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THE MAKING of NORTHERN NIGERIA MACMILLAN and CO., Limited ( . rhoA^oU gJiaIMc ^S-^f^'/ / ^. y: sxj&r^ - THE MAKING OF NORTHERN NIGERIA MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO e K^ ^ ^ s 60" Stanford^ Geoffrapf-EsicCbt 1 S\5 ^5 'THE MAKING OF NORTHERN NIGERIA BY CAPTAIN C. W. J. ORR, R.A. LATE POLITICAL DEPARTMENT, NORTHERN NIGERIA WITH MAPS MACMILLAN AND cS^ LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 191 AFRICA. Stanford Geo^rap^SHabf London^ Macmillaii Ss-Co.X*^ COPYRIGHT. PREFACE On the ist of January 1900 the British nation assumed the responsibility of governing the inhabitants of a vast area in the African continent, and entrusted the task to a handful of British officials. Now that more than ten years have passed, it has seemed to me right that those on whom as administrators this task has been imposed, should render some account ot their stewardship. In this book, therefore, I have endeavoured to give a brief history of the manner in which the duty has been performed, and to indicate some of the main problems which have demanded solution. I have spared no pains to se-t out the facts accurately, and with this object I have confined myself to official records, and have based myself mainly on the Annual Reports submitted by the High Commissioner to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, which are printed and presented each year to the Houses of Parliament. I owe a debt of gratitude to Sir George Goldie and the Earl of Scarbrough for materials with which they have kindly provided me for the chapter on Chartered Company Administration. I am also greatly indebted to Mr. E. J. Arnett, Resident of vi MAKING OF NORTHERN NIGERIA Kano, for general assistance, and for the facts relating to Education in Chapter XVI. In the later chapters, in dealing with the various problems which the Administration is attempting to solve, I have endeavoured merely to state them, and to avoid expressing personal opinions. If in the latter respect I have not always been successful, and if the personal pronoun obtrudes itself too frequently, my excuse must be the extraordinary interest which my seven years' work in Northern Nigeria has aroused in me. Circumstances beyond my control have severed my connection with Nigeria, but its problems and the welfare of its inhabitants will always remain one of the greatest interests of my life. C. W. J. O. Cyprus, 2oth September 191 1. — CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE Introduction i CHAPTER II Chartered Company Administration . 17 CHAPTER III Description of the Country and its People . 51 CHAPTER IV First Years of the Administration, i 900-1 901 . 74 CHAPTER V Events in 1902 — Occupation of Bauchi and Bornu — Move to new Administrative Headquarters . 106 CHAPTER VI Events in 1903 Occupation of Kano and Sokoto . 120 CHAPTER VII Organisation of Provinces—Caravan Tolls . 133 vii — — viii MAKING OF NORTHERN NIGERIA CHAPTER VIII PAGE Taxation Problems in i 903-1 904 150 CHAPTER IX Rising in Sokoto in 1906 Resignation of Sir F. Lugard 169 CHAPTER X Events in 1907 Appointment of Sir Percy Girouard AS High Commissioner — Construction of Railway to the Interior 182 CHAPTER XI Slavery . .194 CHAPTER XII Commerce and Trade 207 CHAPTER XIII British and Native Administration . .219 CHAPTER XIV British and Native Courts of Justice . .230 CHAPTER XV Land Tenure 244 CHAPTER XVI Religion and Education 256 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER XVII PAGE Conclusion . 275 APPENDICES I. Treaties 287 II. Correspondence with Sultan of Sokoto . 289 III. Addresses by the High Commissioner to the Waziri and Headmen of Sokoto . 294 LIST OF SOME OF THE AUTHORITIES CONSULTED 299 INDEX 301 MAPS 1. Africa ........ Ft'Otitispiece 2. Central Africa, showing the course and supposed termination of the Geir and Niger, according to Ptolemy ........ face page 6 3. A reduction of Bello's Map of Central Africa . ,, 72 4. Nigeria ........ End of Volume ERRATA Page 231, line i, for suspended read superseded. Page 255, line 4 from bottom, for novel 7'ead moral. — , "Such a work as is being accomplished under our eyes in those lands is no mean corrective to more sordid ideals, to the effect on our national character of commercial or of class greed, of the hot pursuit of trivial pleasures, or of that keen struggle for privilege and social distinction which are so discredit- able to much of our community. The officers who risk health and life in the swamps of the White Nile or who are sacrificing their best years to the welfare of fellow-men of humble races in remote and desert solitudes, are illustrating, and, in their several degrees, are adding strength to the qualities which are the best inheritance of our nation. Enterprise such as theirs cannot