STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016

Special Supplement to the Bullei of the Aerica Meteorological Society Vol. 98, No. 8, August 2017 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016

Editors

Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt

Chapter Editors

Howard J. Diamond Jeremy T. Mathis Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Robert J. H. Dunn Ademe Mekonnen Ted A. Scambos Nadine Gobron James A. Renwick Carl J. Schreck III Dale F. Hurst Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge Sharon Stammerjohn Gregory C. Johnson Kate M. Willett

Technical Editor

Mara Sprain

AmericAn meteorologicAl Society Cover Credits:

Front/BaCk: Courtesy of Reuters/Mike Hutchings

Malawian subsistence farmer Rozaria Hamiton plants sweet potatoes near the capital Lilongwe, Malawi, 1 February 2016. Late in Malawi threaten the staple maize crop and have pushed prices to record highs. About 14 million people face hunger in Southern Africa because of a drought that has been exacerbated by an El Niño weather pattern, according to the United Nations World Food Programme.

A supplement to this report is available online (10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.2)

How to cite this document:

Citing the complete report:

Blunden, J., and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2017: State of the Climate in 2016. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98 (8), Si–S277, doi:10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.

Citing a chapter (example):

Diamond, H. J., and C. J. Schreck III, Eds., 2017: The Tropics [in “State of the Climate in 2016”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98 (8), S93–S128, doi:10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.

Citing a section (example):

Bell, G., M. L’Heureux, and M. S. Halpert, 2017: ENSO and the tropical Paciic [in “State of the Climate in 2016”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98 (8), S93–S98, doi:10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. EDITOR AND AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS (alphaBetiCal By name)

Aaron-Morrison, Arlene P., Trinidad & Tobago Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Meteorological Service, Piarco, Trinidad Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Abdallah, A., Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de Florida la Météorologie, Union des Comores Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS, University of Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Baxter, Stephen, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Adler, Robert, University of Maryland, College Park, Center, College Park, Maryland Maryland Beck, H. E., Department of Civil and Environmental Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey School of Physics, University of , San José, Becker, Andreas, Global Precipitation Climatology Costa Rica Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Allan, Richard P., University of Reading, Reading, United Bedka, Kristopher M., NASA Langley Research Center, Kingdom Hampton, Virginia Allan, Rob, Met Ofice Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Kingdom Corvallis, Oregon Álvarez, Luis A. , Instituto de Hidrología de Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia, College Park, Maryland Bogotá, Colombia Belmont, M., Seychelles National Meteorological Alves, Lincoln M., Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Services, Pointe Larue, Mahé, Seychelles Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research Bernhard, G. H., Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, California Costa Rica Berrisford, Paul, European Centre for Medium-Range Andreassen, L. M., Section for Glaciers, Ice and Snow, Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Berry, David I., National Oceanography Centre, Oslo, Norway Southampton, United Kingdom Arce, Dayana, Center for Geophysical Research and Bettolli, María L., Departamento Ciencias de la School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Atmósfera y los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Costa Rica Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Argüez, Anthony, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Bhatt, U. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Bidegain, Mario, Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorologia, Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Montevideo, Uruguay Arzhanova, N. M., Russian Institute for Biskaborn, B., Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russia Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Augustine, John, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Germany Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Awatif, E.M., Department of Seasonal Forecast and Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany Climate Research, Cairo Numerical Weather Prediction, Bjerke, J., Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt Tromsø, Norway Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Regional Climate Group, Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Miami, Florida Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Blunden, Jessica, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Báez, Julián, Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina de la DINAC and Universidad Católica Ntra. Sra. de la Bosilovich, Michael G., Global Modelling and Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay Assimilation Ofice, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Bardin, M. U., Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Greenbelt, Maryland Organization, Iran Boucher, Olivier, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS / Barichivich, Jonathan, Instituto de Conservación, UPMC, Paris, France Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Boudet, Dagne, Climate Center, Institute of Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba Research, Chile; and Instituto de Geografía, Pontiicia Box, J. E., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile Copenhagen, Denmark

