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Salem Witch Trials ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Facts Series of hearings before local magistrates prosecuting alleged witches February 1692 - May 1693 • 150 arrested and imprisoned • 29 convicted of witchcraft felony • 19 hanged (14 women and five men) • One man crushed to death • Five died in prison ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Questions Who were the Puritans exactly? What caused the people of Salem to believe in witches? What caused these events to transpire? What is a witch? How have these events affected American society? ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Beliefs Sect of Church of England that disagreed with practices: Book of Common Prayer, idolatry and ceremonial rituals Theocracy – civil and ecclesiastical rule ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Beliefs, continued Crucible Manifest Destiny and Divine Providence ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Beliefs, continued TULIP Total Depravity Unconditional Election Limited Atonement Irresistible Grace Perseverance of Saints ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Beliefs, continued “City upon a Hill” Constant threat of evil ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Life Massachusetts – to be an example to the rest of the world and escape persecution in England Women – subservient to men and naturally evil ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Life, continued No privacy – moral police and fines Valued literacy and reading the Bible for direct interaction with God ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Life, continued Good Manners for Colonial Children (1772) “Make a bow always when you come home, and be immediately uncovered. Never sit in the presence of thy parents without bidding, tho’ no stranger be present. If thou passest by thy parents, and any place where thou seest them, when either by themselves or with company, bow towards them. Dispute not, nor delay to obey thy parents commands. Quarrel not nor contend with thy brethren or sisters, but live in love, peace, and unity.” ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Life, continued “Bear with meekness and patience, and without murmuring or sullenness, parents reproofs or corrections: Nay, tho’ it should so happen that thy be causeless or undeserved. If thy superior speak any thing wherein thou knowest he is mistaken, correct not nor contradict him, nor grin at the hearing of it; but pass over the error without notice or interruption. Mention not frivolous or little things among grave persons or superiors. Laugh not in, or at thine own story, wit or jest. Let thy words be modest about those things which only concern thee.” ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Puritan Life, continued Children were miniature adults and not allowed to play games or with toys Social order – men, women, single women, children ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Life on the Frontier French and English tensions King William’s War 13 years after devastating King Phillip’s war Wampanog tribe Constant Native American fights on fringes of frontier Associated with the Devil Harsh living conditions and death ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Life on the Frontier, continued Fears of capture – Mary Jemison “The party that took us consisted of six Indians and four Frenchmen, who immediately commenced to plundering…My suspicions as to the fate of my parents proved too true; for soon after I left them they were killed and scalped, together with Robert, Matthew, Betsey, and the woman and her two children, and mangled in the most shocking manner… In the course of the night they made me to understand that they should not have killed the family if the whites had not pursued them…” A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison Click to play clip ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Salem Politics Salem Village vs. Salem Town Parish pastors: Burroughs vs. Parris Parsonage compensations Land disputes Putnam and Corey Movement away from traditional Puritan practices ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Supernatural Invisible world coexists with real world Devils and Angels compete Must be on guard at all times Most at risk were young, single women as they might become “married” to the Devil Need to interpret signs to determine if in Devil’s grasp ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com What is a Witch? “A witch is a magician, who either by open or secret league, wittingly and willingly contenteth to use the aid and assistance of the devil, in the working of wonders…the woman being the weaker sex, is sooner entangled by the devil’s illusions with this damnable art, than the man…The more women, the more witches. His first temptation in the beginning, was with Eve a woman, and since he pursueth his practice accordingly, as making most for his advantage.” William Perkins A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft, So Far Forth as It is Revealed in the Scriptures and Manifest by True Experience (1608) Click to play clip ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com What is a Witch? “Secondly, to take away all exception of punishment from any party that shall practice this trade, and to show that weakness cannot exempt the witch from death…But the Lord saith, if any person of either sex among his people, be found to have entered covenant with Satan, and become a practiser of sorcery, though it be a woman and a weaker vessel, she shall not escape, she shall not be suffered to live, she must die the death.” William Perkins A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft, So Far Forth as It is Revealed in the Scriptures and Manifest by True Experience (1608) Click to play clip ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com How to Discern and Discover a Witch Rule 1: “The free and voluntary confession of the crime, made by the party suspected and accused after examination… For what needs more witness, or further enquiry, when a man from the touch of his own conscience acknowledgeth the fault.” ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com How to Discern and Discover a Witch, continued Rule 2: “…the testimony of two witnesses, of good and honest report, avouching before the magistrate upon their knowledge, these two things: Either that the party accused, hath made a league with the devil; or hath done some known practices of witchcraft.” ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com How to Discern and Discover a Witch, continued Upon what is conviction based? What are positive and negative aspects of this approach? What does this reveal about Puritan beliefs and biases? ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Witch Video QuickTime™ and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture. Click to play clip ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com European Legacy Europe had many witch hunts during the 16th century, killing thousands, predominantly women Germany was the leader Practice became more obsolete during the 17th century, so Salem was rare Salem was on a much smaller scale than the rest of Europe ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Sickness Reverend Parris’s daughter and niece, Betty Parris (9) and Abigail Williams (11), afflicted “beyond the power of Epileptic fits natural disease to effect” (John Hale): Threw things Uttered strange sounds Screamed Crawled under furniture Contorted their bodies Complained of being pricked by pins No medical explanation Began to afflict other young girls in Salem ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Players Samuel Parris Reverend of Salem Village Attended seminary at Harvard Sugar plantation in Barbados Moved to Salem Village with slaves and became minister Friction: seen as greedy and egotistical; demanded title to parsonage in addition to salary ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Players, continued Tituba Samuel Parris’s Barbados slave Caretaker for girls and maid for the house Knowledge of voodoo John Hale Minister and prosecutor for the courts until wife accused Later critical of courts and wrote A Modest Enquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Players, continued The afflicted girls Elizabeth Parris Abigail Williams Ann Putnam, Jr. Mary Walcott Elizabeth Hubbard Sarah Bibber Elizabeth Booth Sarah Churchill Mercy Lewis Susannah Shelden Mary Warren ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com First Accused Tituba – performed a voodoo ritual with the girls Sarah Good – poor beggar who always asked for food and shelter Sarah Osborne – slept with her indentured servant and rarely attended church ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Next Round of Accused In March 1693 the following were accused: Martha Corey – covenanted church member Rebecca Nurse – covenanted church member Dorothy Good – daughter of Sarah, 4 years old Rachel Clinton – not performing wifely duties to husband What is the change in the pattern of those accused? How would the town react? ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Next Round of Accused, continued Realize anyone in church could be a witch Causes people to be more critical and watchful Possible reasons Putnam family had much property to gain if the Nurses and Coreys lost their land due to witchcraft accusations Personal vendettas ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Escalading Accusations After April, numerous people were accused: Elizabeth Proctor, Sarah Cloyce, Giles Corey, Abigail, Deliverance, William Hobbs, Mary Warren, Bridget Bishop, Sarah Wildes, Mary Eastey, etc. John Proctor and a few others object to proceedings and are arrested for witchcraft Those accused indict others to save themselves from death ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com Escalading Accusations, continued First wave of warrants to testify total 36 A few women stave off death due to pregnancy Magistrates come from local counties, including: Deputy Governor Thomas Danforth, Samuel Sewall, Samuel Appleton, James Russell, Isaac Addington ©2010 TeachersBrunch.com The Trial Trials start on June 2, 1692 and end March 1693 Brief recess from October to January Moves to Superior Court All five tried found not guilty but not released
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