Wildland Fire Management Plan 2005

Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan 2005

Prepared by: ______Date: ______Karen A. Dorn Chief of Res. Mgmt., PEFO

Approved by: ______Date: ______Lee Baiza Superintendent, PEFO

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The wildland fire management policies of the National Park Service (NPS) support Petrified Forest National Park’s resource management goals. The park was first established as a National Monument by Presidential Proclamation under the Antiquities Act in December, 1906. The overriding goal of the monument, as defined in the proclamation, was to preserve:

“...the mineralized remains of Mesozoic forests,... which are of greatest scientific interest and value and it appears that the public good would be promoted by reserving these deposits of fossilized wood...”.

Petrified Forest National Park was created from the National Monument through legislation (Public Law 85-358, Mar. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 69) after a series of land acquisitions completed in 1963. This legislation further broadened the goal of park management to preserving the lands contained within the boundaries “in their natural condition”. A goal of the fire management program is for wildland fire to occur naturally and any suppression activities to provide for the protection of the park’s natural condition.

Equally important goals for fire management at Petrified Forest are providing for firefighter and public safety, protection of natural and cultural resources, and protection of human developments from unwanted wildland fire.

This Wildland Fire Management Plan contains the following program direction:

• To guide the decision-making process where safety, social, political, and resource values are evaluated, and appropriate management response strategies are identified for wildland fires.

• To provide a framework for fuels management strategies through the use of prescribed fire, and mechanical treatments.

• To provide a basis from which to cooperate more fully in planning and implementing a wildland fire program across agency boundaries.

Program operations included in the WFMP are: 1) preparedness, 2) prevention and education 3) suppression 4) fuels management.

Applicable resource goals and objectives are derived from approved agency resource and general management plans.

The WFMP is organized to combine the latest scientific knowledge, including Intermountain Regional and local studies, with policy direction from the National Park Service, the Departmental of the Interior, the Federal Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy and 2 Program Review (USDI/USDA1995 and 2001 ), and other Federal Government level wildland fire policies to accomplish resource and fire management goals and objectives. The intent of the WFMP is primarily operational in nature.

This Plan is in compliance with the requirements found in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). These requirements ensure a prudent assessment and balance between a federal action and any potential effects of that action, leading to consensus between fire managers, agency resource specialists, and the public. Any constraints or limitations imposed on the fire management program are also included.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Executive Summary 2

Table of Contents 4

I. Introduction 7

A. The Fire Management Plan 7 B. Collaborative Processes Used to Develop the WFMP 7 C. Implementation of Federal Fire Management Policy 8 D. Compliance 9 E. Authorities for Implementing the WFMP 10

II. Land Management Planning and Fire Policy 10

A. NPS Management Policies As Related to Fire Management 10 B. Petrified Forest NP Enabling Legislation 12 C. Petrified Forest NP General Management Plan 13 D. Petrified Forest NP Resource Management Plan 13 E. Meeting GMP and RMP Goals through the WFMP 14

III. Wildland Fire Management Strategies 14

A. General Management Considerations 14 B. Wildland Fire Management Goals 16 C. Wildland Fire Management Options 16 D. Description of Wildland Fire Management Strategies by Fire Management Unit 17 E. Wildland Fire Management Situation 32

IV. Wildland Fire Management Program Components 34

A. General Implementation Procedures 34 B. Wildland Fire Suppression 34 C. Wildland Fire Use 40 D. Prescribed Fire 40

E. Non-Fire Fuel Treatment Applications 45 4 F. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration 46

V. Organizational and Budgetary Parameters 46

A. Organizational Structure of the Fire Management Program 46 B. FIREPRO Funding 50 C. Fire Management Organization 51 D. Wildland Fire Use Certification 52 E. Interagency Coordination 52

VI. Monitoring and Evaluation 53

A. Monitoring Programs 53 B. NPS Fire Monitoring Handbook 53 C. Fire Monitoring Plan 53

VII. Fire Research 54

VIII. Public Safety 54

A. Public Safety Issues and Concerns 54 B. Mitigating Safety Issues 54

IX. Public Information and Education 54

A. Public Information Capabilities and Needs 55 B. Reporting 55 C. Step-Up Public Information Activities 55

X. Protection of Sensitive Resources 56

A. Cultural and Historic Resources Needing Protection 56 B. Natural Resources Needing Protection 56 C. Developments, Infrastructure, and Improvements Needing Protection 56

XI. Fire Critiques and Annual Plan Review 56

XII. Consultation and Coordination 57

XIII. Appendicies 59 Appendix A: References Cited 59 Appendix B: 2001 Fed. Wildland Fire Management Policy compliance 60 Appendix C: Definition of terms 64 Appendix D: Species Lists 66 1. Mammals 66 5 2. Birds 67 3. Reptiles and Amphibians 72 4. Plants 73 5. Lichens 87 Appendix E: NEPA/NHPA Documentation 91 Appendix: F: Supplemental Information 92 1. Fire Call Up list 92 2. Fire Equipment Inventory 93 3. Maps 94 a) Area Map 94 b) Natural and Developed Area Values 95 c) Fuel Models 96 d) Hazard Fuels 97 4. Fire History, Weather, and Fuel models 98 a) Fire recorded in Arizona History (to be developed) b) Thirty-year Average Temperature for PEFO, AZ (to be developed) c) Fuel Model, Rate of Spread and Flame Length 5. White Mountain Zone Operations Plan 99 6. Sample Delegations of Authority 107 7. MIST Guidelines 110 8. Joint Minimum Tool Flow Chart 113

Appendix G: Wildland Fire Implementation Plan 114

Appendix H: Draft Communications Plan 156

Appendix I: Draft Pre-Attack Plan 163

6 I. INTRODUCTION

A. The Fire Management Plan

National Park Service (NPS) wildland fire management activities are essential to the protection of human life and property, the protection and management of irreplaceable natural and cultural resources, and to the accomplishment of the NPS mission. The Petrified Forest National Park Deleted: Weir Farm National Historic (PEFO) Wildland Fire Management Plan (the WFMP) is the primary planning document Site directing wildland fire management activities at the park. These activities include preparedness Deleted: Weir Farm planning and activities, fire staffing and training, prevention, suppression, prescribed fire and the use of mechanical fuel treatments to achieve management and resource management objectives.

This Plan meets the requirement of Director's Order-18 (DO-18) that all NPS park units with burnable vegetation have a wildland fire management plan approved by the Superintendent.

Petrified Forest National Park staff will review and update the WFMP annually. Annual review is essential to ensure that the WFMP continues to conform to current laws, objectives, procedures and strategies. A comprehensive plan revision, and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance review, is required every five years. Petrified Forest will provide a digital copy of each approved WFMP and all subsequent amendments to the Intermountain Region Fire Management Officer and the NPS Fire Management Program Center (FMPC), located at the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), in Boise, Idaho.

B. Collaborative Processes Used to Develop the WFMP

The Petrified Forest General Management Plan (1993 & rev. 2004), Resource Management Plan (1998, under revision), and the WFMP (draft 2004) have all been developed with input from neighboring communities, park staff and other NPS program management areas.

The activities covered by the WFMP have been given due consideration in balance with other NPS management activities.

The Superintendent is responsible for assuring policy compliance and the technical and operational soundness of the wildland WFMP before he or she approves it. Before approving the WFMP, the Superintendent sought the review and advice of Park staff, Four Winds Group and Intermountain Regional staff, and other fire professionals. Additionally, public and interested party/agency comment was sought through press releases and direct mailings. At the time of this draft, 1 public comment and 1 agency comment (AZ SHPO) were received. These letters are published in Appendix E of this document.

7 C. Implementation of Federal Fire Management Policy

This WFMP will implement fire management policies and help achieve resource management and fire management goals defined in:

(1) Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review (1995)

(2) Managing Impacts of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment, and Protecting People and Sustaining Resources in Fire Adapted Ecosystems – A Cohesive Strategy (USDOI/USDA, 2002)

(3) A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment: 10 Year Comprehensive Strategy Implementation Plan (2001)

(4) The Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy: Implementation and Reference Guide (1998)

(5) Managing the Impacts of Wildfires on Communities and The Environment (2002)

(6) National Fire Plan (2001)

(7) 10-Year Comprehensive Strategy (2001)

(8) Implementation Plan, 10-Year Comprehensive Strategy (2001)

(9) National Park Service Management Policies (2001)

Deleted: Weir Farm National Historic (10) Petrified Forest National Park General Management Plan (1993 & rev. 2004) Site

Petrified Forest has developed a Resource Management Plan (1998, under revision). The goals and objectives in the draft resource management plan have been incorporated into this Plan.

8 D. Environmental and Cultural Compliance

Wildland fire suppression is conducted within Petrified Forest as an emergency action (fire preparedness and suppression actions are generally exempt from the regulatory requirements of the National Environmental Protection Act [NEPA]). The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), however, must be notified of the emergency and the actions taken. This notification will be made by the park to the Intermountain Region Environmental Coordinator during emergency fire suppression actions or as soon as possible.

Other elements of this plan associated with wildland fire management (prescribed fire, fuel management, Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation (BAER)) are non-emergency actions. These activities are subject to the requirements of NEPA, the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and other applicable regulations and will be treated as separate projects under these processes.

This plan meets NEPA and NHPA requirements for all activities described in the WFMP. The WFMP incorporated a programmatic approach to the National Environmental Policy Act that covers all activities described in the WFMP.

Because Petrified Forest staff have chosen a suppression-only policy for wildland fires and only insignificant prescribed fire actions (i.e. limited burning of debris piles) under this plan for the park, it has been determined that this policy meets the requirements for a categorical exclusion. This categorical exclusion decision document (PEFO CE. #04-01 is included in Appendix E). Deleted: WEFA

The conditions of categorical exclusions used for wildland fire activities can be found on the web (published June 5, 2003, in the Federal Register Vol 68, No. 108, pages 33814-33824) and the Intermountain Region’s guidance for use of the CE. The IMR Fire Management and IMR Environmental Quality offices memo addressing the use of a categorical exclusion for suppression and fuels reduction activities is summarized below:

“Hazardous fuels reduction activities using prescribed fire not to exceed 4,500 acres, and mechanical methods for crushing, piling, thinning, pruning, cutting, chipping, mulching, and mowing, not to exceed 1,000 acres. Such activities:

• Shall be limited to areas (1) in wildland-urban interface and (2) Condition Classes 2 or 3 in Fire Regime Groups I, II, or III, outside the wildland urban interface; • Shall be identified through a collaborative framework as described in “A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment 10- Year Comprehensive Strategy Implementation Plan;” • Shall be conducted consistent with agency and Departmental procedures and applicable land and resource management plans; • Shall not be conducted in wilderness areas or impair the suitability of wilderness study areas for preservation of wilderness;

9 • Shall not include the use of herbicides or pesticides or the construction of new permanent roads or other new permanent infrastructure; and may include the sale of vegetative material if the primary purpose of the activities is hazardous fuels reduction.”

E. Authorities for Implementation of Fire Management Plan

The authority for fire management is found in the National Park Service Organic Act (Act of August 25, 1916), which states that the Agency's purpose:

"... is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."

This authority was further clarified in the National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978:

"Congress declares that...these areas, though distinct in character, are united...into one national Park system.... The authorization of activities shall be construed and the protection, management, and administration of these areas shall be conducted in light of the high public value and integrity of the National Park System and shall not be exercised in derogation of the values and purposes for which these various areas have been established, except as may have been or shall be directly and specifically provided by Congress."

Additional statutory authorities are:

- The General Authorities Act of 1970 - Public Law 85-358 (Petrified Forest Enabling Legislation, 1958) - The Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act - The Endangered Species Act - The Antiquities Act.

II. LAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND FIRE POLICY

A. NPS Management Policies as Related to Fire Management

The National Park Service Management Policies (2001) is the basic Service-wide policy document of the National Park Service. It is the highest of three levels of guidance documents in the NPS Directives System. National Park Service Management Policies is designed to provide NPS management and staff with clear information on NPS policy, required and/or recommended actions, and other information to help them manage parks and programs effectively. Appendix B contains a summary of elements relating to compliance with the 2001 Federal Wildland Management Policy.

National Park Service Management Policies include the following guidance related to the preparation of WFMPs and the management of fire on national park sites:

10 • Park fire management programs will be designed to meet park resource management objectives while ensuring that firefighter and public safety are not compromised. (NPS Management Policies, Chapter 4.5).

Each park with vegetation capable of burning will prepare a WFMP and will address the need for adequate funding and staffing to support its fire management program. The WFMP will be designed to guide a program that responds to the park’s natural and cultural resource objectives; provides for safety considerations for park visitors, employees, neighbors, and developed facilities; and addresses potential impacts to public and private property adjacent to the park. Preparation of the WFMP will include collaboration with adjacent communities, interest groups, state and federal agencies, and tribal governments. (NPS Management Policies, Chapter 4.5).

All fires burning in natural or landscaped vegetation in parks will be classified as either wildland fires or prescribed fires. All wildland fires will be effectively managed through application of the appropriate strategic and tactical management options. These options will be selected after comprehensive consideration of the resource values to be protected, firefighter and public safety, and costs. Prescribed fires are those fires ignited by park managers to achieve resource management and fuel treatment objectives. Prescribed fire activities will include monitoring programs that record fire behavior, smoke behavior, fire decisions, and fire effects to provide information on whether specific objectives are met. All parks will use a systematic decision-making process to determine the most appropriate management strategies for all unplanned ignitions, and for any prescribed fires that are no longer meeting resource management objectives. (NPS Management Policies, Chapter 4.5)

There may be situations in which an Area may be closed to visitor use to protect the natural resources (for example, during an animal breeding season) or for reasons of public safety (for example, during a wildland fire). Such closures may be accomplished under the Superintendent’s discretionary authority, and will comply with applicable regulations (36 CFR 1.5 and 1.7). (NPS Management Policies, Chapter 4.1)

The second level of NPS guidance documents (under NPS Management Policies) are Director’s Orders. Director’s Orders provide operational policies and procedures that support and supplement Management Policies. Director’s Orders are often further supported with a third level of guidance consisting of reference manuals or handbooks. Specific guidance to the NPS on wildland fire is contained in Directors Orders (DO-18) and attendant Reference Manual (RM-18), and “The Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy: Implementation and Reference Guide” (1998).

Director’s Order 18 – Wildland Fire Management and Reference Manual 18 – Wildland Fire Management are the documents that provide National Park Service units with specific guidance

11 on the preparation of wildland fire management plans and on wildland fire and prescribed fire management. DO-18 states:

Wildland fire may contribute to or hinder the achievement of park management objectives. Therefore, park fire management programs will be designed to meet resource management objectives prescribed for the various areas of the park and to ensure that firefighter and public safety are not compromised. Each park with vegetation capable of burning will prepare a WFMP to guide a fire management program that is responsive to the park's natural and cultural resource objectives and to safety considerations for park visitors, employees, and developed facilities.

The NPS is committed to protecting park resources and natural ecological processes; but firefighter and public safety must be first priority in all fire management activities.

RM-18 states that the paramount considerations of each park fire management program will be:

1. Protection of life, both employee and public 2. Protection of facilities and cultural resources 3. Perpetuation of natural resources and their associated processes 4. Perpetuation of cultural and historic scenes.

These priorities are further emphasized in RM-18 (chapter 3, page 1) with the following language:

Safety is the responsibility of everyone assigned to a wildland or prescribed burn incident. The safety of employees and visitors alike must be of prime concern during fires. Agency administrators at all levels need to stress that firefighter and visitor safety always takes precedence over property and resource loss.

Deleted: Weir Farm NHS B. Petrified Forest NP Enabling Legislation

Petrified Forest National Monument was established by President Theodore Roosevelt’s proclamation (under the Antiquities Act authority) in 1906 in order to preserve “...the mineralized remains of Mesozoic forests,... which are of greatest scientific interest and value and it appears that the public good would be promoted by reserving these deposits of fossilized wood...”

th Petrified Forest National Park was established by an act of the 85 Congress via Public Law 85- Deleted: Weir Farm National Historic 358 in 1958. This legislation further broadened the park’s mission to preserving all resources Site within the boundaries in “their natural condition”.

12 C. Petrified Forest NP General Management Plan Deleted: Weir Farm NHS

The main function of a General Management Plan (GMP) is to identify desired resource conditions and visitor experiences to be achieved by the Park over a 10 to 20 year period. The desired resource conditions and visitor experiences ultimately determine the strategies, programs and actions the Park will utilize.

All parks within the National Park System are required by law to operate under approved general management plans. This ensures that park managers carry out the mission of the NPS and the individual park unit as effectively and efficiently as possible.

The GMP provides a foundation to guide and coordinate all subsequent park planning and management. Other park planning documents, including fire management plans and resource management plans, must follow the management direction of the GMP.

Fire management is directly addressed in the Petrified Forest General Management Plan of 1993 (but not within the revision of 2004). The decisions made when controlling any fire on the site must not contradict Petrified Forest’s purposes and goals as stated in the GMP. The important purposes of Petrified Forest National Park as described in its enabling legislation and reflected in Deleted: Weir Farm National Historic the GMP and its revision, which direct this Petrified Forest WFMP are to preserve and protect Site the natural/cultural resources and wilderness values; provide opportunities for visitor experience/understanding; facilitate research; and promote stewardship of the park’s resources through education.

Specific direction for wildland fire management is addressed in the 1993 GMP. This states that where fire threatens life, property, or cultural resources, it will be suppressed. In natural areas of the park where life, property and cultural resources are not threatened, wildland fire will be contained by indirect suppression methods. All fires will be controlled with suppression techniques that cause the least damage to natural and cultural resources.

Deleted: Weir Farm NHS D. Petrified Forest NP Resource Management Planning

The Petrified Forest Resource Management Plan was written in 1998 and is currently undergoing revision to the proposed “Resource Stewardship Plan” format. The current Resource Management Plan references fire and fire suppression in a project statement directing the park to complete a Wildland FMP. The RMP places a strong emphasis on protection of the natural and cultural resources. During the Resource Stewardship Plan process, park staff will consider use of mechanical thinning and prescribed fire for future management actions.

The NPS is in the final stages of developing a new resource activity management software system called RAMS. RAMS will assist parks in tracking park resource management from planning stages through the budget process, through work and compliance scheduling, execution and performance to accomplishments. It is a joint effort between Cultural Resources and Natural Resources directorates designed for parks to provide full accountability for park resource

13 management. The Park expects to complete the revision of its RMP when the RAMS program is available for use.

E. Meeting GMP and RMP Goals Through the WFMP

Implementation of the Petrified Forest National Park WFMP will help meet the objectives of the Deleted: Weir Farm National Historic General Management Plan and Resource Management Plan by: Site

• Providing for resources to be protected in their natural condition • Protecting historic, cultural, and natural resources • Ensuring human health and safety throughout fire management programs and activities

The WFMP is a detailed program of action to implement fire management policies and objectives.

III. Wildland Fire Management Strategies

All fires that are not ignited by park managers for specific purposes are defined as wildland fires and will be suppressed. All wildland fires will receive management actions appropriate to the safety of firefighters and the public, the resources and values to be protected, the condition of fuels, current and predicted fire behavior, weather, and topography to accomplish the specific objectives for that individual fire. These management actions, termed “Appropriate Management Responses” (AMR), will vary from fire to fire and may vary within an individual fire.

Naturally ignited wildland fires will not be managed for resource benefits as the park has no qualified staff or areas that are conducive to management of a Wildland Fire Use for Resource Benefit (WFURB) program.

A. General Management Considerations

The primary goals of the wildland fire management program at Petrified Forest are to protect human health and safety, protect property, diminish risk and consequences of severe wildland fires, and to the extent possible, increase health of the ecosystem.

To accomplish these goals, wildland fires at Petrified Forest will normally be managed through suppression strategies. Fire managers will balance the potential impacts of wildland fire with the potential impacts of fire suppression activities in choosing the AMR.

Petrified Forest NP contains significant natural resource values. A remnant of the vanished Arizona Short Grass prairie is found here. The park can be a valuable laboratory for the study of plants and animals that can exist in a harsh, cool, desert environment. Discoveries made from

14 paleontological specimens found in the Chinle Formation push back the boundaries of evolutionary knowledge and are globally important to the scientific world.

Human history at Petrified Forest NP covers the range of 6,000 BC to the present. Significant archeological sites can be found within the park boundaries, including not only the remains of ancient structures but also incredible displays of rock art. The historical development of the park is important as it mirrors the development of the National Park Service and the conservation movement as a whole.

Values to be protected and their susceptibility to damage or loss by fire are discussed in more depth in the description of the Fire Management Unit (section III.A. of this plan).

Pre-planned decisions based on historical fire behavior indices will be considered in selecting appropriate management responses for suppression. The Park will not use wildland fire for resource benefit (Fire Use). The Park’s use of wildland fire is prohibited by the lack of fire management staff and the insignificant role that fire appears to have historically had in the Park’s natural resources. Further research on the role of fire in the Arizona Short Grass Prairie ecosystem is needed.

Wildland fires at Petrified Forest are managed with the support of local community fire departments. This community-based approach to wildland fire management involves partnership, cooperation and collaboration between the park and the Puerco Valley, Sun Valley, and Holbrook volunteer/professional fire departments. Methods for the transfer of funds between agencies for wildland fire activities are described in the White Mountain Zone Operating Plan.

Additional fire planning support and collaboration is provided by the Four Winds Group Fire Management Officer ( Group FMO) located at El Malpais NM. The Group FMO provides technical assistance to the Park on all fire management matters, including fire management programs such as the Weather Information Management System (WIMS), the NPS Wildland Fire Computer System, the National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS), the Resource Order & Status System (ROSS), the Incident Qualification and Certification System (IQCS), Fire Program Analysis (FPA), and FIREPRO budgeting. The Group FMO also assists with the Park’s wildland fire qualification and certification program, coordination of fire training and mobilizations, development of agreements with local and state agencies, administration of Rural Fire Assistance Program grants to local fire departments, and developing fire prevention, preparedness, and suppression operational plans.

The Park, in accordance with NPS policy, uses Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST) in all fire management activities. MIST is defined as the application of techniques that effectively accomplish wildland fire management objectives while minimizing the impacts to cultural and natural resources commensurate with ensuring public and firefighter safety and effective wildland fire control. Examples of MIST include using existing natural or constructed barriers to contain wildland fires, mowing firebreaks in grassland, and using pumps and hoses to apply water to suppress fire activity and reduce fire spread. See Appendix F (7) for MIST Guidelines.

15 B. Wildland Fire Management Goals

These goals are programmatic in direction and are intended to provide safe and effective implementation of the WFMP. The goals are derived from direction in the Petrified Forest General Management Plan and the Petrified Forest Resource Management Plan.

Goal 1: Make firefighter and public safety the highest priority of every fire management activity.

Goal 2: Suppress all unwanted and undesirable wildland fires, regardless of ignition source, to protect the public, private property, and natural and cultural resources of Petrified Forest Deleted: Weir Farm National Historic National Park. Site

Goal 3: Manage wildland fires in concert with federal, state, and local air quality regulations and to protect air quality related values across all affected airsheds in the area.

Goal 4: Facilitate reciprocal fire management activities through the development and maintenance of agreements and working relationships with pertinent fire management entities.

Goal 5: Reduce wildland fire hazard around developed areas and areas adjacent to cultural and historic sites.

Goal 6: Use fire as a means to remove the vegetative debris produced by mechanical fuel treatments, normal maintenance operations, and exotic plant treatments.

Goal 7: Educate employees and the public about the scope and effects of wildland fire and wildland fire management.

The Petrified Forest fire management program goals reflect Federal fire policy, the core principles and goals of the Comprehensive Strategy, and Cohesive Strategy where supported by land and resource management plans.

Petrified Forest’s wildland fire management goals contribute to accomplishing the National Park Service 10-year Comprehensive Fire Strategy (NPS, 2000). This strategy outlines goals and actions in four fire management program areas: oversight and accountability, wildland fire preparedness, wildland fire operations, and fire protection capabilities of rural fire districts.

C. Wildland Fire Management Options

The following wildland fire management options are available for use at Petrified Forest:

1. Wildland Fire Suppression: Historically, all wildland fires have been suppressed at Petrified Forest. Under this plan, the Park will continue to suppress all wildland fires using the most Appropriate Management Response (AMR). Determination of the most appropriate

16 management action will consider human safety, threat and potential damage to property, resources, and cost effectiveness. Suppression may not be used to accomplish resource objectives.

Covered under this plan is insignificant use of prescribed fire for hazard fuel reduction, burning of woody debris from exotic plant treatment projects and other natural resource objectives in developed or non-wilderness areas. Project specific NHPA section 106 and ESA section 7 compliance will be completed as necessary.

Any significant management operations that may include prescribed fire use in wilderness areas will be subject to a separate plan and compliance process due to the wilderness designation. If a determination is made that prescribed fire use is required in a wilderness area that fire will be subject to the requirements of NEPA, the NHPA and other applicable regulations.

Fire may be used to dispose of natural vegetative debris deemed infeasible or impractical to remove mechanically in a non-wildland fuel environment (parking lot, storage yard, gravel pit, dry wash bottom, etc.). The debris may be generated from routine maintenance activities, piled debris generated from construction activities, removal of hazard trees, discarded building, and administrative materials. Debris burned in a non-wildland environment may not require a prescribed burn plan. Debris burned in a wildland environment (including on snow covered ground) requires a prescribed burn plan. Any material being burned for debris disposal must be classified as permissible to burn under applicable Federal, State, Tribal, and Local regulations.

The Park will follow all applicable guidance and regulations when using fire for debris disposal. NPS guidance on debris burning is found in RM-18.

3. Wildland Fire Use: Wildland fire use will not be used at Petrified Forest. This option was rejected due to the the lack of available qualified fire personnel required to manage these fires.

4. Non-Fire Applications: The reduction or removal of fuels by mechanical means is an option that may be used for objectives such as protection of resources, landscape restoration and maintenance, invasive species control, or other natural resource objectives.

D. Description of Wildland Fire Management Strategies by Fire Management Unit

Petrified Forest National Park consists of 2 fire management units. Unit #1 is a conditional suppression zone encompassing the park’s entire 93,533 acres. Unit # 2 is a prescribed burn zone encompassing park lands that are not included within the Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area, and consisting of 43,273 acres. Deleted: Weir Farm National Historic 1. Petrified Forest National Park Fire Management Unit # 1 Site

Fire Management Unit # 1 encompasses all lands contained with the current legislative boundary of Petrified Forest National Park. Included within this unit are developed areas, front country

17 trails, backcountry and wilderness lands. Fire Management Unit #1 is a conditional suppression zone. The following is a list of resource characteristics found within this unit. a) Physical and Biotic Characteristics

1. Climate Petrified Forest NP lies in an Area of Arizona noted for its dry "steppe" climate. The northeastern corner of Arizona lies within the rain shadow of the Mogollon Rim resulting in scanty precipitation throughout the year. This Area tends to be cooler than lower elevations within the state. The average annual temperature for Apache County is 65.6°F.

