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Table ST1. Search Strategy Pubmed 1 Table ST1. Search strategy PubMed 1 (((Depress* OR Clinical depression OR Mood disorder OR Major depressive episode OR Dysthymi* OR Affective disorder OR Anxiety OR Generalised Anxiety Disorder OR GAD OR Phobia OR Panic disorder OR Panic attack OR Agoraphobia OR Social anxiety disorder OR Obsessive compulsive disorder OR Obsessive-compulsive disorder OR OCD OR PTSD OR Post traumatic stress disorder OR Post-traumatic stress disorder OR Alprazolam OR Benzodiazepines OR Anthramycin OR Bromazepam OR Clonazepam OR Devazepide OR Diazepam OR Flumazenil OR Flunitrazepam OR Flurazepam OR Lorazepam OR Nitrazepam OR Oxazepam OR Pirenzepine OR Prazepam OR Temazepam OR Chlordiazepoxide OR Clorazepate OR Dipotassium OR Estazolam OR Medazepam OR Midazolam OR Triazolam OR Psychotropic Drugs OR Antidepressive Agents OR Antidepressive Agents (Second-Generation) OR Antidepressive Agents (Tricyclic) OR Hallucinogens OR Tranquilizing Agents OR Anti-Anxiety Agents OR Antimanic Agents OR Antipsychotic Agents))) AND ((Cognit* OR Memory OR Attention OR Reaction time OR Speed of processing OR processing speed OR Crystallized ability OR Crystallized intelligence OR Fluid ability OR Fluid intelligence OR General mental ability OR GMA OR Intelligence OR Executive function OR Neuropsychological testing OR Mini mental stat* exam* OR MMSE OR Dementia OR Alzheimer* OR Mild cognitive impairment OR MCI )) AND (Humans[Mesh]) Ovid PsycINFO 1 (Depress* or Clinical depression or Mood disorder or Major depressive episode or Dysthymi* or Affective disorder or Anxiety or Generalised Anxiety Disorder or GAD or Phobia or Panic disorder or Panic attack or Agoraphobia or Social anxiety disorder or Obsessive compulsive disorder or OCD or PTSD or Post traumatic stress disorder or Alprazolam or Benzodiazepines or Anthramycin or Bromazepam or Clonazepam or Devazepide or Diazepam or Flumazenil or Flunitrazepam or Flurazepam or Lorazepam or Nitrazepam or Oxazepam or Pirenzepine or Prazepam or Temazepam or Chlordiazepoxide or Clorazepate or Dipotassium or Estazolam or Medazepam or Midazolam or Triazolam or Psychotropic Drugs or Antidepressive Agents or Antidepressive Agents Second generation or Antidepressive Agents Tricyclic or Hallucinogens or Tranquilizing Agents or Anti Anxiety Agents or Antimanic Agents or Antipsychotic Agents).mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] 2 (Cognit* or Memory or Attention or Reaction time or Speed of processing or processing speed or Crystallized ability or Crystallized intelligence or Fluid ability or Fluid intelligence or General mental ability or GMA or Intelligence or Executive function or Neuropsychological testing or Mini mental stat* exam* or MMSE or Dementia or Alzheimer* or Mild cognitive impairment or MCI).mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures] 3 1 and 2 4 limit 3 to (human and English language) Cochrane library 1 'Depress* OR Clinical depression OR Mood disorder OR Major depressive episode OR Dysthymi* OR Affective disorder OR Anxiety OR Generalised Anxiety Disorder OR GAD OR Phobia OR Panic disorder OR Panic attack OR Agoraphobia OR Social anxiety disorder OR Obsessive compulsive disorder OR Obsessive-compulsive disorder OR OCD OR PTSD OR Post traumatic stress disorder OR Post-traumatic stress disorder OR Alprazolam OR Benzodiazepines OR Anthramycin OR Bromazepam OR Clonazepam OR Devazepide OR Diazepam OR Flumazenil OR Flunitrazepam OR Flurazepam OR Lorazepam OR Nitrazepam OR Oxazepam OR Pirenzepine OR Prazepam OR Temazepam OR Chlordiazepoxide OR Clorazepate OR Dipotassium OR Estazolam OR Medazepam OR Midazolam OR Triazolam OR Psychotropic Drugs OR Antidepressive Agents OR Antidepressive Agents (Second generation) OR Antidepressive Agents (Tricyclic) OR Hallucinogens OR Tranquilizing Agents OR Anti-Anxiety Agents OR Antimanic Agents OR Antipsychotic Agents and Cognit* OR Memory OR Attention OR Reaction time OR Speed of processing OR processing speed OR Crystallized ability OR Crystallized intelligence OR Fluid ability OR Fluid intelligence OR General mental ability OR GMA OR Intelligence OR Executive function OR Neuropsychological testing OR Mini mental stat* exam* OR MMSE OR Dementia OR Alzheimer* OR Mild cognitive impairment OR MCI Table ST2. Quality rating of studies selected for inclusion based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Quality Indicators From the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Studies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Barnes et al., Yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes 2012 Becker et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2009 Blasko et al., yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes 2010 Chen et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 1999 Chen et al., 2008 no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes (China) Chen