— 1998); listed as Turdus pallidus (R). Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger How Do the Proposed Changes Affect 1998); cyanurus—Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Bunting, Pine, Emberiza the List of Migratory Birds? Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata— Massachusetts, New York (AOU 1982, leucocephalos—Alaska (AOU 1995, The proposed amendments (152 1983, 1998); 1998); additions, 12 removals, 118 name Flycatcher, La Sagra’s, Myiarchus Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza changes, and 9 corrections) will affect a sagrae—Alabama, Florida (AOU 1982, aureola—Alaska (AOU 1989, 1998); grand total of 290 species and result in 1983, 1998); Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza a net addition of 140 species to the List Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus elegans—Alaska (AOU 2000); of Migratory Birds, increasing the varius—Maine, Tennessee (AOU Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis species total from 832 to 972. Of the 140 1982, 1983, 1998); jugularis—U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU species that we propose adding to the Gull, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri—Florida 1998); list, 37 were previously covered under (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2003); Catbird, Black, Melanoptila the MBTA as subspecies of listed Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostis— glabrirostris—Texas (AOU 1998); Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata— species. These amendments can be Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Texas (AOU 1998); logically arranged in the following 14 Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis categories: Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta— heloisa—Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, (1) Add two species that are included 1998); in the Appendix of the Russian treaty Puerto Rico, Virginia (AOU 1998); Martin, Southern, Progne elegans— Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis and in the Annex to the Japanese treaty, Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); respectively; the omission of these viridicata—Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus species in previous lists was an gundlachii—Florida (AOU 1982, leucophalus—Florida, New Mexico, oversight. These species also qualify for 1983, 1998); Texas (AOU 2002); protection under the Canadian and Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis— Mexican treaties as members of the nigripennis—Hawaii (AOU 1982, Texas (AOU 2006); families Anatidae and Laridae, 1983, 1998); Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes respectively: Petrel, Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax— phaeocercus—Texas (AOU 1998); Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur and Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus semitorquatus—Texas (AOU 1998); Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris. hispaniolensis—Puerto Rico (AOU Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis— (2) Add 26 species based on review 1983, 1995, 1998); Hawaii (AOU 1997, 1998); and acceptance by AOU (prior to April Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis—Alaska Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio 1985) of distributional records (AOU 1982, 1983, 1995); flavirostris—New York (AOU 1991, documenting their occurrence in the Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus— 1998, 2002); United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Pennsylvania, Texas (AOU 1982, Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser Virgin Islands. These species belong to 1983, 1998); erythropus—Alaska (AOU 1995, families covered by the Canadian and Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia— 1998); Mexican treaties. They were excluded Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus from the 1985 list because their Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris cirrocephalus—Florida (AOU 2002); occurrence was viewed as accidental or leucomelas—California (AOU 1982, Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus— casual, a criterion no longer viewed as 1983, 1998); Louisiana, Maryland (AOU 2002); consistent with the MBTA or its Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus—Alaska Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus underlying treaties. A species of (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); cachinnans—Maryland (AOU 1993, accidental or casual occurrence is one Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura 1998); Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza whose normal range is far enough brachyura—U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU caerulescens—Texas (AOU 1998); 1983, 1998); removed from the United States as to Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo— Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris— make regular occurrence unlikely or Alaska (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998); improbable (AOU 1983). For each Florida (AOU 1983, 1998); and Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia species, we list the State(s) in which it Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis rutila—Arizona, New Mexico (AOU has been recorded plus the relevant lachrymosa—Arizona (AOU 1982, 1998); AOU publication(s): 1983, 1998). Hummingbird, Xantus’s, Hylocharis Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta— (3) Add 60 species based on review xantusii—California (AOU 1998); Washington (AOU 1982, 1983, 1997, and acceptance by AOU (since April Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax 1998); 1985) of new distributional records prevostii—Texas (AOU 1998); Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea documenting their occurrence in the Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera— exulans—California (AOU 1982, 1983, United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998); Virgin Islands. These species belong to 1998);

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Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio caerulescens—Arizona, Texas (AOU superciliosa—Arizona (AOU 1987, porphyrio (American Samoa); 1998); 1998); and Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus Woodpecker, Great Spotted, (Guam, Northern Marianas); and perdix—10 States (AOU 1997, 1998); Dendrocopos major—Alaska (AOU Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, 1987, 1998). spodiopygius (American Samoa). Catharus mexicanus—Texas (AOU (4) Add 27 species that belong to (5) Add 37 species because of recent 2006); families covered by the Canadian and taxonomic changes in which taxa Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Mexican treaties, but occur naturally in formerly treated as subspecies have Catharus aurantiirostris—Texas (AOU the United States only in the Pacific been determined to be distinct species. 2002); island territories of American Samoa, Given that each of these species was Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata—Texas Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or formerly treated as subspecies of a listed (AOU 1989, 1998); the Northern Mariana Islands (Pratt et species, these additions will not change Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius—Texas al. 1987). We also list the territory or the protective status of any of these taxa, (AOU 2002); territories in which each species is only the names by which they are Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow— known to occur: known. In each case, we reference the North Carolina (AOU 1998); Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis AOU publication(s) supporting the macroptera—California (AOU 2004); (Guam); change: Petrel, Stejneger’s, Pterodroma Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly longirostris—California, Hawaii (AOU melanoleucos (Northern Marianas); treated as subspecies of Fulica 1989, 1998); Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis americana, American Coot) [AOU Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus— (American Samoa); 1993, 1998]; Florida (AOU 2004); Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (Guam, Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris— Northern Marianas); (formerly treated as subspecies of Texas (AOU 1998); Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker) Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola (American Samoa); [AOU 1995, 1998]; bacchus—Alaska (AOU 2000); Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis— Ptilinopus porphyraceus (American occidentalis (formerly treated as Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1998); Samoa); subspecies of Empidonax difficilis, Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane— Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus Western [=Pacific-slope] Flycatcher) Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998); perousii (American Samoa); [AOU 1989, 1998]; Robin, White-throated, Turdus Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila assimilis—Texas (AOU 1998); roseicapilla (Guam, Northern californica (formerly treated as Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus— Marianas); subspecies of Polioptila melanura, Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); Greenshank, Nordmann’s, Tringa Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) [AOU 1989, Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris guttifer (Guam); 1998]; edwardsii—North Carolina (AOU Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva 2006); stairi (American Samoa); (formerly treated as subspecies of Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys Ground-Dove, White-throated, Pluvialis dominica, Lesser cinereus—Texas (AOU 1998); Gallicolumba xanthonura (American [=American] Golden-Plover) [AOU Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus— Samoa); 1993, 1998]; Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (Northern Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchinsii Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus Marianas); (formerly treated as subspecies of himantopus—Alaska (AOU 1985, Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula Branta canadensis, Canada Goose) 1998); pacifica (American Samoa); [AOU 2004]; Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus—Alaska Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus Grebe, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii (AOU 1987, 1998, 2004); chloris (American Samoa, Northern (formerly treated as subspecies of Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied Fregetta Marianas); Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western tropica—North Carolina (AOU 2006); Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta Grebe) [AOU 1985, 1998]; cinnamominus (Guam); albilinea—Florida (AOU 2005); Heron, Green, Butorides virescens Swift, Alpine, Apus melba—Puerto Rico Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus (formerly treated as subspecies of (AOU 1998); ostralegus (Guam); Butorides striatus, Green-backed Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga Petrel, Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera [=Striated] Heron) [AOU 1993, 1998]; bidentata—Arizona, Texas (AOU (American Samoa); Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus 1987, 1998); Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (Baker (formerly treated as subspecies of Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii— and Howland Islands); Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush Hawaii (AOU 1991, 1998, 2006); Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida— (American Samoa); Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus Delaware, New Jersey (AOU 1997, Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus (formerly treated as subspecies of 1998, 2003); philippensis (American Samoa); Elanus caeruleus, Black-shouldered Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata— Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (Guam); Kite) (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); Texas (AOU 1998); Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira’s, Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia Oceanodroma matsudairae (Guam, treated as subspecies of Gavia arctica, orientalis—Alaska (AOU 1991, 1998); Northern Marianas); Arctic Loon) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister—Texas Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (AOU 1987, 1998); fuliginosa (American Samoa); (formerly treated as subspecies of Pica Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola— Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta pica, Black-billed [=Eurasian] Magpie) Alabama (AOU 1995, 1998); grallaria (American Samoa); [AOU 2000];

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Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (AOU treated as subspecies of Phaeornis atricristatus (formerly treated as 2004); obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) subspecies of Parus [=Baeolophus] Woodpecker, Strickland’s, Picoides [AOU 1985, 1998]; bicolor, Tufted Titmouse) [AOU stricklandi (AOU 2000); and Oriole, Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii 2002]; Woodpecker, Three-toed (=Eurasian (formerly treated as subspecies of Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi Three-toed), Picoides tridactylis (AOU Icterus galbula, Northern [=Baltimore] (formerly treated as subspecies of 2003). Oriole) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Parus Baeolophus] inornatus, Plain (7) Remove one former species that is Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma [=Oak] Titmouse) [AOU 1997, 1998]; now treated as a subspecies: Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis sandwichensis (formerly treated as Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (formerly treated as subspecies of subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia, (lugens will remain protected as a Pipilo fuscus, Brown Towhee) [AOU Dark-rumped [=Galapagos] Petrel) subspecies of Motacilla alba, White 1989, 1998]; [AOU 2002]; Wagtail) [AOU 2005]. Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus cervicalis (formerly treated as (formerly treated as subspecies of (8) Revise the common (English) subspecies of Pterodroma externa, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous- names of 47 species to conform to the White-necked [=Juan Fernandez] sided [=Eastern] Towhee) [AOU 1995, most recent nomenclatural treatment. Petrel) [AOU 1991, 1998]; 1998]; These revisions will not change the Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens Vireo, Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii (formerly protective status of any of these taxa, (formerly treated as subspecies of treated as subspecies of Vireo only the names by which they are Anthus spinoletta, Water Pipit (AOU solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] known. In each case, we reference the 1989, 1998); Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; published source(s) for the name Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus change: (formerly treated as subspecies of (formerly treated as subspecies of Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba, will be Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue- changed to Owl, Barn (AOU 1989, 1993, 1998]; headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; 1998); Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis, australis (formerly treated as (formerly treated as subspecies of will be changed to Bittern, Yellow subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo) (AOU 1991, 1998); Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; [AOU 1987, 1998]; Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus, will Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla be changed to Crow, Tamaulipas tephrocotis (formerly treated as tschutschensis (formerly treated as (AOU 1997, 1998); subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy subspecies of Motacilla flava, Yellow Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus, will Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Wagtail) [AOU 2004]; be changed to Curlew, Little (AOU Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 1987, 1998); nuchalis (formerly treated as Picoides dorsalis (formerly treated as Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius, subspecies of Picoides tridactylus, griseisticta, will be changed to Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [AOU Three-toed [=Eurasian Three-toed] Flycatcher, Gray-streaked (AOU 1985, 1998]; Woodpecker) [AOU 2003]; and 2004); Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax (formerly treated as subspecies of (formerly treated as subspecies of difficilis, will be changed to Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub Picoides stricklandi, Strickland’s Flycatcher, Pacific-slope (AOU 1989, [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU Woodpecker) [AOU 2000]. 1998); 1995, 1998]; (6) Remove 11 species based on Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma revised taxonomic treatments and new dominica, will be changed to Golden- californica (formerly treated as distributional evidence confirming that Plover, American (AOU 1993, 1998); subspecies of Aphelocoma their known geographic ranges lie Goose, Ross’, Chen rossii, will be coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay entirely outside the political boundaries changed to Goose, Ross’s (AOU 1998); [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; of the United States and its territories. Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus Snipe, Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata In each case, we reference the AOU ridibundus, will be changed to Gull, (formerly treated as subspecies of publication(s) supporting these changes: Black-headed (AOU 1995, 1998); Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe) Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (AOU Gull, Ross’, Rhodostethia rosea, will be [AOU 2002]; 1993, 1998); changed to Gull, Ross’s (AOU 1998); Sparrow, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, Heron, Green-backed (=Striated), Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly Butorides striatus (AOU 1993, 1998); gularis, will be changed to treated as subspecies of Ammodramus Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus Sparrowhawk, Japanese (Monroe and caudacutus, Sharp-tailed [=Saltmarsh caudifasciatus (AOU 2002); Sibley 1993); Sharp-tailed] Sparrow) [AOU 1995, Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus Hawk, Harris’, Parabuteo unicinctus, 1998]; caeruleus (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); will be changed to Hawk, Harris’s Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica (AOU 1998); portoricensis (formerly treated as pica (AOU 2000); Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula, will subspecies of Spindalis zena, Stripe- Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (AOU be changed to Owl, Northern Hawk headed [=Western] Tanager 1998; treated as conspecific with (AOU 1989, 1998); [=Spindalis]) [AOU 2000]; Black Noddy, Anous minutus); Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, will Thrush, Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli Petrel, Dark-rumped (=Galapagos), be changed to Reef-Egret, Pacific (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia (AOU 2002); (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (AOU Hoopoe, Upupa epops, will be changed Thrush) [AOU 1995, 1998]; 1983, 1989, 1998); to Hoopoe, Eurasian (AOU 1998);

