2nd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263 Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 2, 2018) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549

DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN THE SONG LYRICS OF ’S DIVIDE ALBUM

Deby Rizka Afrilia Nasution1*), Gunawan Setiadi2), Shena Samira Ilza3) English Postgraduate Program Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of North Sumatera Indonesia *[email protected]

Abstract This research aims to analyze five types of deixis by using theory of Alan Cruse (2000), interpret the reference meaning of deixis and find out the most dominant type of deixis that found in the song lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s album. The researcher elects Divide album as the object of the analysis because it is one of the best-selling album in the world. it consists of such deictic words that has reference meanings. Therefore, the song lyrics can be analyzed using pragmatic approach, specifically about deixis. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data which is used is six songs of Ed Sheeran’s album and then they are classified into the types of deixis based on their own criteria. The findings showed that the types of deixis like person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis are used in the song lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s Album. Based on discussion and finding can be concluded that all deixis are found in all songs, personal deixis is the most being found (46 Deictic words or 28%) the word “I. Me, My, You and Your dominate all songs. in the second position Temporal Deixis is the most being found (43 deictic words or 26%) the word now dominate in all songs. the third position is Spatial deixis (41 Deictic words or 25% ) in the fourth position is Discourse Deixis (20 deictic words or 12%) and in the last position is Social Deixis (15 Deictic words or 9%).

Keywords: pragmatics, deixis, song lyric

Introduction in the world. It’s proven from his Music is often described as a “language of achievement in music career. His songs emotions” (Juslin and Sloboda, 2010). To always get nomination in American Music many, music’s expressivity unconstrained by Awards (AMA) even in 2015 he won in literal meaning is what makes it a “universal category Favorite Male Artist - Pop/Rock. language” (Cross, 2005). In sophisticated era And he still has other prestigious today Music has become important part of achievements. It’s the reason why the human life. Music not only listened because researcher chose Ed Sheeran song as the of hobby or favorite activity but also it’s object of the research. Researcher used Ed considered as a friend to accompany in doing Sheeran’s newest album entitled Divide in a lot of activities especially for teenagers like which there are six popular songs in this working, studying or even thinking. It’s for album. They are Eraser, Castle on the Hill, music can evoke different feelings among Dive, , Perfect, and Galway audience (Raj & Muniapan, 2012). According Girl. to Piragasam et al. (2013), people will achieve pleasure and experience mood 1. Song Lyrics change by listening to music. It’s one of The song lyrics vary in terms of reason music is important to be discussed in textual meaning. Commonly the listeners this article. have different interpretation to understand the Most of music will be liked by the meaning of the songs. Not all of the words listeners if the content of the song has its own contained in the lyrics can be interpreted if meaning for the listener, so that’s why the we do not know the physical context of the song creator isn’t carelessly in making the speakers, such as the here, today, or lyric. Ed Sheeran is one of the best tomorrow, and the pronouns such as you,

DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN THE SONG LYRICS OF ED SHEERAN’S DIVIDE ALBUM [ 376 ] Deby Rizka Afrilia Nasution, Gunawan Setiadi, Shena Samira Ilza