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016 AUGUST 2017 | Si Boyer, Tim, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland United Kingdom Braathen, Geir O., WMO Atmospheric Environment Cooper, Owen R., Cooperative Institute for Research in Research Division, Geneva, Switzerland Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Brimelow, Julian, Environment and Climate Change and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Boulder, Colorado Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar and Climate Research Copland, L., Department of Geography, University of Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Brown, R., Climate Research Division, Environment and Cross, J. N., NOAA/OAR Paciic Marine Environmental Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Buehler, S., Universitaet Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Bulygina, Olga N., Russian Institute for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russia Cutié, Virgen, Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology Burgess, D., Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, of Cuba, Cuba Ontario, Canada Davis, Sean M., Cooperative Institute for Research in Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Boulder, Colorado Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York de Eyto, Elvira, Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland Campbell, Jayaka D., Department of Physics, The de Jeu, Richard A. M., VanderSat B.V., Haarlem, University of the West Indies, Netherlands Cappelen, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, de Laat, Jos, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute Copenhagen, Denmark (KNMI), DeBilt, Netherlands Caroff, P., Météo-France, RSMC La Réunion DeGasperi, Curtis L., King County Water and Land Carrea, Laura, Department of Meteorology, University Resources Division, Seattle, Washington of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom Degenstein, Doug, University of Saskatchewan, Carter, Brendan R., Joint Institute for the Study of the Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, and Demircan, M., Turkish State Meteorological Service, NOAA/OAR Paciic Marine Environmental Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey Seattle, Washington Derksen, C., Climate Research Division, Environment and Chambers, Don P., College of Marine Science, Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida Di Girolamo, Larry, University of Illinois at Urbana– Chandler, Elise, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Champaign, Urbana, Illinois Victoria, Australia Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/OAR Air Resources Cheng, Ming-Dean, National Taiwan University, and Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland Central Weather Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan Dindyal, S., Mauritius Meteorological Services, Mauritius Christiansen, Hanne H., Geology Department, Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA/OAR Earth System University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Christy, John R., University of Alabama in Huntsville, Dohan, Kathleen, Earth and Space Research, Seattle, Huntsville, Alabama Washington Chung, Daniel, Department of Geodesy and Dokulil, Martin T., Research Institute for Limnology, Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria Vienna, Austria Dolman, A. Johannes, Department of Earth Sciences, Chung, E.-S., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Earth and Climate Cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Key Biscane, Amsterdam, Netherlands Miami, Florida Domingues, Catia M., Institute for Marine and Antarctic Clem, Kyle R., School of Geography, Environment, Studies, University of Tasmania, and Antarctic Climate and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Wellington, New Zealand Tasmania, Australia Coelho, Caio A.S., CPTEC/INPE Center for Weather Donat, Markus G., Climate Change Research Centre, Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, German Aerospace Wales, Australia Center (DLR) Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany Dong, Shenfu, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida

Sii | AUGUST 2017 Dorigo, Wouter A., Department of Geodesy and Fonseca, C., Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology of Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Cuba, Cuba Vienna, Austria Forbes, B. C., Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Drozdov, D. S., Earth Cryosphere Institute, and Tyumen Rovaniemi, Finland State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Russia Foster, Michael J., Cooperative Institute for Dunn, Robert J. H., Met Ofice Hadley Centre, Exeter, Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of United Kingdom Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Durán-Quesada, Ana M., Center for Geophysical Francis, S. D., National Weather Forecasting and Climate Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, Research Centre, Nigerian Meteorological Agency, San José, Costa Rica Abuja, Nigeria Dutton, Geoff S., Cooperative Institute for Research in Franz, Bryan A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Greenbelt, Maryland and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Frey, Richard A., Cooperative Institute for Boulder, Colorado Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of ElKharrim, M., Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Maroc, Rabat, Morocco Frith, Stacey M., Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Elkins, James W., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Maryland Epstein, H. E., Department of Environmental Sciences, Froidevaux, Lucien, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Espinoza, Jhan C., Instituto Geoisico del Perú, Lima, Ganter, Catherine, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Perú Victoria, Australia Etienne-LeBlanc, Sheryl, Meteorological Department Gerland, S., Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, of St. Maarten, St. Maarten, Netherlands Tromsø, Norway Famiglietti, James S., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Gilson, John, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California Farrell, S., Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, Gobron, Nadine, Joint Research Centre, European University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Commission, Ispra, Italy Maryland Goldenberg, Stanley B., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Fateh, S., Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Organization, Iran Florida Fausto, R. S., Geological Survey of Denmark and Goni, Gustavo, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida Feely, Richard A., NOAA/OAR Paciic Marine Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Climate Center, Institute of Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba Feng, Z., FCSD/ASGC Paciic Northwest National Goto, A., Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory, Richland, Washington Greenhough, Marianna D., Environment and Climate Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Change Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Grooß, J.-U., Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Fettweis, X., University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Gruber, Alexander, Department of Geodesy and Fioletov, Vitali E., Environment and Climate Change Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Vienna, Austria Flannigan, Mike, Department of Renewable Resources, Guard, Charles “Chip”, NOAA/NWS Weather University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada Forecast Ofice, Guam Flemming, Johannes, European Centre for Medium- Gupta, S. K., Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Hampton, Virginia Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio Gutiérrez, J. M., Instituto de Física de Cantabria, CSIC- University, Athens, Ohio University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain Folland, Chris, Met Ofice Hadley Centre, Exeter, and Haas, C., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Germany, and Earth & Space Science & Engineering, York Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, and Department of University, Toronto, Canada Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Hagos, S., FCSD/ASGC Climate Physics Group, Paciic Sweden, and International Centre for Applied Climate Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016 AUGUST 2017 | Siii Hahn, Sebastian, Department of Geodesy and Isaksen, K., Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Blindern, Oslo, Norway Vienna, Austria Ishii, Masayoshi, Climate Research Department, Haimberger, Leo, Department of Meteorology and Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Agency, Tsukuba, Japan Hall, Brad D., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Jevrejeva, Svetlana, National Oceanography Centre, Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Liverpool, United Kingdom Halpert, Michael S., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Jiménez, C., Estellus, and LERMA, Observatoire de Center, College Park, Maryland Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France Hamlington, Benjamin D., Center for Coastal Physical Jin, Xiangze, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Virginia John, Viju, EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany, and Met Hanna, E., Department of Geography, University of Ofice Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Shefield, Shefield, United Kingdom Johns, William E., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Hanssen-Bauer, I., Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida Blindern, Oslo, Norway Johnsen, B., Norwegian Radiation Protection Hare, Jon, NOAA/NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Authority, Østerås, Norway Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Harris, Ian, National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Johnson, Bryan, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research University of East Anglia, Norwich, and Climatic Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, and Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom Johnson, Gregory C., NOAA/OAR Paciic Marine Heidinger, Andrew K., NOAA/NESDIS/STAR Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Johnson, Kenneth S., Monterey Bay Aquarium Heim, Richard R., Jr.,NOAA/NESDIS National Centers Research Institute, Moss Landing, California for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Jones, Philip D., Climatic Research Unit, School of Hendricks, S., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Germany Norwich, United Kingdom Hernández, Marieta, Climate Center, Institute of Jumaux, Guillaume, Météo France, Direction Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba Interrégionale pour l’Océan Indien, Réunion Hernández, Rafael, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología Kabidi, Khadija, Direction de la Météorologie e Hidrología de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco , Hugo G., Center for Geophysical Research and Kaiser, J. W., Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Mainz, Germany Costa Rica Kass, David, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), COSMIC Project Ofice, Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Kato, Seiji, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Boulder, Colorado Virginia Hobbs, William R., Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Kazemi, A., Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Organization, Iran Tasmania, Australia Kelem, G., Ethiopian Meteorological Agency, Addis Ababa, Huang, Boyin, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Ethiopia Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Keller, Linda M., Department of Atmospheric and Huelsing, Hannah K., State University of New York, Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Albany, New York Madison, Wisconsin Hurst, Dale F., Cooperative Institute for Research in Kelly, B. P., Study of Environmental Arctic Change Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, (SEARCH), and International Arctic Research Center, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, Boulder, Colorado and Center for Blue Economy, Middlebury Institute Ialongo, I., Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, International Studies, Monterey, California Finland Kendon, Mike, Met Ofice Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Ijampy, J. A., Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Kingdom Nigeria Kennedy, John, Met Ofice Hadley Centre, Exeter, Inness, Antje, European Centre for Medium-Range United Kingdom Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Siv | AUGUST 2017 Macias-Fauria, M., School of Geography and the Meier, W., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, United Greenbelt, Maryland Kingdom Mekonnen, A., Department of Energy and Environmental Malkova, G. V., Earth Cryosphere Institute, and Tyumen Systems, North Carolina A & T State University, State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Russia Greensboro, North Carolina Manney, G., NorthWest Research Associates, and New Menezes, V. V. , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, Woods Hole, Massachusetts New Mexico Mengistu Tsidu, G., Department of Earth and Marchenko, S. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Environmental Sciences, Botswana International Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana, Marengo, José A., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e and Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University, Alertas aos Desastres Naturais, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Paulo, Brazil Menzel, W. Paul, Space Science and Engineering Center, Marra, John J., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Environmental Information, Honolulu, Hawaii Merchant, Christopher J., Department of Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Hydrology and Water Management, Nicolaus Copernicus Observation, University of Reading, Reading, United University, Toruń, Poland Kingdom Martens, B., Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Meredith, Michael P., British Antarctic Survey, Management, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Cambridge, United Kingdom Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Centro Internacional para Merriield, Mark A., Joint Institute for Marine and la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño, Guayaquil, Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Ecuador Hawaii Massom, Robert A., Australian Antarctic Division, and Minnis, Patrick, NASA Langley Research Center, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Hampton, Virginia Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Miralles, Diego G., Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Australia Management, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Mathis, Jeremy T., NOAA/OAR Arctic Research Mistelbauer, T., Earth Observing Data Centre GmbH, Program, Silver Spring, Maryland Vienna, Austria May, Linda, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, Mitchum, Gary T., College of Marine Science, University United Kingdom of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida Mayer, Michael, Department of Meteorology and Mitro, Srkani, Meteorological Service Suriname, Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Paramaribo, Suriname Mazloff, Matthew, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Monselesan, Didier, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California Hobart, Tasmania, Australia McBride, Charlotte, South African Weather Service, Montzka, Stephen A., NOAA/OAR Earth System Pretoria, South Africa Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado McCabe, M. F., Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Mora, Natalie, Center for Geophysical Research and Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Costa Rica Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia Morice, Colin, Met Ofice Hadley Centre, Exeter, United McCarthy, Gerard, National Oceanography Centre, Kingdom Southampton, United Kingdom Morrow, Blair, Environment and Climate Change Canada, McCarthy, M., Met Ofice Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Kingdom Mote, T., Department of Geography, The University of McDonagh, Elaine L., National Oceanography Centre, Georgia, Athens, Georgia Southampton, United Kingdom Mudryk, L., Climate Research Division, Environment and McGree, Simon, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Victoria, Australia Mühle, Jens, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, McVicar, Tim R., CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, and Australian Mullan, A. Brett, National Institute of Water and Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand System Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Müller, R., Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Mears, Carl A., Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, California