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Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon) will be ultramarina, will be changed to Jay, will be changed to Spindalis, Western changed to Patagioenas inornata Mexican (AOU 1995, 1998); (AOU 2000); (AOU 2003); Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens, Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata, will be Columba leucocephala (White-crowned will be changed to Scrub-Jay, Florida changed to Duck, Falcated (AOU Pigeon) will be changed to (AOU 1995, 1998); 1997, 1998); Patagioenas leucocephala (AOU Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus, 2003); Elanoides forficatus, will be changed will be changed to Thrush, Columba squamosa (Scaly-naped to Kite, Swallow-tailed (AOU 1995, Eyebrowed (AOU 1989, 1998); Pigeon) will be changed to 1998); Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus, will be Patagioenas squamosa (AOU 2003); Murrelet, Xantus’, Synthliboramphus changed to Towhee, Canyon (AOU Contopus borealis (Olive-sided hypoleucus, will be changed to 1989, 1998); Flycatcher) will be changed to Murrelet, Xantus’s (AOU 1998); Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo Contopus cooperi (AOU 1997, 1998); Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus, erythrophthalmus, will be changed to Cuculus saturatus (Oriental Cuckoo) will be changed to Nightjar, Gray Towhee, Eastern (AOU 1995, 1998); will be changed to Cuculus optatus (AOU 2004); Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni, will (AOU 2006); Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis, will be be changed to Pipit, Olive-backed Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Parakeet changed to Duck, Long-tailed (AOU (AOU 1995, 1998); Auklet) will be changed to Aethia 2000); Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus, will psittacula (AOU 1997, 1998); Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus be changed to Quetzel, Eared (AOU Delichon urbica (Common House- dominicensis, will be changed to 2002); Martin) will be changed to Delichon Oriole, Greater Antillean (AOU 2000); Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius, will be urbicum (AOU 2004); Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula, will be changed to Vireo, Blue-headed (AOU Diomedea albatrus (Short-tailed changed to Oriole, Baltimore (AOU 1997, 1998); Albatross) will be changed to 1995, 1998); Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica Phoebastria albatrus (AOU 1997, Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma angelae, will be changed to Warbler, 1998); externa, will be changed to Petrel, Elfin-woods (AOU 1998); and Diomedea chlororhynchos (Yellow- Juan Fernandez (AOU 1991, 1998); Woodpecker, Lewis’, Melanerpes lewis, nosed Albatross) will be changed to Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius will be changed to Woodpecker, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (AOU leschenaultii, will be changed to Lewis’s (AOU 1998). 1997, 1998); Sand-Plover, Greater (AOU 2004); (9) Revise the scientific names of 64 Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius species to conform to the most recent Albatross) will be changed to mongolus, will be changed to Sand- nomenclature treatment. These Phoebastria immutabilis (AOU 1997, Plover, Lesser (AOU 2004); revisions will not change the protective 1998); Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza status of any of these taxa, only the Diomedea nigripes (Black-footed schoeniclus, will be changed to names by which they are known. In Albatross) will be changed to Bunting, Reed (AOU 1995, 1998); each case, we reference the AOU Phoebastria nigripes (AOU 1997, Reed-Bunting, Pallas’, Emberiza pallasi, publication(s) documenting the name 1998); will be changed to Bunting, Pallas’s change: Guiraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) will be (AOU 1995, 1998); Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) changed to Passerina caerulea (AOU Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus will be changed to Actitis macularius 2002); pygmeus, will be changed to (AOU 2004); Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Sandpiper, Spoon-billed (AOU 2004); Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill) will be Tattler) will be changed to Tringa Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis, will changed to Platalea ajaja (AOU 2002); brevipes (AOU 2006); be changed to Lark, Sky (AOU 1995, Amphispiza quinquestriata (Five-striped Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering 1998); Sparrow) will be changed to Tattler) will be changed to Tringa Sparrow, Harris’, Zonotrichia querela, Aimophila quinquestriata (AOU 1997, incana (AOU 2006); will be changed to Sparrow, Harris’s 1998); Helmitheros vermivora (Worm-eating (AOU 1998); Casmerodius albus (Great Egret) will be Warbler) will be changed to Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus changed to Ardea alba (AOU 1995, Helmitheros vermivorus (AOU 2004); caudacutus, will be changed to 1998); Hirundo fulva (Cave Swallow) will be Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Catharacta maccormicki (South Polar changed to Petrochelidon fulva (AOU (AOU 1995, 1998); Skua) will be changed to Stercorarius 1997, 1998); Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus, will maccormicki (AOU 2000); Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) will be changed to Starling, White-cheeked Catharacta skua (Great Skua) will be be changed to Petrochelidon (Monroe and Sibley 1993); changed to Stercorarius skua (AOU pyrrhonota (AOU 1997, 1998); Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus 2000); Muscicapa narcissina (Narcissus philippensis, will be changed to Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) Flycatcher) will be changed to Starling, Chestnut-cheeked (Monroe will be changed to Tringa Ficedula narcissina (AOU 1991, and Sibley 1993); semipalmata (AOU 2006); 1998); Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis, Ceryle torquata (Ringed Kingfisher) will Nesochen sandvicensis (Hawaiian will be changed to Stint, Red-necked be changed to Ceryle torquatus (AOU Goose) will be changed to Branta (AOU 1995); 2004); sandvicensis (AOU 1993, 1998); Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) Nyctea scandiaca (Snowy Owl) will be tristrami, will be changed to Storm- will be changed to Patagioenas changed to Bubo scandiaca (AOU Petrel, Tristram’s (AOU 1989, 1998); fasciata (AOU 2003); 2003); Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) Nycticorax goisagi (Japanese Night- phoenicobia, will be changed to Palm- will be changed to Patagioenas Heron) will be changed to Gorsachius Swift, Antillean (AOU 1983, 1998); flavirostris (AOU 2003); goisagi (Monroe and Sibley 1993);

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Nycticorax violaceus (Yellow-crowned Sterna caspia (Caspian Tern) will be alphabetical list to reflect the most Night-Heron) will be changed to changed to Hydroprogne caspia (AOU recent nomenclatural treatment and to Nyctanassa violacea (AOU 1998); 2006); correct inconsistencies between the Otus asio (Eastern Screech-Owl) will be Sterna elegans (Elegant Tern) will be alphabetical and taxonomic lists: changed to Megascops asio (AOU changed to Thalasseus elegans (AOU Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus 2003); 2006); tridactyla, will be changed to Rissa Otus kennicottii (Western Screech-Owl) Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) will be trydactyla (AOU 1998); will be changed to Megascops changed to Onychoprion fuscatus Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus kennicottii (AOU 2003); (AOU 2006); brevirostris, will be changed to Rissa Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican Screech- Sterna lunata (Gray-backed Tern) will be brevirostris (AOU 1998); Owl) will be changed to Megascops changed to Onychoprion lunatus Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger, will nudipes (AOU 2003); (AOU 2006); be changed to Rynchops niger (AOU Otus trichopsis (Whiskered Screech- Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) will be 1998); and Owl) will be changed to Megascops changed to Thalasseus maximus Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima, will trichopsis (AOU 2003); (AOU 2006); be changed to Hylocichla mustelina Oxyura dominica (Masked Duck) will be Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) will be (AOU 1998). changed to Nomonyx dominicus changed to Gelochelidon nilotica (12) Revise the common (English) (AOU 1997, 1998); (AOU 2006); name of two species in the alphabetical Parus atricapillus (Black-capped Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) and taxonomic lists to correct Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile will be changed to Thalasseus misspellings: atricapillus (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); sandvicensis (AOU 2006); Bittern, Schrenk’s, Ixobrychus Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) will be Sula bassanus (Northern Gannet) will be eurhythmus, will be changed to changed to Baeolophus bicolor (AOU changed to Morus bassanus (AOU Bittern, Schrenck’s (Monroe and 1997, 1998); 1989, 1998); Sibley 1993); and Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit) Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus will be changed to Poecile will be changed to Tiaris olivaceus miniatus, will be changed to Redstart, carolinensis (AOU 1997, 1998); (AOU 2004); and Slate-throated (AOU 1998). Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) Toxostoma dorsale (Crissal Thrasher) will be changed to Poecile gambeli (13) Revise the scientific names of will be changed to Toxostoma crissale three species in the taxonomic list to (AOU 1997, 1998); (AOU 1984, 1985, 1998). Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) correct misspellings and inconsistencies (10) Revise the common (English) and will be changed to Poecile hudsonica between the alphabetical and taxonomic scientific names of seven species to (AOU 1997, 1998, 2000); lists: conform with the most recent Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed Sialis currucoides (Mountain Bluebird) nomenclature treatment. These Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile will be changed to Sialia currucoides revisions will not change the protective rufescens (AOU 1997, 1998); (AOU 1998); Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) will status of any of these taxa, only the Sialis mexicana (Western Bluebird) will be changed to Poecile sclateri (AOU names by which they are known. In be changed to Sialia mexicana (AOU 1997, 1998); each case, we reference the 1998); and Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) publication(s) supporting the name Sialis sialis (Eastern Bluebird) will be will be changed to Baeolophus change: changed to Sialia sialis (AOU 1998). wollweberi (AOU 1997, 1998); Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax (14) Change the status of one taxon Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope) olivaceus, will be changed to from protected subspecies to non- will be changed to Phalaropus Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax protected species (because there is no fulicarius (AOU 2002); brasilianus (AOU 1991, 1998); known natural occurrence of the newly Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara) Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, will recognized species in the United States will be changed to Caracara cheriway be changed to Egret, Intermediate, or its territories). In accordance with the (AOU 1993, 1998, 2000); Mesophoyx intermedia (Monroe and AOU (1998), the Barbary Falcon is Porphyrula martinica (Purple Gallinule) Sibley 1993); currently treated as a subspecies will be changed to Porphyrio Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax (pelegrinoides) of the Peregrine Falcon martinica (AOU 2002); melanolophus, will be changed to (Falco peregrinus) in 50 CFR 10.13. We Saurothera vieilloti (Puerto Rican Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius propose deferring to the taxonomic Lizard-Cuckoo) will be changed to melanolophus (Monroe and Sibley treatment of Monroe and Sibley (1993) Coccyzus vielloti (AOU 2006); 1993); in recognizing F. peregrinus Seiurus aurocapillus (Ovenbird) will be Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, pelegrinoides as a distinct species, Falco changed to Seiurus aurocapilla (AOU will be changed to Omao, Myadestes pelegrinoides, the Barbary Falcon. This 2003); obscurus (AOU 1985, 1998); change will bring our treatment of this Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) will be Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis taxon into conformity with that adopted changed to Sternula albifrons (AOU palmeri, will be changed to Puaiohi, by the Convention on International 2006); Myadestes palmeri (AOU 1985, 1998); Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Sterna aleutica (Aleutian Tern) will be Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, will be Flora and Fauna (CITES), thereby changed to Onychoprion aleuticus changed to Chickadee, Gray-headed, removing an inconsistency between the (AOU 2006); Poecile cincta (AOU 1998, 2000); and MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) and CITES (50 Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) will be Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, will CFR 23.23) lists. This simple taxonomic changed to Onychoprion anaethetus be changed to Titmouse, Oak, change will not result in the addition or (AOU 2006); Baeolophus inornatus (AOU 1997, removal of any species from the list: Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) will be 1998). Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, a changed to Sternula antillarum (AOU (11) Revise incorrect or invalid subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, 2006); scientific names of four species in the will be changed to Falco