et al., 2008 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes (UK) Dal Forno et al., yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no 2005 Devanand et al., no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 1996 Dotson et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no 2010 Fuhrer et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2003 Gatz et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2005 Geerlings et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no 2008 Geerlings et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2000 Goveas et al., no yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes 2011 Heser et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2013 Heun et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2006 Irie et al., no yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes 2008 Jessen et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2010 Jessen et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2011 Jungwirth et al., yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes 2009 Kim et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2010 Kim et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2011 Kohler et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2011 Lenoir et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2011 Li et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2011 Luchsinger et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no 2008 Luppa et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2013 Palmer et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2007 Palsson et al., yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes 1999 Saczynski et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no 2010 Samieri et al., yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes 2008 Schmand et al., yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes 1997 St John et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2002 Van der Kommer yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes et al., 2010 Vilalta-Franch et yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes al., 2012 Wilson et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2003 Wilson et al., yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2011 1. Cohort truly representative of the population 2. Non-exposed participants from same community as exposed participants 3. Ascertainment of exposure 4. Dementia not present at baseline 5. Study controls for age and sex 6. Study controls for other factors 7. Quality of outcome assessment 8. Follow-up long enough for dementia to occur 9. Complete follow-up (all participants are accounted for) Analyses: AD continuous (all compatible) Random-Effects Model (k = 10; tau^2 estimator: DL) logLik deviance AIC BIC AICc 8.1673 22.1823 -12.3346 -11.7294 -10.6203 tau^2 (estimated amount of total heterogeneity): 0.0015 (SE = 0.0014) tau (square root of estimated tau^2 value): 0.0391 I^2 (total heterogeneity / total variability): 62.06% H^2 (total variability / sampling variability): 2.64 Test for Heterogeneity: Q(df = 9) = 23.7240, p-val = 0.0048 Model Results: estimate se zval pval ci.lb ci.ub 0.0536 0.0190 2.8217 0.0048 0.0164 0.0908 ** --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Leave one out sensitivity analysis estimate se zval pval ci.lb ci.ub Q Qp tau2 I2 H2 1 0.0492 0.0189 2.5979 0.0094 0.0121 0.0863 21.8313 0.0052 0.0015 63.3553 2.7289 2 0.054 0.0194 2.7833 0.0054 0.016 0.0919 23.53 0.0027 0.0016 66.0008 2.9412 3 0.0586 0.024 2.437 0.0148 0.0115 0.1057 22.1508 0.0046 0.0022 63.8839 2.7688 4 0.0623 0.0165 3.7839 0.0002 0.0301 0.0946 13.2307 0.1042 0.0007 39.5346 1.6538 5 0.0619 0.0235 2.6365 0.0084 0.0159 0.108 23.7195 0.0026 0.0021 66.2725 2.9649 6 0.0601 0.0226 2.6605 0.0078 0.0158 0.1044 23.7212 0.0026 0.0019 66.2749 2.9651 7 0.0486 0.0184 2.6442 0.0082 0.0126 0.0847 21.0271 0.0071 0.0014 61.9539 2.6284 8 0.0438 0.0166 2.6455 0.0082 0.0114 0.0763 17.505 0.0253 0.001 54.2989 2.1881 9 0.0484 0.0182 2.6532 0.008 0.0126 0.0841 20.7307 0.0079 0.0013 61.4098 2.5913 10 0.061 0.0241 2.5344 0.0113 0.0138 0.1081 23.4956 0.0028 0.0022 65.951 2.9369 Fail-safe N Calculation Using the Rosenthal Approach Fail-safe N Calculation Using the Rosenthal Approach Observed Significance Level: <.0001 Target Significance Level: 0.05 Fail-safe N: 101 Trim-and-fill analysis Estimated number of missing studies on the left side: 5 (SE = 1.9266) Random-Effects Model (k = 15; tau^2 estimator: DL) tau^2 (estimated amount of total heterogeneity): 0.0025 (SE = 0.0021) tau (square root of estimated tau^2 value): 0.0501 I^2 (total heterogeneity / total variability): 64.10% H^2 (total variability / sampling variability): 2.79 Test for Heterogeneity: Q(df = 14) = 38.9936, p-val = 0.0004 Model Results: estimate se zval pval ci.lb ci.ub 0.0334 0.0215 1.5493 0.1213 -0.0088 0.0756 --- Signif.
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