Svi | AUGUST 2017 d. Net precipitation (P – E) ...... 161 e. Seasonal melt extent and duration ...... 162 f. Sea ice extent, concentration, and seasonality ...... 163 g. Southern Ocean ...... 166 1. Upper ocean ...... 166 2. The Maud Rise polynya ...... 167 3. Deep ocean ...... 167 4. Observational gaps and future outlook ...... 167 Sidebar 6.1: advanceS in UnderStanding the SoUthern ocean’S role in global climate: the ORCHESTRA and Soccom programS ...... 168 h. 2016 Antarctic ozone hole ...... 169

7. REGIONAL CLIMATES ...... 173 a. Overview ...... 173 b. North America ...... 173 1. Canada ...... 173 2. United States ...... 175 Sidebar 7.1: the extreme 2016 wildfire in fort mcmUrray, alberta, canada ...... 176 3. Mexico ...... 179 c. and the ...... 180 1. Central America ...... 180 2. Caribbean ...... 183 d. South America ...... 185 1. Northern South America ...... 186 2. Central South America ...... 187 Sidebar 7.2: droUght in bolivia: the worSt in the laSt 25 yearS ...... 188 3. Southern South America ...... 190 e. Africa ...... 191 1. Northern Africa ...... 192 2. West Africa ...... 193 3. Eastern Africa ...... 195 4. Southern Africa ...... 196 5. Western Indian Ocean island countries ...... 198 f. Europe and the Middle East ...... 201 1. Overview ...... 201 2. Central and western Europe ...... 203 3. The Nordic and the Baltic countries ...... 204 Sidebar 7.3: the naked Sheep—rainStormS, floodS, and cold weather caUSed by extraordinary cyclonic activity in may/jUne 2016 in central eUrope ...... 205 4. Iberian Peninsula ...... 207 5. Eastern Europe ...... 208 6. Mediterranean and Balkan countries ...... 209 7. Middle East ...... 210 g. Asia ...... 212 1. Overview ...... 212 2. Russia ...... 212 3. East and Southeast Asia...... 214 4. South Asia ...... 217 Sidebar 7.4: anomaloUS typhoon activity in the northweStern pacific and extreme precipitation in northern japan in aUgUSt 2016 ...... 217 5. Southwest Asia ...... 220 h. Oceania ...... 221 1. Overview ...... 221 2. Northwest Pacific and Micronesia ...... 221 3. Southwest Pacific ...... 223 4. Australia...... 224 Sidebar 7.5: Strong negative indian ocean dipole aSSiStS in aUStralia’S wetteSt may–october ...... 227 5. New Zealand ...... 228

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016 AUGUST 2017 | Sxiii ABSTRACT—J. BLUNDEN AND D. S. ARNDT