Summer daytime highs at PEFO often reach into the 90's, with evening lows in the 50's. Occasional high temperatures in the 100's occur. The average wintertime highs reach the upper 40's, lows in the 20's. Temperatures below 0°F usually occur a few days during the winter. Diurnal variations in temperature of up to 40° are not uncommon, particularly during the spring and summer.

The average annual precipitation is approximately 8.7 inches. Most of the precipitation falls as rain during the months of July, August, and September. These rains occur mainly in the form of violent thundershowers, which can be locally heavy. The park receives occasional snow in the winter, primarily light dustings to 2 inches of accumulation. The driest months generally are April, May, June and November.

2. Physiography

The park lies within the southernmost region of the Colorado Plateau province. The Colorado Plateau encompasses approximately 130,000 sq. miles of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. The characteristics of the Colorado Plateau are as follows: 1) flat lying sedimentary rocks, 2) relatively high elevations between 5,000 to 11,000 feet, 3) canyons dissecting the plateau surfaces, 4) retreating escarpments produced by the erosion of rock layers of varying resistance; and 5) semiarid and arid climatic conditions.

Areas north of the Puerco River lie within the Navajo section of the Colorado Plateau Province. The Navajo section is much less deeply carved into canyons than other areas of the province lying to the north and west. South of the Puerco River, park lands lie within the Datil section, however, few of the volcanic features associated with this section are present. Physiographically, the southern end of the park belongs with the Navajo section.

3. Topography

Erosional forces such as wind and water and their interaction with the local geology are the main influences on the topography of Petrified Forest National Park. Major topographic features include the Painted Desert Rim, which consists of basaltic caprock, and the Chinle Escarpment, a series of buttes and mesas that parallel the Puerco River. Even more important is the badland topography, which is prevalent throughout the park. The badland exposures can be divided into

18 two parts, the northern Painted Desert Region and the southern Blue Mesa/Rainbow Forest regions. These two areas are separated by approximately 8 miles of high desert plateau.

4. Elevation

Elevations within the park are generally within the range of 5,500 to 6,000 feet above sea level. The highest point in the park is at Pilot Rock, elevation 6,280 feet. The lowest point in the park probably occurs in the vicinity of Newspaper Rock, along the Puerco River Valley, where the elevations are in the 5,100 foot range.

5. Geology

Petrified Forest NP is situated on the southern margin of the Colorado Plateau and preserves some of the best and most accessible outcrops of Late Triassic rocks in the world. The geology plays a major role in the preservation and occurrences of park resources including location and routes of water sources, areas of heavy vegetation, localities for past human habitation, and exposures of fossils, especially the petrified wood for which the park is famous.

Geologic units in the park range in age from the Late Triassic (225-205 million years ago) through the Holocene (modern). Although the Colorado Plateau contains thick rock sequences dating back to the Proterozoic Era (rocks older than 543 million years ago), the Paleozoic Era (540-248 million years ago) section that is present in the subsurface beneath the park, and exposed in the Grand Canyon, has not been exposed by erosion. Instead, the majority of the rocks in the park are from the early Mesozoic Era, in particular from the Late Triassic Chinle Formation. The Chinle Formation is famous for its colorful exposures that give the Painted Desert its name, as well as the large accumulations of Petrified Wood found within. In the vicinity of Petrified Forest NP the Chinle Formation has a thickness of approximately 600 meters.

Underlying the Chinle Formation is the Moenkopi Formation, interpreted as being formed by a low sloping coastal plain during the Middle Triassic Period. Although the park contains no surficial exposures of this unit, it immediately outcrops to the west and south of the park.

The Chinle Formation in northeastern Arizona consists of six formal members, which from oldest to youngest are the Shinarump, Mesa Redondo, Blue Mesa, Sonsela, Petrified Forest, and Owl Rock Members. The basalmost unit, the Shinarump Member, consists mainly of conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone, containing numerous Paleozoic cobbles as well as large quantities of Petrified Wood. Like the underlying Moenkopi Formation, there are no outcrops of Shinarump Member in the park although the unit is readily exposed to the west and north.

The combined Blue Mesa, Sonsela, and Petrified Forest Members are hundreds of feet thick, forming the majority of the rocks visible in the park. These members consist mainly of lenses of sandstone and conglomerate separated by thick sequences of mudstone deposited by a large, complex river system that flowed northwestward through the area during the Late Triassic. The mudstones are extremely bentonitic due to large amounts of volcanic ash that was deposited into the river basin by distant volcanoes. This ash also played a major role in the preservation and 19 silicification of the numerous fossil trees found within this unit. Almost all of the petrified logs found in the park occur within the Sonsela Member.

The Sonsela Member is the sandiest of the three units, marking a change in sediment deposition from sluggish meandering rivers, to faster moving waterways that were able to carry vast amounts of sand and gravel. Sandstone beds within all of these units can carry and store water, acting as minor aquifers.

The uppermost unit of the Chinle Formation exposed in the park, is the Owl Rock Member. Characterized by its more orange-red color and numerous lenses of carbonate, it is exposed only in a few places in the northern portion of the park. Most noticeably, it caps Chinde Mesa on the northern boundary. The Owl Rock lithologies suggest a change in climate from subhumid to more arid conditions, consistent with current regional interpretations of rocks in the Triassic- Jurassic transition.

It is extremely likely that Jurassic and Cretaceous Period sediments similar to those found elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau accumulated in thicknesses of several thousand feet over the Chinle Formation. If they were present, these units, which subsequently eroded away, re- exposing the Chinle Formation sometime during the middle to late Tertiary Period.

During the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene epochs of the Tertiary Period (approximately six million years ago), sedimentation and volcanic activity reburied the Chinle Formation. These deposits have been named the Bidahochi Formation, which can be seen on mesa tops in the Painted Desert. The Bidahochi Formation also forms the famous “Hopi Buttes” to the north and west. The volcanic buttes, including Pilot Rock and the Painted Desert Mesa in the park are the remnants of maar volcanoes. These are highly explosive volcanoes that erupt through bodies of water, mainly lakes. Beautiful pillow basalt plow, especially prominent at Chinde Point, reflect this origin. Subsequent erosion during the later Pliocene and Pleistocene removed much of the Bidahochi Formation from the vicinity of the park, providing us with the landscape we see today.

Modern (Quaternary and Holocene) deposits are prevalent in the park, mantling much of the older rock units. These deposits, consisting mainly of unconsolidated sands and soils, contain all of the park’s archaeological sites as well as our modern structures. They also provide the basis for the majority of our vegetation, and therefore wildlife habitats. These Quaternary deposits also contain more modern fossils although these have not yet been studied.

6. Soils

Most of the soils within the boundaries of Petrified Forest NP are derived from shales and sandstones. All of the soils in the park are calcareous, moderately alkaline and contain less than 1% organic material. A percentage of the land surface of the park is not soil covered, and consists of bare rock outcrops or boulder strewn slopes of basalt or sandstone.

The most fertile and deepest soils in the park are found on mid and upper level plateaus. The soils in these locations are derived from alluvium and wind-blown sands. Gravelly loams and loamy sands, which are moderately permeable and moist, can be found on here. 20

Shallow loamy sands are found on mesa caps and outcrops. These soils, formed from residuum of sandstone, are very dry and permeable.

Soils formed from alluvium of sandstone and shale are found in lower elevations of the park. These soils are located within floodplains and alluvial fans, and are made up of clay loams and sandy clay loams.

The badlands of the park consist mostly of shale hills. Erosion of these hills produces heavy clay soils in the surrounding lowlands. These clays have very low permeability and high salt contents.

Information on soils can be found in the USDA/SCS (NRCS) Soil Survey for Apache County, AZ, April 1975.

7. Hydrology

Petrified Forest NP is noted for its lack of water, particularly surface waters.

The Coconino Sandstone Aquifer underlies the park. Water quality in this aquifer is considered very poor north of the Little Colorado River. Test wells drilled in several locations throughout the park have confirmed this information.

Two wells in the park are tested for water quality by the park and the USGS. Water in these wells is highly mineralized, alkaline and un-potable. The park used to provide its own water supply from a well located near the Puerco River, until it was determined to be better to purchase water from the Navajo Nation.

A variety of springs and seeps may be present within park boundaries, however, a thorough inventory needs to be accomplished in this Area.

The Puerco River is the major drainage within Petrified Forest NP. Most of the other drainages within the park, including Dead Wash, 9-mile Wash, Lithodendron Wash, and Dry Wash, are part of the Puerco River watershed. All waters from park washes flow into the Little Colorado River Watershed.

All of the streams within the park are ephemeral, and transport water only during flash floods created by storm events. During periods of high water flow, high rates of erosion can occur.

Some ponding of water can occur on rock outcroppings, but these puddles do not last for long periods of time.

8. Vegetation

A park flora was developed in 1981(Kiersted), which listed 337 known species of plants, from 192 genera and 49 families. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 1996-1998 revised 21 the flora and identified 55 vascular plant families, 192 genera, and 436 species (Hansen, West and Thomas 2003), an increase of 93 species (29 %). The families with the highest species diversity are Poaceae and Asteraceae; together they contain almost 40% of the total species diversity. The most diverse area of the park for plants is the Puerco River corridor, with over 40 different species found in this area. Approximately three fourths of these species are native to North America.

Thomas, Hansen and Seger (2003) made relevé measurements on vegetation type composition and abundance at 186 sites. The park vegetation was classified and analyzed using the National Vegetation Classification System (NVCS) into six shrubland, ten herbaceous, and one sparse vegetation alliance (Thomas, Hansen and Seger 2003). Three species; galleta (Pleuraphis jamesii), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), and alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) occurred in greater than 70% the total relevés sampled (Thomas, Hansen and Seger 2003). A USGS-NPS vegetation classification and mapping effort is currently underway using the NVCS and is classifying and mapping the vegetation into vegetation associations (Thomas, Hansen and Cully 2003).

The main vegetation types in the park consist of sparse badlands, pure grasslands, grasslands with a shrub component, and pure shrubland stands. A few areas of the park contain a riparian vegetation system. Willows (Salix sp.), native cottonwoods (Populus deltoides) and tamarisk (Tamarisk sp.), which dominates the area, are also found within the Puerco riparian zone. Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) occurs only on the Puerco River floodplain. At the highest elevations in the park a sparse woodland system of pinon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) can be found.

The park contains a healthy remnant of the southern Colorado Plateau semi-desert grassland and semi-desert shrub steppe. Efforts to fence out livestock species, thereby eliminating all but trespass grazing in the park, culminated in 1962. The grassland presents an opportunity to compare the structure and composition of grassland released from grazing to adjacent grazed areas. The semi-desert grassland is made up of a mixture of warm and cool season grasses. Warm season genera dominate, and include species from Bouteloua gracilis, Pleuraphis jamesii and Sporobolus airoides. Cool season species from genera such as Hesperostipa species are present, but make up a small percentage of the grasslands. Shrubs such as Fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), Shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) and winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), as well as snakeweed, are often found in the shrub- steppe along with these grass species.

One rare species, gladiator milkvetch (Astragalus xiphioides), occurs in the park. No threatened or endangered plant species are located in the park.

The 1981 floristic survey of the park identified 33 introduced species out of the 337 known species. All introduced species were native to Eurasia, except Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), which is native to Africa. A 1998 survey of park roadsides (Hansen pers. comm.) identified fifty-three species of exotic or invasive plants. The 1996-98 USGS study identified 16 exotic species in addition to what Kierstead had previously listed (Hansen, West and Thomas 2003). In 2002, 2003 and 2004, an intensive survey of areas thought to be vulnerable to 22 invasive of non-native plants was conducted and included portions of Headquarters Mesa, the Puerco River and the southern park headquarters and Jim Camp Wash area. The distribution and abundance of 45 invasive non-native species was observed within these areas (Thomas, Hunt and Ostrowski 2004; Thomas, Dale and Hunt 2003). While still ongoing, this project has documented 10 invasive non-native species listed as noxious in the state of Arizona within the study area.

Introduced species are often found in areas of disturbed soil and relatively high soil moisture, such as roadsides and riparian areas. Sixteen of the target invasive non-native species surveyed for in 2002-04 were found in the Puerco River corridor. Surprisingly one invasive non-native species was found to be ubiquitous throughout the 2002-04 study area, regardless of anthropogenic disturbance or soil water. This species, Russian thistle (Salsola spp.), was found in 59% of all surveyed areas in 2002 and 77% of all surveyed areas in 2003.

The park has undertaken projects to restore the riparian area along the Puerco River and other washes. These projects involved the cutting of tamarisk, treatment of cut stumps with herbicide (Garlon), and the burning of debris. Tamarisk dominates the river valley unless it is controlled.

9. Wildlife

The environment of Petrified Forest National Park is extremely harsh. Animal species that live within the park's boundaries must be especially adept at living in an area with very little surface water and great swings of diurnal temperature. The badland areas of the park are especially difficult habitat due to the added problem of lack of food sources.

203 species of birds have been recorded for Petrified Forest NP. The greatest percentages of bird species found in the park are grosbeaks, finches, sparrows and buntings. Most birds are found only during seasonal migration cycles.

About fifty-five species of mammals should occur near the park or within its boundaries. A 2 year baseline survey for mammals was completed in 1997 (Bogan and Ramotnik). 28 species, primarily rodents, were recorded during this study.

Researchers located 8 species of mice from within the park. Most of the species are common to desert areas of Arizona. One species, the western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis astecus), is an indicator of intact or recovering grasslands.

Localities in the park probably represent the southernmost distribution of the canyon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus auripectus), while the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus arizonae) is probably at the northernmost limit of its range. The pinon mouse (Peromyscus truei truei) is normally found in pinon-juniper forests, including those at PEFO. However, this mouse was also found in atypical habitats such as rocky outcroppings and sandy soil near tamarisks/cottonwoods along the Puerco River.

Five species of bats were recorded, all from the Chiroptera family. All species recorded in the park are widely distributed throughout Arizona.

23 Three species of rats were recorded in the park. All are common to the desert grasslands of Arizona. The park represents the southernmost known distribution of the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea arizonae). The baseline inventory represents the first time this species has been recorded in Apache County.

The desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii warreni) and the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus texianus) have been observed in the park.

Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis) have been observed in several colonies within the park, although their numbers are quite small compared to the past. Outbreaks of bubonic plague are thought to be the cause of the reduction in numbers of prairie dogs.

Carnivores observed in the park include coyotes (Canis latrans mearnsi), Swift or Kit foxes (Vulpes velox macrotis) and bobcats (Lynx rufus baileyi).

The largest resident mammals recorded in the park are mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) north of the Puerco River, and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana americana). Elk, black bear and mountain lions have been known to cross park lands in search of new territory.

The USGS/BRD has completed a 2 year reptile and amphibian study that began in 1997. During the 1997 field season, 8 species of amphibians were noted, including 1 species of salamander, three toads, 3 spadefoots, and one unidentified species. The couch spadefoot and the tiger salamander were observed fairly frequently in the park during this study. Both of these species have poorly known or disjunct ranges in Northern Arizona.

Eight species of lizards were also noted, including one female of an unknown species. This unknown lizard is probably a new parthogenetic species, most closely related to the plateau striped whiptail (Cnemidophorus velox). Further collection of specimens is needed to fully identify this species of lizard.

Seven species of snakes were identified at PEFO during this study. Of interest were populations of milk snakes, whose range and distribution in Northern Arizona is poorly understood. All of the milk snakes but one were found in the north end of the park near Interstate 40.

There are no species of fish present at Petrified Forest NP, due to the lack of consistent surface water.

122 species of insects representing 11 different Orders have been included in the park museum collection.

There are no known rare, threatened or endangered faunal species in the park.

10. Air Quality

Petrified Forest NP is within a Class I Air Quality Area. The NPS-Air Quality Division maintains an IMPROVE monitoring station at the park. Visibility is the feature that is assessed 24 as part of this program through both fine particle monitoring and the use of a transmissometer. Most of the information on air quality at PEFO is coordinated with the findings of the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission.

Air quality at the park is generally considered quite high. Visibility regularly extends as much as 100 miles, with both the San Francisco Peaks and the White Mountains viewable on many days. Occasional inversion layers, most likely associated with the Cholla Power Plant, reduce visibility throughout the park.

11. Cultural Resources

Over 700 sites have been recorded at Petrified Forest NP through many years of archeological investigation. Sites have been described that were occupied or utilized prior to 6000 BC through early European contact. Six archeological sites/districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places with one having national significance, three as regionally significant, and two are listed as having local significance.

Periods of human history are defined by scientists that study them. Definitions used in this discussion refer to terms utilized commonly by the academic community in order to describe periods of southwestern culture. Petrified Forest NP recognizes the wide variation of descriptors utilized by both the scientists and Native Americans.

Archaic period artifacts are found at PEFO. These finds are restricted primarily to chipped stone artifacts found on mesa tops and ridges. People of this time period probably were nomadic, existing on hunting and gathering.

Basketmaker period sites, generally regarded to have occurred from 200 AD to 800 AD, can be found throughout the park. Slab lined pit houses constructed by these people points to a more permanent style of living than that of the Archaic period. The Basketmaker period is generally regarded as the beginning of agriculture in this region.

The Pueblo period extended from 750 AD to 1000 AD. This period was marked by drought. As a result of the dryness, small pueblos were built on terraces near watercourses and arable land within the park boundaries.

The Pueblo II period (950-1100 AD) was marked by flourishing trade and increasing populations. Evidence from sites found in the park indicates that this area was a frontier trade zone involving Western Pueblo, Mogollon and Sinagua cultures. It is felt that most of the extensive petroglyph sites in the park were carved during this period. Large, multi-story pueblos were built that included kivas and other elements of permanent communities. The Puerco Ruins are probably the most visible remains of this period in the park. Pueblo II sites generally appear to have been abandoned approximately 1400 AD, possibly due to extensive drought.

During the period of 1500-1600 AD, the Navajo and other Athapascan people moved into the vicinity of Petrified Forest NP. There are a few scattered sites associated with these people.

25 The historic era at Petrified Forest NP is long and colorful. The Spanish explorers of the 16th and 17th centuries crossed through the area, and are generally credited with the naming of the Painted Desert (El Desierto Pintado). These adventurers, however, did not comment on or did not notice the petrified wood.

On September 28, 1851, Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves discovered petrified wood in an area south of the park and later published a description of the area. An 1855 U.S. Army report described the "Black Forest" area of the park that was discovered in 1853 by a party led by Lieutenant Amiel W. Whipple. Whipple is also responsible for the naming of Lithodendron Wash. During the 1850's, the U.S. Army established the 35th Parallel Route (Beale Camel Trail), in an attempt to experiment with the use of dromedaries for desert travel. Traces of this route can still be found within park boundaries, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The completion in 1883 of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad line through Northern Arizona brought increasing numbers of people to the area of that was to become PEFO.

The town of Adamana was founded in 1890, and through brochures published by the railroad (now the Santa Fe), soon became known as the tourist destination for visiting "Chalcedony Park". Local residents became increasingly concerned with the preservation of the resources in the park, which were threatened by tourist activity, mining and a proposed petrified wood grinding mill. In 1906, the southern end of the present park acreage was established as Petrified Forest NM. This pre-dated the creation of the National Park Service by ten years.

Many of the historic structures found in the park today are significant because of their association with the early national park and conservation movements. Indeed, Petrified Forest NP possesses examples of all of the past major NPS construction initiatives, including Civilian Conservation Corps and Mission 66 structures.

The Painted Desert Inn was built in the 1920's on private land that would eventually become part of PEFO. This structure was the first public facility in the Painted Desert unit of the park. Originally a small structure, the PDI was enlarged by CCC workers, and is an excellent example of Pueblo Revival architecture. In 1947, the Fred Harvey Company took over operation of the PDI and employed Mary Jane Colter to redesign the interior, who in turn commissioned Navajo artist Fred Kabotie to paint murals depicting Native American legends and scenes on some of the interior walls. These murals are still vibrant to this day. For these and other reasons, the Painted Desert Inn and its associated Cabins are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, the Painted Desert Inn was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987.

Other structures of interest that were built during the CCC era include: the Rainbow Forest Administrative Complex, housing, and associated landscape features (Determined Eligible by the Keeper of the National Register in 2001), Puerco and Agate Bridge Comfort stations, Rio Puerco Pump House, two wildlife water tanks, PEFO’s south waterline and associated features, stone quarries and related features near Rainbow Forest and Puerco Ruin, many of the park’s roadway elements, and some park trails.

26 The Painted Desert Community Complex Historic District was constructed as part of the NPS Mission 66 initiative. The complex, as designed by Richard Neutra and Robert Alexander, was conceived as a planned community combining administration, visitor services, concession building, school, post office, library, and housing. Neutra's designs are becoming increasingly recognized as quintessential examples of modern architecture. Although less than fifty years of age, the Painted Desert Community Complex is considered nationally significant by the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office and has been nominated to the National Register.

Prior to the construction of Interstate 40, U.S. Route 66 was the primary route of travel to the park. Traces of the famous "Dust Bowl" road can be found crossing park lands. The former route of U.S. 66 is becoming increasingly recognized as a significant historic resource.

A complete ethnographic study of the park should be initiated. The 2001 “Overview and Inventory of Ethnographic Resources for PEFO, ELMA, and ELMO” identifies Hopi, Zuni, and Navajo tribes as having cultural affiliation with the park. The park's northern boundary is also the southern boundary of the Navajo Reservation. The reservations for the Hopi, Zuni, and Apache are all located within a 150-mile radius from PEFO. The cultures of these people are bound to the lands once occupied by their ancestors, and certain sites within the park are important in their religions. The “Overview and Inventory” identified numerous culturally sensitive sites and resources, which pertain to traditional use landscapes, migration histories, and religious practices. The areas of greatest cultural concern identified by the tribal consultants involved in the “Overview and Inventory” encompass Puerco Pueblo and the surrounding cultural landscape, including the Cave of Life and the Antelope Trap and Shrine; Newspaper Rock; migration connections, including trails, shrines, ruins, and related features; water sources; Cave of Hands and its surrounding landscape, including the plants; the Painted Desert, particularly along the park’s northern boundary and the Painted Desert Petroglyphs and Ruins District; and to a lesser extent, Agate House.

Four cultural landscapes have been identified and inventoried within the park. These cultural landscapes encompass Painted Desert Inn, Puerco, Crystal Forest, and Rainbow Forest.

The Painted Desert Inn cultural landscape encompasses the Inn, Cabins, historic and current road elements, the Rim Trail to Tawa Point, and the wilderness access trail into the Painted Desert. The Painted Desert Inn landscape is significant for its association with the national trend in tourism and recreation, as well as National Park development. Painted Desert Inn and its surrounding cultural landscape illustrate a combination of early park architecture and landscape architecture development. It also represents early 20th century NPS community planning and park design philosophies regarding the creation of “developed areas.”

The Crystal Forest cultural landscape includes Crystal Forest trail, the parking lot, and sections of the main park road on either side of the parking lot. This area is associated with the emergence and implementation of naturalistic design principles and philosophies of park development that took place between 1920-1940.

The Puerco cultural landscape contains Puerco Pueblo, a small section of the Puerco River, Puerco Pump House, and numerous features and elements associated with the Civilian 27 Conservation Corps. The history and significance of Puerco Pueblo is documented in the “Puerco Ruins and Petroglyphs” National Register nomination. In contrast, the Puerco cultural landscape reflects the government sponsored work relief programs of the New Deal Era and the park design philosophies of the 1930s. Relevant landscape resources include the remaining physical evidence of designed features completed by New Deal Era work crews, e.g. road, buildings, erosion control properties, etc., and also include supporting developments such as the quarries and work sites.

The Rainbow Forest Complex cultural landscape includes the Rainbow Forest developed area and the greater CCC component landscape, including Giant Logs Trail, Long Logs Trail, Agate House, portions of old U.S. 180, the CCC camps and quarry, Petroglyph Road, picnic areas, the CCC golf course, Jim Camp Wash, and a portion of the main park road. Patterns of development at Rainbow Forest reflect nationally and regionally significant historic trends: early national park development and the government sponsored work relief programs of the 1930s and 40s New Deal Era. Site planning, architectural styles, and small-scale features reflect national park principles of rustic design and construction. The south waterline is also a unique example of CCC-era engineering.

2. Petrified Forest National Park Fire Management Unit #2

Petrified Forest Fire Management #2 consists of all park lands which lie outside of the designated boundaries of the Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area. The listing of physical, biotic and cultural resources listed for FMU #1 apply to this unit as well. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering 3. Strategic and Measurable Fire Management Objectives

A single set of management goals and objectives applies to both fire management units at Petrified Forest National Park. These goals and objectives are listed below:

Goal 1. Maintain firefighter and public safety. Firefighter and public safety is the highest priority of every fire management activity. Objective: 100 percent of wildland fire operations are conducted so that they cause no injuries to the public and no serious injuries to firefighters.

Goal 2. Suppress unwanted and undesirable wildland fires regardless of ignition source to protect public health and safety, real property, and the natural, cultural, and historic resources of the Park.

Objective: 95 percent of wildland fires are controlled during initial attack (within 24 hours and limit wildland fires to less then 5 acres).

Objective: Protection of Park resources is actively considered in 100 percent of all wildland fire planning and fire management activities.

28 Objective: Consideration of resource protection will be described in 100 percent of all wildland fire planning and management documents (WFMP, WFIP WFSA, BAER Plan, etc.).

Objective: 100 percent of all wildland fire suppression actions will be managed so that rehabilitation costs are less than 25% of suppression costs.

Goal 3. Manage wildland fires in concert with federal, state, and local air quality regulations.

Objective: 100 percent of all wildland fires, prescribed fires and debris burning will be conducted consistent with all Federal, State, and local smoke management regulations.

Goal 4. Facilitate reciprocal fire management activities through the development and maintenance of agreements and working relationships with pertinent fire management entities.

Objective: Agreements will be developed and maintained with all appropriate local, Intermountain Regional, and national fire management organizations.

Objective: All agreements will be reviewed annually to ensure that they are consistent with management and resource management goals.

Goal 5: Reduce wildland fire hazard around developed areas and areas adjacent to cultural and historic sites.

Objective: 100 percent of known hazardous fuel accumulation that could contribute to the damage of primary Park resources or the properties of neighboring landowners will be reduced by mechanical treatment.

Goal 6: Use fire as a means to remove the vegetative debris produced by mechanical fuel treatments, normal maintenance operations, and exotic plant treatments.

Objective: 100% of all prescribed fire and debris burning will be conducted in accordance with NPS policy and applicable state and local regulations.

Goal 7. Educate employees and the public about the scope and effects of wildland fire and wildland fire management.

Objective: All Petrified Forest employees will be able to provide basic fire information to visitors or direct them to a Park employee who is able to provide it.

Objective: All Park staff with fire management responsibilities will receive sufficient training to bring them to the appropriate level of knowledge, skill, and certification and to maintain that certification.

29 Objective: When fire danger is very high or extreme, Park staff will contact at least 70% of Park visitors with a fire prevention message through signage, handouts, interpretive activities, or personal contact.