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pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcon Peregrine Falcon, all of which will 11) will require removal of the old name (Monroe and Sibley 1993). (The newly continue to be protected under the (left-hand column) and addition of the recognized Barbary Falcon is not MBTA.) new name (right-hand column). To subject to the MBTA because its ensure that these two separate actions known geographic range lies entirely For ease of comparison, the proposed appear on the same line of the table, we outside the political boundaries of the changes are summarized in the employ brackets to identify old United States and its territories. This following table (numbers reference the (removed) or new (added) names that action will not change the legal status categories treated above). Categories that are listed in correct alphabetical order of any other subspecies of the involve name revisions (i.e., 9, 10, and elsewhere in the table:

Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris (3). Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea nigripes (9) ...... Albatross, Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes (9). Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis (9) ...... Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis (9). Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata (3). Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea albatrus (9) ...... Albatross, Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus (9). Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta (2). Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans (2). Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea chlororhynchos (9) ...... Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (9). Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (9) ...... Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula (9). Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba (8) ...... [see Owl, Barn]. Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (4). Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis (8) ...... Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis (8). Bittern, Schrenk’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (12) ...... Bittern, Schrenck’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (12). Bluebird, Eastern, Sialis sialis (13) ...... Bluebird, Eastern, Sialia sialis (13). Bluebird, Mountain, Sialis currucoides (13) ...... Bluebird, Mountain, Sialia currucoides (13). Bluebird, Western, Sialis mexicana (13) ...... Bluebird, Western, Sialia mexicana (13). Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus (3). Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina (2). Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis (2). Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla (2). [see Reed-Bunting, Pallas’] ...... Bunting, Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi (8). Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos (3). [see Reed-Bunting, Common] ...... Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus (8). Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola (3). Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans (3). Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis (3). Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus (9) ...... Caracara, Crested, Caracara cheriway (9). Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris (3). Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs (2). Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus atricapillus (9) ...... Chickadee, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus (9). Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus (9) ...... Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile hudsonica (9). Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis (9) ...... Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile carolinensis (9). Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus rufescens (9) ...... Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens (9). [see Tit, Siberian] ...... Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (10). Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri (9) ...... Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri (9). Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli (9) ...... Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli (9). Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (5). Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (4). Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus (10) ...... Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (10). Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops (2). Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (4). Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (4). Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus (8) ...... Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus (8). Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus saturatus (9) ...... Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus optatus (9). Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata (2). Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus (8) ...... Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus (8). [see Teal, Falcated] ...... Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata (8). [see Oldsquaw] ...... Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis (8). Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica (9) ...... Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominicus (9). Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata (3). Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (4). Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha (1). Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus (9) ...... Egret, Great, Ardea alba (9). Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia (10) ...... Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (10). Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta (3). Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata (3). [Falcon, Barbary, Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides (=Falco pelegrinoides)] (14).. Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (6)...... [see Rosy-Finch] Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (5). Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (5). Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta (8) ...... Flycatcher, Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta (8). Flycatcher, La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae (2).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Flycatcher, Narcissus, Muscicapa narcissina (9) ...... Flycatcher, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina (9). Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus borealis (9) ...... Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi (9). Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis (8) ...... Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis (8). Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus (3). Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similes (3). Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus (3). Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius (2). Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus (3). Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis (3). Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (4). Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (4). Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (4). Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris (3). Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrula martinica (9) ...... Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrio martinica (9). Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus (9) ...... Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus (9). Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (5). Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica (8). Golden-Plover, American, Pluvialis dominica (8). Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (5). Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchensii (5). Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis (9) ...... Goose, Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis (9). Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus (3). Goose, Ross’, Chen rossii (8) ...... Goose, Ross’s, Chen rossii (8). Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea (9) ...... Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus (9). Grebe, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii (5). Greenshank, Nordmann’s, Tringa guttifer (4). Grosbeak, Blue, Guiraca caerulea (9) ...... Grosbeak, Blue, Passerina caerulea (9). Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (4). Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (4). Gull, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri (2). Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (8) ...... Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (8). Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (1). Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus (3). Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus (3). Gull, Ross’, Rhodostethia rosea (8) ...... Gull, Ross’s, Rhodostethia rosea (8). Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans (3). Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis (8) ...... [see Sparrowhawk, Japanese] Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens (3). Hawk, Harris’, Parabuteo unicinctus (8) ...... Hawk, Harris’s, Parabuteo unicinctus (8). Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostris (2). Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula (8) ...... [see Owl, Northern Hawk] Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (4). Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (5). Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus (6) ...... [see Heron, Green]. Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra (8) ...... [see Reef-Egret, Pacific]. Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo (3). Hoopoe, Upupa epops (8) ...... Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops (8). House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbica (9) ...... House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbicum (9). Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa (2). Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila (3). Hummingbird, Xantus’s, Hylocharis xantusii (3). Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (4). Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina (8) ...... Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina (8). Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens (8) ...... [see Scrub-Jay, Florida]. Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (5). Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus (6) ...... Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (4). Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (4). Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquata (9) ...... Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus (9). Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (8) ...... Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (8). Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (6) ...... [see Kite, White-tailed]. Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (5). Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla (11) ...... Kittiwake, Black-legged, Rissa trydactyla (11). Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris (11) ...... Kittiwake, ed-legged, Rissa brevirostris (11). [see Skylark, Eurasian] ...... Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis (8). Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Saurothera vieilloti (9) ...... Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti (9). Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (5). Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (6) ...... [see Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia]. Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (5). Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii (3). Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera (3). Martin, Southern, Progne elegans (2). Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii (2). Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens (3). Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix (3).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Murrelet, Xantus’, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (8) ...... Murrelet, Xantus’s, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (8). Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax goisagi (9) ...... Night-Heron, Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi (9). Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus (10) ...... Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (10). Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax violaceus (9) ...... Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea (9). Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus (8) ...... Nightjar, Gray, Caprimulgus indicus (8). Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus (3). Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris (3). Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (6). Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis (8) ...... [see Duck, Long-tailed]. Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (5). [see Thrush, Hawaiian] ...... Omao, Myadestes obscurus (10). Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula (8) ...... Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula (8). Oriole, Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii (5). Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis (8) ...... Oriole, Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis (8). Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (9) ...... Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla (9). [see Barn-Owl, Common] ...... Owl, Barn, Tyto alba (8). Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata (3). [see Hawk-Owl, Northern] ...... Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula (8). Owl, Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca (9) ...... Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiaca (9). Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius (3). Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (4). [see Swift, Antillean Palm] ...... Palm-Swift, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia (8). Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow (3). Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis (2). Petrel, Dark-rumped, Pterodroma phaeopygia (6) ...... [see Petrel, Hawaiian] Petrel, Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera (4). Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera (3). Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (5). Petrel, Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax (2). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa (8) ...... Petrel, Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa (8). Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (4). Petrel, Stejneger’s, Pterodroma longirostris (3). Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (4). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (5). Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus (3). Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis (2). Phalarope, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria (9) ...... Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (9). Pigeon, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata (9) ...... Pigeon, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata (9). Pigeon, Plain, Columba inornata (9) ...... Pigeon, Plain, Patagioenas inornata (9). Pigeon, Red-billed, Columba flavirostris (9) ...... Pigeon, Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris (9). Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa (9) ...... Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa (9). Pigeon, White-crowned, Columba leucocephala (9) ...... Pigeon, White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala (9). Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (6) ...... [see Pipit, American]. Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (5). [see Tree-Pipit, Olive] ...... Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni (8). Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis (2). Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris (3). Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii (8) ...... [see Sand-Plover, Greater]. Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus (8) ...... [see Sand-Plover, Lesser]. Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus (3). [see Thrush, Small Kauai] ...... Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (10). [see Trogon, Eared] ...... Quetzel, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (8). Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (4). Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (4). Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus (2). Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus (12) ...... Redstart, Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus (12). Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniculus (8) ...... [see Bunting, Reed]. Reed-Bunting, Pallas’, Emberiza pallasi (8) ...... [see Bunting, Pallas’s]. [see Heron, Pacific Reef] ...... Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra (8). Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis (3). Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane (3). Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis (3). Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (5). Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (5). Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (5). Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus (3). Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (8) ...... Sandpiper, Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (8). Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularia (9) ...... Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularius (9). [see Plover, Great Sand] ...... Sand-Plover, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii (8). [see Plover, Mongolian] ...... Sand-Plover, Lesser, Charadrius mongolus (8). Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (5). Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia (2). Screech-Owl, Eastern, Otus asio (9) ...... Screech-Owl, Eastern, Megascops asio (9). Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes (9) ...... Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes (9).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Screech-Owl, Western, Otus kennicottii (9) ...... Screech-Owl, Western, Megascops kennicottii (9). Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Otus trichopsis (9) ...... Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis (9). [see Jay, Scrub] ...... Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens (8). Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (5). Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (5). Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii (3). Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas (2). Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus (2). Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus (3). Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus (3). Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger (11) ...... Skimmer, Black, Rynchops niger (11). Skua, Great, Catharacta skua (9) ...... Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua (9). Skua, South Polar, Catharacta maccormicki (9) ...... Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki (9). Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis (8) ...... [see Lark, Sky]. Snipe, Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata (5). Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata (9) ...... Sparrow, Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata (9). Sparrow, Harris’, Zonotrichia querula (8) ...... Sparrow, Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula (8). Sparrow, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (5). Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (8) ...... Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (8). [see Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow] ...... Sparrowhawk, Japanese, Accipiter gularis (8). Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (5). [see Tanager, Stripe-headed] ...... Spindalis, Western, Spindalis zena (8). Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja (9) ...... Spoonbill, Roseate, Platalea ajaja (9). Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis (8) ...... Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis (8). Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus (8) ...... Starling, White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus (8). Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus (3). Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis (8) ...... Stint, Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis (8). Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (3). Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica (3). Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira’s, Oceanodroma matsudairae (4). Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (4). Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami (8) ...... Storm-Petrel, Tristram’s, Oceanodroma tristrami (8). Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (4). Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva (9) ...... Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva (9). Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota (9) ...... Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (9). Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea (3). Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (4). Swift, Alpine, Apus melba (3). Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia (8) ...... [see Palm-Swift, Antillean]. Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura (2). Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena (8)...... [see Spindalis, Western]. Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (4). Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (4). Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (3). Tattler, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus brevipes (9) ...... Tattler, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes (9). Tattler, Wandering, Heteroscelus incanus (9) ...... Tattler, Wandering, Tringa incana (9). Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata (8) ...... [see Duck, Falcated]. Tern, Aleutian, Sterna aleutica (9) ...... Tern, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus (9). Tern, Bridled, Sterna anaethetus (9) ...... Tern, Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus (9). Tern, Caspian, Sterna caspia (9) ...... Tern, Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia (9). Tern, Elegant, Sterna elegans (9) ...... Tern, Elegant, Thalasseus elegans (9). Tern, Gray-backed, Sterna lunata (9) ...... Tern, Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus (9). Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii (3). Tern, Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica (9) ...... Tern, Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica (9). Tern, Least, Sterna antillarum (9) ...... Tern, Least, Sternula antillarum (9). Tern, Little, Sterna albifrons (9) ...... Tern, Little, Sternula albifrons (9). Tern, Royal, Sterna maxima (9) ...... Tern, Royal, Thalasseus maximus (9). Tern, Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis (9) ...... Tern, Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis (9). Tern, Sooty, Sterna fuscata (9) ...... Tern, Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus (9). Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida (3). Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma dorsale (9) ...... Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma crissale (9). Thrush, Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli (5). Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus (8) ...... Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus (8). Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus (10) ...... [see Omao]. Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri (10) ...... [see Puaiohi]. Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima (11) ...... Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla mustelina (11). Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus (10) ...... [see Chickadee, Gray-headed]. Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (5). Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi (9) ...... Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi (9). Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (5). Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus (10) ...... Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (10). Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor (9) ...... Titmouse, Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor (9). Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata (3). Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (5).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus (8) ...... Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus (8). Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (8) ...... Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (8). Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (5). Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni (8) ...... [see Pipit, Olive-backed]. Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (8) ...... [see Quetzel, Eared]. Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis (3). Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius (8) ...... Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius (8). Vireo, Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii (5). Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (5). Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris (2). Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (5). Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister (3). Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (7) ...... Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola (3). Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (6) ...... [see Wagtail, Eastern Yellow]. Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (5). Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa (3). Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae (8) ...... Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae (8). Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa (2). Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivora (9) ...... Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorus (9). Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (9) ...... Willet, Tringa semipalmata (9). Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (5). Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (5). Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major (3). Woodpecker, Lewis’, Melanerpes lewis (8) ...... Woodpecker, Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis (8). Woodpecker, Strickland’s, Picoides stricklandi (6) ...... [see Woodpecker, Arizona]. Woodpecker, Three-toed, Picoides tridactylis (6) ...... [see Woodpecker, American Three-toed].

