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GENETIKA NATURALIZIRANIH POPULACIJ ŠARENK (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum, 1792) V SLOVENIJI

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GENETIKA NATURALIZIRANIH POPULACIJ ŠARENK (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum, 1792) V SLOVENIJI UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI BIOTEHNIŠKA FAKULTETA David STANKOVIĆ GENETIKA NATURALIZIRANIH POPULACIJ ŠARENK (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) V SLOVENIJI DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA Ljubljana, 2015 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI BIOTEHNIŠKA FAKULTETA David STANKOVIĆ GENETIKA NATURALIZIRANIH POPULACIJ ŠARENK (Oncorhynchus mykiss) V SLOVENIJI DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA GENETICS OF SELF-SUSTAINING RAINBOW TROUT POPULATIONS (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IN SLOVENIA DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Ljubljana, 2015 Stanković D. Genetika naturaliziranih populacij šarenk (Oncorhynchus mykiss) v Sloveniji. Dokt. disertacija. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, 2015 Na podlagi Statuta Univerze v Ljubljani ter po sklepu Senata Biotehniške fakultete in sklepa 31. Seje Komisije za doktorski študij Univerze v Ljubljani z dne 19. 9. 2012 (po pooblastilu Senata Univerze z dne 20. 1. 2009) je bilo potrjeno, da kandidat izpolnjuje pogoje za opravljanje doktorata znanosti na Interdisciplinarnem doktorskem študijskem programu Bioznanosti, znanstveno podroĉje: biologija. Za mentorja je bil imenovan znanst. sod. dr. Aleš Snoj. Doktorsko delo je bilo opravljeno na Oddelku za zootehniko Biotehniške fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani. Komisija za oceno in zagovor: Predsednik: prof. dr. Peter TRONTELJ Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo Ĉlanica: prof. dr. Simona SUŠNIK Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za zootehniko Ĉlan: prof. dr. Boris KRYŠTUFEK Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Datum zagovora: 22. 12. 2015 Podpisani izjavljam, da je disertacija rezultat lastnega raziskovalnega dela. Izjavljam, da je elektronski izvod identiĉen tiskanemu. Na univerzo neodplaĉno, neizkljuĉno, prostorsko in ĉasovno neomejeno prenašam pravici shranitve avtorskega dela v elektronski obliki in reproduciranja ter pravico omogoĉanja javnega dostopa do avtorskega dela na svetovnem spletu preko Digitalne knjiţnice Biotehniške fakultete. David Stanković II Stanković D. Genetika naturaliziranih populacij šarenk (Oncorhynchus mykiss) v Sloveniji. Dokt. disertacija. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, 2015 KLJUĈNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA ŠD Dd DK UDK 597.2/.5:575(043.3)=163.6 KG molekularna ekologija/populacijska genetika/filogegorafija/ribištvo/akvakultura/ tujerodne vrste/ribe/Salmonidae/šarenka/Oncorhynchus mykiss/Slovenija KK AGRIS L10/8100 AV STANKOVIĆ, David, univ. dipl. biol. SA SNOJ, Aleš (mentor) KZ SI-1000 Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101 ZA Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Interdisciplinarni doktorski študij Bioznanosti, znanstveno podroĉje biologija LI 2015 IN GENETIKA NATURALIZIRANIH POPULACIJ ŠARENK (Oncorhynchus mykiss) V SLOVENIJI TD Doktorska disertacija OP XV, 147 str., 9 pregl., 16 sl., 6 pril., 308 vir. IJ sl JI sl/en AI Šarenka je gospodarsko ena najbolj izkorišĉenih vrst rib; od konca devetnajstega stoletja pa do danes so jo raznesli ţe praktiĉno po vsem svetu. Ĉeprav naturalizirane populacije najdemo v razliĉnih podnebnih pasove, so takšne populacije v Evropi redkejše. Tu so zabeleţene le v nekaj vodah, od katerih so številne v Sloveniji. Vzroki za slabši uspeh naturalizacije v Evropi v primerjavi z drugimi regijami niso dobro poznani. Poleg biotskih in okoljskih dejavnikov je bil kot omejujoĉ dejavnik predlagana tudi genetske struktura. Da bi bolje razumeli razloge, ki pogojujejo naturalizacijo te vrste v Evropi, smo raziskavo usmerili v tri podroĉja: (i) zbrali smo razpoloţljive informacije o razširjenosti in stanju naturaliziranih populacij v Evropi; (ii) ugotavljali smo genetsko strukturo tujerodnih populacij in (iii) jo z namenom ugotavljanja njihovega izvora primerjali z domorodnimi. Iz literature smo zbrali podatke o veĉ kot sto tridesetih naturaliziranih populacijah šarenke v šestnajstih evropskih drţavah. Strukturo in izvor tujerodnih populacij smo ugotavljali na osnovi raznolikosti mitohondrijskih in jedrnih genskih oznaĉevalcev oseminštiridesetih populacij iz Evrope in z otoka Reunion ter jo primerjali z raznolikostjo domorodnih populacij. V poreĉju reke Sacramento smo ugotovili veĉjo strukturiranost domorodnih populacij, kot smo priĉakovali, saj to povodje naseljujejo tri in ne dve evolucijsko pomembne enote. Visoka genetska pestrost in nizka diferenciacija med tujerodnimi populacijami kaţeta, da te izvirajo iz veĉ ţe predhodno mešanih virov. Genetska pestrost je pri tujerodnih populacijah v primerjavi z domorodnimi niţja, saj se v njej odraţata genski zdrs in umetna selekcija, kateri so bile tujerodne populacije podvrţene v 130-letni zgodovini intenzivnega prenašanja in ribogojstva. Ĉeprav nismo odkrili nobenih izrazitih genetskih razlik med naturaliziranimi, vlaganimi in ribogojniškimi populacijami, pa ne izvirajo vse tujerodne populacije iz istih virov. Po genetski strukturi populacije z otoka Reunion namreĉ ne izvirajo iz istih domorodnih linij kot evropske šarenke. III Stanković D. Genetika naturaliziranih populacij šarenk (Oncorhynchus mykiss) v Sloveniji. Dokt. disertacija. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, 2015 KEY WORD DOCUMENTATION DN Dd DC UDC 597.2/.5:575(043.3)=163.6 CX molecular ecology/population genetics/filogeography/fisheries/aquaculture/ non-native species/fish/Salmonidae/rainbow trout/Oncorhynchus mykiss/Slovenia CC AGRIS L10/8100 AU STANKOVIĆ, David AA SNOJ, Aleš (supervisor) PP SI-1000 Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101 PB University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Interdisciplinary Doctoral Programme in Biosciences, scientific field Biology PY 2015 TI GENETICS OF SELF-SUSTAINING RAINBOW TROUT POPULATIONS (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IN SLOVENIA DT Doctoral Dissertation NO XV, 147 p., 9 tab., 16 fig., 6 ann., 308 ref. LA sl AL sl/en AB Rainbow trout has successfully invaded large freshwater systems in various climates. However, despite continuous introductions, it has become successfully naturalised in a limited number of European waters, of which many are in Slovenia. There is no consensus on the reasons for general absence of self- sustaining populations in Europe, though genetic makeup has been suggested as a potential underlying factor, next to environmental and biotic factors. The object of our research was (i) to conduct a literature review on the distribution of self-sustaining populations in Europe; (ii) to study the population genetic structure of translocated rainbow trout populations; and (iii) to study the evolutionary history of native rainbow trout relevant to understanding the origin of translocated populations. Our literature review produced a list of more than hundred-and-thirty self-sustaining populations across sixteen European countries. To get an insight into invasion history we examined genetic variation in forty-eight translocated populations from Europe and the Réunion, and compared it to over a hundred native populations from the entire Pacific coast. High genetic diversity but low inter-population genetic variation indicates that European populations are derived from multiple sources, with a great majority of parental populations belonging to steelhead populations from Central California and Sacramento River coastal rainbow trout lineages. Our study also revealed no considerable differences between European self-sustaining, stocked and hatchery populations. However, not all translocated populations originated from same lineages, as rainbow trout from Réunion clearly originate from a different but not jet identified source. In comparison to the native populations the translocated ones showed lower genetic diversity that they apparently developed via genetic drift and artificial selection during the last century. Finally, microsatellite analysis of native populations revealed existence of three and not two evolutionary significant units in the Sacramento basin. IV Stanković D. Genetika naturaliziranih populacij šarenk (Oncorhynchus mykiss) v Sloveniji. Dokt. disertacija. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, 2015 KAZALO VSEBINE str. KLJUĈNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA ................................................... III KEY WORD DOCUMENTATION ................................................................................ IV KAZALO VSEBINE ........................................................................................................ V KAZALO PREGLEDNIC ............................................................................................ VIII KAZALO SLIK ............................................................................................................... IX KAZALO PRILOG .......................................................................................................... X OKRAJŠAVE IN SIMBOLI ........................................................................................... XI SLOVAR ...................................................................................................................... XIII 1 UVOD ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 NAMEN DELA .................................................................................................. 2 1.2 RAZISKOVALNI CILJI IN HIPOTEZE ........................................................... 4 2 PREGLED OBJAV .......................................................................................... 5 2.1 TUJERODNE VRSTE ....................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Problematika vnašanja tujerodnih sladkovodnih ribjih vrst ....................... 6 2.2 ŠARENKA ........................................................................................................
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