Objective: 95% of property owners immediately adjacent to the Park will be informed of the threat posed by living in the wildland urban interface and the steps that can be taken to minimize those risks.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering 4. Management Considerations

These constraints, considerations, or decision criteria will influence all fire management activities within the fire management unit:

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering (a) Health and safety

All fire management actions will have firefighter and public safety as its top priority. All Park firefighters will adhere to applicable NPS policy relating the training, certification, and performance of NPS wildland firefighters. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering (b) No unacceptable impacts to natural and cultural resources.

All appropriate steps necessary to protect the Park’s natural and cultural resources will be taken as long as those steps do not endanger firefighter and public safety. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering (c) Ensure socio-political economic impacts, including those involving the wildland urban interface (WUI), are considered in developing implementation plans.

The effects of any fire management activity on the neighboring landowners will be considered during planning and implementation of those activities. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering (d) Ensure that the public, organizations, and cooperating agencies are aware of any fire management operation that may have an impact on them.

To ensure good relations with Park neighbors, local organizations and governments, cooperating agencies and the public, every effort will be made to keep these parties informed about significant fire management actions that might impact them or their interests. Mitigation measures taken on adjacent (private or public) lands will be covered under an agreement signed by both the landowner(s) and the park.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering 5. Historic Role of Fire

30 The majority of the lands included in Petrified Forest are covered by the sparse Arizona Short Grass Prairie vegetation community or non-vegetated badlands. The short grass prairie is made up of widely dispersed shrubs and bunch grasses in areas of sandy soil. This vegetation type carries fire very poorly. Prior to the establishment of the National Monument/Park these lands were used for cattle grazing; some areas of the park are only now beginning to recover from this impact.

Fire history of the area has been poorly recorded. In the past 20 years, approximately 12 fires have been known to occur on park lands. Two of these fires (2000) were lightning caused, burned approximately 2 acres of grassland, and were extinguished by rainfall before a response could be mounted by park staff. One fire (1998) resulted from a wildland debris pile burn that escaped containment. The remainder of the fires occurred as a result of human activity associated with automobile or railroad transportation.

The history of fire in Arizona has shown a significant increase in the last 4 years. Scientists attribute this to a series of high rainfall years in 1995-6 resulting in high stem recruitment in the ponderosa pine forests of the state. These wet years were followed by the drought years of 1997- 9—leading up to the devastating 2002 Rodeo-Chediski fire located in the White Mountains. These wet/dry cycles appear to be driven by the El Nino/La Nina cycles. Currently, local fire and forest scientists believe that Arizona is in the seventh year of a 20 year drought cycle, which may result in significant ecological changes to the region. The implications of this drought on the Arizona Short Grass Prairie region and Petrified Forest NP are as yet unknown. Further research on the fire history is needed.

E. Wildland Fire Management Situation

1. Historic Weather Analysis

Petrified Forest National Park currently maintains two weather stations: a NOAA station at the Rainbow Forest entrance and a park station at the Painted Desert Headquarters. Data on precipitation, wind speed, and temperature are collected on a daily basis at Rainbow Forest. Temperature and precipitation at collected at headquarters.

31 The closest Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) to the park are located in Snowflake, Arizona approximately 40 miles south of Holbrook. The National Fire Danger Rating System utilizes these stations and stations located in the White Mountains (Apache-Sitgreaves NF), the Navajo Reservation, Grand Canyon NP and the Coconino NF for predictions affecting Northern Arizona locations. Fire weather for Petrified Forest NP is inferred from reports from these stations.

2. Fire Season

The normal Arizona fire season occurs during the months of May, June, and peaks in July. Generally the season ends in late July due to rising fuel moisture levels generated by the summer monsoon season.

3. Fuel Characteristics

Petrified Forest NP is made up of the following fuel models:

NFFL Fuel model 1 – Fire spread is governed by the fine, very porous, and continuous herbaceous fuels that have cured or are nearly cured. Fires are surface fires that move rapidly through the cured grass and associated material. Very little shrub or timber is present, generally less than one third of the Area. Grasslands and savanna are represented along with stubble, grass-tundra, and grass-shrub combinations that met the above Area constraint. Annual and perennial grasses are included in this fuel model. Fuel model values for estimating fire behavior: - Total fuel load, < 3-inch dead and live, tons/acre 0.74 - Dead fuel load, 1/4-inch, tons/acre .74 - Live fuel load, foliage, tons/acre 0 - Fuel bed depth, feet 1.0

NFFL Fuel Model 2—Fire spread is primarily through the fine herbaceous fuels, either curing or dead. These are surface fires where the herbaceous material, in addition to liter and dead-down stemwood from the open shrub or timber overstory, contribute to the fire intensity. Open shrub lands and pine stands or scrub oak stands that cover one-third to two-thirds of the Area may generally fit this model; such stands may include clumps of fuels that generate higher intensities and that may produce firebrands. Some pinyon-juniper may be in this model. Fuel model values for estimating fire behavior: -Total fuel load, <3-inch dead and live, tons/acre 4.0 -Dead fuel load, ¼ inch, tons/acre 2.0

32 -Live fuel load, foliage, tons/acre 0.5

-Fuel bed depth, feet 1.0

4. Fire Regime Alteration and Condition Class The majority of lands at Petrified Forest National Park fall under the following fire regime:

FIRE REGIME I- The term `fire regime I' refers to lands-- Open forest or savannah structures maintained by frequent fire; also includes frequent mixed severity fires that create mosaic of different age post-fire open forest, early to mid-seral forest structural stages, and shrub or her dominated patches (generally <100 acres.)

Condition Class 1-Park Grasslands—consisting primarily of the remnants of the Arizona Short Grass Prairie Ecosystem.

Condition Class 2-Puerco Riparian Area—consisting of tamarisk, willow and cottonwood stands, mixed shrubs and grasses.

5. Control Problems & Dominant Topographic Features

Isolated houses and roads in a rural setting are located in the vicinity of the Park. While these developments are good access for suppression resources, they also increase the values at risk and the probability of an ignition.

Control problems could range from low to moderate depending on site specifics and burning conditions. Under normal fire season conditions control problems could be expected to be low.

6. Other Management Considerations

Because the purpose of Petrified Forest NP is to preserve the “natural condition” of the park, all Deleted: Weir Farm NHS efforts should focus on resource protection while providing for firefighter safety. Any suppression activities in park wilderness areas should strive for protection of wilderness values. Other considerations are protection of archeological and paleontological resources, as well as developing and maintaining good relations with assisting agencies, the community and with Park neighbors.

IV. Wildland Fire Management Program Components

A. General Implementation Procedures

Implementation of the components of the wildland fire management program at Petrified Forest is consistent with the park’s fire management capabilities and will consider the current and

33 predicted conditions affecting fire behavior. When possible, preplanned decisions based on historical fire behavior indices, will be considered in an appropriate management response.

The appropriate management response determination will be the responsibility of the Incident Commander or Petrified Forest’s Park Fire Coordinator. Appendix G contains the appropriate management response document that will be used for this determination.

B. Wildland Fire Suppression

1. Range of potential behavior

In Fire Behavior Fuel Model 1 (short grass), fires run through the surface litter faster than Model 2 (timber grass and understory) at a rate of spread of 78 chains/hour as opposed to 35 chains per hour but have shorter flame lengths, averaging 4.0 feet as opposed to 6.0 feet. Fires in grasses generally are predictable, but high winds can cause higher rates of spread than predicted. Except for years of unusually high precipitation, the native bunch grasses and natural vegetation breaks associated with topographic features found at Petrified Forest produce fuels that are too sparse to carry wildland fire any great distance.

Table 3 illustrates the comparative rates of spread and flame lengths for different fuel models at a fuel moisture content of 8%, 0% slope and a midflame windspeed of 5 miles/hour. These factors represent conditions associated with average expected fire behavior. See Appendix F (4) (c).

2. Preparedness actions

Preparedness refers to activities that lead to a safe, efficient, and cost-effective fire management program in support of land and resource management objectives through appropriate planning and coordination. Preparedness includes planned activities for the development and implementation of the wildland fire management program. These activities include staffing, training, fire prevention activities, education, provision and maintenance of support facilities, purchase of and contracting for equipment, supplies, support, planning and coordination, policy development and oversight, research, and interagency coordination.

Departmental policy requires that all personnel engaged in wildland fire suppression and prescribed fire duties meet the standards set by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG, PMS-310-1). Petrified Forest will conform strictly to the requirements of the NPS wildland fire management qualification and certification system.

Petrified Forest currently maintains wildland firefighter qualifications for the visitor and resource protection staff; other employees will be encouraged to become qualified as wildland firefighters in order to support the Park’s fire management program. The Park Fire Coordinator will be responsible for obtaining the training required to meet Park needs for qualified wildland firefighters. When advanced or specialized training is necessary, the Park Fire Coordinator will work through the Group Fire Management Officer to obtain funding and enrollment. The Park 34 Fire Coordinator will coordinate the Park's fire training needs with those of other nearby parks, cooperating agencies, and the Intermountain Region. Park wildland firefighters will attend an annual wildland firefighter safety refresher.

a. Fire Prevention, Education, and Community Assistance

Petrified Forest’s fire prevention and education program may be implemented in conjunction with other fire management and public safety agencies to increase awareness of fire prevention, develop understanding of the dangers and benefits of fire, protect human life and property, and prevent damage to cultural resources, real property, and natural resources.

The program of public education regarding wildland fire prevention, potential fire benefits and dangers will be conducted as appropriate to help support Plan goals. Visitor contacts, bulletin board materials, handouts, and interpretive programs may be used to increase visitor and park neighbor awareness of fire hazards and benefits. The Colorado Plateau Cluster Fire Prevention and Education Specialist may provide assistance to the park for its fire prevention, education and community assistance programs.

Park employees will be provided with information about fire prevention, the wildland/urban interface, the objectives of the fire management program, and the dangers and benefits of prescribed fire and wildland fire. Employees will be kept informed about changes in the fire situation throughout the fire season.

Park staff will work with the local fire departments and other agencies with fire management and public safety responsibilities to establish common protocols and procedures, identify training needs, conduct joint training, and develop strategies for safer and more efficient fire management operations.

b. Fire Danger

A daily Fire Adjective Rating Class is not generated specifically for the Petrified Forest National Park. The park will utilize the fire danger rating generated by the Southwest Coordination Center (SWC) This rating can be obtained at the SWC website under “Fire Outlooks” Fire Behavior Outlook and Fire Weather/Fire Danger Outllooks located at:

http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/fire/swapredictive/swafuels/swafuels.htm.

Current watches and warnings are also posted on the NPS Morning Report.

c. Fire Weather

Specific daily fire weather is not generated for the Park. The park will utilize the fire weather predictions generated by the SWC. The predictions can be obtained at the SWC website under “Fire Weather”, Arizona-Flagstaff Office Website under Zone 113 at: 35

http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/fire/swapredictive/swafuels/swafuels.htm.

Current watches and warnings are also posted on the NPS Morning Report.

Petrified Forest does maintain NOAA weather stations located in the Rainbow Forest and Painted Desert areas of the park. Current local conditions can be obtained from this station by contacting park dispatch.

d. Step-Up Staffing Plan

The following actions will be taken to ensure adequate fire preparedness based upon the daily fire danger rating for the general Area surrounding the Park.

Fire Danger “Low” or “Moderate”: No activity necessary. Normal eight (8) hour tours of duty. Wildland fire qualified personnel are available to respond and take necessary action on any fire reported.

Fire Danger “High”: Normal eight (8) hour tours of duty. Fire equipment and supplies serviced and prepared for use.

Fire Danger “Very High” or “Extreme”: Normal eight (8) hour tours of duty. The Park is totally prepared to respond to a fire. Location of wildland fire qualified personnel are known to all relevant personnel. Wildland fire qualified personnel have fire tools and personal protective equipment immediately available in their work vehicles or at their work site. Emergency FIREPRO funding is available through the Group Fire Management Officer to extend duty hours of wildland fire qualified personnel.

3. Pre-Attack Plan

No written or formal pre-attack plan currently exists for Petrified Forest. Structures will receive the highest priority in regard to any suppression action. The three highest priority structures, all of which are visitor centers, are monitored by fire alarm systems.

A Pre-Attack Plan will be developed and included in this WFMP in the future.

4. Initial Attack

a. Priority setting during multiple fire occurrences

Protecting structures or “infrastructure” to include buildings, bridges, powerlines, trails, etc.

Vegetative cover 36 b. Criteria for appropriate initial attack response consistent with GMP/RMP objectives

Public and firefighter safety.

Protection of cultural, historic, and natural resources.

Protection of improvements and private property.

Minimum fire-line construction and use of Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST).

Available suppression resources and response times.

Fire behavior as determined by fuels, weather, and topography.

Use aircraft and mechanized equipment only where necessary to support above- listed criteria. c. Confinement as a Strategy

Confinement may be used to minimize resource damage and to provide for firefighter safety.

A confinement strategy may be selected for initial attack as long as it is not being used solely to meet resource management objectives.

Resource benefits may be a by-product, but the strategy must be based upon the criteria listed above.

A confinement strategy may also be selected in the WFSA process when initial attack has failed to contain a wildland fire. This strategy may also be used to minimize resource damage and to provide for firefighter safety. d. Response Times

Response time for initial attack ground resources is approximately one hour or less depending on proximity, accessibility, and other such variables. Extended attack resources should be able to respond in two to six hours, again depending on proximity and availability. e. Restrictions and Special Concerns

The constraints on these strategies affect the manner in which the wildland fire will be suppressed, or the prescribed fire will be managed. 37

Fire retardant can stain or corrode structures and will not be used in the vicinity of these structures. If aerial resources are needed to suppress a fire, the park will specify that only water will be dropped on or adjacent to structures and cultural resources. If wooden structure protection is necessary, Class “A” foams may be used. Any fire suppression activity in the vicinity of a known archeological site will receive guidance from a designated representative from the Park.

f. Local Issues

Petrified Forest depends on local volunteer and professional fire departments for initial and extended attack. This alliance requires that park staff work closely with these agencies in planning, training, preparedness, and other fire management issues. Currently, the Chief Ranger is the liaison for local fire response within the park.

5. Extended attack and large fire suppression a. Extended Attack Needs:

Extended attack needs will be determined by considering the following:

• Threats to life, property, and Park resources

• Availability of suppression forces

b. Implementation plan requirements – Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA) development:

When a fire escapes initial attack, a new strategy must be developed to suppress the fire. This selection process is accomplished through the development of a WFSA.

The WFSA is a decision process that employs a systematic and reasonable approach to determine the most appropriate management strategy for a particular situation. Reasonable management alternatives are identified, analyzed, and evaluated, and are consistent with the expected probability of success /consequences of failure. The Superintendent shall approve the WFSA and any revisions. Evaluation criteria include firefighter safety, anticipated costs, resource impacts, and social, political, and environmental considerations. The evaluation of alternatives becomes the triggering mechanism for re-evaluation of the WFSA.

An electronic version of a WFSA can be found at the U. S. Forest Service website at http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/wfsa/.

c. Incident Management Transition:

38 Transition to an incident management team requires a briefing by the Superintendent and a limited delegation of authority for the suppression of the fire(s). The briefing should address agency specific concerns, priorities, firefighter and public safety, economic and resource concerns, and other topics or issues of importance and relevance to the suppression effort. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering 6. Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics

• All fire management activities in Petrified Forest will rely on tactics which do a minimum amount of resource damage while maintaining the safety of firefighters, personnel, and the public as the highest priority.

• Fireline construction will be minimized by taking advantage of natural barriers, rock outcrops, trails, roads, washes, and other existing fuel breaks.

• Unburned material may be left within the final line.

• Clearing and scraping will be minimized.

• Snags or trees will be felled only when essential for control of the fire or for safety of personnel.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering 7. Rehabilitation Guidelines

When a suppression action is taken, rehabilitation may be necessary. The most effective rehabilitation measure is prevention of impacts through careful planning and the use of minimum impact suppression tactics. The Incident Commander will initiate immediate rehabilitation actions. Rehabilitation will be directed toward minimizing or eliminating the effects of the suppression effort and reducing the potential damage and hazards caused by the fire.

These actions may include: • Construct waterbars to prevent erosion. • Place “boneyards” of cut vegetation in a natural or random arrangement. • Position cut ends of logs so as to be inconspicuous to visitors and camouflage where possible. • Flush cut stumps, camouflage with soil and moss. • Restore natural ground contours. • Remove handline berms.

If re-vegetation or seeding is necessary, only native plant species will be utilized, and the Chief of Resource Management will be consulted for approval of the species chosen. Rehabilitation efforts should be initiated as soon as they can be safely implemented, which may be before the fire is declared controlled.

39 If extensive emergency rehabilitation is needed or if rehabilitation is needed to reduce the effects of a wildland fire then the Park can request appropriate funding through the Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation (BAER) fund. The BAER fund is administered through the NPS Branch of Fire and Aviation Management at the National Interagency Fire Center. The specifics of the policy can be found in 620 DM 3 DOI BAER Policy (2001). BAER project requests totaling $300,000 or less can be approved by the Intermountain Regional BAER Coordinator. Submissions over this amount are reviewed at the Intermountain Regional level, and forwarded to the Fire Management Program Center for approval. Requests for BAER funding must be made to the Group Fire Management Officer within 72 hours of control of the fire.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering 8. Records and Reports

The Park Fire Coordinator is responsible for all fire related records and reports except the WFSA. This responsibility may be delegated to an incoming Incident Commander for any fire escaping initial attack.

C. Wildland Fire Use

This option was rejected due to the low frequency of wildland fire and the lack of available qualified personnel required to manage these fires. All unscheduled wildland fires in Petrified Forest will be suppressed using the most appropriate management action.

D. Prescribed Fire

Prescribed fire will be used within Petrified Forest NP Fire Management Unit #2 for the protection of natural and cultural resource values, primarily for the burning of woody debris piles generated by exotic plant management activities.

If a determination is made that a specific prescribed fire is required within the designated Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area that action will be subject to the requirements of NEPA, the NHPA and other applicable regulations.

All prescribed fire operations will adhere to NPS prescribed fire policies and procedures found in RM-18, Chapter 10.

1. Planning and Documentation a. An approved burn plan will identify needed resources, individual responsibilities, and timelines. These activities include scheduling of resources, coordination with neighboring agencies and communities, and obtaining necessary permits. The Four Winds Group Prescribed Fire Specialist will prepare all burn plans.

b. Long-Term Prescribed Fire Strategy

40 The purpose of prescribed burning at Petrified Forest would be to protect and preserve Formatted: Bullets and Numbering the natural and cultural resources of the Park, manage vegetation (specifically invasive plant species), and reduce fuel loading. Prescribed fire objectives are to manage vegetation to promote the growth of native grasses and control woody exotic vegetation within riparian corridors

2. Needed Personnel

Petrified Forest does not have sufficient personnel trained to manage a prescribed fire. Personnel needed for a specific burn will be identified in the project’s burn plan. The Park will participate in a coordinated approach to mutual prescribed fire programs with partners to be determined at the time of the burn.

3. Fire Weather, Effects, and Behavior Monitoring

Monitoring of potential prescribed fires at Petrified Forest would be intended to provide information for quantifying and predicting fire behavior and its ecological effects on Park resources while building a historical record. Monitoring measures the parameters common to all fires: fuels, topography, weather, and fire behavior. In addition, ecological changes such as species composition and structural changes would be monitored for several years after a fire. This information would be very useful in adjusting the prescribed fire program to better meet short and long-term resource objectives.

During prescribed burning, monitoring would include mapping, weather, site and fuel measurements, and direct observation of fire characteristics such as flame length, rate of spread, smoke production and fire intensity. Operational monitoring provides a check to insure that the fire remains in prescription, and serves as a basis for evaluation and comparison of management actions in response to measured, changing fire conditions, and changes such as fuel conditions and species composition.

All prescribed fires would be monitored regardless of size. The Park Fire Coordinator will establish specific fire information guidelines for each fire to update intelligence about the fire.

The Park Fire Coordinator would assure that assigned qualified personnel are used to monitor the behavior of prescribed fires. By being able to assess fire’s potential, characterize and quantify its effects, and determine if it is within prescription, an efficient and flexible monitoring program will result.

Petrified Forest would use the fire monitoring protocols with adaptations described in NPS Fire Effects Monitoring. Fire monitoring support will be coordinated with the Group Fire Management Officer.

4. Prescribed Fire Project Critique

41 A Fire Management Committee will critique prescribed fires as appropriate (as per RM 18, this authority is given to the Superintendent). A report detailing the actual burn will accompany any recommendations or changes deemed necessary in the program. This report will be submitted to the Superintendent. A critique of the fire management program, including the prescribed fire program, will be held by the Fire Management Committee each year prescribed burns are conducted at the conclusion of the fall fire season.

5. Reporting and Documentation Requirements

All prescribed fire forms will be completed as outlined by the Park Fire Coordinator. A fire monitor will be assigned to collect all predetermined information and complete all necessary forms prior to, during, and after the fire. All records will be archived in Petrified Forest's fire records for future use and reference.

The Park Fire Coordinator will prepare a final report on the prescribed fire. Information will include a narrative of the fire operation, a determination of whether objectives were met, weather and fire behavior data, map of the burn Area, photographs of the burn, number of work hours, and final cost of the burn.

The forms necessary for documenting prescribed fire activities are outlined in RM-18. The Individual Fire Report, DI-1202, and the Incident Record, is the responsibility of the Park Fire Coordinator and documents all personnel and equipment costs involved in the burn.

6. Historic Fuel Treatment Map

Because prescribed fires have not been used at Petrified Forest in the past, no historic fuel treatment map exists.

7. Local Prescribed Burn Plan Requirements

Required plan elements are found in RM 18, Chapter 10, page 9 a-u.

Park prescribed burn plans identify preplanned requirements (prescriptions) for initiating and continuing prescribed burn ignitions and operations. These prescriptions include:

• Maximum Manageable Area (MMA) for the fire • Minimum number of fire crew • Specific skill certification requirements for the fire crew • Other fire-related staff requirements • Range of possible ignition dates • Pre-ignition site preparation requirements • Equipment needed on-site • Fuel model(s) used • Acceptable temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind speed, and fuel moisture ranges • Predicted fire behavior

8. Exceeding Prescribed Burn Plan

If the prescribed fire escapes the burn unit, and immediate efforts at control are not successful, it will be declared a wildland fire and suppressed. A Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA) will be completed and additional personnel and resources ordered as determined by the Incident Commander. If the fire continues to burn out of control, additional resources will be called from the local and volunteer fire departments. An incident management team or other non-local resources may be requested to assume command of the fire.

9. Air Quality and Smoke Management

a. Air Quality Issues:

Petrified Forest is located in a Class I air quality area. The WFMP will be in compliance with the Clean Air Act. The objectives for smoke management and compliance with the Clean Air Act are similar to those for fire management: to encourage a natural process so long as it does not endanger public health and safety. Smoke levels become unacceptable when they impair visibility to such a degree that they detract from visitor enjoyment of the primary Park resource with emphasis on the vistas of Petrified Forest. Dense smoke within Petrified Forest is generally unacceptable, however, it may be tolerated for short periods if the winds ensure good mixing. Petrified Forest will also evaluate the forecasted impact of smoke on local communities and visitor safety. All of these considerations are difficult to quantify, monitor, and evaluate, and there will exist considerable room for discretion.

It may be necessary to aggressively control fires when smoke affects a sensitive Area or creates a significant public response. All fire activities may have to be curtailed when an extended inversion or air pollution episode is in effect. Traffic control measures will be undertaken in conjunction with local law enforcement agencies when such episodes occur. Complaints regarding smoke will be documented and communicated to the Superintendent.

b. Smoke Mitigation:

Petrified Forest will notify the surrounding assisting agencies, at the time of any fire ignition. Thereafter, smoke characteristics will be evaluated regularly. A process will be developed for implementation to determine if adverse impacts to air quality and visibility are occurring from management decisions.

To minimize the effects of smoke the following guidelines will be considered when planning a prescribed fire:

• Burning will be conducted only when visibility exceeds 5 miles or when the fire weather forecast indicates the presence of an unstable airmass, • afternoon mixing heights are 500 meters or greater, 43 • ventilation rates (mixing height in meters “times” transport wind speed in meters per second) is 2000 or greater.

The park annually applies for and receives a blanket permit from the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality for debris burning at the park storage yard.

10. Debris Burning

Fire is occasionally used to dispose of natural vegetative debris deemed infeasible or impractical to remove mechanically in a non-wildland fuel environment (parking lot, storage yard, gravel pit, etc.). The debris may be generated from routine maintenance activities, piled debris generated from construction activities, removal of hazard trees, discarded building and administrative materials. Any material being burned for debris disposal must be classified as permissible to burn under applicable Federal, State, Tribal, and Local regulations.

Debris burned in non-wildland environments does not require a prescribed burn plan. Debris burned in a wildland environment, including snow-covered ground, requires a prescribed burn plan.

The Park follows all applicable guidance and regulation when using fire for debris disposal.

Parameters for debris burning are:

• Temperature: Less than or equal to normal average high temperature for the month.

• Wind Speed: Less than 10 mph.

• Relative Humidity: Greater than 40%.

• Fine Fuel Moisture: Surrounding fuels greater than 20%.

• Smoke Dispersal: Mixing heights equal to or greater than 500 meters.

E. Non-Fire Fuel Treatment Applications

1. Mechanical treatments a. Annual Activities

Hazard fuels at Petrified Forest are typically managed through mowing (grasses and other herbaceous vegetation), raking or vacuuming (fallen leaves), cutting and chipping (woody vegetation), or other mechanical or other means.

44 Fuels around buildings, boundaries, roads, trails, picnic areas and other sites occasionally accumulate sufficient fuel density to create a hazard to real property, historic or pre-historic resources, or human health and safety. These fuels are usually managed by mechanical removal.

Heavy equipment including industrial mowers, large trucks, and trailer-mounted wood chippers are often used in mechanical fuel removal. Heavy equipment except mowers should usually be confined to existing roads and trails. In all cases, tracked and wheeled vehicles should only be used off roads and on trails under conditions where they will not significantly disturb soils, compact soils, or break up vegetative cover. b. Required Monitoring

Monitoring will be done to determine if the project objectives were met. This monitoring may be through the use of photo plots, vegetation transects, or a visual assessment. c. Critique Format

Accomplishment of objectives, methodology, cost effectiveness, safety issues, and resource damage are some of the topics to be discussed. A written project completion report incorporating the findings of the critique will be forwarded to the Group Fire Management Officer. d. Funding and Cost Accounting

FIREPRO funding requests for individual projects may be submitted to the Group Fire Management Officer. Documentation of individual project costs will be submitted to the Group Fire Management Assistant for account management and the Group Fire Management Officer for review. Expenditures will not exceed the authorized project amount. e. Reporting and Documentation

All project forms will be completed as outlined by the Park Fire Coordinator. All records will be archived with the Park's fire records for future use and reference. A completion report will be forwarded to the Group Fire Management Officer.