In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 ± year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58- June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite year measurement record. The annual global average carbon record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface surpassed 400 ppm temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost (402.9 ± 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Cana- measurement record and in ice core records dating back as dian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. far as 800 000 years. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were One of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 dis- broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode set- sipated in spring, and a weak La Niña evolved later in the year. ting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high Owing at least in part to the combination of El Niño conditions surface pressure records for August and November were set early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth’s surface at several stations. During this period, record low daily and observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the in 2015. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower troposphere 1981–2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, sharply with the record high values observed during 2012–14. while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. depletion was less severe relative to the 1991–2006 average, Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. record high annual temperatures while many others observed Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were ob- near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April served during 2016, above the 1981–2010 average of 82, but over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with tempera- fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins—the tures surpassing 44°C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific—ex- million people and to 300 fatalities. perienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0°C recorded its least active season since the beginning of the above the 1981–2010 average, breaking the previous record of satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8°C, representing a 3.5°C increase the Saffir–Simpson category 5 intensity level. since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures The strong El Niño at the beginning of the year that transi- have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On tioned to a weak La Niña contributed to enhanced precipitation 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying throughout the year across southern South America, causing with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981–2010 average. The Septem- repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. ber 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981–2010 Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, Cali- making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of fornia had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area ~7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of 37-year satellite record. land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, was record high at the global scale, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01°C. The drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century- year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. to-date of +0.162°C decade−1 is much higher than the longer Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; term 1950–2016 trend of +0.100°C decade−1. Global annual it was Bolivia’s worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590 000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.

Sxvi | AUGUST 2017 to the warmest summer (June–August) on record, rienced cooler-than-average conditions. Twelve of surpassing the previous record set in 2013 by +0.1°C. 31 states had their warmest year on record: Sinaloa, Regionally, temperatures in 2016 were above aver- Durango, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas (northern age across most of the country (Fig. 7.8a), although Mexico); Aguascalientes, Colima, Hidalgo, Jalisco, some areas in the north and central regions expe- Queretaro, and Tlaxcala (central Mexico); and and (southern Mexico).

(ii) Precipitation Above-average rainfall was observed in northern, northeastern, and central regions in 2016, while below-average precipitation was evident across the Pacific coast, the south, and southeast (Fig. 7.8b). The 2016 average rainfall total of 744.1 mm (94.7% of normal) was the 15th driest since records began in 1971. Regionally, states in the south and southeast had exceptionally low precipitation totals, with Oaxaca and (both in southern Mexico) each experi- encing their third driest year on record. In contrast, Fig. 7.7. Nationwide daily temperatures (°C; 1981–2010 base period) for Mexico in 2016. Shaded areas repre- Coahuila (northern Mexico) had its third wettest year, sents the ±2 std. dev. Solid lines represents daily values behind 2004 and 2010. for the three temperature parameters and dotted lines August was the wettest month of the year. are the climatology. (Source: National Meteorological and Tropical Storm Javier brought sig- Service of México.) nificant precipitation to the country in early August. Mexico’s precipitation total in August 2016 ranked as the sixth wettest in the national records since 1971.

(iii) Notable events and impacts Eleven tropical cyclones affected Mexico in 2016, which is four less than the 1971–2012 average of 15. Three tropical cyclones were near land or made landfall from the Caribbean or Atlantic basin (aver- age for this basin is five tropical cyclones). Tropical Storm Danielle and Hurricane Earl made landfall on 5–7 June and 2–6 August, respectively. Tropical Storm Colin formed north of the Yucatan Peninsula and tracked toward the southeast United States in early August. Eight cyclones were near land or made landfall from the Eastern North Pacific basin (aver- age for this basin is 10). This value is lower than the number of storms that impacted the nation from the same basin during 2014 and 2015, when there were 14 and 9 systems, respectively. The low number of Eastern North Pacific storms contributed to the below-average precipitation on the Pacific side of the country in 2016.

c. Central America and the Caribbean 1) Central ameriCa—J. A. Amador, H. G. Hidalgo, E. J. Alfaro, A. M. Durán-Quesada, B. Calderón, N. Mora, and D. Arce Fig. 7.8. (a) 2016 mean temperature anomalies (°C; 1981–2010 base period) over Mexico and (b) 2016 pre- For this region, nine stations from five countries cipitation anomalies (% of normal). (Source: National were analyzed (Fig. 7.9). Stations on the Caribbean Meteorological Service of México.) slope are: Philip Goldson International Airport,

S180 | AUGUST 2017 Fig. 7.9. Mean surface temperature (Tm; °C) frequency (F; days) and accumulated pentad precipitation (AP; mm) time series are shown for nine stations (blue dots) in Central America: (1) Philip Goldson International Airport, ; (2) Puerto Barrios, ; (3) Puerto Lempira, ; (4) Puerto Limón, Costa Rica; (5) Tocumen International Airport, ; (6) David, Panama; (7) Liberia, Costa Rica; (8) Choluteca, Honduras; and (9) Puerto San José, Guatemala. The blue solid line represents the 1981–2010 average values and the red solid line shows 2016 values. Vertical dashed lines show the mean temperature for 2016 (red) and the 1981–2010 period (blue). Vectors indicate July wind anomalies at 925 hPa (1981–2010 base period). Shading depicts regional elevation (m). (Data sources: NOAA/NCEI and Central American NWS.)

