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Analysis of Electrical Activity of Normal Muscle in Man at Different Degrees of Voluntary Effort

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Analysis of Electrical Activity of Normal Muscle in Man at Different Degrees of Voluntary Effort J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.38.7.683 on 1 July 1975. Downloaded from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1975, 38, 683-694 Analysis of electrical activity of normal muscle in man at different degrees of voluntary effort A. FUGLSANG-FREDERIKSEN AND A. MANSSON From the Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital (Rigshospital), and the Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark SYNOPSIS Electrical activity during voluntary effort was analysed in 33 normal subjects. Parameters of activity measured were number of peaks, mean amplitude, distribution of time intervals and of amplitudes between peaks. Recording from 10 sites evenly distributed over a muscle gave adequate representation of activity; force should be a fixed proportion of maximum rather than constant. When a force of 2 kg was exerted at the wrist by METHOD the brachial biceps or triceps muscles the Protected by copyright. The pattern of electrical activity was characterized electrical activity showed a greater number of (Willison, 1964; Dowling et al., 1968) by: (1) the peaks ('turns'), a lower amplitude ('amplitude incidence of voltage reversals, denoted as 'turns' (a between peaks'), and a relatively higher inci- turn was counted if it originated from two successive dence of short time intervals between peaks in voltage shifts, 100 ,uV or more in amplitude and of patients with progressive muscular dystrophy opposite sign); (2) the amplitude of voltage changes, than in controls (Willison, 1964; Rose and counted whenever the voltage of the signal changed Willison, 1967; Dowling et al., 1968). When the in the same direction by 100 ,uV; (3) the mean same force is exerted by the weak muscle of a amplitude, obtained from the number of counts of patient as by a control, it remains undecided amplitude divided by that of turns; (4) the distribu- whether the increase in 'turns' is due to activa- tion of time intervals between turns; (5) the distribu- tion of more motor units (or increase in their tion of amplitudes between turns. firing rate) to exert a given force or to changes in shape and duration of the individual motor unit RECORDING The electrical activity was led-off from one or two muscles by concentric needle electrodes potentials associated with disease. Moreover, http://jnnp.bmj.com/ most actions of the human body are carried out with a leading-off area of 0.07 mm2 (DISA 13 K 32) and amplified with a lower limiting frequency of by several muscles often involved differently 20 Hz and an upper limiting frequency of 10 000 Hz under pathological conditions. Even the relative (3 dB down, DISA 14 C, 10). To diminish overload contribution of different portions (heads) of a (of importance when recording on tape) and to single muscle differs from subject to subject. ensure a suitable signal-to-noise ratio (40 dB) the The purpose of the study presented in this gain of the amplifier was 4 000 times (500 ,V/div). report was then (1) to analyse how turns and The pattern of activity was analysed both on-line mean amplitude vary with maximum force, (2) and off-line to obtain simultaneous data from two on September 28, 2021 by guest. how variations in balance ofthe force ofdifferent muscles and histograms of intervals and of ampli- muscles and different heads of a given muscle tudes between turns. For off-line analysis the contribute to this variability, and (3) to obtain a potentials were recorded on tape (frequency modula- group of in tion). The tape recorder (Lyrec TR 81) had a fre- controls whom maximum force and quency range from DC to 10 000 Hz. The upper systematic differences between different sites limiting frequency required for analysis did not were taken into account. exceed 5 000 Hz as seen from a comparison of the same pattern analysed from tape with 5 000 and (Accepted 11 February 1975.) 10 000 Hz as upper limiting frequency (Table 1). 