The Park Fire Coordinator is responsible for preparing a final report on each project. Information will include a narrative of the project operation, a determination of whether objectives were met, map of the Area, photographs of the site, number of work hours, and final cost of the project.

Projects will be entered and tracked until completion in National Fire Plan Operations Reporting System (NFPORS).

45 f. Annual Planned Project List

Proposed projects may be submitted to the Park Fire Coordinator by any division chief. The Park Fire Coordinator will compile a list of these projects as part of a five year plan and submit them to the Superintendent for approval and prioritization.

F. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration

Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration is not usually authorized to mitigate effects of planned mechanical treatments.

V. ORGANIZATIONAL AND BUDGETARY PARAMETERS

A. Organizational Structure of the Fire Management Program

This section discusses areas of responsibility for implementation of the fire management program by specific Park position. There may be instances that the same person functions in two areas of responsibility, e.g., the Chief of Resource Management and the Park Fire Coordinator may be the same person. The purpose of this section is to clearly define areas of responsibility, provide clear direction and accountability, and further the development of a responsive fire management program.

Fire management at Petrified Forest is the responsibility of the Superintendent, with technical duties and accompanying responsibilities delegated to staff members. The Superintendent will be responsible for management of the program within Departmental and National Park Service policy, Director’s Order 18; Wildland Fire Management (DO-18), and all relevant laws and regulations. Specific duties are as follows:

1. Superintendent

a. Ensures that a comprehensive fire management program is adequately planned, staffed, implemented, and that the WFMP is reviewed annually and revised as necessary.

b. Maintains and facilitates public and media relations pertaining to both suppression and prescribed fire.

c. Approves prescribed burn plans.

2. Acting Superintendent

Is delegated all decision making responsibility when the Superintendent is absent from the Park.

3. Chief, Resource Management 46

a. Coordinates fire research efforts, and serves as the primary resource advisor for Formatted: Bullets and Numbering project fires or prescribed fires.

b. Serves as a member of the Fire Management Committee.

c. Develops natural resource objectives for prescribed fire.

d. Plans and coordinates prescribed fires and non-fire hazard fuels and wildland/urban interface treatment projects.

e. Develops and recommends approval of the WFMP to the Superintendent. Revises the WFMP annually and incorporates any necessary changes.

4. Chief Ranger (Park Fire Coordinator)

a. Responsible for implementation and execution of all aspects of the Park fire management program except research.

b. Responsible for overall coordination, direction, and supervision of wildland fire prevention, preparedness, and suppression and coordinates all wildland fire emergencies.

c. Briefs the Superintendent on current and planned fire management activity.

d. Serves as chair of the Fire Management Committee. Presents approved committee recommendations to the Superintendent.

e. Responsible for overseeing all Park fire management program activities. Administers the WFMP and the annual FIREPRO budget. Coordinates the annual revision of the WFMP with the Chief, Resource Management.

f. Responsible for completing the prevention analysis to determine the level and type of prevention effort required by the Park. Ensures implementation of the approved fire prevention program.

g. Responsible for initial attack and implementation of appropriate suppression response.

h. Responsible for the overseeing of safe suppression of all wildland fires, demobilizations, and rehabilitation of the burned area.

i. Responsible for submission of fire Incident Status Summaries (DI-209) to NPS Branch of Fire Management through the Group Fire Management Officer. Also responsible for submitting Incident Status Summaries for fires over 300 acres to the White Mountain Zone coordinator.

47 j. Responsible for providing fire-training opportunities to Park personnel to maintain predetermined fire qualification skills in critical positions. Reviews, updates, and maintains fire training and fire experience records. Submits updated records to the Group Fire Management Officer.

k. Ensures adequate inventory of equipment and supplies to efficiently implement the fire management program.

l. Coordinates the development of specific prescribed burn plans and execution of approved prescribed fires in accordance with RM-18. Submits each prescribed burn plan to the Superintendent for approval.

m. Ensures that both a briefing statement and delegation of authority, approved by the Superintendent, are prepared for incoming Incident Management Teams.

n. Coordinates dispatch of Park personnel for in-Park fire assignments and to provide assistance to other Parks and agencies. Requisitions fire crews, or fire resources and supplies for use within the Park utilizing the Resource Order & Status System (ROSS) through the White Mountain Zone.

o. Prepares, reviews, and revises agreements with interagency cooperators. Maintains liaison with interagency cooperators through annual meetings to review agreements.

p. Maintains technical references, maps, and aerial photos for the fire program.

q. Responsible for completion of all fire reports (DI-1202s), and coordinates the timely entry of reports into the NPS Fire Management Computer System through the Group Fire Management Officer within 10 days of a fire.

5. Group Fire Management Officer

The Group Fire Management Officer is the Fire Management Officer (FMO) for El Malpais/El Morro NM.

The Group FMO provides the first level of technical assistance to the park for all fire management planning and implementation activities. This includes assistance for managing the Park’s use of fire management programs such as the National Fire Danger Rating System, the Weather Information Management System (WIMS), the NPS Wildland Fire Computer System (SACS), the Resource Order & Status System(ROSS), the Incident Qualification and Certification System (IQCS), Fire Program Analysis (FPA) budgeting, etc.

The Group FMO assists with the Park’s wildland fire qualification and certification program, fire monitoring, fire training and mobilizations, development of preparedness, suppression, wildland/urban interface, fuels management and prescribed burn operational plans, development of agreements with local and state agencies, and administration of Rural Fire Assistance Program grants to local fire departments. 48

a. Park requests for assistance from the Group FMO will be coordinated through the Park Fire Coordinator. Requests should be made as far in advance as is practical.

b. The Group FMO will assist the Park in acquiring needed resources and equipment, and in preparing funding requests.

c. The Group FMO may serve on an Incident Management Team as an agency representative regarding fire management operations.

d. Petrified Forest has an inter-park agreement with El Malpais/El Morro NM to provide the Park with assistance with fire management operations through the Group FMO. A copy of the agreement is located at the park and in Appendix F (5) of the White Mountain Zone Operations Plan.

6. Colorado Plateau Cluster Fire Prevention and Education Specialist

The Colorado Plateau Cluster PEWS, located at Grand Canyon NP, provides assistance to the Park in conducting fire prevention and education programs. The Group PEWS can also assist the park in evaluating park structures for wildland/urban interface issues and with an outreach interface program to park neighbors and local governmental bodies and agencies.

7. Intermountain Regional Fire Management Officer

The Intermountain Regional Fire Management Officer (IMR FMO) has delegated authority for the management of the region’s fire management program. The IMR FMO is responsible for planning, training, technical assistance, budget prioritization, coordination, and interagency issues for units of the National Park Service in the Intermountain Region. The IMR FMO assures that the regional fire management program is conducted accordance to established policy and procedures and that funds are used appropriately.

The IMR FMO represents the units in the region to the NPS Fire Management Program Center, the Southwest GACC, and other regional and national fire management organizations.

8. NPS Fire Management Program Center

The NPS Fire Management Program Center (FMPC) is located in Boise, Idaho and provides national leadership, direction, coordination and support for NPS fire, aviation and incident management. The primary purposes of the FMPC are:

a. Achieving national mandates for firefighter, NPS employee and visitor safety. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

b. Protecting natural and cultural resources. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering 49

c. Maximizing partnerships with federal, state, local and tribal entities, in order to achieve the Formatted: Bullets and Numbering greatest benefit for park resources. d. Achieving and maintaining the highest standard of professionalism, using state-of-art concepts, technologies and practices. -

B. Fire Funding

The annual wildland fire management appropriation provides funding for necessary expenses for fire planning and oversight functions, along with budgeted activities necessary to prepare for the normal fire season, and for the development and implementation of the wildland fire emergency suppression, emergency rehabilitation, and hazard fuels reduction program.

The Park is not a base funded fire park and does not have any funded positions for strictly fire related issues. Some fire funding may be available through the Group or other sources for approved fire training, prevention, preparedness, prescribed fire, wildland/urban interface fuels treatment, and BAER projects. Related equipment, personal protective equipment and supplies may be acquired with funds provided by the Four Winds Group support fund account. Financial grants may be provided to qualifying local fire departments through the Rural Fire Assistance Grant Program (RFA).

All fire funding requests are made through the Group Fire Management Officer. Currently, fire funding is managed under “FIREPRO”. This system will be replaced in the near future by “Fire Program Analysis” as the interagency analysis and budgeting tool.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering C. Fire Management Organization

The Fire Management Committee will be comprised of the Park Superintendent, Fire Coordinator, Chief Ranger, Chief of Resource Management, Chief of Interpretation, Safety Officer, Facility Manager and Group FMO. The Chief Ranger will chair the Committee. The Committee may request technical expertise from other individuals at any time. Each committee member will designate an alternate to serve in the event that the normal representative is unavailable.

In an effort to coordinate the Park's fire management program with those of other nearby Colorado Plateau Cluster parks, park fire management representatives including the Group FMO will meet annually to organize equipment and address personnel needs relating to fire programs at each cluster park.

The Fire Management Committee will convene at the request of any of the members or the Superintendent. The primary purpose of the Committee is to coordinate preparedness, suppression, and prescribed fire activities between the Park's divisions, and between the Park and cooperating agencies.

50 1. Committee Actions During Prescribed Burns

During any active prescribed burn, the Chief Ranger, representing the Committee, will brief the Superintendent at least once daily, and as often as necessary, on the current fire situation. Alternatives and recommendations for any change in the management strategy for the fire will be presented. During the progress of any prescribed burn, the Prescribed Burn Boss will ensure that a contingency plan is prepared should the burn exceed prescription. The Superintendent has final and complete authority for all fire management decisions.

2. Committee Actions During Suppression Fires

Every wildland fire that threatens to exceed the initial attack capabilities will have a qualified Incident Commander assigned to manage the fire commensurate with its complexity. If a fire extends beyond one operational period, the Incident Commander will ensure that a Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA) is prepared.

3. Committee Actions During Non-Fire Periods

The Committee may be convened during periods of elevated fire danger to coordinate preparedness activities. The Committee will also be convened at other times to coordinate the Park's prevention, wildland/urban interface, prescribed fire and fuels treatment activities. As mentioned above, the Committee will ensure that the Group FMO has coordinated equipment and personnel needs with those of other nearby parks with fire programs.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering D. Wildland Fire Use Certification

The Park has rejected the strategy of wildland fire use. This option was rejected due to low frequency of wildland fires in the Park and the lack of available qualified personnel required to manage these fires.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering E. Interagency Coordination

Interagency cooperation is vital to the full realization of NPS fire management program objectives. The ability of a single agency to implement a fire management program of any complexity is limited without coordination with, and assistance from, other organizations. Interagency cooperation and the coordination of shared resources and common activities are critical to the success of the Park’s fire management program.

1. Local Coordination

Petrified Forest National Park has a written agreement with the Puerco Valley, Sun Deleted: Weir Farm National Historic Valley and Holbrook Fire Departments for wildland fire suppression within the park and Site 51 surrounding areas. These fire departments offer significant support to the Park fire management program.

2. Group Coordination

The El Malpais/El Morro FMO serves as the Group FMO for Petrified Forest NP. The Group FMO coordinates fire management needs between the park and the Intermountain Region Fire Management Office, and the Southwest Coordination Center (SWCC).

3. Regional Coordination

Mobilization and dispatch of fire resources beyond park staff capabilities (staff, equipment, and supplies) is through the Southwest Coordination Center (SWCC), White Mountain Zone. The Southwest Area Mobilization Guide is the standard reference for this process.

4. National Coordination

The National Park Service is a member of the Interagency Cooperative Fire Agreement and the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG). Participating members of the agreement include the U.S. Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior. Through additional agreements, state forestry and wildland fire agencies, private forestry companies, the Association of State Foresters, and many states participate in this agreement.

The principle objective of the Interagency Cooperative Fire Agreement is the cooperative and cost effective sharing of fire resources during national and Intermountain Regional emergencies. Through this agreement, a wide variety of fire resources and support services can be made available to units of the National Park Service. All requests for assistance through this agreement are directed to the Southwest GACC through the Group FMO.

VI. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

A. Monitoring Programs

The park will implement monitoring to access accomplishments, and determine the effects of fire management activities on cultural and natural resources.

The Park will work closely with the Group FMO in developing and implementing a fire monitoring program. Assistance in conducting fire monitoring activities, including the establishment and sampling of monitoring plots, will be coordinated through the Group FMO.

52 B. NPS Fire Monitoring Handbook

This handbook will serve as the source document providing monitoring needs with minor adaptations made for local situations and conditions. An electronic copy can be found at http://www.nps.gov/fire/fmh/FEMHandbook.pdf

C. Fire Monitoring Plan

A Fire Monitoring Plan, based upon the protocols found in the NPS Fire Monitoring Handbook and RM 18, Chapter 11 will be developed as part of the implementation of this WFMP and included as an appendix.

VII. FIRE RESEARCH

Research is a necessary element in the fire management program at Petrified Forest. The primary objective of fire research is to provide information for making fire management decisions. Fire research will be coordinated through the Chief of Resource Management of the park.

As the park's WFMP is implemented and tested, additional research will inevitably be needed. Research will be identified for such purposes as refining prescriptions, improving the understanding of fire behavior and fire effects, refining monitoring protocols, defining fire return cycles, describing fuels dynamics, describing the potential negative impacts of fire activities on cultural resources, and other information needed for operational fire and resource management.

Monitoring will be a part of all prescribed fires conducted in the park. Monitoring will help to define the effectiveness of the fire management program by assessing the vegetative effects of fire. The monitoring protocols found in the NPS Fire Monitoring Handbook will be adapted and used by the park.

VIII. PUBLIC SAFETY

A. Public Safety Issues and Concerns

The Park is dedicated to ensuring the safety of each visitor and to all residents and property adjacent to the Park's boundary with regards to its fire management program. The Superintendent may close all or a portion of the Park (including roads and trails) when elevated fire danger, wildland fire or a prescribed fire pose an imminent threat to public safety. Guidelines for closures and evacuations are found in RM 18, Chapter 7, Exhibit 4.

53 B. Mitigation Safety Procedures

The Park will implement a notification system to inform visitors, neighbors, and political audiences of all fire activity through normal communication channels. A fire activity report will be updated, as significant changes occur to inform Park personnel of potential fire threats. Areas of fire activity will be clearly signed at the visitor center. Residents adjacent to the Park will be notified in advance of any prescribed fire. If any fire poses a threat outside the Park's boundaries, law enforcement agencies will be notified.

IX. PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION

A. Public Information Capabilities and Needs

The Park is committed to keeping the public informed of its fire management program and activities. The Cluster Fire Prevention and Education Specialist (PEWS) is an available resource to the Park for consultation, support and assistance.

B. Reporting

All fire activity or project work will be reported daily, or as conditions change, through the “Fire Program Portal” on Inside NPS. This portal is located at: http://data2.itc.nps.gov/fire/admin/LoginForm.cfm.

Information on the fire or project work should be added as needed until the event is over. The fire or project work must be closed out when the event has ended. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering C. Step-Up Public Information Activities

Information and education are important processes in public acceptance of the managed fire program at Park. The Park Fire Coordinator will provide the Superintendent with accurate information regarding current fire situations and management activities. The public information program will be developed as follows:

• Concepts of the prescribed fire program will be incorporated, as appropriate, in Park publications, brochures, and handouts.

• The fire management program will be incorporated into visitor contacts, interpretive talks, walks, and tour programs. Particular attention will be given when fires are conspicuous from roads or visitor use areas.

• The public information outlets of neighboring and cooperating agencies, the Group fire management office and the Intermountain Regional office will be provided with all fire management information.

• The role of the fire management program at the Park will be developed and discussed, as appropriate, in off-site programs and talks.

• The fire management program will be discussed in informal talks with employees of all divisions, contractors, volunteers, residents, and Park neighbors.

Emergency closures or restrictions may become necessary during periods of elevated or extended fire danger. Such closures will necessitate additional coordination and communication with the public and the media.

X. PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE RESOURCES

A. Cultural and Historic Resources Needing Protection

The greatest resource protection concern regarding fire suppression is for the numerous archeological sites located in the Park. These sites are found primarily in the grasslands areas of the parks, and are subject to damage from fire management operations. Protection of these resources is focused on prohibiting any activity that causes damage to any pre-historic structures or to artifacts that are located on the site. Historic structures threatened by a wildland fire will be protected by the Park Structural Fire Brigade.

All planned fire management activities will be designed and managed for a determination of “no adverse effect” under section 106 of the NHPA. Project specific consultation with the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (AZ SHPO) and all required section 106 compliance documents will be completed prior to any activities.

B. Natural Resources Needing Protection

Fossilized remains of plants and animals are the park’s primary resource. These fossils are located primarily in badlands areas with little or no vegetation. In the unlikely event that fire suppression activities would be located in a fossil locality, all efforts to mitigate damage to and record resources located there will be made. There are no known threatened or endangered species within the Park. Due to the park’s location within a Class I airshed, there is a special concern for air quality. Additionally, all fire suppression activities within the park’s designated wilderness areas will be managed to preserve wilderness values.

C. Developments, Infrastructure, and Improvements Needing Protection

As funding allows, defensible space will be maintained around buildings, structures, and other improvements in the Park.

55 XI. FIRE CRITIQUES AND ANNUAL PLAN REVIEW

The Incident Commander or the Burn Boss will initially critique wildland and prescribed fires. This critique should take place with those directly involved in the management of the fire. This critique will utilize the “After Action Review” (AAR) for all wildland and prescribed fires.

The Park Fire Management Committee should review prescribed and wildland fires of significant size, cost, or where minor safety issues or minimal levels of public concern occur. These findings will be documented by the Group Fire Management Officer.

Prescribed or wildland fires involving an Incident Management Team or significant political, safety, or public issues should be reviewed by the Group Fire Management Officer, under the authority of the Park Superintendent. Guidelines for review are found in RM 18, Chapter 13. If a fire generates a major political or public concern, involves multiple serious injuries or a fatality, the Intermountain Regional Fire Management Officer and the NPS Fire Management Program Center should participate in the review. . The Park Fire Coordinator will review the WFMP annually for relevancy and incorporate changes into the appendix. Changes to the appendices require approval of the Fire Management Committee. The WFMP is subject to formal review every five years.

XII. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION

The following people were involved in the formulation and preparation of this fire management plan:

Lee Baiza, Superintendent, Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest, AZ

Ken Castro, Deputy Regional Fire Management Officer, Intermountain Region—Santa Fe Office, National Park Service, Santa Fe, NM

Greg Caffey, Chief Ranger, Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest, AZ

Lyn Carranza, Chief of Interpretation, Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest, AZ

Kelley Colborn, Park Ranger, Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest, AZ

Diane Dobos-Bubno, EPMT Liaison, Colorado Plateau EPMT, Petrified Forest, AZ

Karen Dorn, Chief of Resource Management, Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest, AZ

Lisa Hanson, Environmental Quality/Planning, Intermountain Region, Denver, CO.

56 Michael Kessler, Acting Fire Management Officer/Prescribed Fire Specialist, El Malpais National Monument, Grants, NM

David Langley, Group Fire Management Officer/FMO, El Malpais/El Morro NM, Grants, NM

William Parker, Paleontologist, Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest, AZ

Dr. Kathryn Thomas, USGS/BRD Colorado Plateau Field Station, Flagstaff, AZ.

Pat Thompson, Resource Management Specialist, Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest, AZ

Amanda Zeman, Historic Preservation Specialist, Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest, AZ.

XIII. APPENDICES

Appendix A REFERENCES CITED

DO 12, NEPA

DO 18, The Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy: Implementation and Reference Guide, (1988).

Reference Manual (RM-18).

Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review

National Park Service Organic Act, August 25, 1916

National Park Service, Public Law 85-358, establishing Petrified Forest National Park.

58 Appendix B 2001 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy compliance

1. SAFETY Firefighter and public safety is the first priority. This WFMP and all activities described within reflect this commitment.

2. FIRE MANAGEMENT AND ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY The full range of fire management activities will be used to help achieve ecosystem sustainability, including its interrelated ecological, economic, and social components.

3. RESPONSE TO WILDLAND FIRE The 2001 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy considers fire a critical natural process to be integrated into land and resource management plans and activities on a landscape scale, and across agency boundaries. The response to wildland fire presented in this WFMP is limited to suppression activities only.

4. USE OF WILDLAND FIRE The 2001 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy states that wildland fire will be used to protect, maintain, and enhance resources and, as nearly as possible, be allowed to function in its natural ecological role. This WFMP does not allow for wildland fire use.

5. REHABILITATION AND RESTORATION Rehabilitation and restoration efforts will be undertaken to protect and sustain ecosystems, public health and safety, and to help communities protect infrastructure.

6. PROTECTION PRIORITIES The protection of human life is the single overriding priority. Setting protection priorities for human communities and community infrastructure, other property and improvements, and natural and cultural resources will be based on the values to be protected, human health and safety, and the costs of protection. Once people have been committed to an incident, these human resources become the highest value to be protected.

7. WILDLAND URBAN INTERFACE The operational roles of federal agencies as partners in the Wildland Urban Interface are wildland firefighting, hazardous fuels reduction, collaborative prevention and education, and technical assistance. Structural fire suppression is the responsibility of tribal, State, or local governments. Federal agencies may assist with exterior structural protection activities under formal Fire Protection Agreements that specify the mutual responsibilities of the partners, including funding.

Petrified Forest NP maintains mutual aid agreements with the Holbrook, Puerco Valley and Sun Valley Fire Departments. The conditions of all three agreements are listed below, regarding the event of a wildland fire on park lands.

59 The Fire Departments agree to: • Respond to the fire with a minimum of one engine and crew with safety and fire fighting equipment, unless the absence of this equipment would put their normal response area at risk. • Cooperate with the park staff in the immediate suppression of the fire. • Recognize that park/NPS policies and requirements may necessitate special or unique fire fighting procedures that may differ from the Department’s procedures. The Department will adhere to park/NPS requirements when requested to do so by the park Superintendent or designated representative.

The Park agrees to: • Provide qualified structural/wildland fire fighting personnel with safety and fire fighting equipment. • Cooperate and coordinate with the Department personnel in suppression and rescue activities.

Both parties agree to: • Recognize the first fire unit on the scene as Incident Commander. The Incident Commander will be passed to a qualified representative of the jurisdiction in which the fire occurs. Responding fire and emergency units will obtain briefings and assignments from the Incident Commander prior to taking suppression action.

8. PLANNING Every Area with burnable vegetation must have an approved WFMP. Fire Management Plans are strategic plans that define a program to manage wildland and prescribed fires based on the Area’s approved land management plan. Fire Management Plans must provide for firefighter and public safety; include fire management strategies, tactics, and alternatives; address values to be protected and public health issues; and be consistent with resource management objectives, activities of the Area, and environmental laws and regulations.

This WFMP is a strategic plan that provides for firefighter and public safety, addresses values to be protected, public health issues, and is consistent with resource management activities, activities of the Area, and is consistent with environmental laws and regulations.

9. SCIENCE Fire Management Plans and programs will be based on a foundation of sound science. Research will support ongoing efforts to increase our scientific knowledge of biological, physical, and sociological factors. Information needed to support fire management will be developed through an integrated interagency fire science program. Scientific results must be made available to managers in a timely manner and must be used in the development of land management plans, Fire Management Plans, and implementation plans.

This WFMP is based upon, and utilizes, the best available science and relevant research available.

10. PREPAREDNESS Agencies will ensure their capability to provide safe, cost-effective fire management programs in support of land and resource management plans through appropriate planning, staffing, training, equipment, and management oversight.

This WFMP provides guidance for safe, cost-effective fire management, supporting land and resource management plans through appropriate preparedness activities.

11. SUPPRESSION Fires are suppressed at minimum cost, considering firefighter and public safety, benefits, and values to be protected, consistent with resource objectives.

12. PREVENTION Petrified Forest will work together and with their partners and other affected areas and individuals to prevent unauthorized ignition of wildland fires.

13. STANDARDIZATION Agencies will use compatible planning processes, funding mechanisms, training and qualification requirements, operational procedures, values-to-be-protected methodologies, and public education programs for all fire management activities.

14. INTERAGENCY COOPERATION AND COORDINATION Fire management planning, preparedness, prevention, suppression, fire use, restoration and rehabilitation, monitoring, research, and education will be conducted on an interagency basis with the involvement of cooperators and partners.

Petrified Forest is an active participant in, and contributor to, interagency planning processes, funding mechanisms, training and qualification requirements, operational procedures, values-to- be-protected methodologies, and public education programs for all fire management activities employed in the Fire Program Analysis (FPA) Southwest interagency Fire Planning Unit (FPU).

15. COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION Agencies will enhance knowledge and understanding of wildland fire management policies and practices through internal and external communication and education programs. These programs will be continuously improved through the timely and effective exchange of information among all affected agencies and organizations.

16. AGENCY ADMINISTRATOR AND EMPLOYEE ROLES Agency administrators will ensure that their employees are trained, certified, and made available to participate in the wildland fire program locally, Intermountain Regionally, and nationally as the situation demands. Employees with operational, administrative, or other skills will support the wildland fire program as necessary. Agency administrators are responsible and will be held accountable for making employees available.

17. EVALUATION 61 Agencies will develop and implement a systematic method of evaluation to determine effectiveness of projects through implementation of the 2001 Federal Fire Policy. The evaluation will assure accountability, facilitate resolution of areas of conflict, and identify resource shortages and agency priorities.

62 Appendix C DEFINITION OF TERMS

Chain: A unit of measure equal to 66 feet.

Control Line: A comprehensive term for all the constructed and natural fire barriers and treated fire edges used to control a fire.

Direct Method: A method of suppression that treats the fire as a whole, or all its burning edges, by wetting, cooling, smothering, or chemically quenching the fire, or by mechanically separating the fire from unburned fuel.

Fire Weather: Weather conditions which influence fire ignition, behavior, and suppression.

Fire Management Plan: A strategic plan that defines a program to manage wildland fires. This plan is supplemented by operational procedures such as preparedness, preplanned dispatch burn plans and prevention.

Flame Length (FL): The length of a flame measured from the base of the flame to it’s tip and parallel to the length of the flame. Flame length is measured on a slant when the flame is tilted due to the effects of wind and slope.

Fuel Model: A simulated fuel complex for which all fuel descriptions required by the mathematical fire spread model have been specified.

Fuel Type: An identifiable vegetative association of fuel elements of distinctive species, form, size, arrangement, or other characteristics.

Hazard Fuels: Fuels that, if ignited, have significant potential to threaten human life and safety, real property, park resources, or carry fire across park boundaries.

Indirect Attack: A method of suppression in which the control line is located along natural firebreaks, favorable breaks in topography, or at considerable distance from the fire.

Initial Action: Action taken by the first resources to arrive at a wildland fire to meet protection and fire use objectives.

Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST): The application of techniques that effectively accomplish wildland fire management objectives while minimizing the impacts to cultural and natural resources commensurate with ensuring public and firefighter safety and effective wildland fire control.

National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS): A multiple index scheme designed to provide fire control and land management personnel with a systematic means of assessing various aspects of fire danger on a day-to-day basis.