Belize; Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; Puerto Lempira, ing to a two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness- Honduras; and Puerto Limón, Costa Rica. Stations of-fit hypothesis test (Wilks 2011). Anomalously high located on the Pacific slope are: Tocumen Interna- mean temperatures were observed for most of the tional Airport and David, Panama; Liberia, Costa stations analyzed, with the largest positive anoma- Rica; Choluteca, Honduras; and Puerto San José, lies in Puerto Barrios (Tm2), Choluteca (Tm8), and Guatemala. Precipitation and temperature records for San José (Tm9). For most stations, the 2016 higher- the stations analyzed were provided by Central Amer- than-average means were the result of more frequent ican National Weather Services (NWS). Anomalies warm (but not extreme) days. are reported using a 1981–2010 base period and were calculated using NWS data. The methodologies used (ii) Precipitation for all variables can be found in Amador et al. (2011). The accumulated pentad precipitation (P; mm) time series are shown for the nine stations in Central (i) Temperature America in Fig. 7.9. David (P6) and San José (P9) With the exception of Belize, the mean tempera- on the Pacific slope, and Puerto Barrios (P2) and ture (Tm) frequency distributions (Fig. 7.9) for the Puerto Lempira (P3) on the Caribbean slope recorded climatology and for 2016 are significantly different above-average precipitation accumulations for 2016. from each other at the 95% confidence level, accord- Puerto Lempira had extremely high accumulations

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016 AUGUST 2017 | S181 (at the 95% confidence level) at the end of the year 9000 people were affected by heavy and floods that were due to large rainfall contributions after in these two countries. was pentad 40 (approximately late September). Frequent present in the from 28 September to rains after pentad 40 helped Puerto Barrios end 6 October, reaching category 5 intensity by 1 October, the year with a large positive anomaly. Conversely, but its main impacts were in the Greater Antilles. Tocumen (P5), Liberia (P7), and Choluteca (P8) in made landfall between Costa Rica the Pacific, and Belize (P1) and Limón (P4) in the and on 24 November and passed over Caribbean experienced below-average accumula- the isthmus during 24–25 November. In Costa Rica, tions. The year 2016 marked the fourth consecutive Hurricane Otto directly impacted the northern cities year of drought conditions in Liberia. Of all stations and indirectly impacted the southern Pacific slope analyzed, Tocumen experienced the most severe communities. For Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicara- drought conditions in 2016. gua, the impacts of Otto were severe, affecting nearly Low-level moisture transport (computed based 25 000 people, with 18 fatalities and more than 2400 on ERA-Interim reanalysis data) followed climatol- damaged homes. For additional information on the ogy as the 2016 ENSO signal decreased its intensity, impacts from these storms and other hydrometeoro- with dry conditions until the transition to the first logical events, please refer to Online Table S7.1. part of the rainy season (May–June). Moisture flux Hurricane Otto was a remarkable meteorological divergence showed a mild second part of the rainy event, breaking several historical records. Otto was season (September–November), which started about the strongest hurricane on record so late in the year, three weeks late. Low-level circulations in the region the latest hurricane on record to be located in the Ca- showed a stronger-than-average Caribbean low-level ribbean Sea, and the only known hurricane to move jet (Amador 1998) 925-hPa winds during July (vec- over Costa Rica (Brown 2017). Also, this was the first tors in Fig. 7.9), consistent with positive multivariate time that a significant amount of lightning activity ENSO index values during that period (Amador et (a known proxy for ) from a hurricane has al. 2006). been documented in this region. Convection associ- ated with Otto produced abundant lightning activity (iii) Notable events and impacts and precipitation in Nicaragua and Costa Rica with Three tropical cyclones affected Central America large socioeconomic impacts (Online Table S7.1). The in 2016, all from the Caribbean Basin. Hurricane Earl World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), made landfall in Belize on 4 August and crossed the a real-time network with global coverage, was used isthmus through Guatemala the same day. More than to depict Hurricane Otto’s lightning activity develop-

tAble 7.1. Record annual temperatures (°C) for some Caribbean locations.