2nd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263 Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 2, 2018) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549 them, he, her and, it. Some sentences in i. Person deixis English cannot be understood if you do not Cruse (2006, p. 127) stated that know who is talking and the reference is. person deictic words include pronouns (I, Sometimes there is misunderstanding of you, they, we, she, he, it, me, them, us, him; meaning and intention between speaker and mine, yours, hers, myself, yourself, herself, listener. In order to understand an intended himself, ourselves, themselves, itself), meaning of the speakers, the listener should possessive adjectives (my, your, our, their, be able to identify the meaning of utterance his, its, her), and verb inflection (I like, you or sentence. Nowadays, deixis is used to like, he or she likes). Person deixis consists solve that problem. of three categories. They are 1st person, 2nd Person and 3rd Person. 2. Pragmatics According to Cruse (2006), ii. Spatial deixis Pragmatics is study about aspects of meaning Spatial deixis is deixis which which are dependent on context. Pragmatics indicates the location of some spaces between has as its topic those aspects of the meaning the speaker and the listener. Spatial deixis is of utterances with cannot be accounted for by also known as place deixis or locative straightforward reference to the truth expressions. Cruse (2006, p. 166) points out conditions of the sentences uttered (Gazdar, that spatial deictic word indicates location in 1979, p. 2). It has to do with language use, space relative to the speaker. The most basic and with going beyond the literal meaning spatial deictic words are adverbs, here and (Kadmon, 2001, p. 3). Addition, it studies the there. use of language in context, and the context dependence of several of linguistic iii. Temporal deixis interpretation (Lycan, 1995, p. 588). From Temporal deixis is a deixis to point to all definition above, can be deduced that a time. As Cruse (2006, p. 179; 2006, p. 321) Pragmatics is the study of meaning based on pointed out that temporal deictic word the context here are expression of relative indicates the timing of an event relative to the distance and contextual meaning. time of speaking. It’s used to locate points or intervals on the time axis, using the moment a. Deixis of utterance point. The markers of time in Deixis is a word borrowed from the deixis of time are now, tomorrow, today, greek verb meaning “pointing’ or indicating. yesterday, then etc. pragmatics, deixis is a term used to denote a word or a phrase which directly refers to iv. Social deixis entities (objects, processes, attributes, and (Cruse, 2006, p. 166) Stated that circumstances). In other words, deictic Social deictic words are expressions whose expressions are used by the speaker to refer function is to indicate the position of the to or identify entities in both non-linguistic referent on the scales of social status and and linguistic situations. When the speaker intimacy relative to the speaker. The and the addressee are in a non-linguistic pronounce system of some languages also situation, the identification of the referents is referring grammatical information about the easy. Saeed (2003, p. 182) said that the word social identities or relationships of the deixis is borrowed from classical Greek participants in the conversation or utterance deiknymi that the meaning is “to show or Saeed (2003, p. 188). point out”. According Alan Cruse (2000) there v. Discourse deixis are five types of deixis. They are person Discourse deixis also known as text deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis. Discourse deixis refers to such matters deixis and discourse deixis. as the use of this to point to future discourse

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2nd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263 Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 2, 2018) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549 elements such as listen to this, it will kill After collecting the data from the script of you!, and that to point to past discourse lyrics, the researcher analyzed the data as elements such as that was not a very nice follows: thing to say (2000, p. 323) Sometimes, 1. First, the researcher determined some certain sentence adverbs such as therefore words expressions that include in deictic and furthermore include an element of expressions. discourse in their meanings (Cruse, 2000). 2. Second, the researcher classified the Despite, some references of discourse deixis deictic expressions that have been can also be anaphoric (Cummings, 2005). determined based on their criteria. Anaphora picks up a previous reference to an 3. Third, the researcher analyzed the data extra-linguistics entity and repeats it. In based on the Cruse theory on deciding the addition, Kreidler (1998, p. 145) noted that types of deixis, namely: person deixis, anaphora is a kind of secondary reference in spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social which a previous reference is recalled by use deixis and discourse deixis. of special function words. In John entered the 4. Fourthly, the researcher interpreted and room. He looked tire, he refers to the same described the reference meaning of the person that John refers to, but it does not deictic expression as the data based on the strictly refer to the word John itself (Cruse, Cruse theory. 2000, p. 324). 5. Next, the researcher calculated the occurrences of each type deixis used in Methodology Ed Sheeran’s Album. This research uses descriptive qualitative 6. Last, describing and explaining the method because characteristics of phenomena finding. and the data were analyzed using the description not numbers. According to Findings and Discussion qualitative research, it entails collecting The researcher analyzed Eraser, Castle on primarily textual data and examining it using the Hill, Dive, Shape of You, Perfect, and interpretive analysis (Crocker (2009, p. 5) Galway Girl. Finally, the researcher found which means that the method provides that the song writer or singer tend to use such description about the phenomena of the types of deixis include person deixis, spatial research. In this research the researcher elects deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis and lyrics of the songs of Ed Sheeran’s album. discourse deixis used in Ed Sheeran’s song The data was taken from song lyrics in Ed lyrics. Here is the one of the example Sheerans Album entitled Divide released in analyzing process of Ed Sheeran’s song, March 2017, which consists of six (6) songs: which can be seen on Table 1.