63 Planned Ignition: A fire ignited by management actions to meet specific objectives.

Preparedness: Activities that help to provide a safe, efficient and cost effective fire management program in support of land and resource management objectives through appropriate planning and coordination.

Prescribed Fire: A fire ignited by park managers under known conditions of fuel, weather, and topography to achieve specific objectives. An approved prescribed burn plan must be completed and NEPA requirements must be met prior to ignition.

Prescription: Measurable criteria that guide selection of appropriate management strategies and actions. Prescription criteria may include economic, public health, environmental, geographic, administrative, social or legal considerations.

Rate of Spread (ROS): The time it takes the leading edge of a flaming fire front to travel a known distance. Rate of spread is commonly measured in chains/hour or meters/second.

Suppression: management actions intended to protect identified values from a fire, extinguish a fire, or alter a fire's direction of spread.

Unplanned Ignition: A wildland fire not ignited by management actions.

Wildland: Any Area under fire management jurisdiction of a land management agency.

Wildland Fire: Any fire, other than prescribed fire, that occurs in the wildland.

Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA): A decision-making process that evaluates alternative management strategies against selected environmental, social, political, and economic criteria.

Weather Information Management System (WIMS): An interactive computer system designed to accommodate the weather information needs of all federal and state natural resource agencies.

64 Appendix D. Species Lists for Petrified Forest National Park 1. Mammals

Common Name Scientific Name Coyote Canis latrans Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Swift fox Vulpes velox Bobcat Felis rufus Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus Pronghorn Antilocapra Americana Ringtail Bassariscus astutus Raccoon Procyon lotor Badger Taxidea taxus Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis Western spotted skunk Spilogale gracilis Black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii Desert shrew Notiosorex crawfordi Pallid bat Antrozous pallidus Townsend’s bit-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii California myotis Myotis californicus Fringed myotis Myotis thysanodes Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis Western pipistrelle Pipistrellus Hesperus Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Gunnison’s prairie dog Cynomys gunnisoni White-tailed antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus Spotted ground squirrel Spermophilus spilosoma Rock squirrel Spermophilus variegates Botta’s pocket gopher Thomomys bottae White-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula Bushytail woodrat Neotoma cinerea Mexican woodrat Neotoma mexicana Stephens’ woodrat Neotoma stephensi Ord’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii Silky pocket mouse Perognathus flarrus Northern grasshopper mouse Onychomys leucogaster Bush mouse Peromyscus boylii Canyon mouse Peromyscus crinitis White-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus Deer mouse Permyscus maniculatus Pinon mouse Peromyscus truei Western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis House mouse Mus musculus

2. Bird Checklist 65

Grebes • Least Grebe • Western Grebe • Pied-billed Grebe • Eared Grebe Pelicans • American White Pelican Herons, Bitterns • Great blue Heron • Green Heron • Snowy Egret • Black Crowned Night Heron • American Bittern Geese, Ducks • Canada Goose • Mallard • Northern Pintail • Green-winged Teal • Blue-winged Teal • Cinnamon Teal • American Wigeon • Northern Shoveler • Ring-necked Duck • Bufflehead • Ruddy Duck Ibises • White-faced Ibis Vultures, Hawks, Eagles • Turkey Vulture • Northern Goshawk • Sharp-shinned Hawk • Cooper’s Hawk • Swainson’s Hawk • Rough-legged Hawk • Ferruginous Hawk • Northern Harrier • Merlin • American Kestrel • Prairie Falcon • Osprey • Golden Eagle • Bald Eagle • Peregrine Falcon 66 Quail • Scaled Quail Rails, Coots • Virginia Rail • Sora Rail • American Coot Shorebirds, Gulls • American Avocet • Mountain Plover • Killdeer • Long-billed Curlew • Whimbrel • Lesser Yellowlegs • Spotted Sandpiper • Baird’s Sandpiper • Least Sandpiper • Western Sandpiper • Willet • Wilson’s Phalarope • Herring Gull • Ring-billed Gull • Franklin’s Gull Pigeons, Doves • Band-tailed Pigeon • Mourning Dove • Inca Dove Cuckoos, Roadrunners • Greater Roadrunner Owls • Western Screech Owl • Great Horned Owl • Burrowing Owl • Long-eared Owl • Short-eared Owl Goatsuckers • Common Poor-will • Common Nighthawk Swifts, Hummingbirds • Vaux’s Swift • Anna’s Hummingbird • Broad-tailed Hummingbird • Rufous Hummingbird • Allen’s Hummingbird • Calliope Hummingbird 67 Kingfishers • Belted Kingfisher Woodpeckers • Northern Flicker • Acorn Woodpecker • Lewis Woodpecker • Yellow-bellied Sapsucker • Williamson’s Sapsucker • Hairy Woodpecker • Downy Woodpecker • Ladder-backed Woodpecker Tyrant Flycatcher • Western Kingbird • Cassin’s Kingbird • Black Phoebe • Say’s Phoebe • Western Wood-peewee • Olive-sided Flycatcher • Vermilion Flycatcher • Dusky Flycatcher • Cordilleran Flycatcher • Ash-throated Flycatcher Larks • Horned Lark Swallows • Violet-green Swallow • Tree Swallow • Bank Swallow • N. Rough-winged Swallow • Barn Swallow • Cliff Swallow • Purple Martin Jays, Crows • Steller’s Jay • Scrub Jay • Common Raven • American Crow • Pinyon Jay • Clark’s Nutcracker Titmouse, Bushtits • Mountain chickadee • Juniper Titmouse • Bushtit Nuthatches 68 • White-breasted Nuthatch • Red-breasted Nuthatch • Pygmy Nuthatch Creepers, Wrens • Brown Creeper • Bewick’s Wren • Marsh Wren • Canyon Wren • House Wren • Rock Wren Mockingbird, Thrashers • Northern Mockingbird • Gray Catbird • Brown Thrasher • Bendire’s Thrasher • Sage Thrasher Gnatcatchers, Kinglets • Blue-gray Gnatcatcher • Black-tailed Gnatcatcher • Golden-crowned Kinglet • Ruby-crowned Kinglet Pipits, Waxwings • Water Pipit • Bohemian Waxwing • Cedar Waxwing Silky Flycatchers • Phainopepla Shrikes • Loggerheaded Shrike Starlings • European Starling Weaver Finches • House Sparrow Vireos • Hutton’s Vireo • Plumbeous Vireo • Warbling Vireo • Gray Vireo Wood Warblers • Black-and-white Warbler • Yellow Warbler • Yellow-rumped Warbler • Townsend’s Warbler • MacGillivray’s Warbler 69 • Common Yellowthroat • American Redstart • Yellow-breasted Chat • Wilson’s warbler • Ovenbird • Northern Waterthrush • Red-faced Warbler Meadowlarks, Blackbirds, Orioles • Western Meadowlark • Hooded Oriole • Scott’s Oriole • Northern Oriole • Brewer’s Blackbird • Brown-headed Cowbird • Great-tailed Blackbird • Red-winged Blackbird Tanagers • Western Tanager • Hepatic Tanager • Summer Tanager Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows, Buntings • Black-headed Grosbeak • Blue Grosbeak • Lazuli Bunting • Painted Bunting • Indigo Bunting • Evening Bunting • House Finch • Pine Siskin • American Goldfinch • Cassin’s Finch • Lesser Goldfinch • Red Crossbill • Green-tailed Towhee • Spotted Towhee • California Towhee • Lark Bunting • Savannah Sparrow • Baird’s Sparrow • Vesper Sparrow • Lark Sparrow • Rufous-crowned Sparrow • Black-throated Sparrow • Sage Sparrow 70 • Dark-eyed Junco • Chipping Sparrow • Brewer’s Sparrow • White-crowned Sparrow • White-throated Sparrow • Fox Sparrow • Lincoln’s Sparrow • Song Sparrow • Chestnut-collared Longspur

3. Reptiles and Amphibian Checklist

Common Name Scientific Name Collared lizard Crotaphytus collaris Side-blotched lizard Uta standsburiana Sagebrush lizard Sceloporus graciosus Eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulates Short-horned lizard Phrynosoma douglassi Lesser earless lizard Holbrookia maculate Plateau striped whiptail Cnemidophorus velox Little striped whiptail Cnemidophorus inornatus New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Glossy snake Pituophis catenifer Gopher snake Pituophis melanoleous Night snake Hypsiglena torquata Striped whipsnake Masticophis taeniatus Common kingsnake Lampropeltis getulus Milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum Western rattlesnake Crotalus viridis

71 Plant Checklist

Genus/species Common Name Juniperus monosperma One-seed Juniper Ephedra torreyana Torrey Mormon Tea Ephedra viridis Green Mormon Tea Ehpedra viridis var. viscida Cutler Mormon Tea Ephedra nevadensis Nevada jointfir Pinus edulis Colorado Pinyon Pine Yucca angustissima Fineleaf Yucca Yucca baccata Blue (Datil)Yucca Cyperus aristatus Bearded Flatsedge Cyperus esculentus chufa flatsedge Cyperus niger Black Flatsedge Cyperus squarrosus bearded flatsedge Eleocharis palustris common spiderush, creeping spikerush Eleocharis parshii Parish's spikerush Schoenoplectus actus var.acutus hardstem bulrush Schoenoplectus maritimus cosmopolitan bulrush Scirpus acutus Tule Scirpus paludosus Alkali Bulrush Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive Allium macropetalum largeflower wild onion Androstephium breviflorum pink funnellily Calochortus aureus golden Mariposa lily Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus Mariposa Lily Agrostis alba Redtop Agrostis semiverticillata Water Bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass, redtop Agropyron desertorum desert wheatgrass, fairway Achnatherum aridum Mormon needlegrass Achnatherum hymenoides Indian ricegrass Achantherum speciosum Desert Needlegrass Andropogon gerardii big bluestem Andropogon hallii sand bluestem Aristida adscensionis 6 weeks threeawn Aristida fendleriana Fendler threeawn Aristida longiseta Red Threeawn Aristida purpurea var.longiseta Fendler threeawn, purple threeawn Bothriochloa saccharoides silver bluestem needle grama Bothriochloa aristidoides needle grama Bothriochloa barbata sixweeks grama Bothriochloa curtipendula var. curtipendula sideoats grama Bothriochloa eriopoda black grama

72 Scientific Name Common Name Bothriochloa gracilis blue grama Elymus elymoides ssp.elymoides wildrye, squirreltail Elymus xpesudorepens false quackgrass Muhlenbergia depauperata Sixweeks Muhly Muhlenbergia longiligula Longtongue Muhly Muhlenbergia porteri Bush Muhly Muhlenbergia pungens Sandhill Muhly Muhlenbergia torreyi Ring Muhly Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian Ricegrass Oryzopsis micrantha Littleseed Ricegrass Polypogon monspeliensis Rabbitfoot Grass Sporobotus airoides Alkali Sacaton Sporobotus contractus Spike Dropseed Sporobotus cryptandrus Sand Dropseed Sporobotus flexuosus Mesa Dropseed Sporobotus giganteus Giant Dropseed Sporobotus interruptus Black Dropseed Sporobotus pulvinatus Stipa arida Mormon Needlegrass Stipa comata Needleandthread Stipa neomexicana New Mexico Feathergrass Stipa speciosa Desert Needlegrass Thimopyrum ponticum tall wheatgrass Vulpia octoflora var.hirtella sixweeks fescue Andropogon hallii Sand Bluestem Andropogon saccharoides Silver Bluestem Andropogon scoparius var neomexicanus Little Bluestem Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass Bouteloua aristidoides Needle Grama Bouteloua barbata Sixweeks Grama Bouteloua curtipendula Sideoats Grama Bouteloua eriopoda Black Grama Bouteloua gracilis Blue Grama Bouteloua hirsuta Hairy Grama Bouteloua rothrockii Rothrock Grama Bouteloua simplex Mat Grama Bothriochloa ischaemum yellow bluestem Chloris virgata Feather Finger Grass Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass Leptochloa fascicularis Bearded Sprangletop Munroa squarrosa False Buffalograss Schedonnardus paniculatus Tumblegrass Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. Neomexicana New Mexico little bluestem Bromus inermis Smooth Brome Bromus diandrus ripgut brome

73 Scientific Name Common Name Bromus hordeaceus ssp. Hordeaceus soft brome, soft chess Bromus japonicus Japanese brome Bromus mollis Soft Brome Bromus racemosus Bald Brome Bromus rigidus Ripgut Brome Bromus rubens Foxtail Brome Bromus tectorum Cheatgrass Brome Calamovilfa gigantea giant sandreed Cenchrus spinifex ciastal sandbur Dasyochloa pulchella low woolygrass, fluffgrass Distichlis spicata Inland Saltgrass Hesperostipa neomexicana New Mexico Feathergrass Hesperostipa comata var.comata needle and thread grass Enneapogon desvauxii False Pappus Grass Eragrostis arida Desert Lovegrass Eragrostis barrelieri Mediterranean lovegrass Eragrostis diffusa Spreading Lovegrass Eragrostis intermedia plains lovegrass Eragrostis mexicana Mexican lovegrass Eragrostis orcuttiana Orcutt Lovegrass Eragrostis pectinacea Carolina Lovegrass Eragrostis spectabilis Purple Lovegrass Festuca elatior Meadow Fesque Festuca octoflora Sixweeks Fesque Phragmites australis Common Reed (Carrizo) Phragmites communis Common Reed (Carrizo) Piptatherum micranthum smilograss Pleuraphis jamesii Jame's galleta Poa arida Plains Bluegrass Poa fendleriana Mutton Bluegrass Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Polypogon monspeliensis annual rabbitsfoot grass Polypogon viridis beardless rabbitsfoot grass Puccinellia airoides Alkaligrass Puccinellia distans Weeping Alkaligrass Puccinellia fasciculata Torrey Alkaligrass Puccinellia nuttalliana Nuttall's alkaligrass Scleropogon brevifolius Burrograss Tridens pulchellus Fluffgrass Agropyron cristatum Crested Wheatgrass Agropyron inerme Bearded Bluebunch Wheatgrass Agropyron pseudorepens False Quackgrass Agropyron smithii Bluestem Wheatgrass Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley Hordeum leporinum Barley

74 Scientific Name Common Name Hordeum murinum leporinum barley, rabbir barley Hordeum pusillum Little Barley Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass Lolium pratense meadow ryegrass Sitanion longifolium Bottlebrush Cenchrus pauciflorus Mat Sandbur Echinochloa crusgalli barnyardgrass Echinochloa crusgalli var. zelayensis Alkali Barnyardgrass Panicum capillare Old Witchgrass Panicum hirticaule Roughstalk Witchgrass Panicum obtusum Vine Mesquite Pascopyrum smithii western wheatgrass Pennisetum glaucum pearl millet Setaria lutescens Yellow Bristlegrass Setaria viridis Green Bristlegrass Sporobolus airoides alkali sacaton Sporobolus contractus spike dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand Dropseed Sporobolus flexuosus Mesa Dropseed Sporobolus giganteus Giant Dropseed Sporobolus interruptus black dropseed Sporobolus coromandelianus Madagascar dropseed Hilaria jamesii Galleta Amaranthus hybridus Slim Amaranth,"Gr" Amaranthus acanthochiton greenstripe, Hopiweed Amaranthus albus prostrate pigweed, amaranth Amaranthus retroflexus redroot amaranth Guilleminea densa small matweed Amaranthus blitoides mat amaranth, prostrate pigweed Allenrolfea occidentalis Iodine-brush, Chico Atriplex argentea Tumbleweed Atriplex canescens Fourwing Saltbrush, Cenizo Atriplex confertifolia Shadscale, Sheep Fat Atriplex jonesii Atriplex obovata mound saltbush Atriplex powellii Powell's saltweed, Powell orach Atriplex rosea tumbling saltweed, tumbling orach Atriplex saccaria sack saltbush, stalked orach Chenopodium album lambsquarters Chenopodium arizonicum Chenopodium berlandieri Zschack's Goosefoot Chenopodium fremontii var. fremontii Fremount's goosefoot Chenopodium glaucum Oatleaf Goosefoot Chenopodium leptophyllum narrowleaf goosefoot

75 Scientific Name Common Name Chenopodium pratericola desert goosefoot Chenopodium salinum Rocky Mtn goosefoot Corispermum nitidum common bugseed Cycloloma atriplicifolium winged pigweed Eurotia lanata Common winterfat Grayia brandegi Spineless Hopsage Kochia americana greenmolly Kochia scoparia common kochia, summer-cypress Krascheninniko vis lanata winterfat Monolepis nuttalliana Nutall's povertyweed Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle, tumbleweed Salsola kali var. tenuifolia Tumbling Russian Thistle Sarcobatus vermiculatus greasewood Suaeda moquinii Mojave seablite Zuckia brandegeei var.arizonica Arizona siltbush Zuckia brandegei var.brandegei brandegeei siltbush Phoradendron juniperinum American Juniper Mistletoe Abronia elliptica fragrant white sand verbena Abronia fragrans Snowball Sandverbena, "Wh" Allionia incarnata trailing windmills, trailing four- o'clock Boerhaavia spicata creeping spiderling Boerhaavia torreyana Spiderling, "Pi, Wh" Mirabilis multiflora Colorado 4 O'Clock, "Pi-Pu" Oxybaphus linearis "Pi-Rd" Tripterocalyx carnea var. wootonii Wooten's sandpuffs Eriogonum alatum Wing Eriogonum, "Ye" Eriogonum aureum "Ye" Eriogonum cernuum Nodding Eriogonum, "Wh-Pi" Eriogonum corymbossum var. aureum crispleaf buckwheat, corymb buckwheat Eriogonum corymbossum var. glutinosum Corymbed Eriogonum, "Pi" Eriogonum deflexum flatcrown buckwheat, skeletonweed buckwheat Eriogonum divaricatum divergent buckwheat, spreading buckwheat Eriogonum ericifolium var. pulchrum Yavapi county buckwheat Eriogonum hookeri Hooker's buckwheat, Watson buckwheat Eriogonum inflatum Native American pipeweed, desert trumpet Eriogonum jamesii Antelope Sage, "Wh" Eriogonum jamesii var. jamesii Jame's buckwheat Eriogonum lachnogynum wollycup buckwheat

76 Scientific Name Common Name Eriogonum leptocladon var. ramosissionum sand buckwheat Eriogonum leptophyllum slenderleaf buckwheat Eriogonum microthecum slender buckwheat Eriogonum salsuginosum "Ye" Eriogonum simpsoni Wild Buckwheat, "Wh,Pi" Eriogonum subreniforme kidneyshape buckwheat,stokes buckwheat Eriogonum wrightii var.wrightii Wright's buckwheat Polygonum aviculare Prostrate Knotweed, "Gr" Polygonum lapathifolium curlytop knotweed, willow-weed Polygonum pensylvanicum Pennsylvanian smartweed Polygonum ramosissimum bushy knotweed Rumex cripus curly dock Rumex hymenosepalus Canaigre dock Rumex mexicanus Mexican Dock, "Gr" Rumex obtusifolius bitterdock Rumex salicifolius willow dock, Beach dock Stenogonum salsuginosum salty eriogonum Portulaca oleracea Purslane Populus X acuminata Lanceleaf Cottonwood Populus angustifoia narrowleaf cottonwood Populus deltoides ssp.wislizeni Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii Fremont Cottonwood Salix exigua narrow leaf willow,coyote willow Salix gooddingii Goodding's willow Comandra umbellata ssp.pallida pale bastard toadflax Rhus trilobata Skunkbush Sumac, Ye Cymopterus newberryi Chimaya Cymopterus acaulis Fendler's springparsley Cymopterus bulbosus bulbous springparsley Cymopterus purpurascens Chimaya, Pu Cymopterus purpureus Chimaya, Pu, Ye Berberis haematocarpa Red Mahonia, Ye Mahonia haematocarpa red barberry Arabis lignifera Rockcress, Pi-Pu Arabis perennans perennial rockcress,nuttall rockcress Arabis pulchra Rockcress, Wh-Pu Caradaria draba whitetop Chorispora tenella crossflower Descurainia incana mountain tansymustard Descurainia obtusa ssp. Obtusa blunt tansymustard Descurainia pinnata var. ochroleuca western tansymustard Descurainia sophia herb sophia Dimorphocarpa wislizeni tourist spectaclepod

77 Scientific name Common name Dithyrea wislizeni Spectaclepod, Wh Draba cuneifolia wedgeleaf whitlowgrass Erysimuum capitatum var.purshii Western Wallflower, Ye Lepidium lasiocarpum shaggyfruit pepperweed, hispidcress Lepidium montanum var.glabrum mountain pepperweed Lesquerella fendleri Fendler's bladderpod Lesquerella gordonii Gordon's bladderpod Lesquerella intermedia mid ladderpod, Watson bladderpod Physaria newberryi Newberry's twinpod Rorippa sinuata spreading yellowcress Rorippa sphaerocarpa roundfruit yellowcress Sisymbrium altissimum tall tumblemustard Stanleya pinnata Desert Princesplume, Ye Streptanthella longirostris longbeal streptanthella Coryphantha arizonica Arizona Fishhook, Pi Echinocereus coccineus var.coccineus scarlet hedgehog cactus Echinocereus fendleri Fendler'a hedgehog cactus Echinocereus triglochidiatus kingcup cactus, claretcup Escobaria vivipara var. arizonica Arizona spinystar Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara spinystar Opuntia erinacea var.erinacea grizzlybear pricklypear Opuntia erinacea var.hystricina grizzlybear pricklypear Opuntia erinacea var.utahensis Utah grizzlybear pricklypear Opuntia fragilis var.brachyarthra brittle pricklypear Opuntia fragilis var.fragilis pygmy pricklypear,brittle pricklypear Opuntia hystricina Pricklypear, Ye, Pi Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza twistspine pricklypear,plains pricklypear Opuntia polyacantha var.rufispina hairspine pricklypear, cntral pricklypear Opuntia polyacantha var.trichophora hairspine pricklypear, cntral pricklypear Opuntia rhodantha Pricklypear, Pi Opuntia whipplei Whipple Cholla, Ye Pediocactus peeblesianus var. peeblesianus Navajo pincushion cactus Sclerocactus papyracanthus paperspine fishhook cactus Sclerocactus whipplei Whipple's fishhook cactus Toumeya papvracantha Wh Cleome serrulata Rockey Mt. Beeplant, Pu-Pi Wislizenia refracta var. melilotoides Jackass Clover, Ye Wislizenia refracta ssp. Refracta spectacle fruit Arenaria eastwoodiae var.adenophora Eastwood's sandwort

78 Scientific name Common Name Croton texensis Texas croton, doveweed Chamaesyce fendleri Fendler's andmat, Fendler euphorb Chamaesyce parryi Parry's sandmat, Parry spurge Chamaesyce revoluta threadstem sandmat, revolute spurge Chamaesyce albomarginata whitemargin sandmat, rattlesnake-weed Euphorbia albomarginata Whitemargin Euphorbia Euphorbia fendleri Euphorbia parryi Subfamily Caesalpinioideae Tragia ramosa branched noseburn Hoffmanseggia jamesii Rushpea Subfamily Papilionoideae Astragalus brandegeei Brandegee's milkvetch Astragalus ceramicus var. ceramicus Wh-Pi Astragalus convallarius Timber Poisonvetch Astragalus juncformis Astragalus kentrophyta Locoweed,Wh Astragalus lentiginosus Specklepod Loco, V Astragalus praelongus Straightstem Poisonvetch, Pu Astragalus thompsonae Thompson Loco Astragalus flavus yellow milkvetch Astragalus lonchocarpus rushy milk vetch Astragalus albulus cibola milkvetch Astragalus amphioxys var.amphioxys Crescent milkvetch Astragalus mollissimus var.thompsoniae woolly locoweed Astragalus wingatanus Fort Wingate milkvetch Astragalus xiphoides gladiator milkvetch Alhagi maurorum Camelthorn Alhagi camelorum Camelthorn,Rd Caesalpinia jamesii James' holdback Dalea terminalis Indigo-brush,Pu Dalea candida var/ oligophylla white prairieclover Dalea flavescens Canyonlands prarieclover, Kanab prairie-clover

Dalea lanata woolly prairieclover Glycyrrhiza lepidota American Licorice,Wh Lupinus brevicaulis Shortstem Lupine, Bl, Pu Lupinus pusillus var. intermontanus Intermountain lupine, dwarf lupine Medicago sativa Alfalfa, Lucerne, Pu Melilotus officinalis Yellow Sweetclover, Ye Scientific name Common Name

79 Parryella filifolia Dunebroom, Ye Petalostemum candidum White Prairieclover, Wh Petalostemum flavenscens Yelow Prairieclover, Or Peteria scoparia Rush Peteria, Gr Prosopis glandulosa honey mesquite Psoralea lanceolata Lemonweed, Wh Psoralidium lanceolatum lemon scurfpea Sophora stenophylla fingerleaf necklace pod, silvery sophora Erodium cicutarium Alfileria, Filaree, Pi Linum aristatum Flax,Bl, Ye Linum lewisii prairie flax Linum puberulum plains flax Mentzelia albicaulis Whitestem Mentzelia, Ye Mentzelia multiflora Desert Blazingstar, Ye Mentzelia Pumila dwarf mentzelia Sida hederacea Alkali Sida, Meloncilla, Ye, Pi Sphaeralcea ambigua desert globemallow Sphaeralcea hastulata spear globemallow Sphaeralcea incana var. cuneata gray globemallow Sphaeralcea incana ssp.incana soft globemallow Sphaeralcea parvifolia small globemallow, Nelson globemallow Malvella leprosa alkali mallow Gaura coccinea var. arizonica Scarlet Gaura, Wh-Rd Gaura coccinea scarlet beeblossom,scarlet guara Gaura coccinea var. parvifolia Scarlet Gaura, Wh-Rd Gaura ciccinea var. typica Scarlet Gaura, Wh-Rd Gaura mollis velvetweed, willow gaura Gaura parviflora Pi Calylophus lavanduliflius lavenderleaf sundrops Camissonia scapoidea barestem eveningprimrose Oenothera albicaulis whitest eveningprimrose, whitestem eveningprimrose Oenothera caespitosa ssp.crinita tufted eveningprimrose, morning- lily Oenothera caespitosa ssp.caespitosa tufted eveningprimrose Oenothera caespitosa var. montatn Tufted Eveningprimrose, Wh Oenothera deltoides birdcage eveningprimrose,annual eveningprimrose Oenothera flava Yellow Eveningprimrose, Ye Oenothera lavandulaefolia var. glondulosa Lavendarleaf Eveningprimrose, Ye Oenothera pallida Pale Eveningprimrose, Wh Oenothera pallida ssp.runcinata pale evening-primrose Scientific Name Common Name