How Do the Changes Proposed Here group names, with the scientific name Odontophoridae (New World quail), Differ From Those Discussed in the of each species following the English Pteroclididae (sandgrouse), Psittacidae 2001 Proposed Rule? group name. This format, which is (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos), similar to that used in modern We propose adding another 85 species Rhamphastidae (toucans), telephone directories, will be most (88 species in the current proposed rule Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae useful to members of the lay public. In versus 3 species in the 2001 proposed (hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground- the taxonomic listing, species are listed hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), rule) based on documented evidence of in phylogenetic sequence by scientific their occurrence in the United States, Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy- name, with the English name following bluebirds), Timaliidae (wrentits), Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. the scientific name. To help clarify Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae We propose adding 28 species (28 species relationships, we also list the (starlings; except as listed in the versus 0) that belong to families covered higher-level taxonomic categories of by the Canadian and Mexican treaties Order, Family, and Subfamily. This Japanese treaty), Passeridae (Old World that occur naturally in the United States format, which follows the sequence sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), only in the Pacific island territories of adopted by the AOU (1998, 2004), will Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and American Samoa, Baker and Howland be most useful to ornithologists and numerous other families not currently Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana other scientists. represented in the United States or its Islands. We propose adding an territories. additional 11 species (37 versus 26) What Species Are Not Protected by the (3) Native species that belong to because of recent taxonomic changes in Migratory Bird Treaty Act? families or groups represented in the which taxa formerly treated as The MBTA does not apply to species subspecies have been elevated to the United States, but which are not that fall into any of the following three expressly mentioned by the Canadian, status of full species. We propose categories: removing an additional 11 species (12 (1) Nonnative species introduced into Mexican, or Russian treaties, including versus 1) based on revised taxonomic the United States or its territories by the Megapodiidae (megapodes), treatments and new distributional means of intentional or unintentional Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and information. We propose changing the human assistance that belong to families turkeys), Odontophoridae (New World common and/or scientific names of an or groups covered by the Canadian, quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), additional 25 species (103 versus 78). Mexican, or Russian treaties, in Glareolidae (pratincoles), Psittacidae We propose correcting errors in the accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR (parrots), Todidae (todies), common or scientific names of an 12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), additional 8 species (9 versus 1). of nonnative human-introduced bird Monarchidae (monarchs), Timaliidae (wrentits), Coerebidae (bananaquits), How Is the List of Migratory Birds species in this category. (2) Nonnative human-introduced and Drepanidinae (Hawaiian Organized? species that belong to families or groups honeycreepers). The species are listed in two formats not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, Partial lists of the species included in to suit the needs of different segments or Russian treaties, including Tinamidae categories 2 and 3 are available at http:// of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), migratorybirds.fws.gov/issues/ 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae nonnative/MBTA- 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), species are listed by common (English) Turnicidae (buttonquails), Protected&NonprotectedSpecies.htm.

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Does This Rule Comply With NEPA? Send a copy of any comments that Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal Given that the proposed revision of 50 concern how we could make this trust resources. proposed rule easier to understand to: CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in References Cited nature and does not constitute a Federal Office of Regulatory Affairs, Department American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU action in the context of NEPA it is of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20240. You Committee on Classification and categorically excluded from further Nomenclature: Eugene Eisenmann (chair— NEPA requirements, as provided by may e-mail your comments to the following address: [email protected]. deceased), Burt L. Monroe Jr. (acting chair), Department of the Interior Manual 516 Kenneth C. Parkes, Lester L. Short, Richard DM 2, Appendix 1.10. What About Other Required C. Banks, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Determinations? Johnson, and Robert W. Storer]. 1982. Does This Rule Comply With the Thirty-fourth supplement to the American Endangered Species Act? Because the revision to the List of Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North Yes. Eighty of the species on the List Migratory Birds merely re-describes the American birds. Auk 99: 1CC–16CC. of Migratory Birds are also designated as birds already protected by Federal American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU endangered or threatened in all or some treaties with Canada, Japan, Mexico, Committee on Classification and and Russia, we determined that this Nomenclature: Eugene Eisenmann (chair— portion of their U.S. range under deceased), Burt L. Monroe Jr. (acting chair), provisions of the Endangered Species document does not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number Kenneth C. Parkes, Lester L. Short, Richard Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, et seq.; see C. Banks, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.). Johnson, and Robert W. Storer]. 1983. arise from the dual listing since the two Check-list of North American birds: the lists are developed under separate This document has not been reviewed species of birds of North America from the authorities and for different purposes. by the Office of Management and Arctic through Panama, including the West Because the proposed rule is strictly Budget under E.O. 12866. In accordance Indies and Hawaiian Islands. 6th edition. administrative in nature, it does not with the criteria in Executive Order American Ornithologists’ Union, require ESA consultation. 12866, this rule is not a significant Washington, DC. 877 pp. regulatory action. American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU Does This Rule Affect Energy Supplies, This rule is not a major rule under the Committee on Classification and Distribution, or Use? terms of 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Business Regulatory Enforcement Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, On May 18, 2001, the President issued Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Executive Order 13211 on regulations Fairness Act. Ouellet, James V. Remsen, and Robert W. that significantly effect energy supply, The rule does not contain information Storer]. 1985. Thirty-fifth supplement to distribution, and use. Executive Order collection requirements that must be the American Ornithologists’ Union Check- 13211 requires agencies to prepare approved by the Office of Management list of North American birds. Auk 102: Statements of Energy Effects when and Budget under the Paperwork 680–686. undertaking certain actions. Because Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and this rule is only making revisions to et seq.). We find and certify, in compliance Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe (chair), existing regulations that are strictly Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, administrative in nature, it is not a with the requirements of the Unfunded Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri significant regulatory action under Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. Ouellet, James V. Remsen, and Robert W. Executive Order 12866 and is not 1501 et seq.), that the rule is not a Storer]. 1987. Thirty-sixth supplement to expected to significantly affect energy significant regulatory action and will the American Ornithologists’ Union Check- supplies, distribution, and use. not impose a cost of $100 million or list of North American birds. Auk 104: Therefore, this action is not a significant more in any given year on local or State 591–596. energy action, and no Statement of government or private entities. American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Energy Effects is required. As noted above, the rule will not have sufficient federalism implications to Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Clarity of the Rule Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, warrant the preparation of a Federalism Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Executive Order 12866 requires each Assessment under Executive Order Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. agency to write regulations/notices that 13132. Storer]. 1989. Thirty-seventh supplement are easy to understand. We invite your We have determined that these to the American Ornithologists’ Union comments on how to make this regulations meet the applicable Check-list of North American birds. Auk proposed rule easier to understand, standards provided in Sections 3(a) and 106: 532–538. including answers to questions such as 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 for American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU the following: (1) Are the requirements civil justice reform. Committee on Classification and This rule does not have significant Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Does the proposed rule contain takings implications for private Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri unnecessary technical language or property, as defined in Executive Order Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. jargon that interferes with the clarity? 12630. A takings implication assessment Storer]. 1991. Thirty-eighth supplement to (3) Does the format of the proposed rule is not required because migratory birds the American Ornithologists’ Union Check- (grouping and order of sections, use of are a Federally managed resource under list of North American birds. Auk 108: headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or laws implementing international treaties 750–754. reduce its clarity? (4) Is the description and are not personal property. American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU of the proposed rule in the Regarding Government-to- Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Supplementary Information section of Government relationships with Tribes Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, the preamble helpful in understanding (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri the proposed rule? (5) What else could 13175, these revisions to existing Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. we do to make the proposed rule easier regulations are purely administrative in Storer]. 1993. Thirty-ninth supplement to to understand? nature. They will have no effect on the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-

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list of North American birds. Auk 110: of North American birds. Auk 121:985– Author 675–682. 995. American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU John L. Trapp, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Committee on Classification and Committee on Classification and Service, Division of Migratory Bird Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair- Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Management, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, deceased), Richard C. Banks (acting chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Mail Stop 4107, Arlington, VA 22203. John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10 Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouelet, J. V. Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1995. 2005. Forty-sixth supplement to the Exports, Fish, Imports, Law Fortieth supplement to the American American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North of North American birds. Auk 122:1026– Wildlife. American birds. Auk 112: 819–830. 1031. American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU Regulation Promulgation Committee on Classification and Committee on Classification and For the reasons discussed in the Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, preamble, we propose to amend title 50, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Ned K. Johnson, Burt L. Monroe (chair- Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen deceased), Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen Jr., Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: and Robert W. Storer]. 1997. Forty-first 2006. Forty-seventh supplement to the supplement to the American American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list PART 10—[AMENDED] Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North of North American birds. Auk 123:926– 1. The authority citation for part 10 American birds. Auk 114: 542–552. 936. continues to read as follows: American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU Monroe, Burt. L., Jr., and Charles G. Sibley. Committee on Classification and 1993. A world checklist of birds. Yale Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703– Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. 712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, 393 pp. U.S.C. 1531–1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361–1384, Ned K. Johnson, Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair- Pratt, H. Douglas, Phillip L. Bruner, and 1401–1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a–742j–l; 16 U.S.C. deceased), Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen Jr., Delwyn G. Berrett. 1987. A field guide to 3371–3378. and Robert W. Storer]. 1998. Check-list of the birds of Hawaii and the tropical 2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows: North American birds: the species of birds Pacific. Princeton University, Princeton, of North America from the Arctic through New Jersey. 409 pp. § 10.13 List of Migratory Birds. Panama, including the West Indies and Public Comments Invited (a) What is the legal authority for this Hawaiian Islands. 7th edition. American list? The Migratory Bird Treaty Act Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. We invite interested parties to submit 829 pp. (MBTA) in 16 U.S.C. 703–711, the Fish American Ornithologists’ Union. 1999. written comments or suggestions and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, Notice from the Committee on regarding the draft revised list of 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a–j. The Classification and Nomenclature. Auk 116: migratory birds protected by the MBTA MBTA implements treaties between the 282–283. by any one of the means identified in United States and four neighboring American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU the ADDRESSES section. Duplicate countries for the protection of migratory Committee on Classification and submissions are discouraged. The birds, as follows: Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), complete file for this notice will be (1) Canada: Convention for the Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. available for public inspection during Protection of Migratory Birds, August Kratter, Henri Ouellet (deceased), Pamela normal business hours, by appointment, 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James A. behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2000. Forty- at the location identified in the second supplement to the American ADDRESSES section. No. 628; Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North E-mail comments should be submitted (2) Mexico: Convention for the American birds. Auk 117:847–858. as an ASCII file with ‘‘Revised List of Protection of Migratory Birds and Game American Ornithologists’ Union. 2002 Migratory Birds’’ in the subject line. Mammals, February 7, 1936, United [=AOU Committee on Classification and Avoid the use of special characters and States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), any form of encryption. 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912; Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. (3) Japan: Convention for the Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen While all comments will be considered, we encourage reviewers to Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. in Danger of Extinction, and Their focus on the following questions: Forty-third supplement to the American Environment, March 4, 1972, United (1) Do the five criteria used to identify Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. American birds. Auk 119: 897–906. individual species protected by the American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU No. 7990; and MBTA accurately reflect the language (4) Russia: Convention for the Committee on Classification and and intentions of the MBTA and the Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Conservation of Migratory Birds and underlying conventions? If not, what Their Environment, United States- Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. changes would you recommend? Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. (2) Have we included any species that (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 2003. Forty-fourth supplement to the doesn’t meet any of the criteria for 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712. American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list protection under the MBTA? Please be (b) What is the purpose of this list? of North American birds. Auk 120:923– specific, and provide as much detail as The purpose is to inform the public of 931. possible. the species protected by regulations American Ornithologists’ Union [=AOU (3) Have we omitted any species that designed to enforce the terms of the Committee on Classification and should be protected by the MBTA MBTA. These regulations, found in Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), because they meet one or more of the Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen specified criteria? cover most aspects of the taking, Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. Following review and consideration possession, transportation, sale, 2004. Forty-fifth supplement to the of the comments, we will publish a final purchase, barter, exportation, and American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list list in the Federal Register. importation of migratory birds.