Eraser, Castle on the Hill, Dive, Shape of Table 1. Lyric of Shape of You – Ed Sheeran You, Perfect, and Galway Girl. Type of Deixis

Discourse

Temporal

In collecting the data the researcher Lyrics

Personal

Spatial

Social uses listening and take note step, those steps No

are:

1. First, the researcher listened to the songs of Divide Album in order to understand I found - - I, Foun the lyrics in detail. 1 a love - me d 2. Second, the researcher searched the script for me of the lyrics of Divide album on internet. just - - 3. Third, the researcher chose the lyrics to dive right in Dive, Right be analyzed from each song. 2 and My Follo in 4. Fourth, the researcher marked all of the follow w chosen lyrics to be analyzed. my lead

DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN THE SONG LYRICS OF ED SHEERAN’S DIVIDE ALBUM [ 378 ] Deby Rizka Afrilia Nasution, Gunawan Setiadi, Shena Samira Ilza

2nd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263 Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 2, 2018) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549

Well, I - well Foun From the table.1 above, can be seen 3 found a I - d that one of the song from 6 popular songs in girl, Divide album. Type of Deixis that dominate I will - - not in this song is Personal and temporal Will give I, This followed by Discourse Deixis and Spatial 4 not you up You Time give Deixis but researcher didn’t find social this deixis. There are 9 personal Deictic words I, time Me, Mine, My, You, She, Her, We, and Our. But - But darling, Where there are 4 deictic words for 1st 5 just Me - kiss person (I, Me, Mine and My), 1 deictic word kiss me for 2nd person (you), and 4 deictic words for slow 3rd persons (She, Her, We, and Our). While And in - - in Temporal deixis researcher found more your in you're eyes Min than 14 deictic words that dominate by verb 6 your holdi you're e tense. And only 5 deictic words for spatial eye ng holding and Discourse Deixis. mine Here are the results of this research I - - with more detail analyzed that can be seen on whisper ed other tables below: I, under 7 undern - my neath Table. 2. Person Deixis in Six Songs eath Personal deictic words my breath No Song Tittle First Second Third Darling - - Person Person Person , you Eraser I, Me, You, It Tonig 8 look You - 1 My, They ht perfect Myself tonight Castle on I, My, You His, It 2 She - the Hill We shares Dive I, Me, You, It 3 my My Your dreams, Shape of I, Me, You, She, Some I hope 4 You My, We, Your my, day, Tha 9 that - Our I, I'll t someda I, Me, her share y I'll My, You, She, 5 Perfect share Mine, Your Her her We, Our home I, Me, to carry - - Galway My, You, She, childre 6 10 Our - Carry Girl’ Mine, Your Her n of our We, Our own We are - Still The table above can be seen that still , kids but Personal deixis was found in all songs, in the 11 but We - - song Eraser researcher found 7 personal we're deictic words, in the second and third song so in Castle on the Hill, Dive found 12 personal love deictic words, in fourth song Shape of You I know - - we'll be found 7 deictic words, while in the fifth and I, This 12 alright know sixth song Perfect, Galway Girl found 20 we Time this personal deictic words. From the explanation time above can be deduced that the whole amount

DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN THE SONG LYRICS OF ED SHEERAN’S DIVIDE ALBUM [ 379 ] Deby Rizka Afrilia Nasution, Gunawan Setiadi, Shena Samira Ilza

2nd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263 Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 2, 2018) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549 from six songs found 46 personal deictic Stereotypical playing, I’ve words in which there are 5 deictic words that day. got, dominate in all songs, they are I, Me, My, You Castle Then, the years, Was running, 2 On The Friday night. broke, make, and Your. Hill have grown.