80 Oenothera runcinata Primrose, Wh Argemone platyceras Crested Pricklepoppy, Ye Argemone pleiacantha southwestern prickly poppy Clematis ligusticifolia Western Virginsbower, Wh Ceratocephala testiculata curveseed buttercup, bur buttercup Delphinium scaposum Barestem Larkspur, B1 Ranunculus cymbalaria Desert Crowfoot,Ye Ranunculus cymbalaria var. saximontanus buttercup alkali Cowania mexicana var. stansburiana Cliffrose, Quinniebush Purshia stansburiana Stansbury cliffrose Tamarix pentandra 5 stamen Tamarix Tamarix chinensis fivestamen tamarix, saltcedar Typha domingensis southern cattail, common cattail Tribulus terrestris Puncturevine, Bullhead Asclepias involucrata Dwarf Milkweed Asclepias subverticillata Poison Milkweed Funastrum cynanchoides ssp. Cynanchoides fringed twinevine, climbing milkweed Achillea lanulosa Western Yarrow, Wh Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis Western yarrow, milfoil yarrow Acroptilon repens hardheads, Russian knapweed Ambrosia acanthicarpa flatspine burr ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia annual ragweed, common ragweed Artemisia bigelovii Bigelow's sage Artemisia ludoviciana White sagebrush Artemisia filifolia Sand Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata big sagebrush, common sagebrush Artemisia frigida prairie sagewort Aplopappus gracilis Ironplant Aplopappus nuttallii Nuttall Goldenweed Aplopappus parryi Aplopappus spinulosus var. turbinellus Ironweed Goldenweed Aster arenosus Aster Aster cichoriaceus Aster Aster tanacetifolius Tansyleaf Aster Chaetopappa ericoides rose heath Chrysopsis foliosa Goldaster Chrysopsis villosa Hairy Goldaster Chrysothamnus greenei Greene's Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. bigelovii Rubber Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus parryi var. nevadensis Parry Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus pulchellus var. baileyi Scientific name Common name

81 Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus var. stenophyllus Douglas Rabbitbrush Conyza canadensis Canadian horseweed Erigeron canadensis Horseweed Erigeron divergens Spreading Fleabane, spreading daisy Erigeron nudiflorus Sprawling Fleabane Erigeron compactus fernleaf fleabane, fern-leaf daisy Erigeron concinnus Navajo fleabane, mound daisy Erigeron consimilis foothill fleabane, mound daisy Erigeron flagellaris trailing fleabane Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa Rubber Rabbitbrush var.nauseosa Grindelia aphanoctis Gumweed Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata Curlycup Gumweed Gindelia squarrosa var. typica Curlycup Gumweed Gutierrezia lucida Sticky Snakeweed Gutierrezia microcephala Threadleaf Snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae Broom Snakeweed Solidago petradoria Rock Goldenron Townsendia annua annual townsend daisy Townsendia incana hoary townsendia Townsendia strigosa hoary townsend daisy Lactuca serriola var. integrata Prickly Lettuce Lygodesmia arizonica Arizona skeleton plant Lygodesmia grandiglora large flower skeletonplant,showy rush-pink Machaeranthera canescens hoary tansyaster ssp.canescensvar.canescens Machaeranthera canescens ssp.glabra var.glabra hoary tansyaster Machaeranthera gracilis tansey aster Machaeranthera grindelioides var. grindelioides rayless tansyaster, gumweed aster Machaeranthera pinnatifida ssp. Pinnatifida tansyleaf tansyaster Machaeranthera tanacetifoloa tansyleaf tansyaster Malacothrix fendleri Malacothrix sonchoides var. sonchoides Pectis angustifolia lemon scent Petradoria pumila grassy rockgoldenrod Picrandeniopsis woodhousei Woodhouse's bahia Psilostrophe tagetina woolly paperflower Ratibida columnifera upright prairie conflower Ratibida tagetes green prairie coneflower Sanvitalia abertii Albert's creeping zinnia Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii Douglas' ragwort, groundsel Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus threadleaf groundsel Scientific name Common name

82 Senscio spartioides var. multicapitatus broomlike ragwort Sonchus asper Sow Thistle Stephanomeria exigua Wirelettus Stephanomeria pauiflora brownplume wirelettuce Taraxacum officinale common dandelion Tetradymia canescens spineless horsebrush Tetraneuris acaulis stemless four-nervedaisy Thelesperma megapotamicum Hopi tea greenthread Tragopogon dubius yellow salsify Tragopogon pratensis meadow salsify Cirsium ochrocentrum Thistle Cirsium foliosum elk thistle Cirsium vulgare bull thistle Brickellia californica California Brickellia, Pachaba Brickellia oblongifolia Mojave Brickellia Brickellia eupatorioides var. chlorolepis false boneset Kuhnia rosmarinifolia Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed Bidens biglovii Spanish Needles Chaenactis macrantha bighead dustymaiden, showy dustymaiden Chaenactis steviodes Steve's dustymaiden Gaillardia pinnatifida red dome blanketflower, Hopi blanketflower Helianthus annuus Common Sunflower Helianthus ciliaris Texas blueweed Helianthus petiolaris Prairie Sunflower Heliomeris multiflora var.multiflora showy goldeneye Heterotheca subaxillaris camphorweed, sand goldenaster Heterotheca villosa var.foliosa hairy false goldenaster Heterotheca villosa var.villosa hairy false goldenaster Hymenopappus filifolius var.pauciflorus fineleaf hymenopappus Hymenopappus flavescens var.canotomenstosus college flower Hymenopappus pauciflorus Ye Hymenopappus robustus Ye Hymenothrix loomisii Loomis' timblehead Hymenoxys acaulis var. arizonica Stemless Actinea Hymenoxys ivesiana Hymenoxys richardsoni var. floribunda Pingweed, Rubberweed Hymenothrix wrightii Wright's thimblehead Isocoma drummondii Drummond's goldenbush Iva acerosa copperweed Pectis angustifolia Fetid Marigold Psilostrophe tagetina Paperflower, Paperdaisy Ratibida tagetes Prairiecone Flower Scientific name

83 Sanvitalia aberti Tetraneuris ivesiana Ive's fournerved daisy Thelesperma megapotamicum Greenthread Verbesina encelioides var. typica Golden Crownbeard Viguiera annua Annual Goldeneye Viguiera ciliata Hairy Goldeneye Wyethia scabra var. canescens badlands mulesears Xanthium strumarium rough cocklebur Zinnia grandiflora Rockey Mt. Zinnia Senecio longilobus Threadleaf Groundsel Senecio multicapitatus Groundsel Tetradymia canescens Gray Horsebrush Cryptantha crassispala Nievitas Cryptantha flava Nievitas Cryptantha fulvocanescens var.fulvocanescens tawny cateye, yellow-eye cryptanth Heliotropium convolvulaceum phlox heliotrope, showy heliotrope Lappula occidentalis var. cupulata flatspine stickweed, wester stickweed Lappula redowdkii Stickweed Lappula texana Stickweed Lithospermum incisum narrowleaf stoneseed, showy stoneseed Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed Evolvulus nuttallianus shaggy dwarf morningglory Evolvulus pilosus Evolvulus Swertia albomarginata Elkweed Frasera albomarginata desert frasera, white-margined swertia Frasera paniculata tufted Fraeria, Utah swertia Frasera speciosa showy frasera Swertia radiata Deer's Ears Swertia utahensis Green Gentian Nama hispidum bristly nama Phacelia cephalotes virgin phacelia Phacelia corrogata Phacelia Phacelia crenulata cleftleaf wildheiotrope Phacelia integrifolia var. integrifoloa gypsum scorpionweed Phacelia ivesiana Ives' phacelia Phacelia neomexicana var. pseudo-arizonica Phacelia Juncus bufonius toadrush Marrubium vulgare horehound Mentha arvensis Field Mint Poliomintha incana hoary rosemarymint Scientific name Common name

84 Salvia pachyphylla blue sage Salvia reflexa lanceleaf sage Stachys rothrockii Rothrock's hedgenettle Forestiera neomexicana New Mexico Wildolive Forestiera pubescens var.pubescens strechberry, desert olive Menodora scabra Rough Mendora Orobanche fasciculata var. lutea Broomrape Orobanche fasciculata clustered broomrape, cluster cancerroot Orobanche cooperi desert bloomrape Orobanche ludoviciana ssp. Multiflora manyflowered broomrape Orobanche multiflora Broomrape Plantago lanceolata Buckhorn,Ribwort Plantago major Common Plantain Plantago patagonica wooly palintain Plantago purshii Wolly Indianwheat Gilia gunnisoni Gilia Gilia funnisoni Gilia Gilia longiflora Gilia Gilia ophthalmoides eyed gilia Gilia pumila Gilia Gilia rigidula var. acerosa bluebowls Gilia scopulorum rock gilia Gilia sinuata rosy gilia Gilia subnuda ssp.superba coral gilia Gilia triodon coyote gilia Ipomopsis longiflora flaxflowered ipomopsis Ipomopsis multiflora manyflowered ipomopsis Ipomopsis polycladon manybranched gilia Ipomopsis pumila dwarf gilia Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Houstonia rubra red bluet Castilleja chromosa Indian Paintbrush Castilleja applegatei ssp.martinii Wavyleaf Indian paintbrush, common paintbrush Castilleja integra wholeleaf Indian paintbrush Castilleja linariifolia Wyoming Indian paintbrush, narrowleaf paintbrush Castilleja wrightii var. pauciflorus Wyoming Paintedcup Cordylanthus wrightii var. pauciflorus Birdbeak Cordylanthus wrightii ssp.wrightii Wright's birdsbeak Verbascum blattaria moth mullein Verbascum thapsus common mullein, wooly mullein Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven Chamaesaracha coromopus greenleaf fire eyes Scientific name Common name

85 Datura meteloides Sacred Datura, Jimsonweed Datura wrightii sacred thornapple, Indian apple Lycium pallidum Pale Wolfberry Nicotiana attenuata Cyote Tobaco Physalis fendleri Groundcherry Physalis hederifolia var.fendleri Fendler's groundcherry, ivy- leaved ground-cherry Quincula lobata Chinese lantern Solanum americanum American black nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium silverleaf nightshade Solanum jamesii Wild Potato Solanum nodiflorum Solanum rostratum Buffaloburr nightshade Ulmus pumila Siberian elm Phyla cuneifolia wedge-leaf, frogfruit Glandularia bipinnatifida var.bipinnatifida Dakota mock vervain Verbena bracteata Bigbract Vervain Phoradendron juniperinum juniper mistletoe

5. Lichen Checklist

GENERA SPECIES Acarospora badiofusca Acarospora fuscata Acarospora oligospora Acarospora schleicheri Acarospora smaragdula Acarospora stapfiana Acarospora strigata Arthonia clemens Arthonia intexta Aspicilia alphoplaca Aspicilia caesiocinerea Aspicilia cf calcarea Aspicilia praeradiosa Aspicilia quartzitica Buellia punctata Buellia retrovertens Buellia spuria Caloplaca arenaria Caloplaca cerina Caloplaca chrysophthalma Caloplaca crenularia Caloplaca decipiens Caloplaca epithallina GENUS SPECIES

86 Caloplaca holocarpa Caloplaca microphyllina Caloplaca modesta Caloplaca saxicola Caloplaca trachyphylla Candelariella aurella Candelariella deflexa Candelariella rosulans Candelariella spraguei Candelariella subdeflexa Candelariella vitellina Carbonea vitellinarea Catapyrenium acarosporoides Catapyrenium cinereum Catapyrenium compactum Catapyrenium lachneum Catapyrenium parasite 1 Catapyrenium zahlbruckneri Collema cf tenax Collema coccophorum Collema fuscovirens Collema polycarpon Collema texanum Collema Dermatocarpon miniatum Dermatocarpon moulinsii Diploschistes Diploschistes actinostomus Diplotomma alboatrum Endocarpon pusillum Endocarpon Flayoparmelia baltimorensis Fulgensia desertorum Fuscidea cf.sp.nov. Gonohymenia nigritella Heppia lutosa Lecanora argopholis Lecanora crenulata Lecanora dispersa Lecanora garovaglii Lecanora muralis Lecanora nashii Lecanora novomexicana Lecanora opiniconensis Lecanora valesiaca GENUS SPECIES Lecidea lithophila 87 Lecidea sp. s. str (cryptothalline) Lecidea tessellata Lecidea turgidula Lecidella stigmatea Lepraria finkii Lepraria neglecta Leproloma membranaceum Melanelia substygia Neofuscelia atticoides Neofuscelia verruculifera Phaeophyscia hirsuta Physcia caesia Physcia dubia Physcia subtilis Physconia detersa Physconia distorta Physconia muscigena Placynthiella uliginosa Polysporina dubia Polysporina simplex Psora decipiens Psora russellii Rhizocarpon geminatum Rhizocarpon polycarpum Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca Rhizoplaca melanophthalma Rhizoplaca peltata Rinodina milvina Rinodina zwackhiana Staurothele areolata Staurothele drummondii Staurothele monicae Stigmidium fuscatae Toninia caeruleonigricans Toninia tristis Verrucaria cf dacryodes Verrucaria fucella Xanthoparmelia Xanthoparmelia aioensis Xanthoparmelia conspersa Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia Xanthoparmelia lineola Xanthoparmelia mexicana Xanthoparmelia maricopensis GENUS SPECIES Xanthoparmelia novomexicana Xanthoparmelia plittii 88 Xanthoparmelia psoromifera Xanthoparmelia subdecipiens Xanthoparmelia weberi Xanthoria candelaria Xanthoria elegans Xanthoria sorediata

89 Appendix E. NEPA/NHPA Documentation.

(to be inserted at the end of the public comment period)

90 Appendix: F Supplemental Information

F.1: PEFO Firefighter Roster as of 9/30/04

Name Title Position Tel. # Greg Caffey Chief Ranger FFT2 524-6228 Charles Dorn Park Ranger FFT2 524-6228 Dave Stransky Park Ranger FFT2 524-6228 Amber Bryant Park Ranger FFT2 524-6228 Michael Johnson Park Ranger FFT2 524-6228 Randy Justice Park Ranger FFT2 524-6228 Kelly Colborn Park Ranger FFT2 524-6228 Lyn Carranza Chief of Interpretation FFT2 524-6228 Michael Stuckey Supv. Park Ranger FFT2 524-6228 Karen Beppler-Dorn Chief of Resource FFT1 524-6228 Diane Dobos-Bubno Exotic Plant Specialist FFT2 524-6228

91 F.2 Fire Equipment Inventory as of 9/30/04

Structure Fire Engines 2 Clothes Shovels - Short handle 5 Jumpsuits 36 3 Shovels - Long handle 9 40 2 Flappers 18 44 2 Rack 7 L 2 Rack 3 M 3 Polaski 3 S 3

Fire Shelters with cases 18 Shirts XL 3 Case for fire shelters 2 L 3 Red Bags 4 M 5 Hotline pack 1 S 4 Yellow pack 7 Sleeping Bags 9 Pants 38 1 Air Mattress 2 36 2 Water Bladders 8 34 4 Fusees 70 32 5 28 6

92 F.3(a) Area Map

93 F.3(b) Natural and Developed Area Values

94 F.3(c) Fuel Models

95 F.3(d) Hazard Fuels

96 F.4(a) Fire recorded in Arizona History

(to be developed)

F.4(b) Thirty Year Average Temperatures for Petrified Forest National Park

Average Summer High Temperature: 90oF Average Summer Low Temperature: 50oF Average Summer Temperature: 65.6oF

F.4(c) Fuel Model, Rate of Spread, and Flame Length

From BehavePlus Version 1.0.0

FUEL MODEL 1 FUEL MODEL 2

RATE OF SPREAD (ch/hr) 8.1 32

FLAME LENGTH (feet) 4.1 5.9 HEAT PER UNIT AREA (btu/ft2) 84 457 FIRELINE INTENSITY (btu/ft/s) 125 272 REACTION INTENSITY (btu/ft2/min) 764 3316 TEMPERATURE (degrees F) 50,75,90 50,75,90

WINDS (mph) 5 5

97 F.5 White Mountain Zone Operations Plan

WHITE MOUNTAIN ZONE

OPERATING PLAN

NOVEMBER 22, 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. PURPOSE 1

III. LAND OWNERSHIP 1

IV. DEFINITIONS 1

V. OPERATIONS 2

VI. ADDITIONAL SERVICES 2

VII. RECORDS, REPORTS, AND BILLINGS 2

VIII. PLAN REVISION 5

IX. TERMINATION 5

X. AUTHORIZATION 5

I. INTRODUCTION

This is the annual operating plan between the Arizona State Land Department (SLD), National Park Service (NPS), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and United States Forest Service (USFS). This plan is prepared under the direction and authority of the 1992 Arizona State and Federal Agencies Joint Powers Agreement, Section E, General Provision Items 5 and 6, extended until December31, 2002.

This plan does not supersede any existing agreements.

II. PURPOSE

The purpose of this plan is to establish operating procedures and services for fire management and protection, and non-fire emergencies as authorized within the White Mountain Interagency Fire Management Zone, defined as lands administered by the above named agencies.

This plan will also serve as a limited delegation of authority for mutual-aid initial response actions between all agencies signatory to this Operating Plan.

III. LAND OWNERSHIP

Land ownerships to be addressed in this operating plan include all unincorporated private land outside of established fire districts and all lands administered by the SLD and federal agencies within the White Mountain Zone, signatory to this plan.

IV. DEFINITIONS

A. Initial Attack: An aggressive suppression action consistent with firefighter and public safety and values to be protected.

B. Boundary Fire: Any actual or reported fire that could threaten other agency(s) land during initial attack.

C. Initial Response Agency: Agency whose resources arrive first to the incident.

D. Parent Agency: Agency having ultimate fire management responsibilities for lands under its jurisdiction.

E. Non-Fire or other Mutual Aid Assistance: Incidents such as search and rescue operations, prescribed burn assistance or other hazard reduction activities, law enforcement, floods and or other emergencies.

F. Escaped Fire: Any fire that exceeds the capability of the initial attack unit(s).

100 V. OPERATIONS

A. Boundary Fires: The agency receiving the initial incident report will relay the pertinent information to all agencies having jurisdiction in the area. The concerned agencies will consent to an appropriate management strategy.

B. Initial Attack: The Zone agrees to utilize appropriate suppression response and the concept of closest resources in dispatching to incidents. Agencies responding to fires will assume financial responsibility of their initial attack forces until land ownership is determined and the parent agency assumes control within a reasonable time.

C. Fire Names: The initial response agency will be responsible for naming the fire and relaying the name to the other agencies.

D. Detection: Detection flights will be coordinated as necessary by any or all agencies. All associated costs will be covered by the agency engaged in the flight or as negotiated.

E. Wildland Fires: Whenever a wildland fire has the potential to develop into a project fire, an Incident Management Team maybe assigned to the fire at the affected agencies request.

F. Personnel: All personnel responding to wildland fires must meet the NWCG requirements for P.P.E., physical fitness and the position filled.

G. Restrictions and Closures: Zone board members will coordinate and implement any restrictions or closures.

H. Prescribed Fire: Federal agencies and the State will coordinate in the planning of prescribed fires and smoke management in the mutual interests of air quality, management goals, hazard reduction and cost savings.

VI. ADDITIONAL SERVICES

A. Zone agencies may provide funding or personnel to the Apache Sitgreaves National Forest for dispatchers to be on duty during the fire season at the Zone Dispatch Center. The necessary agreements to obligate funds will be negotiated yearly by the affected agencies. The duty period will be established by the zone center manager.

B. All participating agencies may provide funding or support for annual zone-wide benefiting projects including, but not limited to, training, dispatch centers, computer support, and purchasing supplies as needed.

1. Payment for the above listed items or other's may be accomplished through normal fire payment methods or by using payment procedures as outlined in the attached

101 Interagency Agreement (Appendix B), or the National Interagency Agreement as appropriate.

VII. RECORDS, REPORTS, AND BILLINGS

As per Policy 4.3, Project Fire Billings, the agency with jurisdictional responsibility of an incident will be responsible for processing all billings related to the incident.

The following reports and records will be the basis for determining reimbursement billingsbetween the State and Federal agencies.

A. Individual Fire Report: All agencies will maintain fire reports as per individual agency needs and requirements.

B. Payment Procedures: 1. The following procedures will be followed when federal agencies are billing the State Land Department for services provided:

a. All fire billings will be submitted with a State Fire Finance Form (Appendix A) and will be accompanied by a copy of the Resource Order.

b. If billings are not itemized on the State Fire Finance Form, a copy of the Project Manager's Statement with a detailed listing of supplies (Appendix A) or cost share agreements, if applicable, will also be submitted.

c. For claims of damages to equipment, provide detailed documentation, such as the Investigative Report and agency's claims report.

d. Billings with attached Fire Finance Form and supporting documentation will be sent for review and payment to the Arizona State Land Department, Fire Management Officer, 3650 Lake Mary Road, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001.

e. Federal agencies, upon request, will provide additional documentation in support of claims.

f. Indirect rates with the Forest Service may be assessed as follows: 15% under $10,000 10% $10,001 - $50,000 5% greater than $50,000

g. The Federal agencies will provide the State Land Department, by June 15th of each year, a cost estimate of any obligations by fire name and number projected thru June 30th.

2. The following procedures will be followed when the State Land Department is 102 billing the Federal agencies for services provided:

a. All: fire billings will be submitted with a State Fire Finance Form (Appendix A) and will be accompanied by a copy of the Resource Order.

c. For claims of damages to equipment, provide detailed documentation, such as the Investigative Report and agency's claim report.

d. Billings with the attached Fire Finance Form and supporting documentation will be sent to the appropriate' Federal agency.

e. The State will make available additional documentation to support claims upon request.

f. Indirect rates for Forest Service billings may be assessed as follows: 15% under $10,000 10% $10,001 - $50,000 5% greater than $50,000

Pass through billings are not subject to indirect rate assessments (i.e. Rural Fire Departments).

g. The State Land Department will provide the Federal agencies by September 15 of each year, a cost estimate of any obligations by fire name and number projected through September 30.

C. State Land Department Cooperative Agreement Agencies

Federal agencies will be billed by the State Land Department for any cooperative State or Fire Department resources, including the Arizona National Guard, ordered through the State Land Department.

D. Incorporated Municipalities

Fire costs on state and private lands within municipal or fire district boundaries are normally not reimbursable. Only those costs for resources ordered by the state or its designee will be reimbursable.

E. Budget and Finance Personnel

These individuals may be contacted at the request of the agencies' Fire Management Staff for billing corrections or information. 103

F. Equipment Use Rates

1. The Forest Service will use current Region 3, Fleet Equipment Rental Rates as the reimbursable rates.

2. NPS, BLM and BIA will use the Department of Interior equipment use rates for billings.

3. The Arizona Department of Transportation, Arizona State Land Department, Arizona State Parks, and Game and Fish will use their established department fleet use rates.

4. Emergency Equipment Rental Agreements will be utilized between agencies.

5. The lowest rate available from any agency will be utilized.

6. Using agencies agree to reimburse supplying agencies for administrative use of aircraft. Billing or estimates for such flights should be made in time for funds to be obligated at the end of the fiscal year.

7. At its option each agency covered under this agreement may provide fire equipment maintenance services to the other agencies. Such services may be provided on a parts and labor reimbursement basis.

VIII. PLAN REVISION

This plan maybe revised as needed at any time. The board will evaluate the plan yearly and agree to any needed revisions.

IX. TERMINATION

This agreement may be terminated upon a 30-day notice by any participating agency.

X. AUTHORIZATION

This agreement will be authorized upon signature of the designated line officers.

104

WHITE MOUNTAIN ZONE OPERATING PLAN

Forest Supervisor, Apache - Sitgreaves National Forest Date

Superintendent, Ft Apache Agency, Bureau of Indian Affairs Date

Division Director, Fire Management Division, AZ State Land Department Date

Superintendent, Petrified Forest National Park, National Park Service Date

105 F.6 Sample Delegations of Authority

Petrified Forest National Park P.O. Box 2217 Petrified Forest, AZ 86028

Subject: Delegation of Authority

To: (Name), Incident Commander

I hereby delegate authority for the management of the (Name) Incident, Incident Number (Number), to you as Incident Commander of the (Name) Type (Number) IMT. This fire is currently burning on public lands under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.

You will report to the (Location) Incident Base following the Agency Administrator's briefing on (Date) at (Time) at the (Location) office. Your team will assume full command of the incident following shift change at (Time) on (Date).

I expect all suppression efforts to be executed in accordance with the selected strategy identified in the WFSA (attached) prepared for the (Name) Incident. My representatives(s) or I will be available for daily review of the WFSA throughout this incident.

I have designated (Name) as my representative in my absence. I have assigned (Name) as my Natural Resource Advisor and (Name) as my Cultural Resource Advisor. (Name) is the Public Information Officer for the park, and (she/he) will coordinate all fire information and media relations.

Suppression objective priorities, as outlined in the WFSA, are:

1. Firefighter and public safety are the highest priority. Due to the rugged nature of the terrain, no night operations shall be conducted.

2. Public closures that may be deemed necessary are to be approved by me.

3. The Structure Protection Group will evaluate the potential for fire spread onto private lands and infrastructure and develop a Population Protection and Incident Evacuation Plan.

4. Wilderness classification of lands within the MMA oblige the team to use Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST). However, use of chainsaws, pumps, and landing helicopters on unimproved helispots is approved. Use of vehicles in the wilderness is not authorized except on established two-track roads. My resource advisor or I must approve other proposed mechanized uses. These requests are to be documented on an Environmental Screening Form.

5. Impacts to communities from smoke generated by the fire is a concern. The Operations Section will conduct monitoring of smoke production. 106

6. Use of long-term retardant may be used to alleviate the treat to life and/or property. The Natural Resource Advisor will work with the Plans Section Chief and identify sensitive natural features such as paleontological sites and riparian areas. Retardant drops will not be applied within 300 feet of these features.

7. The park cultural Resources Advisor will be assigned to the Operations Section Chief. (He/she) will make available a map of sensitive resources to the Plans Section Chief. The information on the maps is considered sensitive information and not for public disclosure. Fire suppression tactics shall be planned so as to avoid sensitive cultural resources. A line- qualified Cultural Resource Advisor shall be assigned to the Division Group Supervisor if it is anticipated that line construction has the potential to damage cultural resources. The team's Human Resource Advisor shall insert into the Incident Action Plan (IAP) a page addressing the sensitivity of cultural resources and Native American culture.

8. New fire starts shall have a high priority for size-up and risk analysis by the Operations Section Chief and the park's Fire Management Officer. An initial attack group shall be identified in the IAP and made available to respond to new starts.

9. Effective management of costs, commensurate with resource values to be protected and strategic direction of the WFSA selected is critical. Property accountability should demonstrate adherence to National direction on acceptable fire loss/use rates. Supplies and equipment must be accounted for at the time of re-delegation to the Park. Financial records shall be returned to the Park with the documentation package.

10. Rehabilitation is expected prior to demobilization of hand crews, engines and logistical support. The following are to be completed and documented in the IAP: • Restore camps, staging areas, helispots, etc. to pre-fire conditions. • Back-drag brush and other organic material onto fire lines when safe to do so. • Remove litter, flagging and other materials. • Scarify and block access routes. • Flush cut stumps except oak. • Install water bars on fire lines. • Repair or replace damage to infrastructure such as gates and fences.