Station Year Min temp Max temp Mean Country Name/ records (°C) (°C) temp (°C) Location began Barbados CIMH 1971 24.2 — 27.3 Cayman METEO 1976 25.3 —— Dominica Canefield 1982 — 31.8 — Douglas Dominica 1982 —— 27.6 Charles Jamaica Sangster 1973 24.5 —— Jamaica Worthy Park 1973 —— 24.9 Lajas 1971 20.6 — 26.4 Puerto Rico Aibonito 1971 19 —— St. Kitts Golden Rock 1998 —— 28 St. Lucia Hewanorra 1979 25.6 —— Trinidad Piarco 1946 —— 27.8 Tobago Crown Point 1969 25.4 — 27.9 USVI St. Thomas 1953 25.5 ——

S182 | AUGUST 2017 ment some hours before the storm made landfall near Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Figure 7.10 reveals a highly asymmetric structure of the lightning distribution along the northern highly convective . Otto seemed to intensify its lightning activity not only after strengthening to a category 3 hurricane (not shown) but also as it approached land, as has been found in previous studies (e.g., Solorzano et al. 2008). The period shown in Fig. 7.10 corresponds to Hurricane Otto some hours after its intensification phase from a tropical storm to a hurricane on 23 November near 1800 UTC (Brown 2017). Figure 7.10 also shows the western movement of the convective rainbands with respect to Otto’s center (yellow triangles) for three different hourly periods. Otto’s track was estimated from the National Hurricane Center best track in- Fig. 7.10. Lightning activity associated with Hurricane formation. Otto showing the northern rainbands moving westward from 0400 to 0459 UTC (blue open circles), 2) C a r i B B e a n —T. S. S T e p H e n S o n , m. A . T A y l o r , from 0600 to 0659 UTC (green open circles) and from A. R. Trotman, C. J. Van Meerbeeck, A. O. Porter, S. Etienne–LeBlanc, 0800 to 0859 UTC (red open circles). Yellow triangles M. Hernández, I. T. Gonzalez, V. Cutié, D. Boudet, C. Fonseca, represent the approximate westward track of Otto S. Willie, J. M. Spence, K. Kerr, A. Aaron-Morrison, G. Tamar, at 0400, 0600, and 0800 UTC estimated from the National Hurricane Center best track information. R. Stennett-Brown, and J. D. Campbell Data is from the WWLLN global data base (http:// webflash.ess.washington.edu/). (i) Temperature Warmer-than-average conditions persisted mum temperature (31.7°C) and third highest annual throughout the Caribbean during 2016 (Fig. 7.11a). mean minimum temperature (23.1°C) since records This was likely related to the El Niño conditions that began in 1946. Monthly mean maximum tempera- lasted through May 2016 and year-long above-average tures were record high for July (33.4°C) and October Caribbean sea surface temperatures. A number of (34.3°C). Similarly, daily extreme temperature records station temperature records were observed (Table 7.1). included the highest daily maximum temperature for Additionally, the annual mean temperature for Cuba April (36.3°C) and October (36.2°C). Other notable (26.2°C) was the fourth highest since 1951. Trinidad’s Trinidadian records include March’s second highest Piarco Airport recorded its second-warmest year daily maximum temperature (35.5°C) on 12 March, (28.4°C), with its second highest annual mean maxi- behind 1 March 2010 (35.7°C), and July’s second

Fig. 7.11. (a) Temperature anomalies (°C) and (b) precipitation anomalies (%) rainfall for 2016 across the Caribbean basin with respect to the 1981–2010 annual mean. (Source: Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology.)

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016 AUGUST 2017 | S183 SUPPLEMENT

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016

Jessica Blunden and derek s. arndt, eds.

This document is a supplement to State of the Climate in 2016, by Jessica Blunden and Derek S. Arndt, Eds. [Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98 (8), ES1–ES17] • ©2017 American Meteorological Society • DOI:10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.2 Chapter 7: Regional Climates—A. Mekonnen, J. A. Renwick, and A. Sánchez-Lugo, Eds.

Online tables 7.1 and 7.2 supplement main report section 7c: Central America and the Caribbean

Online Table 7.1. Summary of events and impacts, including number of fatalities (f), missing people (m), affected people (a), injured people (i), number of affected families (h), and damaged houses (d), by country and specific region. [Data sources, Guatemala: www.redhum.org; Belize: www.cdema.org; Central America: National Weather Services and National Emergency Committees communications and regional newspapers]. Dates Country Specific Region Hydrometeorogical Conditions Impacts (2016) Parque Lefvre and Río Abajo 10 May Heavy rainfall and floods 168a Paso Canoas and San Isidro, Chiriqui 05 Sep Heavy rainfall and floods 93d province Rainfall and floods associated with a low 614a, Los Santos and Herrera provinces 19 Oct