Dive - Came, Have Table. 3 Spatial Deixis in Six Songs. 3 travelled, call. Spatial Deictic Words Shape Now, last night, Find, will, Am 4 of You everyday, one singing. Song No Proxi- Projected Term week. Tittle Distal mal and Specific Never, This Found, will, Term Term Location 5 Perfect time, tonight, Am dancing, someday, future. have met Eraser - Here Inside, In a small A week, Now, Played, Want town, lord’s Galway At the night to, Was 6 1 house, in the Girl’ singing, Have mirror, away, outstayed. right mind, dump Castle - - Mountain Grass, From the table above, researcher On over the castle, on 2 The the hill, backfield, found a lot Temporal deixis. In the first song Hill take me back, old researcher found 10 temporal deictic words, country land consisting of 5 specific times and 5 verb Dive - Here Lake, Right into, 3 tenses. In the second song researcher found 7 Sitting Back deictic words, consisting of 3 specific times Shape - - Bar, at the table, and 4 verb tenses. In the third song, the of on the jukebox, 4 You come on, room, researcher didn’t find any specific time and bedsheed, going only found 3 verb tenses. In the fourth song out, backseat. the researcher found 7 temporal deictic - - Follow, on the Perfec words, consisting of 4 specific times and 3 5 grass, underneath, t verb tenses. In the fifth song, the researcher carry. There - Grafton street, found 9 temporal deictic words, consisting of room outside, on 5 specific times and 4 verb tenses. In the last Galw the table, on the song, the researcher found 7 temporal deictic 6 ay jukbox, bar, on Girl’ words, consisting of 3 specific times and 4 the stool, home, verb tenses. inside. From the explanation above, it can be

deduced that the whole amount of temporal The table above can be seen that, deixis, there are 43 temporal deictic words, in Project term or specific location dominates in which the word “Now” dominates and is spatial deixis in the whole songs researcher found in almost songs. found 38 deictic words. And the researcher only found 2 proxal terms “Here” in two Table 5. Social Deixis in Six Songs songs Eraser and Dive. And researcher only No Song Tittle Social Deictic word found 1 distal term “There” in one song 1 Eraser The Lord, Evil, Satan Galway Girl. It means there are 41 spatial 2 Castle On The Hill You deictic words. 3 Dive You, Your 4 Shape of You You, Your Table. 4 Temporal Deixis in Six Songs Darling, you, your, Temporal Deictic words 5 Perfect Baby, Angle. Song Pure deictic No 6 Galway Girl’ You, Your Title Word and Verb Tense Specific Time Eraser Now, Everyday, Learned, will, From the table above can be seen that 1 Somehow think, Am researcher found 15 social deictic words in all

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2nd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263 Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 2, 2018) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549 songs. The word “you” and “your” dominate References this kind of deixis. Cross I. (2005). “Music and meaning, ambiguity and evolution,” in Musical Table 6. Discourse Deixis in Six Songs Communication, eds Miell D., Discourse Deictic No Song Tittle MacDonald R., Hargreaves D., editors. Words Oxford: Oxford University Press, 27–43. 1 Eraser So, That, Instead. 2 Castle on the Hill But, These Cruse, A. (2006). A Glossary of Semantics Dive For, Than, Unless, and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh 3 That University Press. Shape of You So, Then, That, 4 Cruse, A. (2000). Meaning in Language: An Although Introduction to Semantics and 5 Perfect But, That, So, This Pragmatics. New York: Oxford 6 Galway Girl’ But, Than, This University Press.

Cumming, L. (2005). Pragmatics. Edinburg: From the table above, it can be seen Edinburg University Press. that the researcher found 20 discourse deictic Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics 2nd words. And the words “that” and “this” Edition. New York: Oxford University dominate the whole songs. Press

Hurford, James R., Brendan Heasley, and Conclusions Michael B. Smith. (2007). Semantics Based on the findings and discussion above, acoursebook. Second ed. (New York: it can be concluded that all deixis are found Cambridge University Press. in all songs. Personal deixis is the most being Kreidler, C. W. (1998). Introducing English found (46 Deictic words or 28%) the word Semantics. New York: Routledge. “I”, “me”, “my”, “you” and “your” dominate Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New all songs. In the second position, temporal York: Oxford University Press. deixis is the most being found (43 deictic Levinson, S. C. (2004). Deixis. In L. R. Horn words or 26%). The word “now” dominates & G. Ward (Ed.), the Handbooks in all songs. The third position is spatial ofPragmatics (pp. 100). United deixis (41 deictic words or 25%). In the Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. fourth position is discourse deixis (20 deictic Mey, Jacob L. (1993). Pragmatics: An words or 12%). And, in the last position is Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. social deixis (15 deictic words or 9%). 2001). The Percentage of deixis analysis in Morris, C. W. (1938). Foundation of the Ed Sheeran’s “Divide” Album is as follow. theory of signs, in Carnap, R. et al.

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2nd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263 Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 2, 2018) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549

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