Upon arrival of the team, I will make available the following plans and documents that are pertinent to fire suppression: 1. Fire Management Plan 2. Pre-attack Plan 3. Structure Assessment Binder 4. Out-of-Area Firefighter Briefing Package 5. Incident Service Supply Plan 6. Southwest Mob Guide

107 I welcome your team to Petrified Forest National Park and wish you a safe and successful assignment. You can reach me at work at (Number), home (Number) and my representative at work (Number) and home (Number).

(Signed) (Signed) Superintendent Incident Commander Petrified Forest National Park

108 F.7 MIST Guidelines

MINIMUM IMPACT SUPPRESSION TACTICS GUIDELINES

Interior agency fire management guidelines require the fire manager and firefighter to consider and select on-ground management tactics that are commensurate with the fire's existing and potential fire behavior, and will also leave minimal impact to the environment.

The intent of these guidelines is to serve as a checklist for all assigned wildland fire personnel. Application of minimum impact fire management tactics originates with instructions that are clear, understandable, stated in measurable terms, and communicated verbally and in writing. Evaluation of these tactics both during and after implementation will further good land stewardship ethics during all fire management operations.

AGENCY ADMINISTRATOR - INCIDENT MANAGEMENT TEAM - FIREFIGHTER CONSIDERATIONS FOR MINIMUM IMPACT MANAGEMENT TACTICS (MIMT)

The following guidelines are for agency administrator, incident management team members, incident overhead and firefighters to consider. Some or all of these items may or may not apply, and are situation-dependent:

Command and General Staff:

1. Evaluate each and every suppression action during planning and strategy sessions for conformance with agency administrator's minimum impact objectives. 2. Include agency resource advisor/representatives in sessions stated above. 3. Discuss minimum impact management techniques with overhead during briefings to ensure understanding of planned tactics. 4. Ensure minimum impact management techniques are implemented during resource-disturbing activities.

Planning Section.

1. Use resource advisor to evaluate planned management tactics commensurate with land and resource protection objectives, and incident objectives. 2. Utilize an assessment team to facilitate a different perspective of the overall situation. 3. Use additional consultation from the public or outside the agency, especially for long-term fire situations. 4. Adjust line production rates to reflect the minimum impact tactics. 5. Consider a dozer brush blade for line construction when dozer use is determined necessary. 6. Leave some green trees randomly in the fireline. 7. Ensure that instructions for MIMT are included in the IAP (Incident Action Plan). 8. Detail and quantify mop-up objectives inside the fireline. 9. If helicopters are assigned, consider long-line delivery versus additional helispot construction. 10. Consider coyote camp versus fixed campsites in sensitive areas. 11. In extremely sensitive areas, consider use of portable facilities (sanitation, cooking, etc)

Operations Section.

1. Emphasize minimum impact management techniques during each operational period briefing, and for division briefings. 2. Explain expectations for instructions included in IAP. 3. Consider judicious use of aircraft. 4. Use natural openings for possible helispots. 5. Monitor suppression tactics. 6. Distribute field guide to appropriate supervisory personnel.

Logistics Section.

109 Ensure actions performed around areas other than Incident Base, i.e., dumpsites, camps, staging areas, helibases, etc. result in minimum impact on the environment.

Division/Group Supervisor and Strike Team/Task Force Leader.

1. Ensure crew superintendents, crew reps and single resource bosses understand what is expected during the operational period. 2. Discuss minimum impact tactics (MIMT) with crew(s). 3. Ensure that dozer and falling bosses understand expectations. 4. Monitor suppression tactics/conditions.

Crew Representative/Superintendent.

1. Ensure/monitor results expected. 2. Discuss MIMT with crew. 3. Provide timely feedback on implementation of MIMT. 4. Look for opportunities to further minimize impact to land and resources during suppression and mop-up.

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Safety will not be compromised. Follow the 10 Standard Orders and 18 Situations that Shout Watch Out.

Line Construction.

1. Select procedures, tools, and equipment that least impact the environment. 2. Consider the use of water as a tactic versus line construction. 3. In light fuels, consider: • Cold trailing • Use of natural barriers • Consider burn-out • If constructed line is necessary, use minimum width and depth to check fire spread and patrol frequently. • Minimize bucking in line construction

4. Aerial fuels -- brush, trees, snags • Minimize tree cutting, including burned trees and snags; • Live trees will not be felled unless determined they could pose a threat to the line; if tree felling is necessary, flush-cut stumps. • Scrape around base of trees near fireline versus felling

5. Indirect attack • Don’t fall snags on the intended unburned side of constructed fireline, unless an obvious safety hazard (consult with division safety officer) • Consider alternatives to falling, i.e., explosives, bucket drops, etc.

Mop-up.

1. Consider using "hot-spot" detection devices along perimeter to locate heat. 2. Do minimal spading; 3. Cold-trail charred logs near fireline 4. Minimize bucking of logs to check for heat; roll logs 5. Refrain from building bone-yards 6. Allow large materials near line to burnout if possible 7. Allow burning trees/snags to burnout, if identified as safety precaution and communicated 8. Falling should be a last resort for burning trees/snags; use soil & water

Campsites and personal conduct.

110 1. Use existing campsites. 2. If existing campsites unavailable, consider sites away from visitor access routes and destinations. 3. Select impact-resistant sites such as rocky or sandy soil, but avoid sensitive meadows, along streams or wetlands 4. Change camp location if ground vegetation in and around the camp shows signs of excessive wear. 5. Do not clear vegetation or trench to create bedding spots 6. Toilet sites should be located minimum of 200 feet from any water source. Catholes should be dug 6-8 inches deep 7. Select alternative travel paths between camp facilities, and between camp and fireline

General rehab guidelines.

1. Firelines. • After fire spread is checked, fill in deep/wide firelines, and under- cut trenches • Waterbar as necessary • Ensure stumps are flush-cut • Camouflage cut stumps near visitor use areas or routes • Scatter any trees or large brush to avoid unnatural appearance where necessary

2. Camps. • Restore to natural conditions as possible. • Scatter firerings, charcoal, blend into natural surroundings • Pack out all trash, garbage and unburnables • Remove obvious signs of human activity to extent possible (flagging, foil, litter, etc) • Restore helispots • Backfill latrines and catholes.

111 F.8 Joint Minimum Tool Flow Chart

WILDLAND FIRE START FMU-2

Meets Decision "No Go" Criteria;"Go" For Suppression WFU Response

Can Objectives Be Met Safely Using Non- Suppression Actions Based On "Fire Motorized Resources Emergency" ** Minimum Requirement And Primitive Skills In Is: Wilderness? • Minimum Motorized Resources Required To Safely Suppress Fire; Agency Administrator Approval Required • Resource Advisor Considered For Extended Attack Fires • Utilize "MIST" YES NO • IC Briefing To Guide Suppression In Wilderness.

Select Appropriate Primitive Skills (Resource Advisor (RA) Input If Necessary)

IC & RA Select Appropriate Tool To Safely Accomplish Resource And Wilderness Protection Objectives

**"Fire Emergency" Defined As Wildland Fire Burning Inside Fmu-2 (Wilderness/Monument) That May Threaten Human Life, Property, Or Cross The Boundary And Endanger Life And Property.

112 Appendix G. Wildland Fire Implementation Plan

Wildland Fire Implementation Plan

Fire Name Fire Number

Documentation Product Product Product Needed Completed

NPS WFIP - Stage I: Initial Fire Assessment

Fire Situation*

Initial GO/NO-GO Decision*

WFIP - Stage II: Short-Term Implementation Actions

Short-Term Fire Behavior Predictions And Risk Assessment Short-term Implementation Actions

Complexity Analysis

Stage III Need Assessment Chart

WFIP - Stage III: Long-Term Implementation Actions

Periodic Fire Assessment

Part 1, Re-validation*

Part 2, Stage III Need Assessment

Wildland Fire Situation Analysis*

*DOCUMENTS THAT BLM WILL ALSO COMPLETE

113 FIRE SITUATION (BLM & NPS AGENCY USE)

Fire Name

Fire Number

Jurisidiction(s)

Administrative Unit(s)

FMU (2 OR 3)

Geographic Area

Management Code

Start Date/Time

Discovery Date/Time

Current Date/Time

Current Size

Location: Legal Description(s) T. R. Sec. Sub.

Latitude

Longitude

UTM:

County:

Local Description

Cause

114

Fuel Model/ Conditions

Weather:

Current

Predicted

Fire Behavior:

Current

Predicted

Availability of Resources

115 DECISION CRITERIA CHECKLIST (NPS/BLM USE)

Decision Element Yes No

Is there a threat to life, property, or resources that cannot be mitigated?

Are potential effects on cultural and natural resources outside the range of acceptable effects?

Are relative risk indicators and/or risk assessment results unacceptable to the appropriate Agency Administrator?

Is there other proximate fire activity that limits or precludes successful management of this fire?

Are there other Agency Administrator issues that preclude wildland fire use (ALLOW FIRE TO ACHIEVE RESOURCE OBJECTIVES)?

The Decision Criteria Checklist is a process to assess whether or not the situation warrants continued wildland fire use implementation. A “Yes” response to any element on the checklist indicates that the appropriate management response should be suppression-oriented.

Recommended Response NO-GO Action (Initial attack/suppression action) (check appropriate box) GO (Other appropriate management response)

Signature Date

116

Wildland Fire Relative Risk Rating

Time of season EarlyMid Late

Extreme Large HighHigh

Fire Moderate Fire danger High ModerateModerate size indicator

LowLow Low Small

High Moderate Low Potential Complexity

Determination of Relative Risk Rating for Wildland Fires. To obtain relative risk, connect lines between the top and bottom variables and the left and right hand variables. Where these lines cross represents the relative risk for this specific fire.

117 SHORT-TERM IMPLEMENTATION ACTION *(BLM USE WFSA TO DOCUMENT APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT RESPONSE ACTIONS)

Attach Stage I information.

Action Items Information specific to this fire Objectives and Desired Effects

Safety Considerations

External Concerns

Environmental Concerns

118

Threats

Short-Term Actions (describe)

Estimated Costs

Signature

Title/date

119 WILDLAND AND PRESCRIBED FIRE COMPLEXITY RATING WORKSHEET *(BLM OPTIONAL)

Complexity element Weighting Complexity Total factor value points Safety 5 Threats to boundaries 5 Fuels and fire behavior 5 Objectives 4 Management organization 4 Improvements 3 Natural, cultural, social values 3 Air quality values 3 Logistics 3 Political concerns 2 Tactical operations 2 Interagency coordination 1

Total complexity points

Complexity Rating (circle) L M H

Complexity Value Breakpoints: Low 40-90

Moderate 91 - 140

High 141 - 200

The Wildland and Prescribed Fire Complexity Analysis provides a method to assess the complexity of both wildland and prescribed fires. The analysis incorporates an assigned numeric rating complexity value for specific complexity elements that are weighted in their contribution to overall complexity. The weighted value is multiplied times the numeric rating value to provide a value for that item. Then all values are added to generate the total complexity value. Breakpoint values are provided for low, moderate, and high complexity values.

The complexity analysis worksheet is accompanied by a guide to numeric values for each complexity element shown, provided on the following pages.

120 Wildland and Prescribed Fire Complexity Rating Worksheet Numeric Rating Guide

COMPLEXITY GUIDE TO NUMERIC RATING ELEMENT 1 3 5 Safety Safety issues are easily • Number of significant issues have • SOF1 or SOF2 required identifiable and mitigated been identified • Complex safety issues exist • All safety hazards have been identified on the LCES worksheet and mitigated Threats to • Low threat to • Moderate threat to boundaries • High threat to boundaries Boundaries boundaries • 5070% •other than • POI<50% • Moderate risk of slopover or spot • High risk of slopover or spot NPS/BLM • Boundaries naturally fires fires defensible • Boundaries need mitigation • Mitigation actions necessary to actions for support to strengthen compensate for continuous fuels fuel breaks, lines, etc. Fuels/Fire Behavior • Low variability in • Moderate variability in slope & • High variability in slope & slope & aspect aspect • Weatheraspect variable and difficult to • Weather uniform and • Weather variable but predictable predict predictable • Ladder fuels and torching • Extreme fire behavior • Surface fuels (grass, • Fuel types/loads variable • Fuel types/loads highly variable needles) only • Dense, tall shrub or mid-seral • Late seral forest communities or • Grass/shrub, or early forest communities long-return interval fire regimes seral forest • Moderate duration fire • Altered fire regime, hazardous communities • Drought index indicates normal fuel /stand density conditions • Short duration fire conditions to moderate drought; • Potentially long duration fire • No drought indicated expected to worsen • Drought index indicates severe drought; expected to continue

121

COMPLEXITY GUIDE TO NUMERIC RATING ELEMENT 1 3 5 Objectives • Maintenance • Restoration objectives • Restoration objectives in altered objectives • Reduction of both live and dead fuel situations • Prescriptions broad fuels • Precise treatment of fuels and • Easily achieved • Moderate to substantial changes in multiple ecological objectives objectives two or more strata of vegetation • Major change in the structure of • Objectives judged to be 2 or more vegetative strata moderately hard to achieve • Conflicts between objectives and • Objectives may require constraints moderately intense fire behavior • Requires a high intensity fire or a combination of fire intensities that is difficult to achieve Management • Span of control held • Span of control held to 4 • Span of control greater than 4 Organization to 3 • Multiple resource incident or • Multiple branch, divisions or • Single resource project groups incident or project • Short-term commitment of • Specialized resources needed to specialized resources accomplish objectives • Organized management team (FUMT, IMT) Improvements to be • No risk to people or • Permittee values to be protected • Many Permittee values to be Protected property within or (BLM) protected (BLM) adjacent to fire • Mitigation through planning • Severe damage likely without • No risk to permittee and/or preparations is adequate significant commitment of values (BLM) • May require some commitment of specialized resources with specialized resources appropriate skill levels Natural, Cultural, • No risk to natural, • Wilderness/cultural Values to be • Wilderness/cultural Values to be and Social Values to cultural, and/or social protected (RA input required) & protected with holding actions; be Protected resources within or Mitigation through planning Severe damage likely without adjacent to fire and/or preparations is adequate significant commitment of • May require some commitment of specialized resources with specialized resources appropriate skill levels

122

COMPLEXITY GUIDE TO NUMERIC RATING ELEMENT 1 3 5 Air Quality Values • Few smoke sensitive • Multiple smoke sensitive areas, • Multiple smoke sensitive areas to be Protected areas near fire but smoke impact mitigated in with complex mitigation actions • Smoke produced for plan required less than 1 burning • Smoke produced for 2-4 burning • Health or visibility complaints period periods likely • Air quality agencies • Daily burning bans are sometimes • Smoke produced for greater than generally require enacted during the burn season 4 burning periods only initial • Infrequent consultation with air • Multi-day burning bans are often notification and/or quality agencies is needed enacted during the burn season permitting • Low potential for scheduling • Smoke sensitive class 1 airsheds • No potential for conflicts with cooperators • Violation of state and federal scheduling conflicts health standards possible

with cooperators • Frequent consultation with air

quality agencies is needed

• High potential for scheduling conflicts with cooperators Logistics • Easy access • Difficult access • No vehicle access • Duration of fire • Duration of fire support between 4 • Duration of support is greater support is less than 4 and 10 days than 10 days days • Logistical position assigned • Multiple logistical positions • Anticipated difficulty in obtaining assigned resources • Remote camps and support necessary Political Concerns • No impact on • Some impact on neighbors or • High impact on neighbors or neighbors or visitors visitors visitors • No controversy • Some controversy, but mitigated • High internal or external interest • No media interest • Press release issued, but no media and concern activity during operations • Media present during operations

123

COMPLEXITY GUIDE TO NUMERIC RATING ELEMENT 1 3 5 Tactical Operations • No ignition or simple • Multiple firing methods and/or • Complex firing patterns highly ignition patterns sequences dependent upon local conditions • Single ignition • Use of specialized ignition • Simultaneous use of multiple method used methods (i.e. terra-torch, Premo firing methods and/or sequences • Holding Mark III) • Simultaneous ground and aerial requirements • Resources required for up to one ignition minimal week • Use of heli-torch • Holding actions to check, direct, • Resources required for over 1 or delay fire spread week • BLM lands: fire approaching • BLM fire approaching allowable maximum in FMU-2 of 2,000 area boundary or NPS MMA acres or allowable area boundary • Aerial support for mitigation or NPS MMA actions desirable/necessary Interagency • Cooperators not • Simple joint-jurisdiction fires(NPS • Complex multi-jurisdictional Coordination involved in - BLM) fires (EXCEEDS NPS-BLM operations • Some competition for resources JUDRISDICTION) • No concerns • Some concerns • High competition for resources • High concerns

124 Stage III Need Assessment Chart

Stage III Need Assessment Chart

Relative Risk High Moderate Low

Active DevelopDevelop andand initiateinitiate Early StageStage IIIIII Documented ImplementationImplementation or ActionsActions Time Potential Middle of Fire Maintain Season Behavior Stage II Implementation Inactive Actions Late

High Moderate Low Complexity

To obtain the need indication, connect the top and bottom variables with a single line and then connect the left and right variables with a single line. Where the line crosses indicates the need for WFIP Stage III. The appropriate need is read directly off the chart.

125

Stage III: Long-Term Implementation Actions

Attach Stage I and Stage II information. Update and/or revise Stage I and II as necessary.

Objectives and Risk Assessment Considerations Natural and Cultural Resource Objectives and Constraints/ Considerations

Maximum Manageable Area (MMA) Acres in MMA:

Attach Map of MMA

Fire Projections, Weather, and Map Projected Fire Area Under Expected Weather Conditions For date:

Area:

Projected Fire Area Under Experienced Severe Weather Conditions For date:

Area:

126

Weather Season/Drought: Discussion and Prognosis

Long-Term Risk Assessment and Map (if applicable) Risk Assessment (Describe techniques utilized and outputs, include maps as appropriate)

Probability of Success Describe Probability of Success

127

Threats Threats to MMA

Threats to Public Use and Firefighter Safety

Smoke Dispersion and Effects

Other

128

Monitoring Actions Describe Monitoring Actions, Frequency, Duration

Holding Actions Describe Holding Actions, Management Action Points that initiate these actions, and Key to Map if necessary

129

Resources Needed to Manage the Fire Describe resources necessary to accomplish ignition, holding, and monitoring actions

Estimated Costs of Managing the Fire Describes costs in terms of resources needed, projected duration, etc.

Contingency Actions Describe Contingency actions, management action points that initiate them, resources needed, etc.

130

Information Plan Describe Information Plan, Contacts, Responsibilities, etc.

Post-burn Evaluation Describe post-burn evaluation procedures, resource requirements, costs, duration, etc.

Signatures Include signatures/titles/ dates for preparing, approving, and any concurring individuals

131

PERIODIC FIRE ASSESSMENT, INSTRUCTIONS

(BLM & NPS)

The Periodic Fire Assessment is a process to prevent the unchecked escalation of an individual fire situation or the total fire management situation without evaluation and adequate planning. Part 1 evaluates the capability to continue implementation of the appropriate management response to this fire for achieving resource benefits for a specified period following the assessment i.e., the next 24 hour period or longer, depending upon fire weather and fire behavior forecasts or other anticipated conditions. This assessment will be completed and periodically reviewed for validity. The “assessment frequency” box on page 1 specifies the frequency of assessing the particular fire. Assessment frequencies will be set by the local unit but are recommended to range from every day to every ten (10) days depending on the fuel type and geographic location of the fire. Recommendations for minimum assessment frequency include the following: Grass fuel types = daily; shrub and timber fuel types = every 1 – 5 days.

The “valid date(s)’ box is inclusive of those dates where the assessment remains valid, as indicated by the dated signature. When any decision elements change from “No” to “Yes”, a new checklist must be completed for documentation purposes. A “Yes” response to any element on the Part 1checklist indicates that the selected appropriate management response is not accomplishing or will not accomplish desired objectives and that a new strategic alternative should be developed immediately through the use of a Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA).

The Periodic Fire Assessment, Part 2 is a process that must be completed periodically for all wildland fires managed for resource benefits that do not have a completed WFIP Stage III. For isolated ignitions in fuel-limited situations, Part 2 does not have to be completed. When completing Part 2 of this checklist, if the chart indicates that WFIP Stage III is needed, it must be prepared within 24 hours.

When units establish monitoring and assessment frequency, it may be appropriate to develop a "step-up" system based on fire size or levels of fire activity. Then, as an individual fire gets larger or becomes more active, the monitoring and assessment frequency can correspondingly increase. Conversely, as fire activity lessens and fire size increases become less common, monitoring and assessment can "step-down" and become less frequent. Units must identify standards and rationale for establishing assessment frequency, especially "step-up" and "step-down" actions. If fire size is used as a determinant, then past burning rates should be used to formulate standards. If fire activity is used, then levels of burning (acres per day, etc.) must be definable and justifiable.

The Agency Administrator or delegated individual must sign the Signature Page on the specified assessment frequency.

132

PERIODIC FIRE ASSESSMENT PART 1: RE-VALIDATION CHECKLIST

Decision Element Yes No

Is there a threat to life, property, or resources that cannot be mitigated?

Are potential effects on cultural and natural resources (INCLUDING WILDERNESS) outside the range of acceptable effects?

Are relative risk indicators and/or risk assessment results unacceptable to the appropriate Agency Administrator?

Is there other proximate fire activity that limits or precludes successful management of this fire?

Are there other Agency Administrator issues that preclude wildland fire use?

Do expected management needs for this fire exceed known capabilities?

133

PERIODIC FIRE ASSESSMENT PART 2: STAGE III NEED ASSESSMENT CHART

Stage III Need Assessment Chart

Relative Risk High Moderate Low

High Moderate Low Complexity

134

PERIODIC FIRE ASSESSMENT

SIGNATURE TABLE FOR NPS

action). action). use fire (wildland benefits resource Fire can continue to be managed for the short-term ImplementationAction. Fire can continue to be managed under

Assessment Frequency Valid Date(s) Name/Title Date Y/N Y/N/NA

135

WILDLAND FIRE SITUATION ANALYSIS

Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA) is a decision-making process in which the Agency Administrator or representative describes the situation, establishes objectives and constraints for the management of the fire, compares multiple strategic wildland fire management alternatives, evaluates the expected effects of the alternatives, selects the preferred alternative, and documents the decision. The format and level of detail required is dependent on the specific incident and it’s complexity. The key is to document the decision.

WFSA INITIATION

FIRE NAME

JURISDICTION(S)

DATE AND TIME INITIATED

WFSA COMPLETION/FINAL REVIEW

THE SELECTED ALTERNATIVE ACHIEVED DESIRED OBJECTIVES ON (DATE/TIME):

THE SELECTED ALTERNATIVE DID NOT ACHIEVE THE DESIRED OBJECTIVES AND A NEW WFSA WAS PREPARED ON (DATE/TIME):

AGENCY ADMINISTRATOR OR REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE:

136

WFSA INSTRUCTIONS Section I. WFSA Information Page

The Agency Administrator completes this page.

I.A. Jurisdiction(s): Assign the agency that have or could have fire protection responsibility, e.g., USFWS, Forest Service, BLM, etc.

I.B. Geographic Area: Assign the recognized “Geographic Coordination Area” in which the fire is located, e.g., Northwest, Northern Rockies, etc.

I.C. Unit: Designate the local administrative unit, e.g., Hart Mountain Refuge Area, Flathead Indian Reservation, etc.

I.D. WFSA #: Identify the number assigned to the most recent WFSA for this fire.

Fire Name: Self-explanatory. I.E. Incident Number: Identify the agency number assigned to the fire, e.g., BOD 296, BNF 001. I.F. Accounting Code: Insert the local unit’s accounting code.

I.G. Date/Time Prepared: Self-explanatory.

I.H. Attachments: Check here to designate attachments used in the completion of the WFSA. “Other” could include data or models used in the development of the WFSA. Briefly describe the “other” I.I. items used.

137

I. WILDLAND FIRE SITUATION ANALYSIS

JURISDICTION(S): B. GEOGRAPHIC AREA:

UNIT(S): D. WFSA #:

FIRE NAME: F. INCIDENT #:

ACCOUNTING CODE:

DATE/TIME PREPARED:

ATTACHMENTS:

COMPLEXITY MATRIX/ANALYSIS1 RISK ASSESSMENT1 PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS1 CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE1 MAPS1 DECISION TREE2 FIRE BEHAVIOR PROJECTIONS1 CALCULATIONS OF RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS1 OTHER (SPECIFY)

1 Required 2 Required by the USFS

Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan Section II. Objectives and Constraints

The Agency Administrator completes this page.

II.A. Objectives: Specify criteria that should be considered in the development of alternatives.

Safety objectives for firefighters, aviation, and public must receive the highest priority. Suppression objectives must relate to resource management objectives in the unit resource management plan.

Economic objectives could include closure of all portions of an area, thus impacting the public, or impacts to transportation, communication and resource values.

Environmental objectives will include wilderness where applicable, and could include management objectives for airshed, water quality, wildlife, etc.

Social objectives could include any local attitudes toward fire or smoke that might affect decisions on the fire, safety, etc.

Other objectives might include legal or administrative constraints which would have to be considered in the analysis of the fire situation, such as the need to keep the fire off other agency lands, etc.

II.B. Constraints: List constraints on wildland fire action. These could include constraints to designated wilderness, wilderness study areas, environmentally or culturally sensitive areas, irreparable damage to resources or smoke management/air quality concerns. Economic constraints such as public and Agency cost could be considered here.

139 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

II. OBJECTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS

A. OBJECTIVES (must be specific and measurable):

SAFETY:

Public

Firefighter

ECONOMIC:

ENVIRONMENTAL:

SOCIAL:

OTHER:

CONSTRAINTS:

(REF: Joint Fire Management Plan, Section 3.4.2)

140 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan Section III. Alternatives

The FIRE MANAGER/and or INCIDENT COMMANDER complete(s) this page.

III.A. Wildland Fire Management Strategy: Briefly describe the general wildland fire strategies for each alternative. Alternatives must meet resource management plan objectives.

III.B. Narrative: Briefly describe each alternative with geographic names, locations, etc., that would be used when implementing a wildland fire strategy. For example, “Contain within the Starvation Meadows’ watershed by the first burning period”.

III.C. Resources Needed: Resources listed must be reasonable to accomplish the tasks described in Section III.B. It is critical to also look at the reality of the availability of these needed resources.

III.D. Estimated Final Fire Size: Estimated final size for each alternative at time of containment.

III.E. Estimated Contain/Control Date: Estimates for each alternative shall be made based on predicted weather, fire behavior, resource availability and the effects of wildland fire management efforts.

III.F. Cost: Estimate all fire costs for each alternative. Consider mopup, rehabilitation, and other costs as necessary.

III.G. Risk Assessment: Probability of success/Consequences of failure: Describe probability as a % and associated consequences for success and failure. Develop this information from models, practical experience or other acceptable means. Consequences described will include fire size, days to contain, days to control, costs and other information such as park closures and effect on critical habitat. Include fire behavior and long-term fire weather forecasts to derive this information.