Panamá pressure system 117d Province of Panama, Colón, Bocas Rainfall and floods associated with 8f, 22 Nov del Toro and Chiriqui Hurricane Otto 2431a Heavy rainfall associated with a tropical Tárcoles, Puntarenas 18 Jul 2f, 2i wave Rainfall and floods associated with Curubandé Liberia, Guanacaste 05 Aug 3f Hurricane Earl Quepos 25 Aug Heavy rainfall 18h Corredores, Osa, , and Pérez Rainfall, floods, and landslides associated 12 Sep 135d Zeledón with a low pressure system Heavy rainfall associated with Hurricane 153a, Cartago province 06 Oct Matthew 21d Costa Rica Rainfall and floods associated with a cold Golfito, Corredores, and Osa 17 Nov 70h front and low pressure system systems 10f, Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heavy rainfall and floods associated with 24 Nov 10 831a, Heredia, and Limón provinces Hurricane Otto 1610d , El Carmen 17 Dec Heavy rainfall and floods 25a Rainfall and floods associated with a low 509a, Managua 29 May pressure system 98d 8905a, Caribbean Coast 09 Jul Heavy rainfall and floods 1699d Rainfall and floods associated with Nueva Segovia 04 Aug 20d Hurricane Earl

Nicaragua Madriz, Nueva Segovia, Estelí, Rainfall and floods associated with a low 18 Oct 2f, 709d Boaco, Jinotega, León, and Managua pressure system Regions of Caribe Sur, Rio San Juan, Rainfall and floods associated with 11 678a, 24 Nov Rivas, and Zelaya Central Hurricane Otto 857d Western, Central, and Eastern Heavy rainfall associated with a tropical 08 Jul 5i. 11d region wave Municipality Ciudad Arce, Rainfall and floods associated with a 20 Jul 1f Department La Libertad

El Salvador La Paz, Morazán, La Unión, and San Rainfall and floods associated with a low 60h, 18 Oct Miguel Departments pressure system 163d

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016 AUGUST 2017 | ES15 Online Table 7.1. (cont.) Summary of events and impacts, including number of fatalities (f), missing people (m), affected people (a), injured people (i), number of affected families (h), and damaged houses (d), by country and specific region. [Data sources, Guatemala: www.redhum.org; Belize: www.cdema.org; Central America: National Weather Services and National Emergency Committees communications and regional newspapers]. Dates Country Specific Region Hydrometeorogical Conditions Impacts (2016) Departments of Cortes, Yoró, and Rainfall and floods associated with a cold 10 341a, 22 Mar Atlantida front 173d Soledad, El Paraiso Department 27 May Heavy rainfall, landslides 5f, 2i Departments of Colon, Gracias a Rainfall and floods associated with 1m, 05 Aug Dios, Cortes and Islas de la Bahía Hurricane Earl 63a,1i

Tegucigalpa 29 Aug Rainfall and landslides 1f, 39h Honduras 1f, Rainfall and floods associated with a low Distrito Central 20 Oct 1653a, pressure system 3i San Juan Comalapa, and 19 Apr Heavy Rainfall 962a Chimaltenango El Armeño, Municipality Las Cruces, 24 Apr Heavy rain and strong winds 2f, 2i Petén 335a, Villa Canales, Guatemala 19 May Rainfall and floods 67d Villa Nueva, Guatemala 03 Jun Rainfall and floods 1f, 148d Departments of Suchitepéquez, Alta 960a, 09 Jul Heavy rainfall, floods, and strong winds Verapaz, Esquintla, and Izabal 160d Rainfall and floods associated with 1046a, Petén and Quiché 05 Aug Hurricane Earl 1i, 162d Guatemala, Izabal, Zacapa, Alta 4093a, 15 Aug Rainfall, floods and landslides

Guatemala Verapaz, and Suchitepéquez 102d Villa Nueva, Guatemala Department 06 Sep Rainfall and landslides 10f Departments of Guatemala, 5307a, 11 Sep Rainfall, floods, and landslides Suchitepéquez, and Santa Rosa 32d Departments of Chiquimula, Rainfall, floods, and landslides asoociated 52 125a, Guatemala, Quiché, Retalhuleu, 22 Sep with a Easterly wave 76d Suchitepéquez, and Zacapa 942a, Poptún and Petén 16 Oct Rainfall and floods 190d Department of Guatemala 05 Dec Cold front 508a

Belize City, Belize Rural, Orange Rainfall and floods associated with Walk, Cavo, and 05 Aug 8000a Hurricane Earl Belize Stann Creek

ES16 AUGUST 2017