but excite emulation and brace the national fibre. What the salt seas were to our forefathers in the spacious days of good Queen Bess, the untrodden spaces of new lands are to their descendants. It has been said, or sung, that the East calls us. It is neither East, nor West, nor any one quarter of the world, but the lust of adventure and the love of enterprise that are calling to the men of our race. Every undeveloped people, every un- explored country, is calling. Athens and Rome, long centuries ago, heard that call and followed it. We are treading, not unworthily let us hope, where free and fearless men of old trod before us. Wherever there are to be found great areas peopled by strange tribes, wherever mighty rivers roll from sources little visited by man, wherever seemingly illimitable forests bar the way to human intercourse, wherever the mystery and the fascination of the unknown or the unfamiliar are felt—all such lands are calling to adventurous spirits among us, for whom there is little room in the crowded field at home, or prefer to the well-worn paths of the old world the hazards and the freedom of a world which to them is new. A century ago it was—as it still is—India ; to-day Nigeria, East Africa, Rhodesia, and the Egyptian Soudan are calling. The work which our countrymen are doing there quickens the pulses of their brothers at home : their lives will not wholly be lost sight of in the national roll-call of citizens who have added to the lustre of their country. Politicians—not a few—will decry them : men of the world will make light of them : but the cause of humanity and the hearts of the helpless will gather hope and encouragement from their labours." — The Making of Modern Egypt, p. 415, Sir Auckland Colvin, K. C.S.I. K.C.M.G., CLE. "It is particularly to be hoped, at a time when public interest has been prominently drawn to the relations and the territories of the European Powers in West Africa, that more attention will be paid in England to the extent and nature of our responsibilities in that region. Nigeria is not merely by far the most considerable of our West African possessions, but the only British Dependency in any part of the world which approaches the Indian Empire in magnitude and variety. Our administrators there, in most inadequate numbers and under very difficult conditions, but with our Indian experiences to help them, are confronting problems almost as large and delicate as those which first inspired the administrative genius of Great Britain in the East. It is time their work were better understood." The Times', August 12, 191 1. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION An ancient map purporting to depict the continent of Africa shows it as a narrow strip depending from Europe by a small isthmus which spans what are now the Straits of Gibraltar. The unknown cartographer of bygone ages represents the southern shores of this narrow strip as washed by the ocean, which is here labelled "Sea of Sahara." The map represents with sufficient accuracy all that was once known by Europe of Africa. The Sahara, a sea of sand, not of water, cut off from the ancient world all knowledge of the gigantic mass of land stretching far away into the southern hemi- sphere. It is the stupendous barrier which Nature, for some inscrutable reason, has erected between the Mediterranean littoral and the countries of Equatorial Africa,—a barrier where the bones of a vast multitude have mingled with the wind-swept sand. It extends across the entire continent from west to east, from the Atlantic to the Red Sea : to traverse it from north to south at its narrowest point entails a journey of more than two months. But such travellers as are courageous enough to undertake this journey are I B 2 MAKING OF NORTHERN NIGERIA ch. rewarded by finding themselves in a land where agriculture flourishes under favourable conditions. The interminable sand gives place to soil watered by innumerable rivers and streams ; the burning rays of the sun are tempered by cool breezes and frequent rain ; vegetation flourishes, and the earth brings forth plentiful harvests. Nature indeed seems anxious to make amends for the desolation with which she has covered so much of Northern Africa, by pouring out her gifts in the regions which fringe the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. Here lies a high plateau of pasture land, lightly covered with vegetation, needing little more than a scratching of the soil and a scattering of seed to produce crops capable of supporting a large population. Farther south, towards the equator, the plateau shades into broken ranges of rocky hills, and behind them lie dense forests and swamps, matted and choked with tropical vegetation, and sodden with malarial miasma.
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