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(c) What species are protected as Least, Ixobrychus exilis Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens migratory birds? Species protected as Schrenck’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus Gray-headed, Poecile cincta migratory birds are listed in two formats Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis Mexican, Poecile sclateri to suit the varying needs of the user: BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus Mountain, Poecile gambeli alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this anthracinus CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus section and taxonomically in paragraph BLACKBIRD, Brewer’s, Euphagus carolinensis (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and cyanocephalus CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps nomenclature generally follow the 7th Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus californianus edition of the American Ornithologists’ Rusty, Euphagus carolinus COOT, American, Fulica americana Union’s Check-list of North American Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius Caribbean, Fulica caribaea birds (1998, as amended through 2004); humeralis Eurasian, Fulica atra for species not treated by the AOU Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor Hawaiian, Fulica alai Check-list, we follow Monroe and Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus CORMORANT, Brandt’s, Phalacrocorax Sibley’s A World Checklist of Birds xanthocephalus penicillatus (1993). Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are xanthomus Great, Phalacrocorax carbo listed alphabetically by common BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis Little Pied, Phalacrocorax (English) group names, with the Mountain, Sialia currucoides melanoleucos scientific name of each species Western, Sialia mexicana Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus following the common name. It is BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger [Olivaceous (see Neotropic)] possible that alphabetical listing by cyanurus Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus common group names may create BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile confusion in those few instances in BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus which the common (English) name of a BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii Brown-headed, Molothrus ater species has changed. The species Brown, Sula leucogaster Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for Masked, Sula dactylatra CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex example, is now known as the Falcated Red-footed, Sula sula Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops Spotless, Porzana tabuensis Duck. To prevent confusion, the BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer alphabetical list has two entries for BRANT, Branta bernicla BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola CRANE, Common, Grus grus Falcated Duck: ‘‘DUCK, Falcated;’’ and BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula Sandhill, Grus canadensis ‘‘[TEAL, Falcated (see DUCK, pyrrhula Whooping, Grus americana Falcated)]’’. Other potential ambiguities Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana are treated in the same way. BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella parellina White-winged, Loxia leucoptera montanella Gray, Emberiza variabilis CROW, American, Corvus ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Indigo, Passerina cyanea brachyrhynchos Thalassarche melanophris Little, Emberiza pusilla Fish, Corvus ossifragus Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis Lazuli, Passerina amoena Mariana, Corvus kubaryi Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata McKay’s, Plectrophenax hyperboreus [Mexican (see Tamaulipas)] Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus Painted, Passerina ciris Northwestern, Corvus caurinus Shy, Thalassarche cauta Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus Wandering, Diomedea exulans Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos White-necked, Corvus Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus leucognaphalus chlororhynchos Rustic, Emberiza rustica CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis erythropthalmus ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga Varied, Passerina versicolor Common, Cuculus canorus sulcirostris Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola Mangrove, Coccyzus minor Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans Oriental, Cuculus optatus AUKLET, Cassin’s, Ptychoramphus BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus aleuticus CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius Crested, Aethia cristatella CARACARA, Crested, Caracara tahitiensis Least, Aethia pusilla cheriway Eskimo, Numenius borealis Parakeet, Aethia psittacula CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis Eurasian, Numenius arquata Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata cardinalis Far Eastern, Numenius Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis madagascariensis AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra holosericeus [Least (see Little)] americana Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis Little, Numenius minutus [BARN-OWL, Common (see OWL, CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila Long-billed, Numenius americanus Barn)]. glabrirostris DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Gray, Dumetella carolinensis DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus Camptostoma imberbe CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus coelebs morinellus aglaiae CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca BITTERN, American, Botaurus CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile Mourning, Zenaida macroura lentiginosus atricapillus White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis Boreal, Poecile hudsonica White-winged, Zenaida asiatica [Chinese (see Yellow)] Carolina, Poecile carolinensis Zenaida, Zenaida aurita

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DOVEKIE, Alle alle Least, Empidonax minimus Common, Quiscalus quiscula DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus Limnodromus scolopaceus Nutting’s, Myiarchus nuttingi Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis Middendorff’s, Locustella ochotensis Falcated, Anas falcata Piratic, Legatus leucophalus GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus GREBE, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii Laysan, Anas laysanensis Social, Myiozetetes similis Eared, Podiceps nigricollis Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes Horned, Podiceps auritus Masked, Nomonyx dominicus luteiventris Least, Tachybaptus dominicus Mottled, Anas fulvigula Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps Muscovy, Cairina moschata Variegated, Empidonomus varius Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis Ring-necked, Aythya collaris [Western (see Cordilleran and Pacific- GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis slope)] sinica Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha Willow, Empidonax traillii GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa Tufted, Aythya fuligula Yellow-bellied, Empidonax nebularia Wood, Aix sponsa flaviventris Nordmann’s, Tringa guttifer DUNLIN, Calidris alpina FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus semitorquatus melanocephalus Golden, Aquila chrysaetos FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor Blue, Passerina caerulea White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla Lesser, Fregata ariel Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis Magnificent, Fregata magnificens celaeno Chinese, Egretta eulophotes FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus Great, Ardea alba FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Pine, Pinicola enucleator Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia Ptilinopus porphyraceus Rose-breasted, Pheucticus Little, Egretta garzetta Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii ludovicianus [Plumed (see Intermediate)] Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus Reddish, Egretta rufescens FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina Snowy, Egretta thula GADWALL, Anas strepera passerina EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi King, Somateria spectabilis flavirostris Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti Spectacled, Somateria fischeri Purple, Porphyrio martinica White-throated, Gallicolumba Steller’s, Polysticta stelleri GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus xanthonura ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica GARGANEY, Anas querquedula GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Pigeon, Cepphus columba EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon Polioptila nigriceps GULL, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri maugaeus Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura Black-headed, Larus ridibundus EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris musica California, Polioptila californica Bonaparte’s, Larus philadelphia California, Larus californicus FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica [Common Black-headed (see Black- Peregrine, Falco peregrinus Black-tailed, Limosa limosa headed)] Prairie, Falco mexicanus Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica Franklin’s, Larus pipixcan FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris Marbled, Limosa fedoa Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus FINCH, Cassin’s, Carpodacus cassinii GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens House, Carpodacus mexicanus dominica Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus Purple, Carpodacus purpureus [Lesser (see American)] Great Black-backed, Larus marinus [Rosy (see ROSY-FINCH)] Pacific, Pluvialis fulva Heermann’s, Larus heermanni FLAMINGO, Greater, Phoenicopterus GOLDENEYE, Barrow’s, Bucephala Herring, Larus argentatus ruber islandica Iceland, Larus glaucoides FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides Common, Bucephala clangula Ivory, Pagophila eburnea Northern, Colaptes auratus GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis Kelp, Larus dominicanus FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax tristis Laughing, Larus atricilla virescens Lawrence’s, Carduelis lawrencei Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus Alder, Empidonax alnorum Lesser, Carduelis psaltria Little, Larus minutus Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis Mew, Larus canus Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus Bean, Anser fabalis Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons Cackling, Branta hutchinsii Ross’s, Rhodostethia rosea Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis Canada, Branta canadensis Sabine’s, Xema sabini Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri Emperor, Chen canagica Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons Thayer’s, Larus thayeri Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis Western, Larus occidentalis Gray, Empidonax wrightii Lesser White-fronted, Anser Yellow-footed, Larus livens [Gray-spotted (see Gray-streaked)] erythropus Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta Ross’s, Chen rossii GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus Snow, Chen caerulescens HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus Hammond’s, Empidonax hammondii GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major coccothraustes

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HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow (see Brown, Cyanocorax morio Green-breasted, Anthracothorax SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)] Gray, Perisoreus canadensis prevostii Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus [Gray-breasted (see Mexican)] MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera Cooper’s, Accipiter cooperii Green, Cyanocorax yncas Caribbean, Progne dominicensis Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca Ferruginous, Buteo regalis Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea Gray, Buteo nitidus [Scrub (see SCRUB-JAY)] Purple, Progne subis Harris’s, Parabuteo unicinctus Steller’s, Cyanocitta stelleri Progne elegans Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus magna Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus Western, Sturnella neglecta Roadside, Buteo magnirostris KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius MERGANSER, Common, Mergus Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus merganser Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus KINGBIRD, Cassin’s, Tyrannus Red-breasted, Mergus serrator Swainson’s, Buteo swainsoni vociferans MERLIN, Falco columbarius White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus Couch’s, Tyrannus couchii MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus gundlachii HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson’s, Cuculus Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis Blue, Melanotis caerulescens fugax Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris Northern, Mimus polyglottos [HAWK-OWL, Northern (see OWL, Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula Northern Hawk)] Western, Tyrannus verticalis chloropus HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea KINGFISHER, Belted, Ceryle alcyon MURRE, Common, Uria aalge Great Blue, Ardea herodias Collared, Todirhamphus chloris Thick-billed, Uria lomvia Green, Butorides virescens Green, Chloroceryle americana MURRELET, Ancient, [Green-backed (see Green)] Micronesian, Todirhamphus Synthliboramphus antiquus Little Blue, Egretta caerulea cinnamominus Craveri’s, Synthliboramphus craveri [Pacific Reef (see REEF-EGRET, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus Kittlitz’s, Brachyramphus brevirostris Pacific)] KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix Tricolored, Egretta tricolor satrapa Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula Xantus’s, Synthliboramphus HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus hypoleucus HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon KITE, [American Swallow-tailed (see NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, urbicum Swallow-tailed)] Hirundapus caudacutus HUMMINGBIRD, Allen’s, Selasphorus Black, Milvus migrans NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, sasin [Black-shouldered (see White-tailed)] Nycticorax nycticorax Anna’s, Calypte anna Hook-billed, Chondrohierax Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus uncinatus [Malay (see Malayan)] cristatus Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus Berylline, Amazilia beryllina Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae White-tailed, Elanus leucurus gundlachii Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa Common, Chordeiles minor Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus tridactyla Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black- Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris headed, Catharus mexicanus Calliope, Stellula calliope Red, Calidris canutus Orange-billed, Catharus Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus aurantiirostris Costa’s, Calypte costae LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer Sky, Alauda arvensis ridgwayi Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna Gray, Caprimulgus indicus Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, [Jungle (see Gray)] Rufous, Selasphorus rufus Coccyzus vieilloti Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, noctitherus White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis Calcarius ornatus NODDY, Black, Anous minutus Xantus’s, Hylocharis xantusii Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus McCown’s, Calcarius mccownii Brown, Anous stolidus Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber Smith’s, Calcarius pictus [Lesser (see Black)] White, Eudocimus albus LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica NUTCRACKER, Clark’s, Nucifraga White-faced, Plegadis chihi Common, Gavia immer columbiana IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula Pacific, Gavia pacifica NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pacifica Red-throated, Gavia stellata pusilla JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis longicaudus MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos [OLDSQUAW (see DUCK, Long-tailed)] Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus dominicus OMAO, Myadestes obscurus JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata Green, Anthracothorax viridis ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis

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Audubon’s, Icterus graduacauda Greater, Contopus pertinax RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus Baltimore, Icterus galbula Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis cryptoleucus [Black-cowled (see Greater Antillean)] Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris Common, Corvus corax Black-vented, Icterus wagleri PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens RAZORBILL, Alca torda Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus REDHEAD, Aythya americana Greater Antillean, Icterus fulicarius REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea dominicensis Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni Hooded, Icterus cucullatus Wilson’s, Phalaropus tricolor REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus [Northern (see Baltimore and PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans REDSTART, American, Setophaga Bullock’s)] Eastern, Sayornis phoebe ruticilla Orchard, Icterus spurius Say’s, Sayornis saya Painted, Myioborus pictus Scott’s, Icterus parisorum PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus fasciata [REED–BUNTING, Common (see OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus Plain, Patagioenas inornata BUNTING, Reed)] OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris [Pallas’ (see BUNTING, Pallas’s)] OWL, Barn, Tyto alba Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa REEF–EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra Barred, Strix varia White-crowned, Patagioenas REEF–HERON, Western, Egretta gularis Boreal, Aegolius funereus leucocephala ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx Burrowing, Athene cunicularia PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta californianus Elf, Micrathene whitneyi White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius Flammulated, Otus flammeolus PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens Clay-colored, Turdus grayi Great Gray, Strix nebulosa Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus Great Horned, Bubo virginianus Pechora, Anthus gustavi Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane Long-eared, Asio otus Red-throated, Anthus cervinus White-throated, Turdus assimilis Mottled, Ciccaba virgata Sprague’s, Anthus spragueii ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula Tree, Anthus trivialis erythrinus Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius [Water (see American)] ROSY–FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata acadicus PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis Short-eared, Asio flammeus squatarola Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis Snowy, Bubo scandiaca Collared, Charadrius collaris [ROUGH–WINGED SWALLOW, Spotted, Strix occidentalis Common Ringed, Charadrius Northern (see SWALLOW, Northern Stygian, Asio stygius hiaticula Rough-winged)] OYSTERCATCHER, American, [Great Sand (see Sand-Plover, RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia Haematopus palliatus Greater)] calliope Black, Haematopus bachmani Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius RUFF, Philomachus pugnax Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus [Mongolian (see Sand-Plover, Lesser)] SANDERLING,Calidris alba PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis Mountain, Charadrius montanus SANDPIPER, Baird’s, Calidris bairdii phoenicobia Piping, Charadrius melodus Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus PARULA, Northern, Parula americana Semipalmated, Charadrius Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis Tropical, Parula pitiayumi semipalmatus Common, Actitis hypoleucos PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus Curlew, Calidris ferruginea albicollis Wilson’s, Charadrius wilsonia Green, Tringa ochropus PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus POCHARD, Baer’s, Aythya baeri Least, Calidris minutilla erythrorhynchos Common, Aythya ferina Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis POND–HERON, Chinese, Ardeola Pectoral, Calidris melanotos PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow bacchus Purple, Calidris maritima Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis Black-winged, Pterodroma nuttallii Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla nigripennis PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica Solitary, Tringa solitaria Bulwer’s, Bulweria bulwerii Horned, Fratercula corniculata [Spoonbill (see Spoon-billed)] Cook’s, Pterodroma cookii Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus [Dark-rumped (see Hawaiian)] PYGMY–OWL, Ferruginous, pygmeus Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera Glaucidium brasilianum Spotted, Actitis macularius Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera Northern, Glaucidium gnoma Stilt, Calidris himantopus Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus Terek, Xenus cinereus Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana QUAIL–DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon Upland, Bartramia longicauda Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax mystacea Western, Calidris mauri Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa Key West, Geotrygon chrysia White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta Ruddy, Geotrygon montana Wood, Tringa glareola Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus SAND–PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius Murphy’s, Pterodroma ultima RAIL, Black Laterallus jamaicensis leschenaultii Phoenix, Pterodroma alba Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis Lesser, Charadrius mongolus Stejneger’s, Pterodroma longirostris Clapper, Rallus longirostris SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata Guam, Gallirallus owstoni Sphyrapicus ruber White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis King, Rallus elegans Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis [White-necked, Pterodroma externa Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus Williamson’s, Sphyrapicus thyroideus (see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)] Virginia, Rallus limicola Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila

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Lesser, Aythya affinis Cassin’s, Aimophila cassinii matsudairae SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia Chipping, Spizella passerina Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra Clay-colored, Spizella pallida [Sooty (see Tristram’s)] Surf, Melanitta perspicillata Field, Spizella pusilla Tristram’s, Oceanodroma tristrami White-winged, Melanitta fusca Five-striped, Aimophila Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops quinquestriata White-faced, Pelagodroma marina asio Fox, Passerella iliaca White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia Wilson’s, Oceanites oceanicus Western, Megascops kennicottii atricapilla SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis Grasshopper, Ammodramus SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma savannarum cyaneoviridis coerulescens Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula Bank, Riparia riparia Island, Aphelocoma insularis Henslow’s, Ammodramus henslowii Barn, Hirundo rustica Western, Aphelocoma californica Lark, Chondestes grammacus Cave, Petrochelidon fulva SEA-EAGLE, Steller’s, Haliaeetus Le Conte’s, Ammodramus leconteii Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pelagicus Lincoln’s, Melospiza lincolnii Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea SEEDEATER, White-collared, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus Northern Rough-winged, Sporophila torqueola nelsoni Stelgidopteryx serripennis SHEARWATER, Audubon’s, Puffinus Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus Tree, Tachycineta bicolor lherminieri Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas Rufous-winged, Aimophila carpalis SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio Buller’s, Puffinus bulleri Sage, Amphispiza belli porphyrio Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis Ammodramus caudacutus Tundra, Cygnus columbianus Cory’s, Calonectris diomedea Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis Whooper, Cygnus cygnus Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba Greater, Puffinus gravis [Sharp-tailed (see Nelson’s Sharp- [Antillean Palm (see PALM-SWIFT, Little Puffinus assimilis tailed and Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed)] Antillean)] Manx, Puffinus puffinus Song, Melospiza melodia Black, Cypseloides niger Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus Swamp, Melospiza georgiana Chimney, Chaetura pelagica Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus Common, Apus apus Sooty, Puffinus griseus White-crowned, Zonotrichia Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas leucophrys Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura Townsend’s, Puffinus auricularis White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis Vaux’s, Chaetura vauxi Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus Worthen’s, Spizella wortheni White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus gularis SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis bartschi Northern, Lanius excubitor portoricensis White-rumped, Aerodramus SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys Western, Spindalis zena spodiopygius cinereus SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga SISKIN, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus STARLING, [Ashy (see White-cheeked)] bidentata Pine, Carduelis pinus Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus Hepatic, Piranga flava SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger philippensis Puerto Rican, Neospingus speculiferus [SKYLARK, Eurasian (see LARK, Sky)] [Violet-backed (see Chestnut- Scarlet, Piranga olivacea SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua cheeked)] [Stripe-headed Tanager (see South Polar, Stercorarius White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican and maccormicki STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Western)] SMEW, Mergellus albellus Heliomaster constantii Summer, Piranga rubra SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus Western, Piranga ludoviciana (restricted to Alaska; also see SNIPE, mexicanus TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes Wilson’s) Black-winged, Himantopus Wandering, Tringa incana Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus himantopus TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura STINT, Little, Calidris minuta Blue-winged, Anas discors Swinhoe’s, Gallinago megala Long-toed, Calidris subminuta Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata (the Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis [Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)] ‘‘common’’ snipe hunted in most of [Rufous-necked (see Red-necked)] Green-winged, Anas crecca the U.S.) Temminck’s, Calidris temminckii TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus SOLITAIRE, Townsend’s, Myadestes STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus Arctic, Sterna paradisaea townsendi STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana Black, Chlidonias niger SORA, Porzana carolina STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella homochroa Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus arborea Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia Bachman’s, Aimophila aestivalis Black, Oceanodroma melania Common, Sterna hirundo Baird’s, Ammodramus bairdii Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica Elegant, Thalasseus elegans Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata Forster’s, Sterna forsteri Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata Leach’s, Oceanodroma leucorhoa Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus Botteri’s, Aimophila botterii Least, Oceanodroma microsoma Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii Brewer’s, Spizella breweri Matsudaira’s, Oceanodroma Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica

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Least, Sternula antillarum VIOLET-EAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus Nashville, Vermivora ruficapilla Little, Sternula albifrons VIREO, Bell’s, Vireo bellii Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus Roseate, Sterna dougallii Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus Orange-crowned, Vermivora celata Royal, Thalleseus maximus Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus Palm, Dendroica palmarum Sandwich, Thalleseus sandvicensis Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius Pine, Dendroica pinus Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii Prairie, Dendroica discolor Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida Gray, Vireo vicinior Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea White, Gygis alba Hutton’s, Vireo huttoni Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons White-winged, Chlidonias Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons leucopterus Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus Swainson’s, Limnothlypis swainsonii THRASHER, Bendire’s, Toxostoma Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri Tennessee, Vermivora peregrina bendirei Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus Townsend’s, Dendroica townsendi Brown, Toxostoma rufum [Solitary (see Blue-headed, Cassin’s, Virginia’s, Vermivora virginiae California, Toxostoma redivivum and Plumbeous)] Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus Crissal, Toxostoma crissale Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris Wilson’s, Wilsonia pusilla Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre Warbling, Vireo gilvus Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorus Le Conte’s, Toxostoma lecontei White-eyed, Vireo griseus Yellow, Dendroica petechia Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus Yucatan, Vireo magister WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Seiurus THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus motacilla Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli Turkey, Cathartes aura Northern, Seiurus noveboracensis Blue Rock, Monticola solitarius WAGTAIL, [Black-backed (see White)] WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla Dusky, Turdus naumanni Citrine, Motacilla citreola garrulus Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus Eastern Yellow, Motacilla Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus tschutschensis WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe [Hawaiian (see KAMAO, OLOMAO, Gray, Motacilla cinerea oenanthe and OMAO)] White, Motacilla alba WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus Hermit, Catharus guttatus [Yellow (see Eastern Yellow)] WHIP-POOR-WILL, Caprimulgus Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus WARBLER, Adelaide’s, Dendroica vociferus [Small Kauai (see PUAIOHI)] adelaidae WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Swainson’s, Catharus ustulatus Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis Dendrocygna autumnalis Varied, Ixoreus naevius Bachman’s, Vermivora bachmanii Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor Wood, Hylocichla mustelina Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea [TIT, Siberian (see CHICKADEE, Gray- Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia WIGEON, American, Anas americana headed)] Black-throated Blue, Dendroica Eurasian, Anas penelope TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus caerulescens WILLET, Tringa semipalmata atricristatus Black-throated Gray, Dendroica WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi nigrescens virens Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi Black-throated Green, Dendroica Western, Contopus sordidulus Oak, Baeolophus inornatus virens WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax [Plain (see Juniper and Oak)] Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca minor Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor Blackpoll, Dendroica striata Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata Blue-winged, Vermivora pinus WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes TOWHEE, Abert’s, Pipilo aberti Canada, Wilsonia canadensis formicivorus [Brown (see California and Canyon)] Cape May, Dendroica tigrina American Three-toed, Picoides California, Pipilo crissalis Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea dorsalis Canyon, Pipilo fuscus Chestnut-sided, Dendroica Arizona, Picoides arizonae Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus pensylvanica Black-backed, Picoides arcticus Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus Colima, Vermivora crissalis Downy, Picoides pubescens [Rufous-sided (see Eastern and Connecticut, Oporornis agilis Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis Spotted)] Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons Spotted, Pipilo maculatus Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major [TREE-PIPIT, Olive (see PIPIT, Olive- Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa Hairy, Picoides villosus backed)] Golden-cheeked, Dendroica Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis TROGON, [Eared (see QUETZEL, chrysoparia Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris Eared)] Golden-crowned, Basileuterus Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis Elegant, Trogon elegans culicivorus Nuttall’s, Picoides nuttallii TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon Golden-winged, Vermivora Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus aethereus chrysoptera Puerto Rican, Melanerpes Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda Grace’s, Dendroica graciae portoricensis White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria Hooded, Wilsonia citrina Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis melanocephala Kentucky, Oporornis formosus Red-headed, Melanerpes Ruddy, Arenaria interpres Kirtland’s, Dendroica kirtlandii erythrocephalus TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia Lucy’s, Vermivora luciae [Strickland’s (see Arizona)] orientalis MacGillivray’s, Oporornis tolmiei [Three-toed (see American Three- VEERY, Catharus fuscescens Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia toed)] VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus

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WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck Albatross evelynae Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal Diomedea exulans, Wandering WREN, Bewick’s Thryomanes bewickii Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal Albatross Cactus, Campylorhynchus Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan brunneicapillus Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Albatross Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus Pintail Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus Anas acuta, Northern Pintail Albatross House, Troglodytes aedon Anas querquedula, Garganey Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Marsh, Cistothorus palustris Anas formosa, Baikal Teal Albatross Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal Family PROCELLARIIDAE Sedge, Cistothorus platensis Aythya valisineria, Canvasback Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar Winter, Troglodytes troglodytes Aythya americana, Redhead Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla Aythya ferina, Common Pochard Petrel YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa Aythya baeri, Baer’s Pochard Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel melanoleuca Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald Lesser, Tringa flavipes Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck Petrel YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Aythya marila, Greater Scaup Pterodroma ultima, Murphy’s Petrel Geothlypis trichas Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Gray-crowned, Geothlypis Polysticta stelleri, Steller’s Eider Petrel poliocephala Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel (2) Taxonomic listing. Species are Somateria spectabilis, King Eider Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped listed in phylogenetic sequence by Somateria mollissima, Common Eider Petrel scientific name, with the common Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez (English) name following the scientific Duck Petrel name. To help clarify species Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian relationships, we also list the higher- Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter Petrel level taxonomic categories of Order, Melanitta nigra, Black Scoter Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Family, and Subfamily. Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck Petrel Order ANSERIFORMES Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel Family ANATIDAE Bucephala clangula, Common Pterodroma nigripennis, Black- Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE Goldeneye winged Petrel Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black- Bucephala islandica, Barrow’s Pterodroma cookii, Cook’s Petrel bellied Whistling-Duck Goldeneye Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger’s Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Mergellus albellus, Smew Petrel Whistling-Duck Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Merganser Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould’s Petrel Whistling-Duck Mergus merganser, Common Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel Merganser Subfamily ANSERINAE Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer’s Petrel Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Bulweria fallax, Jouanin’s Petrel Anser fabalis, Bean Goose Merganser Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck Shearwater Goose Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck Anser erythropus, Lesser White- Calonectris diomedea, Cory’s fronted Goose Order GAVIIFORMES Shearwater Chen canagica, Emperor Goose Family GAVIIDAE Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon Shearwater Chen rossii, Ross’s Goose Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed Branta bernicla, Brant Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon Shearwater Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose Gavia immer, Common Loon Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed Branta hutchinsii, Cackling Goose Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon Shearwater Branta canadensis, Canada Goose Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Puffinus gravis, Greater Shearwater Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose Family PODICIPEDIDAE Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe Shearwater Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Puffinus bulleri, Buller’s Shearwater Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan Grebe Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater Subfamily ANATINAE Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe Shearwater Aix sponsa, Wood Duck Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Anas strepera, Gadwall Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Shearwater Anas falcata, Falcated Duck Grebe Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark’s Grebe Puffinus auricularis, Townsend’s Anas americana, American Wigeon Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Shearwater Anas rubripes, American Black Duck Family DIOMEDEIDAE Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Shearwater Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck Yellow-nosed Albatross Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon’s Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross Shearwater Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck Thalassarche melanophris, Black- Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed browed Albatross Family HYDROBATIDAE Duck Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson’s Storm-

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Petrel Order CICONIIFORMES Milvus migrans, Black Kite Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Family ARDEIDAE Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle Storm-Petrel Botaurus lentiginosus, American Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm- Bittern Eagle Petrel Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller’s Sea- Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern Eagle Storm-Petrel Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck’s Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier Nesofregetta fuiginosa, Polynesian Bittern Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk Storm-Petrel Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern Accipiter gularis, Japanese Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron Sparrowhawk Storcm-Petrel Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach’s Ardea alba, Great Egret Hawk Storm-Petrel Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate Accipiter cooperii, Cooper’s Hawk Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy Egret Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk Storm-Petrel Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped Egretta garzetta, Little Egret Hawk Storm-Petrel Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron Black-Hawk Storm-Petrel Egretta thula, Snowy Egret Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris’s Hawk Oceanodroma matsudairae, Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron Buteo magnirostris, Roadside Hawk Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk Oceanodroma melania, Black Storm- Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Petrel Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret Hawk Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram’s Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond- Buteo nitidus, Gray Hawk Storm-Petrel Heron Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk Oceanodroma microsoma, Least Butorides virescens, Green Heron Buteo swainsoni, Swainson’s Hawk Storm-Petrel Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed Order PELECANIFORMES Night-Heron Hawk Family PHAETHONTIDAE Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Night-Heron Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk Tropicbird Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night- Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Heron Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk Tropicbird Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Night-Heron Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle Tropicbird Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Family FALCONIDAE Family SULIDAE Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE Subfamily MICRASTURINAE Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby Eudocimus albus, White Ibis Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis Forest-Falcon Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis Subfamily CARACARINAE Sula sula, Red-footed Booby Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet Subfamily PLATALEINAE Subfamily FALCONINAE Family PELECANIDAE Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American Family CICONIIDAE Falco sparverius, American Kestrel White Pelican Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru Falco columbarius, Merlin Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Mycteria americana, Wood Stork Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby Pelican Family CATHARTIDAE Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon Pied Cormorant. Gymnogyps californianus, California Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt’s Condor Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE Cormorant Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE Rail Cormorant Phoenicopterus ruber, Greater Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Flamingo Cormorant Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Order FALCONIFORMES Rail Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant Family ACCIPITRIDAE Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail Subfamily PANDIONINAE Crex crex, Corn Crake Cormorant Pandion haliaetus, Osprey Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail Cormorant Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE Rallus elegans, King Rail Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook- Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail Family ANHINGIDAE billed Kite Porzana carolina, Sora Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake Family FREGATIDAE Kite Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite Crake Frigatebird Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird Kite Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule

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Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long- Swamphen Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper billed Dowitcher Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe Gallinula chloropus, Common Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler Gallinago delicata, Wilson’s Snipe Moorhen Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank (the ‘‘common’’ snipe hunted in Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot Tringa melanoleuca, Greater most of the U.S.) Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot Yellowlegs Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe Fulica americana, American Coot Tringa nebularia, Common (restricted to Alaska; also see Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot Greenshank Gallinago delicata) Family ARAMIDAE Tringa guttifer, Nordmann’s Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe Aramus guarauna, Limpkin Greenshank Gallinago megala, Swinhoe’s Snipe Tringa semipalmata, Willet Family GRUIDAE Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane Woodcock Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper Grus grus, Common Crane Scolopax minor, American Woodcock Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper Grus americana, Whooping Crane Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE Bartramia longicauda, Upland Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson’s Order CHARADRIIFORMES Sandpiper Family CHARADRIIDAE Phalarope Numenius minutus, Little Curlew Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Subfamily VANELLINAE Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing Phalarope Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope Subfamily CHARADRIINAE Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Curlew Family LARIDAE Plover Numenius madagascariensis, Far Subfamily LARINAE Pluvialis dominica, American Golden- Eastern Curlew Larus atricilla, Laughing Gull Plover Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew Larus pipixcan, Franklin’s Gull Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover Numenius americanus, Long-billed Larus minutus, Little Gull Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand- Curlew Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull Plover Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit Larus philadelphia, Bonaparte’s Gull Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Larus heermanni, Heermann’s Gull Sand-Plover Godwit Larus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit Gull Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit Larus belcheri, Belcher’s Gull Plover Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson’s Plover Arenaria melanocephala, Black Larus canus, Mew Gull Charadrius hiaticula, Common Turnstone Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull Ringed Plover Aphriza virgata, Surfbird Larus californicus, California Gull Charadrius semipalmatus, Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot Larus argentatus, Herring Gull Semipalmated Plover Calidris canutus, Red Knot Larus cachinnans, Yellow-legged Gull Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover Calidris alba, Sanderling Larus thayeri, Thayer’s Gull Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull Plover Sandpiper Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper Gull Charadrius montanus, Mountain Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull Plover Calidris minuta, Little Stint Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Calidris temminckii, Temminck’s Larus occidentalis, Western Gull Dotterel Stint Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Oystercatcher Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper Gull Haematopus palliatus, American Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull Oystercatcher Calidris bairdii, Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Xema sabini, Sabine’s Gull Haematopus bachmani, Black Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Oystercatcher Sandpiper Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Kittiwake Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Sandpiper Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Himantopus himantopus, Black- Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper Kittiwake winged Stilt Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper Rhodostethia rosea, Ross’s Gull Himantopus mexicanus, Black- Calidris alpina, Dunlin Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull necked Stilt Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper Subfamily STERNINAE Recurvirostra americana, American Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy Avocet Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoon- Anous minutus, Black Noddy Family JACANIDAE billed Sandpiper Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed Noddy Family SCOLOPACIDAE Sandpiper Gygis alba, White Tern Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper Sandpiper Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Actitis hypoleucos, Common Philomachus pugnax, Ruff Tern Sandpiper Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper Dowitcher Tern

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Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Screech-Owl Sternula albifrons, Little Tern Pigeon Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl Sternula antillarum, Least Tern Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon Bubo scandiaca, Snowy Owl Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl Tern Pigeon Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy- Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Owl Chlidonias niger, Black Tern Turtle-Dove Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Chlidonias leucopterus, White- Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove Pygmy-Owl winged Tern Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern Columbina inca, Inca Dove Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl Sterna hirundo, Common Tern Columbina passerina, Common Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern Ground-Dove Strix varia, Barred Owl Sterna forsteri, Forster’s Tern Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground- Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern Dove Asio otus, Long-eared Owl Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Asio stygius, Stygian Owl Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern Dove Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail- Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl Tern Dove Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw- Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail- whet Owl Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE Dove Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail- Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Family STERCORARIIDAE Dove Subfamily CHORDEILINAE Stercorarius skua, Great Skua Gallicolumba xanthonura, White- Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Stercorarius maccormicki, South throated Ground-Dove Nighthawk Polar Skua Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly Ground- Chordeiles minor, Common Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Dove Nighthawk Jaeger Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Fruit-Dove Nighthawk Jaeger Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit- Subfamily CAPIMULGINAE Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Dove Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Jaeger Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson- Pauraque crowned Fruit-Dove Family ALCIDAE Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial- Poorwill Alle alle, Dovekie Pigeon Uria aalge, Common Murre Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuck- Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre Order CUCULIFORMES will’s-widow Alca torda, Razorbill Family CUCULIDAE Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot Subfamily CUCULINAE Nightjar Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor- Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed will Cuculus fugax, Hodgson’s Hawk- Murrelet Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto Cuckoo Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Rican Nightjar Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Murrelet Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar Cuckoo Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz’s Order APODIFORMES Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo Murrelet Family APODIDAE Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black- Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE billed Cuckoo Xantus’s Murrelet Cpseloides niger, Black Swift Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri’s Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Lizard-Cuckoo Murrelet Swift Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE Subfamily CHAETURINAE Murrelet Geococcyx californianus, Greater Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin’s Roadrunner Chaetura vauxi, Vaux’s Swift Auklet Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani Swift Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Hirundapus caudacutus, White- Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet Ani throated Needletail Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet Order STRIGIFORMES Aerodramus spodiopygius, White- Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Family TYTONIDAE rumped Swiftlet Auklet Tyto alba, Barn Owl Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin Family STRIGIDAE Swiftlet Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl Subfamily APODINAE Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl Apus apus, Common Swift Order COLUMBIFORMES Megascops kennicottii, Western Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift Family COLUMBIDAE Screech-Owl Apus melba, Alpine Swift Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Pigeon Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Swift Patagioenas leucocephala, White- Screech-Owl Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean crowned Pigeon Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Palm-Swift

