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The Rural Economy of Holderness Medieval

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The Rural Economy of Holderness Medieval !. ii' i ~ , ! The Rural Economy of Medieval i li i Holderness h i By D. J. SIDDLE HE student of the medieval landscape The plain of Holderness is the triangular is often confronted by apparently con- peninsula which forms the south-eastern ex- T flicting evidence. This fact is nowhere tremity of Yorkshire. The region is bounded better illustrated than in the plain of Holder- to the west and north by the dip slopes of the ness, one of England's smallest and most dis- Yorkshire Wolds, and to the south and east tinctive regions. The chronicler of the Cister- by the Humber estuary and the North Sea. cian monastery of Meaux (in the Hull valley), In the case of Holderness, the use of the word recording the partition of lands which fol- plain is deceptive. Within the limits of its lowed the Norman conquest, noted that the subdued relief, the region contains consider- new earle of Holderness inherited a land; able topographical variety. In the east are a "... which was exceedingly barren and in- series of arcuate moraines, extending from fertile at this time, so that it produced nothing north-east to south-east, representing various but oats. ''1 In his recent study of the Domes- stages in the glacial retreat. They often rise day material, Maxwell summarizes the Hol- to 25 ft, but are rarely above 5° ft. Much dis- derness returns in this way, "... in spite of its sected by post-glacial stream erosion, these marshy nature, Holderness was the most areas of boulder clay display little continuity, prosperous part of the East Riding in the especially in south Holderness. Between the eleventh century. ''2 One must admit at the boulder clay hillocks are irregular kettleholes outset that neither statement could ever be and depressions, outwash fans, and other taken as incontestable. The Meaux Chronicle smaller sand and gravel deposits. To the was compiled two hundred years after the south of this area of glacial till are the gradu- Norman conquest. The analysis of Domesday ally accumulating silt lands of the Humber documents in the Cambridge series of Domes- shore. Separating the area from the flanks of day Geographies is designed to present ir- the Wolds to the west, is the broad, flat, flood regular and uneven information as meaning- plain of the river Hull. fully as possible in the form of maps. Sum- Today there is little to distinguish Holder- maries of the significance of these data in ness from most other areas of undulating terms of the medieval rural landscape are at glacial till in the English lowlands. During best, tentative. Nevertheless, an examination the medieval period, however, it is likely that of evidence in the light of this contradiction a surprisingly large proportion of the region does suggest a plausible explanation of how was either permanently, or seasonally, inun- both statements could be interpreted as carry- dated. Apart from the physical evidence of ing some measure of truth. It is hoped thereby lacustrine and marshland deposits recorded to cast some light on the nature of the Holder- on geological drift maps, a convincing body of ness rural economy during the medieval toponymic and historical evidence has been period. collected to substantiate this view by Dr June t "Quae valde sterilis et infructuosa erat eo tempore nee gignebat nisi avenam."--Chronica Monasterii i: de Melsa, in Return Brltannicarum Medil Aevi Scriptores, ed. A. E. Bond, I, 189o, p. 9 o. R. H. Smith I/ possibly follows the same source when referring to Holderness as "practically an undrained swamp" at this time.--Victoria County History of Yorkshire, I3, I9Iz, p. 74. 2 H. C. Darby and I. S. Maxwell, The Domesday Geography of Northern England, 196z, pp. zo3, zI 7, z3o. 40 ii MEDIEVAL HOLDERNESS 41 I ~ve si~es • o~ ca.rr~n8 DmRmmg I • ~ No~g~res N~ Y=~ be per 15& ~ over 4 ~nd ~er FIG. I Sheppard. I It seems that approximately two- and cold, wet boulder clays would seem to thirds of the region were affected in this way justify the depressing evaluation made of the (Fig. I). area in the Meaux Chronicle. Upon what A landscape dominated by aqueous tracts bases, then, does Maxwell come to such a 1 j. Sheppard, The Draining of the Yorkshire marshlands, London University Ph.D. thesis, I956; 'The Mediaeval Meres of Holderness', Trans. andPapers Institute of British Geographers, xxm, z957, Pp. 75-85. 