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Martín Fierro, Revista De Avance Y Amauta

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Martín Fierro, Revista De Avance Y Amauta Martín Fierro, revista de avance y Amauta: hacia una literaturización vanguardista de la identidad latinoamericana by Marcela Naciff A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved November 2012 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Emil Volek, Chair Alberto Acereda Carlos Garcia-Fernandez ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2012 ABSTRACT The 1920s have played a key role in the formation of the Latin American consciousness of its own cultural identity. In approaching the selected three heterogeneous regions of Latin America, the Southern Cone, the Andean Zone and the Afroantillan Caribbean, this research focuses on Latin American identity issues as a literary avant- garde construct found in the poetics and in the programmatic texts of the leading avant-garde journals of each corresponding region: Martín Fierro (1924-1927) in Argentina; revista de avance (1927-1930) in Cuba, and Amauta (1926-1930) in Perú. To carry out this kind of analysis and to fully understand the historic implications characteristics of each region, one of the initial tasks of the study has been to contextualize the period in each country in which the journals were published. After that, an analysis of each region's avant-garde production has been performed in order to categorize and situate the underlying questions of identity expressed in corresponding journals. Each region has been studied separately, yet all in view of contributing to a comprehensive and comparative study of the regions selected. The final result has been an organization of diverse principal semantic and ideological fields overlapping in and i cross-crossing different regions as represented by the selected literary journals. Starting from the very same literature, which was inspired by the spirit of its time, this research has aimed at reconstructing the notions of identity that were common within the intellectual circles of the avant-garde times as expressed in the journals Martín Fierro, revista de avance, and Amauta, and, in the end, played a signal role in the development of national and continental cultural identity consciousness throughout Latin America from the beginning of the 20th century until today. ii RESUMEN Los años veinte fueron coyunturales para la (con)formación propia de su conciencia identitaria cultural latinoamericana. Pensando en tres regiones tan disímiles entre sí como lo son el Cono Sur, la Zona Andina y el Caribe Afroantillano, se propone estudiar el tema de la identidad latinoamericana como un constructo literario vanguardista en los textos poéticos y programáticos de las revistas Martín Fierro (1924- 1927) de Argentina, la revista de avance (1927-1930) de Cuba y la Amauta (1926-1930) de Perú. Para llevar a cabo este tipo de análisis y para comprender completamente las implicaciones históricas de cada región, en un primer momento se contextualizó el periodo en cada uno de los países donde las revistas se publicaban. Luego, se hizo un estudio de las producción vanguardista en cada región para posteriormente categorizar y situar los cuestionamientos identitarios subyacentes en sus correspondientes revistas. Cada región ha sido estudiada separadamente para que contribuir a un estudio exhaustivo y comparativo de las regiones seleccionadas. Empezando desde la misma literatura, la cual fue inspirada por el espíritu de su tiempo, este estudio ha apuntado a reconstruir las nociones de identidad que fueron comunes para los campos iii intelectuales vanguardistas manifestados en las revistas Martín Fierro, revista de avance, y Amauta, y, que a posteriori, tuvieron un rol significativo en el desarrollo de la conciencia identitaria nacional y continental a lo largo y ancho de Latinoamérica desde el comienzo del siglo XX hasta el presente. iv AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco en primer lugar, y fundamentalmente, al profesor Dr. Emil Volek sin cuyo apoyo, tolerancia y comprensión ilimitada no me hubiera sido posible completar esta disertación. A los miembros de mi comité, Dr. Carlos Javier García Fernández y Dr. Alberto Acereda, por sus valiosas observaciones en lo intelectual y por haberme acompañado, además, a largo de mi estancia en Arizona State University. Al Dr. Jesús Rosales, quien a último momento y desinteresadamente aceptó formar parte del proyecto. Agradezco al Dr. Claudio Maíz quien fuera mi mentor en la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo y quien me motivó para realizar mis estudios en ASU. A todos y cada uno de mis profesores, en Estados Unidos y en Argentina, por haber sido luz en este camino maravilloso de la literatura. Una mención especial para el personal administrativo de la School of International Letters and Cultures, por haberme tenido paciencia todos estos años, y en especial a Barbara Tibbets quien fuera también un sostén no sólo en lo logístico, sino también en lo emocional. v DEDICATORIA A Latinoamérica, mi madre tierra, a quien le debo la lucha y la vida. A mi país, Argentina, en un intento de saldar mi ausencia transitoria. A mis amigos, los de allá y los de acá, por haber estado siempre, incondicionalmente, a pesar de la distancia y del lenguaje, señalándome día a día el significado de la verdadera amistad. A los encontrados en el camino, que me enseñaron a andarlo sin miedo. A mi familia, por la paciencia infinita y el apoyo invariable. A mi Padre, quien desde siempre y en su ausencia, ha sido motor y sostén de todas mis luchas, proyectos y energía. Y especialmente, a mi Madre, quien fuera la persona que me despertó al estudio de las letras con su infatigable ejemplo lector, y quien me enseñara el valor de darlo todo, sin pedir nada a cambio. vi CONTENIDO CAPÍTULOS Páginas 1 INTRODUCCIÓN..................................................................... 1 2 MARCO ..................................................................................... 6 Vanguardia, identidad, intelectuales....................................6 La identidad, nuestra máxima preocupación.......................8 José Martí, el apóstol americano.........................................11 José Enrique Rodó, el uruguayo que hablaba de Shakespeare..........................................................................16 José Vasconcelos, la magia cósmica ....................................21 3 MARTÍN FIERRO, VANGUARDIA ARGENTINA.............. 24 La historia por detrás...........................................................24 La revista Martín Fierro......................................................32 Las otras vanguardias..........................................................38 El criollismo ..........................................................................41 Voluntad de estilo: El manifiesto ........................................44 La vuelta de José Hernández ..............................................51 Las polémicas........................................................................56 • La contienda Florida-Boedo......................................57 • Che, meridiano: hacéte a un lao que voy a escupir.63 Las encuestas........................................................................84 vii CAPÍTULOS Páginas “El idioma es nuestra patria” ..............................................91 Argentina y el “otro”.............................................................93 Conclusiones .........................................................................99 4 REVISTA DE AVANCE ....................................................... 103 La doble independencia......................................................103 Vanguardismo.....................................................................111 Minorismo: “nueva orografía del pensamiento en América” .............................................................................................113 Génesis de revista de avance.............................................117 Moverse, avanzar................................................................123 El idioma .............................................................................125 Nacionalismo ......................................................................126 Cuba, la república...............................................................127 El negro ...............................................................................132 El aborigen..........................................................................135 José Martí ...........................................................................136 Encuesta..............................................................................137 América ...............................................................................146 Estados Unidos ...................................................................149 Las Vanguardias del resto del continente ........................154 viii CAPÍTULOS Páginas Las polémicas......................................................................157 La raza ................................................................................159 Conclusiones .......................................................................161 5 AMAUTA, LA POLÍTICA COMO VANGUARDIA ............ 164 El contexto histórico del Perú............................................164 Semblanza del amauta.......................................................173 Amauta: Su historia y estructura .....................................176 Amauta, su marxismo y la reunión en Buenos Aires ......182 “Peruanicemos al Perú”......................................................186 La conquista........................................................................192
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