683 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.38.7.683 on 1 July 1975. Downloaded from 684 A. Fuglsang-Frederiksen and A. Mdnsson TABLE 1 100 ,uV and 1 000 ,uV. Below 50 Hz and above 5 000 TURNS AND AMPLITUDE RECORDED IN BRACHIAL BICEPS Hz the analyser required a 25% higher input voltage (FORCE 2 KG, RECORDING FROM 15 srrEs) AS FUNCTION OF to generate a turn pulse than in the mean frequency UPPER LIMITING FREQUENCY range (Fig. 1). The error on the count of amplitude pulses was lower, the count being independent of Upper limiting frequen(y frequency from 20 to 5 000 Hz. Above 5 000 Hz an 10 kH2 5 kH2 3 amplitude pulse to be generated needed a 20% kH2 higher input signal (120 [LV). Turns/5 s 1 946 1 930 1 880 Ampl./5 s 761 763 738 At 0.75 ms 5 720 5 720 5 110 MEASUREMENT OF FORCE The isometric force at the wrist exerted by an attempt at flexion or extension at the elbow was recorded via a strain gauge (Darcus, 1953) on an inkwriter. In most experiments, the electrical activity during flexion at the elbow was Nevertheless, an upper limiting frequency of analysed when the force exerted at wrist was 2 kg 10 000 Hz was used throughout. Data obtained off- (Willison, 1964) and 30%. of maximum force. The line and on-line were the same within ± 3% for turns electrical activity during an attempt to extend the and ± 1% for amplitudes. For analysis, five seconds arm at the elbow was analysed in the brachial triceps of the pattern of electrical activity were converted to muscle when the force at the wrist was 10% and 20% two pulse trains, one as a gauge of turns, the other as of maximum force and 2 kg. The ratio between the a gauge of amplitude (Fitch, 1967; Medelec APA 6). lever from the wrist to the axis of the elbow joint An amplifier connected to the input of the analyser and from the insertion of the brachial biceps to the axis of the elbow joint is nearly constant (4.9, SD= ascertained that one count occurred per 100 pV Protected by copyright. change on the input (the overall amplification gave 0.3; Ikai and Fukunaga, 1968). The force measured 100 pV/count). Histograms of time intervals between at the wrist was therefore one fifth of the force turns were sampled by a small digital computer referred to the insertion of the brachial biceps. (Fabri-tek, type 1062, plug-in units SH 1 and SH 2) with intervals of 10 Fts, and of amplitudes between SUBJECTS The experiments were performed on 33 turns in steps of 100 pMV. volunteers without history, signs, or symptoms of The error of the analysis of counts of turns and neuromuscular disease. Elbow flexion was examined amplitude pulses was tested by introducing a sinu- in 19 adults 18-63 years old-nine men with a mean soidal voltage corresponding to an input signal of maximum force measured at the wrist of 31.9 kg (SD 5.1), and 10 women with a mean maximum force of 19.9 kg (SD 2.2)-and two boys and three girls 7-14 years old. Elbow extension was studied in 12 0 %3 FA adults 22-54 years old-six men with a mean maxi- 2 0F mum force measured at the wrist of 18.1 kg (SD 4.3 1 01 kg) and six women with a mean maximum force of 11.3 kg (SD 3.1 kg). http://jnnp.bmj.com/ -1 0 PROCEDURE The subjects were in a supine position -20 with the elbow flexed at 900, the forearm supinated I I and fixed on a splint. The force during maximum 20 50 100 200 500 1 K 2K 5K 10K effort was recorded before insertion of the electrodes FREQUENCY, Hz and again after the electrodes had been withdrawn. FIG. 1 Estimation of error on counts of turns and To ascertain constant force, the subjects were in- amplitude. A: amplitude of a sinusoidal signal just structed to keep the pointer of a galvanometer at a on September 28, 2021 by guest. sufficient to generate a turn-pulse for each peak in the given deflection. In this way, variation in force signal. Ordinate: percentage change in input ampli- during analysis did not exceed 5%. The subjects tude relative to input amplitude at 500 Hz. B: variation were allowed a one minute rest between pulls. In each in number of amplitude pulses. A sinusoidal signal muscle 10-15 sites were examined, obtained by three with an amplitude which gave 10 amplitude pulses insertions in proximal, medial, and distal parts of between two peaks at a frequency of 500 Hz was the muscle and by changing the depth of insertion in analysed. Ordinate: percentage change in number of steps of at least 5 mm. At each site, the electrode amplitude pulses between two peaks. Abscissa: fre- was adjusted at 10% of maximum force until activity quency of the sinusoidal signal. was recorded which originated near the electrode as J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.38.7.683 on 1 July 1975. Downloaded from Analysis ofelectrical activity ofnormal muscle in man at different degrees ofvoluntary effort 685 evidenced from the steep deflection of the action to within ± 10% and the mean amplitude to potentials. Then the subject was instructed to exert a within ± 10-25%. The 30 stretches performed given force. When the force had reached the correct within about half an hour were accompanied by level, the electrical activity was analysed over a an overall decline in turns of 4-8% and a decline period of five seconds.
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