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Holderness Coast: a Multi-Use Area Why Have Coastal Areas Developed?

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Holderness Coast: a Multi-Use Area Why Have Coastal Areas Developed? Holderness Coast: A multi-use area A multi use areas is n area which offers a range of social, economic and environmental activities. Flamborough Head – stunning scenery and birds attracts tourists to visit. Bridlington – provides retirement homes with sea side views. Hull – Every year, 13 million tonnes of imported cargo pass through the port which employs 5000 people. Fishing industry lands fish at Hull docks. Holderness Country Park – provides tourists with a large fishing lake and a dog walking area. Guests can stay in either log cabins or caravans. Easington Gas Terminal – provides 1000 jobs and 25% of UKs gas supply. Humber Estuary: off-shore & on-shore wind turbines use strong winds to generate renewable electricity. Why have coastal areas developed? Human Activities Economic Activities • Improved Transport • Improved Transport and Communication • Rising living standards • Available space (e.g. Hull for development • Range of jobs (e.g. Eastington for industry, of industry and housing) Bridlington for tourism). • Large workforce (e.g. Hull which employs • Tourism (scenery and wildlife) (e.g 5000 people in its dockland) Flamborough Head and Spurn Head) • Natural Resources (e.g. fish in Hull, gas in • Attractive place to live (e.g. Bridlington – North Sea piped to Easington) views of the sea) • Tourism (e.g. Hornsea, Bridlington, Various • Second homes/retirement (e.g. caravan and camping sites along the Bridlington) coastline) How is development affecting the environment? Diesel/oil spillage Industrial units and Some animals and from the tankers may factories have polluted the birds have choked affect marine life; sea causing death of on litter on beaches noise from tankers aquatic life and thus from tourists. disrupting food chains. Coral reefs (e.g. St Lucia) Conflicts of Interest : are being damaged from Different coastal users who How is development tourists collecting souvenirs make problems for each along the coast and anchors from fishing other. damaging the local vessels. environment? •Oil refineries of S. Humber pollute water for local Footpath erosion at fishermen. Flamborough Head due to high tourist numbers. •Ships coming up R. Humber cause danger for tourist wind-surfers & jet skiers Sea defences along the Holderness Cliff top developments Coastline have stopped the •Wind turbines at Easington have made the cliffs movement of sediment to Spurn can kill migrating birds using unstable which has Head, an important habitat for Spurn for migration. increased rates of erosion. numerous rare birds . How can we protect the coastline? Protection Scheme How does it protect the coastline? Heritage Coast at -Encourages the use of public transport which reduces cars, congestion, noise and Flamborough Head air pollution - farmers receive extra money through grants if they farm in a way that protects the environment and wildlife biodiversity (range of species) - footpath erosion is reduced by encouraging people to stay on paths through signage Yorkshire Wildlife -Organises seasonal beach cleans at two locations. All rubbish is separated out and Trust at Spurn and recycled where possible which promotes sustainability -Helps to prevent millions of marine animals, birds, turtles and fish dying each year Flamborough Head as a result of entanglement or eating litter floating around in the sea or beach. -Keeps beaches tidy which encourages tourists back into the area. Greenbelts around -they have prevented new houses and industries from being built land ideal for Bridlington and farming land. -fewer development on cliff-faces has reduced the pressure on cliffs making them Hull more resistant to erosion and weathering. -stopped woodlands and hedges being removed allowing for ecosystems to continue to flourish. Marine -The MCS has helped reduced overfishing to protect fish stock numbers from Conversation Sites further declining. In the future, it is hoped that fish populations will increase. -The MCS also prevents sand dredging of the sea bed which can damage nesting (MCS) sites of many fish. Constructive and Destructive Waves What determines the strength of a wave? - Strength of the wind Swash is the Backwash in - How long the wind has been blowing movement of the movement - The distance between the ocean the wave has water up the of water down a crossed (fetch) beach beach Constructive Waves Destructive Waves Strong Swash, Weak Backwash Weak Swash, Strong Backwash Deposits rather than erode Erodes rather than deposits Low wave height (less than 1 metre) High wave height (more than 1 metre) Low wave frequency High wave frequency. Erosion and Weathering Key Terms: Erosion – the wearing away of rocks by the action of the sea and their removal Weathering – the breaking