III.H. Complexity: Assign the complexity rating calculated in the Guide for Assessing Fire Complexity.

III.I. Maps: A map for each alternative must be prepared. The map shall be based on the “Probability of success/Consequences of Failure” and include other relative information.

141 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

III. Alternatives

A B C WILDLAND FIRE STRATEGY: NARRATIVE:

RESOURCES NEEDED: HANDCREWS ENGINES DOZERS AIRTANKERS HELICOPTERS

ESTIMATED FINAL FIRE SIZE:

ESTIMATED CONTAIN/ CONTROL DATE

COSTS:

RISK ASSESSMENT: PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS/

CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE COMPLEXITY:

ATTACH MAPS FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE

142 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan Section IV. Evaluation of Alternatives

The Agency Administrator(s), FPM and/or Incident Commander(s) completes this page.

IV.A. Evaluation Process: Conduct an analysis for each element of each objective and each alternative. Objective shall match those identified in section II.A. Use the best estimates available and quantify whenever possible. Provide ratings for each alternative and corresponding objective element. Fire effects may be negative, cause no change or may be positive. Examples are: 1) a system which employs a ”-“ for negative effect, a “0” for no change, and a “+” for positive effect; 2) a system which uses a numeric factor for importance of the consideration (soils, watershed, political, etc.) and assigns values (such as -1 to +1, -100 to +100, etc.) to each consideration, then arrives at a weighted average. If you have the ability to estimate dollar amounts for natural resource and cultural values this data is preferred. Use those methods which are most useful to managers and most appropriate for the situation and agency. To be able to evaluate positive fire effects, the area must be included in the resource management plan and be consistent with prescriptions and objectives of the Fire Management Plan.

Sum Of Economic Values: Calculate for each element the net effect of the rating system used for each alternative. This could include the balance of: pluses (+) and minuses (-), numerical rating (-3 and +3), or natural and cultural resource values in dollar amounts. (Again resource benefits may be used as part of the analysis process when the wildland fire is within a prescription consistent with approved Fire Management Plans and in support of the unit’s Resource Management Plan.)

143 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

A. EVALUATION PROCESS A B C SAFETY Firefighter Aviation Public Sum of Safety Values ECONOMIC Forage Improvements Recreation Timber Water Wilderness Wildlife Other (specify) Sum of Economic Values ENVIRONMENTAL Air Visual Fuels T & E Species WILDERNESS Sum of Environmental Values SOCIAL Employment Public Concern Cultural Other (Specify) Sum of Social Values OTHER

144 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

Section V. Analysis Summary The Agency Administrator(s), FPM and/or Incident Commander complete this page.

V.A. Compliance with Objectives: Prepare narratives that summarize each alternative’s effectiveness in meeting each objective. Alternatives that do not comply with objectives are not acceptable. Narratives could be based on effectiveness and efficiency. For example: “most effective and least efficient”, “least effective and most efficient”, “or “effective and efficient”. Or answers could be based on a two-tiered rating system such as “complies with objective” and “fully complies with or exceeds objective”. Use a system that best fits the manager’s needs.

V.B. Pertinent Data: Data for this section has already been presented and is duplicated here to help the Agency Administrator(s) confirm their selection of an alternative. Final Fire Size is displayed on page three, section III.D. Complexity is calculated in the attachments and displayed on page three, section III.H. Costs are displayed on page three, section III.F. Economic Values have been calculated and displayed on page four. Probability of Success/Consequences of Failure are calculated in the attachments and displayed on page three, section III.G.

V.C. External and Internal Influences: Assign information and data occurring at the time the WFSA is signed. Identify the Preparedness Index (1 through 5) for the National and Geographic levels. If available, indicate the Incident Priority assigned by the MAC group. Designate the Resource Availability status. This information is available at the Geographic Coordination Center and needed to select a viable alternative. Designate “yes” indicating an up-to-date weather forecast has been provided to, and used by, the Agency Administrator(s) to evaluate each alternative. Assign information to the “other” category as needed by the Agency Administrator(s).

Section VI. Decision

Identify the alternative selected. Must have clear and concise rationale for the decision, and a signature with date and time. Agency Administrator(s) signature is mandatory.

145 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

V. ANALYSIS SUMMARY ALTERNATIVES A B C COMPLIANCE WITH OBJECTIVES:

SAFETY ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL OTHER PERTINENT DATA: FINAL FIRE SIZE COMPLEXITY COST RESOURCE VALUES PROBABILITY of SUCCESS CONSEQUENCES of FAILURE EXTERNAL/INTERNAL INFLUENCES: NATIONAL AND GEOGRAPHIC PREPAREDNESS LEVEL INCIDENT PRIORITY RESOURCE AVAILABILITY

WEATHER FORECAST (LONG-RANGE) FIRE BEHAVIOR PROJECTIONS

DECISION

The selected alternative is:

RATIONALE:

AGENCY ADMINISTRATOR SIGNATURE

DATE/TIME

146 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan Section VII. Daily Review

The Agency Administrator(s), or designate complete(s) this page.

The date, time and signature of reviewing officials are reported in each column for each day of the Incident. The status of Preparedness Level, Incident Priority, Resource Availability, Weather Forecast, and WFSA Validity is completed for each day reviewed. Ratings for the Preparedness Level, Incident Priority, Resource Availability, Fire Behavior, and Weather Forecast are addressed on page five, section V.C. Assign a “yes” under “WFSA Valid” to continue use of this WFSA. A “no” indicates this WFSA is no longer valid and another WFSA must be prepared or the original revised.

147 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

VII. PERIODIC REVIEW SELECTED ALTERNATIVE TO BE REVIEWED DAILY TO DETERMINE IF STILL VALID UNTIL CONTAINMENT OR CONTROL PREPAREDNESS LEVEL LEVEL PREPAREDNESS PRIORITY INCIDENT AVAILABILITY RESOURCE FORECAST WEATHER PROJECTIONS FIRE BEHAVIOR VALID WFSA

d TIME DATE TIME BY

IF WFSA IS NO LONGER VALID, A NEW WFSA WILL BE COMPLETED

148 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan A GUIDE FOR ASSESSING FIRE COMPLEXITY (BLM REF. TO STANDARDS FOR FIRE & AVIATION, CH. 10 FOR "EXTENDED ATTACK COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS") The following questions are presented as a guide to assist the Agency Administrator and staff in analyzing the complexity or predicted complexity of a fire situation. Because of the time required to assemble or move an Incident Management Team to a fire, this checklist should be completed when a fire escapes initial attack and be kept as part of the fire records. This document is prepared concurrently with the preparation of and attached to a new or revised Wildland Fire Situation Analysis. It must be emphasized that this analysis should, where possible, be based on predications to allow adequate time for assembling and transporting the ordered resources.

Use of the Guide:

Analyze each element and check the response yes or no.

If positive responses exceed, or are equal to, negative responses within any primary factor (A through G), the primary factor should be considered as a positive response.

If any three of the primary factors (A through G) are positive response, this indicates the fire situation is or is predicted to be Type I.

Factor H should be considered after all above steps. If more than two of these items are answered yes, and three or more of the other primary factors are positive responses, a Type I team should be considered. If the composites of H are negative, and there are fewer than three positive responses in the primary factors (A-G) a Type II team should be considered. If the answers to all questions in H are negative, it may be advisable to allow the existing overhead to continue action on the Fire.

149 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan FIRE COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS

A. FIRE BEHAVIOR: Observed or Predicted Yes/No Burning Index (from on-site measurement of weather conditions). Predicted to be above the 90% level using the major fuel model in which the fire is burning (REF: JOINT STEP-UP PLAN, APPENDIX H) ______Potential exists for “blowup” conditions (fuel moisture, winds, etc). ______Crowning, profuse or long-range spotting. ______Weather forecast indicating no significant relief or worsening conditions (ATTACH FORECASTS) ______Total ...... ______

RESOURCES COMMITTED: 200 or more personnel assigned. ______Three or more divisions. ______Wide variety of special support personnel. ______Substantial air operation which is not properly staffed. ______Majority of initial attack resources committed. ______Total ...... ______

RESOURCES THREATENED: Urban interface. ______Developments and facilities. ______Restricted, threatened or endangered species habitat. ______Cultural sites. ______Unique natural resources, special designation zones or wilderness. ______ICE CAVES, KIPUKAS, LAVA TUBES. ______Total ...... ______

SAFETY: Unusually hazardous fire line conditions/HAZARDOUS TRAVEL OVER LAVA FLOW ______Serious accidents or fatalities. ______Threat to safety of visitors from fire and related operations. ______Restrictions and/or closures in effect or being considered. ______No night operations in place for safety reasons. ______Total ...... ______

150 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

OWNERSHIP: Yes/No Fire burning or threatening more than one jurisdiction. ______Potential for claims (damages). ______Different or conflicting management objectives. ______Dispute over fire management responsibility. ______Potential for unified command. ______Total ...... ______

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES: Controversial wildland fire management policy. ______Pre-existing controversies/relationships. ______Sensitive media relationships. ______Smoke management problems. ______Sensitive political interests. ______Other external influences. ______Total ...... ______

CHANGE IN STRATEGY Change in strategy (from lower to higher intensity management). ______Large amounts of unburned fuel within planned perimeter. ______WFSA invalid or requires updating. ______Total ...... ______

EXISTING OVERHEAD: Worked two operational periods without achieving initial objectives. ______Existing management organization ineffective. ______Overhead/IMT overextended mentally and/or physically. ______Incident actions plans, briefings, etc., missing or poorly prepared. ______Total ...... ______

Signature Date Time

151 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Potential for blow-up conditions - Any combination of fuels, weather and topography excessively endangering personnel.

Threatened and endangered species - Threat to habitat of such species, or in the case of flora, threat to the species itself.

Smoke Management - Any situation which creates a significant public response, such as smoke in a metropolitan area or visual pollution in high-use scenic areas.

Extended exposure to unusually hazardous line conditions - Extended burnout or backfire situations, rock slides, cliffs extremely steep terrain, abnormal fuel situations such as frost killed foliage, etc.

Disputed Fire Management responsibility - Any wildland fire where responsibility for management if not agreed upon due to lack of agreements or different interpretations, etc.

Disputed fire policy - Differing fire policies between suppression agencies when the fire involves multiple ownership is an example.

Pre-existing controversies - These may or may not be fire management related. Any controversy drawing public attention to an area may present unusual problems to the fire overhead and local management.

Have overhead overextended themselves mentally or physically - This is a critical item that requires judgment by the responsible agency. It is difficult to write guidelines for this judgment because of the wide differences between individuals. If, however, the Agency Administrator feels the existing overhead cannot continue to function efficiently and take safe and aggressive action due to mental or physical reasons, assistance is mandatory.

152 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

8. STEP-UP PLAN JOINT AGENCY PREPAREDNESS/ STEP-UP PLAN

(a) (d) BURNI (e) ADJECTIVE (f) MANAGEMENT ACTIONS NG INDEX CLASS/CONDITIONS (b) STAFFING (Note: unless otherwise indicated, both agencies will follow action items CLASS/ (BI) listed)

▪Normal tour of duty (g) 0 – 7 (b) LOW 0915 - 1800 •One engine dispatched PL -1 initial attack response Initiating fires low intensity with ▪Phone & radio low resistance to control; fine fuels monitored by ABZ until drying 1630(or longer if initial attack is extended) All above plus: (a) (c) MODERATE •Daily Roster/staffing 8 – 15 reports to ABZ started (NPS) PL-2 Initiating fires moderate intensity with low-moderate resistance to control; heavy fuels drying

All Above Plus: (a) (d) HIGH •Consider increased 16 – 30 patrols following dry lightning storms; PL-3 Initiating fires of moderate to •Predicted LAL between moderate-high intensity with 4 – 6, bump up to potential for spotting w/winds & LEVEL IV passive crowning possible; all fuel classes available at high end BI All Above Plus: (a) (e) VERY HIGH •ABZ staffed until 2400 hrs. or longer as needed; •Two-engine initial attack response plus back-up as required under severity funding; •Briefings for Agency 31 – 40 Fires present moderate to high Administrators as intensity and high resistance to needed; control; escapes are common at •Advise ABZ if extended PL-4 high end BI; all fuels classes staffing hours required; available for rapid combustion; air •(NPS)Consider park fire temps high, humilities low with restrictions; fire safety high winds possible; spotting & messages distributed intermittent crowning likely •Consider canceling planned prescribed-fires and postponing project work •Consider Appropriate Response actions as full suppression ▪Authorized for any or all of the following actions: hiring a squad of EFF; vehicle rental for personnel; activating or assisting cooperators with detection flights; extending lookout hours; extending hours of certified fire personnel as required. •Emergency Preparedness accounts open & authorized for use All Above Plus: (a) (f) EXTREME •(NPS)Consider: 41 + ordered-standby/cancel lieu days, annual leave, PL-5 High to extreme intensities with etc. crowning, short-long range •Consider daily Briefings spotting common; project fires for AA’s and press likely under high wind conditions releases issued regularly •Review AA Briefing package

153 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

Based on the NFDRS Weather Station data1

1 Actions based on predicted fire weather before 1400 hrs. (MST) and on actual weather after 1400. Based on ten years’ data from Station #293301 (Malpais RAWS). Analysis used NFDRS Model C, Slope Class 1 (0-25 percent), perennial herbs, and Climate Class of 1 (semi-arid).

154 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan Appendix H. Draft Communications Plan

PETRIFIED FOREST NATIONAL PARK FIRE INFORMATION COMMUNICATION PLAN

1.0 PURPOSE For the purpose of this plan, “Communication” is defined as all verbal, written or electronic exchange of information. The overall purpose of this plan is to: • Establish a network of contacts and develop a proactive process that disseminates current and accurate fire information to the agency staffs, community, general public, media, etc. • Incorporate the principles of fire’s role in the Petrified Forest ecosystem and the importance of fire as a resource management tool into Park and NCA interpretive programs, exhibits, video, and periodicals, brochures, and civic group presentations. • Insure that fire information is placed on the park website to promote prevention and wildland fire education objectives and provide current status of wildland fires, fire use fires and prescribed burns. • Define the fire-related press release development and approval process to include information about on-going fires, prescribed burns, and fire restrictions and closures. • Identify who is responsible for updating fire danger roadside signs, park bulletin boards, and information centers. • Implement public information programs that promote the benefits of firewise community planning, defensible space, mechanical fuel reduction, prescribed burning, fire use, etc. • Ensure that a rapport with local press and media representatives is in place and to accommodate all interview requests. • Ensure that fire restrictions and closures are coordinated on an interagency basis and that fire safety messages are included when Backcountry Permits or any Special Use Permits are issued. • Identify under which conditions prevention patrols will be conducted to contact visitors regarding fire safety and to ensure compliance with restrictions and regulations. • Ensure Red Flag alerts are broadcast over the park radio system.

2.0 CLOSURES AND RESTRICTIONS

The Superintendent has the authority to impose public use and access restrictions in times of high fire danger (36 CFR 1.5). These public use restrictions could include: • Restricted fire use, i.e., no fires in fire grates, bottled gas or fuel burning stoves only, etc. • Restrictions of public use activities, i.e., backcountry access, vehicular travel, etc. • Restrictions of park operations or contract activities. • Total or partial closure of unit.

155 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

When possible, closures and restrictions should be coordinated with adjoining federal and state land management agencies. The Southwest Area Wildland Fire Operations web site at http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/fire/ contains current closures and restrictions.

RM 18, Chapter Seven, Exhibit 4 contains “Guideline for Determining Need for Park Closure/Evacuation” and should be used to assist park fire managers and the Superintendent in determining the present or predicted necessity for evacuation of all or part of the park.

• The Superintendent must approve all written materials released by the fire PIO. • Closure or Restriction Orders • The Superintendent is responsible for the official Order. • The PIO will: • Confirm that closure or restrictions are in effect before releasing related information. • Obtain a copy of Order for documentation file. • Obtain a map of the closure area from the fire office to be distributed with the order. • Include information about the Order in the press release. • Send Lotus Notes message that summarizes the closure or restrictions to: PEFO All Employees, Bryan Swift, Dave Lentz, Bob Lineback, Southwest Coordination center ([email protected]), SWA Fire Information ([email protected]) and Tina Boehle for NIFC web site. • Rescinding Closure or Restriction Orders • The Superintendent is responsible for writing the Rescind Order. • The PIO will place a copy of the original for the documentation file, and • Include information about the Rescind Order in the press release.

NEWS/PRESS RELEASES

The Wildland Fire Management Plan for Petrified Forest NP (WFMP), dictates that fire and Visitor Services staff will: • Forward all fire-related press releases to the Superintendent (or designee) and public information officer and keep members of the administrative staff well informed of fire activity. • Establish rapport with local press and media representatives and accommodate all interview requests that will benefit the joint agency planning area by promoting the fire program.

Release process: • Send at the onset of an incident and when significant changes occur. • The Superintendent must approve press releases before they are sent. • The PIO and FMO or IC should develop the press release. • Use NPS template for press releases.

156 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan • The PIO for the incident should be listed as the contact person. • Save original copies of all press releases for documentation file. • Fax copies to mailing list developed by the Visitor Service Division. • Post copy on PEFO web site. • Send electronic version to Tina Boehle ([email protected]) for NIFC web site. • Send electronic version to Southwest Coordination Center ([email protected]) for fire web site. • Send electronic version to SWA Fire Information ([email protected]) for fire info web site. • Send electronic version to Arizona Prevention Team (if formed for fire season…address changes) • Send electronic version to Bryan Swift, Dave Lentz and Bob Lineback (NPS IMR Lotus Notes) • Respond to any requests for additional information promptly.

4.0 EMPLOYEE NOTIFICATIONS

An informed and supportive staff will contribute greatly to the success of the fire program and the resources that it is designed to benefit. Staff will be notified in person, by telephone or electronic communication when: • Fire restrictions/closures are to be implemented. • Red Flag warnings are forecasted. • A wildland fire is occurring in the park. • A prescribed burn is planned for the upcoming week.

Fire information can be found for the southwest area, with links to national reports at: http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/fire/ and on the NPS Morning Report at: http://data2.itc.nps.gov/morningreport/.

5.0 PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS

• Use press release template for Public Service Announcements (PSA’s) • PIO and FMO will prepare PSA’s with Superintendent approval. • Contact the Station Manager at local radio stations to broadcast the PSA. • PSA's may extend to a larger geographic area depending on the nature of the incident.

6.0 MEDIA VISITS • If appropriate, the PIO may invite media representatives to visit fires that go into a second operational period, the fire camp, Incident Command Post, prescribed burn, etc. • The PIO may arrange and facilitate interviews with key fire personnel. • The PIO should advise all fire personnel to be interviewed of interview protocol.

157 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan • The FMO or Safety Officer will ensure that all media representatives have proper PPE and provide safety briefing on use of PPE and the fire shelter. • Clear all media escorts with the appropriate fire personnel or team members.

7.0 PREVENTION

Direction for wildland fire prevention/education efforts is found in RM-18, Chapter 8. The WFMP for Petrified Forest NP tasks staff to “Identify strategies to communicate fire program principles to cooperators and publics”. “Prevention”, outlines planning objectives that include:

• Integrate fire prevention messages into a variety of programs, ranger activities, and local media, to be targeted for the using public, schools, recreationists, landowners, and motorists.

• Coordinate fire prevention efforts with all cooperators and affected landowners.

• The Actions for Implementation are:

• Appropriate and applicable fire safety signs will be posted on park bulletin boards; entrance signs and visitor use areas and at each information center. Responsible persons: Facility Manager, Chief of Interpretation

• Fire prevention messages will be included in park publications such as site bulletins, camping and hiking permits, information request packets and educational kits. Responsible person: Chief of Interpretation

• Appropriate fire safety messages will be included in all interpretive programs. When possible, programs at local schools will emphasize fire’s natural role in the ecosystem and the prevention of human caused wildland fires. Responsible persons: Chief of Interpretation.

• Fire safety messages will be provided when Backcountry Permits, or any Special Use Permit, are issued. Responsible persons: Protection Rangers, Information Center Staff.

• During extended periods of Very High to Extreme fire danger, press releases will be prepared that advise of the conditions, possible restrictions, and prevention measures. When possible, press releases will be coordinated with adjacent land management agencies. Responsible persons: Chief of Interpretation.

• All park employees that will, or may, be in the field will complete the Introduction to Wildfire Prevention training course. Responsible person: Group Fire Management Officer

158 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan • During the fire season, the daily fire danger rating (Staffing Class) and any RED FLAG Alerts will be broadcast over the park’s radio system. Responsible persons: Chief Ranger

• Prevention patrols will be conducted to contact visitors regarding fire safety and to ensure compliance with restrictions and regulations. Responsible persons: Protection Rangers, Interpretive Rangers

• During Very High to Extreme fire danger, emergency restrictions and/or closures will be established by the Superintendent. These measures will be implemented in addition to standard park fire regulations. When possible, these restrictions will be coordinated with adjacent land management agencies. Responsible persons: Chief Ranger, Superintendent

• Annual fire safety inspections will be conducted at all government owned structures and facilities. Responsible persons: Park Safety Officer

• All overhead power lines will be checked for tree clearance and possible flame reach distances. Responsible persons: Park Safety Officer

8.0 WILDLAND FIRE INCIDENTS

One or any combination of strategies can be employed on wildland fires, based on fuels, weather, topography, location, constraints, safety, and capability to accomplish objectives. Management strategies and action points will be based on fire cause, activity and location. Normally, specific actions or combinations of actions will be determined on site and/or by an inter-disciplinary (ID) approach to aid fire managers and management in the decision-making process.

• All fires within the park will receive a Stage 1 “Initial Assessment and Strategy Selection” from the Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy Implementation Procedures Reference Guide, Chapter 4. All Fire Use (WFURB) fires will receive a Stage 1 and 2 analysis. All fires will receive a Fire Complexity Analysis as found in RM-18, Chapter 9: Exhibit 2. The ID team will complete the “go-no go” Decision Criteria Checklist” within two hours to aid the Superintendent in determining the appropriate management response.

• All wildland fire incidents (as well as WFURB and prescribed burns), will be reported to Mike Van Hemelryck, Bryan Swift, Dave Lentz, Len Dems and Bob Lineback electronically or by telephone as soon as practical.

• Suppression of fires in the park, in PEFO’s Initial Attack Zone or mutual aid actions, will be coordinated by White Mountain Zone Dispatch (WMZD). WMZD will provide initial attack radio dispatching and will process any resource orders requested by the Incident Commander (IC). The IC or responsible agency

159 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan shall notify WMZD when a fire escapes or is expected to escape initial attack. The time of escape, date, from whom, and to whom the report is made, must be transmitted to and documented by WMZD, which must submit the report immediately to the affected agency. Exhibit II of the WMZD Operating Plan contains the form “Notification of an Escaped Fire”.

• WMZD will maintain a list of qualified firefighters with call-out telephone numbers. PEFO Chief Ranger’s Office will provide a firefighter availability list to WMZD, usually on Thursday of each week during the fire season. PEFO will designate a Duty Officer to WMZD to facilitate weekend coordination of fire suppression activities. Upon receipt of the location of a smoke/fire, the Duty Officer will initiate the flow of communication/information to park staff (see flow chart attached). The I.C. is responsible for notifying a L.E. Ranger and the FMO if the fire is suspected of being human-caused.

• The FMO/AFMO is responsible for submitting an ICS-209 “Incident Status Report” on-line at: www.famweb.nwcg.gov to the Southwest Coordination Center for every fire over 100 acres in timber and 300 acres in grass. This report must be updated daily until the fire is controlled.

• Authorization has been granted between agencies represented within the WMZ to use each other’s frequencies as required by the incident.

• All fires will receive some level of review. Non-complex Class A & B fires can be reviewed by the I. C. and the fire personnel assigned to the incident. Class C and larger fires will be reviewed at the Superintendent’s discretion and a written report will be forwarded to the IMR Fire and Aviation FMO. All wildland fire incidents that result in human entrapment, fatalities, or serious injuries, or result in incidents with potential, will be reviewed. All prescribed fires will be reviewed as appropriate. Other-level reviews are outlined in RM-18, Chapter Thirteen.

9.0 PRESCRIBED BURNS

Prescribed (Rx) burns are pre-planned ignitions and therefore allow for ample notification and information exchange timelines. Section XVII Interagency Coordination and Public Information of the Prescribed Burn Plan, outlines the communication process. Pre-burn Coordination Actions: • The Burn Boss will secure resources sufficient to implement the burn from Federal, State, County and local agencies. Contact will be made and attendance confirmed in a time frame which will allow resources adequate time for planning.

• Media Releases: The Interpretive Division will prepare a press release at least two weeks prior to the burn. The press release will be sent to local newspapers and radio stations at least one week prior to ignition. A general prescribed burn

160 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan press release outlining elements of the prescribed burn program at the park will be released at least three weeks prior to conducting the burn. The fire management staff will prepare a prescribed burn notice with a map of the area to be burned and the PIO will distribute it to the park Visitor Centers.

• Notifications: WMZD will distribute notification of prescribed burn operations to all three and four tier agency cooperators by E-mail or Fax.

• Copies of Prescribed Burn Plans should be submitted to WMZ when approved or 14 days prior to ignition.

• WMZD will be notified prior to ignition and at the end of each operational period. Notification of progress and acres burned will be relayed daily to WMZD and the IMR Fire and Aviation Office.

• Notification timelines and key contact telephone numbers are also outlined in Section XVII of the Rx Burn Plan. Affected agencies, governments, staff and individuals are targeted for notification at one week and two days prior to the ignition date and on the day of the burn.

• This plan will be reviewed annually by fire staff with changes and updates made prior to fire season.

161 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan

Appendix I: Draft Pre-Attack Plan (to be developed at a future date)

PRE-ATTACK PLANNING CHECKLIST TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 COMMAND 1.1 Pre-attack WFSA 1.2 Draft Delegation of Authority 1.3 Management constraints 1.4 Interagency agreements 1.5 Evacuation procedures 1.6 Structural protection needs 1.7 Closure procedures

2.0 LOGISTICS 2.1 ICP, base, camp locations 2.2 Utilities 2.3 Medical facilities 2.4 Stores, restaurants, service stations 2.5 Transportation resources 2.6 Rental equipment resources 2.7 Construction contractors 2.8 Sanitary facilities 2.9 Police, fire departments 2.10 Communications 2.11 Sanitary landfills 2.12 Potable water sources 2.13 Maintenance facilities

3.0 OPERATIONS 3.1 Helibase, helispot locations 3.2 Flight routes, restrictions, hazard locations 3.3 Water sources/dip sites 3.4 Control line locations 3.5 Natural barriers 3.6 Safety zones 3.7 Staging area locations

4.0 PLANNING 4.1 Park base map 4.2 Topographic maps 4.3 Vegetation/fuel maps 4.4 Archeological/cultural base maps

162 Petrified Forest National Park Wildland Fire Management Plan 4.5 Endangered or species of concern critical habitats 4.6 Sensitive plant populations 4.7 Special visitor use areas 4.8 Land status 4.9 Transportation/area maps

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