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Family TROCHILIDAE Micronesian Kingfisher Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE Subfamily TROCHILINAE Todirhamphus chloris, Collared Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Colibri thalassinus, Green Violet-ear Kingfisher Flycatcher Anthracothorax prevostii, Green- Subfamily CERYLINAE Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided breasted Mango Ceryle torquatus, Ringed Kingfisher Flycatcher Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Ceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee Mango Chloroceryle americana, Green Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood- Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango Kingfisher Pewee Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Order PICIFORMES Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee Carib Family PICIDAE Contopus caribeaus, Cuban Pewee Eulampis holosericeus, Green- Subfamily JYNGINAE Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan throated Carib Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck Pewee Orthorhynchus cristatus, Antillean Subfamily PICINAE Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Crested Hummingbird Melanerpes lewis, Lewis’s Pewee Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Woodpecker Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow- Emerald Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto bellied Flycatcher Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Rican Woodpecker Empidonax virescens, Acadian Hummingbird Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red- Flycatcher Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared headed Woodpecker Empidonax alnorum, Alder Hummingbird Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Flycatcher Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus’s Woodpecker Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher Hummingbird Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Empidonax minimus, Least Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Woodpecker Flycatcher Hummingbird Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Empidonax hammondii, Hammond’s Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Woodpecker Flycatcher Hummingbird Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Woodpecker Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Hummingbird Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson’s Flycatcher Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Sapsucker Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Hummingbird Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Sapsucker Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Hummingbird Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Flycatcher Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent Sapsucker Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Hummingbird Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Flycatcher Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Sapsucker Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe Starthroat Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama Woodpecker Sayornis saya, Say’s Phoebe Woodstar Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Woodpecker Flycatcher Hummingbird Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall’s Subfamily TYRANNINAE Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Woodpecker Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Hummingbird Picoides pubescens, Downy Flycatcher Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Woodpecker Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Hummingbird Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker Flycatcher Calypte anna, Anna’s Hummingbird Picoides arizonae, Arizona Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting’s Calypte costae, Costa’s Hummingbird Woodpecker Flycatcher Stellula calliope, Calliope Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Hummingbird Woodpecker Flycatcher Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Hummingbird Woodpecker Flycatcher Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Picoides dorsalis, American Three- Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra’s Hummingbird toed Woodpecker Flycatcher Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Hummingbird Woodpecker Flycatcher Selasphorus sasin, Allen’s Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee Hummingbird Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker Myiozetetes similes, Social Flycatcher Order TROGONIFORMES Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur- Family TROGONIDAE Woodpecker bellied Flycatcher Subfamily TROGONINAE Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Legatus leucophalus, Piratic Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon Woodpecker Flycatcher Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel Order PASSERIFORMES Empidonomus varius, Variegated Order UPUPIFORMES Family TYRANNIDAE Flycatcher Family UPUPIDAE Subfamily ELAENIINAE Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Kingbird Order CORACIIFORMES Beardless-Tyrannulet Tyrannus couchii, Couch’s Kingbird Family ALCEDINIDAE Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin’s Subfamily HALCYONINAE Elaenia Kingbird Todirhamphus cinnamominus, Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed

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Kingbird Raven Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird Corvus corax, Common Raven Cactus Wren Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird Family ALAUDIDAE Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren Kingbird Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Family HIRUNDINIDAE Wren Flycatcher Subfamily HIRUNDININAE Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick’s Wren Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Progne subis, Purple Martin Troglodytes aedon, House Wren Flycatcher Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren Becard Martin Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Family CINCLIDAE Family LANIIDAE Martin Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike Progne elegans, Southern Martin Family REGULIDAE Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Shrike Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow Kinglet Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Family VIREONIDAE Swallow Kinglet Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Family SYLVIIDAE Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo Swallow Subfamily SYLVIINAE Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Vireo bellii, Bell’s Vireo Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff’s Swallow Grasshopper-Warbler Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler Rough-winged Swallow Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow Vireo Warbler Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo Swallow Vireo cassinii, Cassin’s Vireo Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Vireo huttoni, Hutton’s Vireo Delichon urbicum, Common House- Gnatcatcher Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo Martin Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Family PARIDAE Vireo Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Gnatcatcher Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo Chickadee Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Gnatcatcher Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Chickadee Vireo Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee Family MUSCICAPIDAE Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Family CORVIDAE Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Flycatcher Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay Chickadee Family TURDIDAE Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller’s Jay Poecile hudsonica, Boreal Chickadee Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay Poecile cincta, Gray-headed Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay Chickadee Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin Cyanocorax morio, Brown Jay Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Titmouse Thrush Scrub-Jay Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub- Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Bluetail Jay Titmouse Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Aphelocoma californica, Western Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse Wheatear Scrub-Jay Baeolophus atricristatus, Black- Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican crested Titmouse Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird Jay Family REMIZIDAE Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin Sialia currucoides, Mountain Jay Family AEGITHALIDAE Bluebird Nucifraga columbiana, Clark’s Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit Myadestes townsendi, Townsend’s Nutcracker Solitaire Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie Family SITTIDAE Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie Subfamily SITTINAE Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Myadestes obscurus, Omao Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Nuthatch Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi Crow Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange- Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow Nuthatch billed Nightingale-Thrush Corvus leucognaphalus, White- Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed necked Crow Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch Nightingale-Thrush Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow Family CERTHIIDAE Catharus fuscescens, Veery Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow Subfamily CERTHIINAE Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow Certhia americana, Brown Creeper Thrush Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Family TROGLODYTIDAE Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell’s Thrush

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Catharus ustulatus, Swainson’s Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silky- Redstart Thrush flycatcher Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla Warbler Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE Helmitheros vermivorus, Worm-eating Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson’s Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare Family PARULIDAE Warbler Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Robin Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman’s Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird Turdus assimilis, White-throated Warbler Seiurus noveboracensis, Northern Robin Vermivora pinus, Blue-winged Waterthrush Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Warbler Seiurus motacilla, Louisiana Robin Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden- Waterthrush Turdus migratorius, American Robin winged Warbler Oporornis formosus, Kentucky Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush Vermivora peregrina, Tennessee Warbler Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush Warbler Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush Vermivora celata, Orange-crowned Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning Family MIMIDAE Warbler Warbler Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird Vermivora ruficapilla, Nashville Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray’s Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Warbler Warbler Catbird Vermivora virginiae, Virginia’s Geothlypis trichas, Common Mimus polyglottos, Northern Warbler Yellowthroat Mockingbird Vermivora crissalis, Colima Warbler Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray- Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Vermivora luciae, Lucy’s Warbler crowned Yellowthroat Mockingbird Parula superciliosa, Crescent-chested Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher Warbler Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson’s Warbler Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher Parula americana, Northern Parula Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Thrasher Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler Warbler Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire’s Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnut- Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart Thrasher sided Warbler Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia Redstart Thrasher Warbler Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed Toxostoma redivivum, California Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler Warbler Thrasher Dendroica caerulescens, Black- Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden- Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher throated Blue Warbler crowned Warbler Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte’s Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Thrasher Warbler Warbler Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat Mockingbird Gray Warbler Family THRAUPIDAE Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Dendroica chrysoparia, Golden- Neospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Thrasher cheeked Warbler Tanager Family STURNIDAE Dendroica virens, Black-throated Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager Sturnus philippensis, Chestnut- Green Warbler Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager cheeked Starling Dendroica townsendi, Townsend’s Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked Warbler Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager Starling Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager Family PRUNELLIDAE Warbler Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis Prunella montanella, Siberian Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Accentor Warbler Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated Spindalis Family MOTACILLIDAE Warbler Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Dendroica graciae, Grace’s Warbler Family EMBERIZIDAE Yellow Wagtail Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide’s Sporophila torqueola, White-collared Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail Warbler Seedeater Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler Tiaris olivacea, Yellow-faced Motacilla alba, White Wagtail Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland’s Grassquit Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit Warbler Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler Bullfinch Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Anthus rubescens, American Pipit Warbler Sparrow Anthus spragueii, Sprague’s Pipit Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee Family BOMBYCILLIDAE Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Waxwing Warbler Towhee Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Pipilo fuscus, Canyon Towhee Waxwing Warbler Pipilo crissalis, California Towhee Family PTILOGONATIDAE Setophaga ruticilla, American Pipilo aberti, Abert’s Towhee

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Aimophila carpalis, Rufous-winged Longspur Grackle Sparrow Calcarius pictus, Smith’s Longspur Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Aimophila cassinii, Cassin’s Sparrow Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Cowbird Aimophila aestivalis, Bachman’s Longspur Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird Sparrow Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Aimophila botterii, Botteri’s Sparrow Bunting Cowbird Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole Sparrow Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting Icterus dominicensis, Greater Aimophila quinquestriata, Five- Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Antillean Oriole striped Sparrow Bunting Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole Spizella arborea, American Tree Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole Sparrow Bunting Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting Oriole Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Emberiza pallasi, Pallas’s Bunting Icterus bullockii, Bullock’s Oriole Sparrow Emberiza schoeniculus, Reed Bunting Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole Spizella breweri, Brewer’s Sparrow Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting Icterus graduacauda, Audubon’s Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay’s Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow Oriole Bunting Spizella wortheni, Worthen’s Sparrow Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Family CARDINALIDAE Icterus parisorum, Scott’s Oriole Sparrow Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson- Family FRINGILLIDAE Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow collared Grosbeak Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Subfamily FRINGILLINAE Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Cardinal Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch Sparrow Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Subfamily CARDUELINAE Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Grosbeak Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Bunting Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose- Rosy-Finch Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah breasted Grosbeak Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch Sparrow Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black- Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Ammodramus savannarum, headed Grosbeak Rosy-Finch Grasshopper Sparrow Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak Ammodramus bairdii, Baird’s Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Sparrow Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting Rosefinch Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow’s Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch Sparrow Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin’s Finch Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte’s Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch Sparrow Spiza americana, Dickcissel Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson’s Family ICTERIDAE Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Sharp-tailed Sparrow Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink Crossbill Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Carduelis flammea, Common Redpoll Sharp-tailed Sparrow Blackbird Carduelis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Carduelis spinus, Eurasian Siskin Sparrow Blackbird Carduelis pinus, Pine Siskin Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow Agelaius humeralis, Tawny- Carduelis psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow shouldered Blackbird Carduelis lawrencei, Lawrence’s Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln’s Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow- Goldfinch Sparrow shouldered Blackbird Carduelis tristis, American Goldfinch Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark Carduelis sinica, Oriental Greenfinch Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sturnella neglecta, Western Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch Sparrow Meadowlark Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Zonotrichia querula, Harris’s Sparrow Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Grosbeak Zonotrichia leucophrys, White- Yellow-headed Blackbird Coccothraustes coccothraustes, crowned Sparrow Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird Hawfinch Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden- Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer’s crowned Sparrow Blackbird Dated: August 8, 2006. Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle David M. Verhey, Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Calcarius mccownii, McCown’s Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Wildlife and Parks. Longspur Grackle [FR Doc. 06–7001 Filed 8–23–06; 8:45 am] Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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