up of rocks in situ by the action of the weather, chemicals and biology. Erosion Weathering Attrition Wetting/drying Energy from breaking waves causes rocks and Constant wetting and drying causes pebbles to smash into each other They rocks to expand and contract, resulting eventually break down into smaller and in surface cracks and weakening of the rounder pieces rock. Abrasion Materials, like boulders, pebbles and sand are Freeze thaw Weathering hurled against the cliff by breaking waves. Water gets into cracks in rocks and This causes undercutting and the breaking up expands as it freezes, putting pressure of rocks. on the surrounding rock. Hydraulic Action Corrosion Water is thrown into cracks within the cliff Carbon Dioxide dissolves in rainwater, by breaking waves. Air inside the cracks is producing acid rain. This reacts with squashed by the water and the pressure minerals inside certain rocks (e.g. inside increases limestone), causing them to be When the wave sinks back, the pressurised weakened and easily dissolved. air expands explosively. This causes the rocks to shatter so the cracks slowly become bigger and deeper. Erosion on Hard Coastlines Hard Coastline: Headlands and Bays 1) Hard (e.g. chalk) 4) As the headland and soft rock (e.g. juts out to sea, it boulder clay) are receives the full at right angles to force of the waves the coastline. energy. This allows 2) Soft rock is eroded the headland to be at a faster rate by eroded slowly over hydraulic action and time. abrasion. 3) Over time, a bay is formed within the soft rock. The shape of the coastline reduces the energy forming constructive waves. This allows beaches to form. Hard Coastline: Cave, Arches and Stacks Headland 4) Overtime, the base of the stack is eroded by abrasion which then topples over in a storm to form a stump. 1) A cave is formed 2) An arch is formed 3)A stack is formed when the roof of when hydraulic when hydraulic action the arch is weathered by freeze thaw action widens the and abrasion continue to action. This weakens it causing to joints in the rock erode the backwall of a collapse as a rock fall due to gravity. over time. cave all the way through the headland. Hard Coastline: Wave cut notch and wave cut platform 2) The top of the cliff is 4) Cliff collapses due to gravity weakened by freeze as a rockfall. thaw weathering. 5) The cliff slowly retreats back 1) Erosion from the leaving a wave cut platform sea (i.e. abrasion behind. and hydraulic action) start to undercut the cliff base. 3) This wave cut notch increases in size until the weight of the cliff . can no longer be supported. Erosion on Hard Coastlines ROCKFALLS Process: Freeze thaw weathering is when water enters cracks between rocks and freezes. This causes the water to expand which puts pressure on the surrounding rocks. Over time, it weakens the rock causing it to break up. This causes rock to fall from the cliff face due to gravity as a rockfall. Landforms A scree slope of fallen rock is formed at the bottom of the cliff face. Erosion on Soft Coastlines Process: SLUMPING Slumping is a rapid movement of boulder clay that occurs on a curved slip plane. It happens when water percolates (soaks into) into the boulder clay until it becomes saturated with water making it heavy. The weight of the cliff above it forces the rock down towards the sea as a mud flow. Landforms: A step like cliff face is present after the slumping has occurred. Vegetation (originally from the cliff top) will also be present in patches on the cliff face. LANDSLIDES Process: A landslide is a rapid movement of boulder clay that occurs on a slip plane that is parallel to the cliff face. It happens when erosion from the sea undercuts the base of the cliff. This destabilises the cliff face causing the clay to slide down the cliff as a landslide. Landforms: An accumulation of sediment remains at the base of the cliff which is known as a scree slope. How are beaches formed? Swash Aligned Beach Drift Aligned Beaches (longshore drift) Waves approach the coastline and then break in 3)Backwash moves the 4) Material is picked up parallel to the coastline material straight back again and moved back up down the beach to the the beach as swash. Swash and backwash sea. 6)The sediment move sediment up and 2) Swash moves in a zig-zag down the beach. moves the motion along the material up beach. Over time, Creates an even profile the beach at large amounts of along the shoreline an angle. sediment are moved along the beach. During storms, berms 1) Prevailing wind 5) Backwash brings the (ridges of sediment can direction moves waves material back down the form). onshore at an angle. beach again. How are spits and bars formed? e.g. Spurn Head, e.g. Slapton Ley, Holderness Coastline Devon How is a spit formed? How is a bar formed? 1. Waves carrying material are blown in the 1. Waves carrying material are blown in the direction of the prevailing wind.
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