42 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW different conclusion? Two features would that the heavy undrained clays which com- appear to emerge from the Domesday evi- prised the bulk of potential arable land at this dence for Holderness: the relatively large time, and throughout the medieval period, number of plough-teams per square mile, and could scarcely have given reasonable yields of the comparatively high density of popula- many crops other than oats: Historical evi- tion. In both these aspects, Holderness--and dence supports this view. Gray has pointed particularly the southern two-thirds of the out that the more regular fallowing necessary region--stands out clearly from most other on infertile soils was more suited to the two- areas of Yorkshire. It seems, however, a little field than the three-field system of cultiva- misleading to deduce that the area was rela- tion. 4 Harris has shown from his detailed tively prosperous upon the basis of such in- study of open-field structures in Yorkshire, formation, as it stands. that of the forty-four parishes of HoIderness, First, one must bear in mind the strictly for which records survive, as many as thirty- relative nature of such comparisons. Domes- six had a two-field system: On the neigh- day population densities in southern Holder- bouring free-draining Wolds, over half were -hess, where they were at their highest (3-6 three-field villages. A drainage plea for persons per square mile), were only higher Brandesburton in the time of Edward III fur- than most other areas in the East Riding. nishes further indication that poor drainage They were unremarkable when compared of retentive soils restricted Holderness vil- with other areas in northern England (e.g. lages to a less intensive two-field system. The between 8 and 13 • 8 persons per square mile award for drainage was encouraged because: in east Nottinghamshire). This is also true of "... one of the two fields of the township is the plough-team density of the area (i. o per lying idle in each year, and no profit ensuing square mile in south Holderness, compared therefrom."° with 4'5 and above in east Nottingham- With the cold clays yielding generally poor shire): It is also important to remember that returns, and a large proportion of the region two-thirds of Holderness, where the 'high' made useless for agriculture by inundation, it densities occur, apparently escaped Norman appears that any prosperity which the region wasting almost entirely: They would there- enjoyed did not depend on its arable wealth. fore stand out from the rest of the East Riding Indeed, it is probable that in the attempt to which was fairly severely affected in this create more cropland, practically all of the way. more accessible woodland had been cleared Further evidence makes it difficult to by the Middle Ages: So much so that the re- believe that cropland provided much of a gion was soon very short of timber. Remain- basis for prosperity, even of a 'relative' nature. ing woodland became closely guarded 8 and Recent agricultural research would suggest there are many records of charges of "break- 1H. C. Darby and I. S. Maxwell, op. cit., pp. I89, I96, 252, 433. a Victoria County History of Yorkshire, n, i912, pp. I95 et seq. Only five rills were 'wasted': Rise, Brandesburton, Hilston, Owstwick, and Southcoates. For further comparison with other areas in northern England, see H. C. Darby and I. S. Maxwell, op. cir., pp. 214, 445,447, 449. s j. A. G. Watson and Wattle. J. West, Agriculture; the Science and Practice of British Fanning, i956 , pp. 66-77; E. J. and E. W. Russell, Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, 1963, pp. 4 lo-13. H. L. Gray, English FieM Systems, Cambridge, Mass., x915, p. 73. ::ii A. Harris, Open Fields in the East Riding of Yorkshire, East Yorkshire Local History Society, no. 4, if, x96x, p. 5. 6 Public Record Office, Brandesburton Papers. See also, Yorks. Archaeolog. Soc. Ree. 3er., XlI, p. il; 80. h; H. C. Darby and I. S. Maxwell, oi). tit., p. 230. 8 In I235-49, permission was sought to widen the moat surrounding the wood at Routh.--Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, ot>. dr., tI, p. 37. Wood was obviously in great demand. Records of the sale of faggots from this wood are frequent in the Meaux Chronicle.--Ibid., I, p. 48; II, pp. xo6, xxo, x5I, 245. / MEDIEVAL HOLDERNESS 43 ing and entering a close and taking timber," teenth century, the word "filling" occurs fre- often worth as much as £2o. t quently in contemporary records, denoting If this prosperity was not based on arable an area over which nets could still be drawn. 6 farming, it seems reasonable to deduce that it Parish registers in Sutton and Leven, on the was the marshland and lakes which provided eastern margins of the Hull valley, reveal that the basis of the economy. It seems indeed that people were listing their occupations as Holderness, like other better known areas of "fishermen" as late as 183o, and Blashill marshland in lowland England, depended to records that fishing feasts survived in Holder- a considerable extent on these products.
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