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Health:Prevention of Violenceand HIV and Aidsinbotswana

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Health:Prevention of Violenceand HIV and Aidsinbotswana Prevention of Male Despite moving quickly at the outset to acknowledge the existence and threat of HIV and I AIDS, Botswana has not made the progress it would have liked to curb the incidence nvolvement of infection, or to stem the rise in violence against women. The authors of this book argue that this is primarily due to the inadequate involvement of men and boys in both Violence government and non-government campaigns. Simply put, males hold the key to making a difference in stemming the tide of HIV/AIDS and gender-based violence. in Sexual and Reproductive Health: Writing frankly about Botswana society, its culture and its practices of patriarchy and and gender-stereotyping, as well as its sexual health and anti-gender based violence H I campaigns that largely target women only or are unisex in focus, the authors V and A – academics and social activists – grapple with the question of how to make a difference. They provide evidence of what is currently happening in the country, and offer recommendations on how to alter the situation for the better – through research ID S and policy and programmes that target boy children, men and couples – rather than in focusing exclusively on women. They conclude that unless males are effectively B reached, many of Botswana’s efforts will fail. otswana This book provides important insights into the way Batswana males and females think about HIV and AIDS and gender-based violence. Understanding the source of these Male Involvement attitudes can assist policy makers, development and aid organisations, health workers, l EDIT Elizabeth Mukamaambo Prevention of Violence and educationalists, and ordinary men and women to rid the country of this dual scourge. E D BY HIV and AIDS in Botswana T in Sexual and apologo Maundeni l Peggy Ntseane Reproductive l B ertha Osei-Hwedie Health: Botswana Office 9 780620 433266 EDITED BY Tapologo Maundeni l Bertha Osei-Hwedie l Elizabeth Mukamaambo l Peggy Ntseane Male Involvement in Sexual and Reproductive EDITED BY Tapologo Maundeni l Bertha Osei-Hwedie l Health:PreventionElizabeth Mukamaambo l Peggy of Ntseane Violence and HIV and aIdS in Botswana Published in January 2009 by Made Plain Communications: [email protected] 58 Liesbeek Road, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700. All rights reserved. The material in this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted without the prior permission of the editors. Short extracts may be quoted, provided the source is fully acknowledged. When citing this book, the order of authors is as follows: Maundeni, T., Osei-Hwedie, B.Z., Mukamaambo, E. & Ntseane, P.G. ISBN: 978-0-620-43326-6 Design and layout: Next Level Design, Cape Town, South Africa. Printing: Mills Litho, Cape Town, South Africa. Distributed by: The University of Botswana’s Gender Policy and Programme Committee P/Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana and The Institute for Development in Southern Africa PO Box 80071, Gaborone, Botswana Email: [email protected] Foreword v About the authors vii Acronyms xiv CONTENTSIntroduction: Tapologo Maundeni, Bertha Zimba Osei-Hwedie , Elizabeth Mukamaambo and Peggy Ntseane 1 Chapter 1: Inadequate Male Involvement in Health Issues: The cause of gender-skewed HIV and AIDS situations in Botswana Simon M Kang’ethe 7 Chapter 2: Socio-Cultural Factors that Place Males at Risk of HIV Infection in Botswana: Implications for sexual and reproductive health strategies Tapologo Maundeni and Godisang Bridget Mookodi 29 Chapter 3: Disempowerment + Blame = Zero Male Involvement in HIV and AIDS Issues Kgomotso Gertrude Garegae and Marina Rinas Gobagoba 45 Chapter 4: Male Involvement in Antenatal Care and Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Programmes in Botswana: Results of a qualitative study Sadasivan Nair and Serai Daniel Rakgoasi 59 Chapter 5: Couples Counselling: A tool for promoting male involvement in HIV and AIDS management Poloko Nuggert Mmonadibe 75 Chapter 6: A Generation in Jeopardy: Sexually active women in patriarchal cultural settings and HIV and AIDS Rebecca Nthogo Lekoko 91 Chapter 7: Male involvement in the Prevention of Femicide in Botswana: Issues and challenges Diana Letlhogonolo Kgwatalala 105 Chapter 8: Prevalence and Chronicity of Psychological Aggression among a Sample of Heterosexual University of Botswana Students Sophie Moagi-Gulubane 117 Chapter 9: The Voices of Sex Workers: Implications for adult education strategies Peggy Gabo Ntseane 131 Chapter 10: Gender Research: The importance of data collection and analysis of male involvement in reproductive health issues Elizabeth Poloka Mukamaambo and Venant Rafael Nyonyi Mutabihirwa 149 Chapter 11: Transformations in Gender Roles and Relationships: Impact on childcare and socialisation Motshedisi Boitumelo Sabone 165 Conclusion: Tapologo Maundeni, Bertha Osei-Hwedie, Elizabeth Mukamaambo and Peggy Ntseane 177 The international community has commended Botswana for its efforts in fighting the HIV and AIDS pandemic. Most efforts have, however, largely focused on females, with minimal attention paid to males. Consequently, males have not been adequately involved in sexual and reproductive health programmes. The aim of this book is to address this gap. It is the result of a conference that was organised by the University of Botswana’s Gender Policy and Programme Committee FOREWORin November 2006. dThe theme of the conference was: Male Involvement in Sexual and Reproductive Health: Prevention of HIV and AIDS and gender-based violence in Botswana. The conference was part of the activities that were held to commemorate 16 days of activism against gender-based violence. The Gender Policy and Programme Committee (GPPC) was established by the University Senate in 1991 as a standing sub-committee of the Academic Planning Committee. GPPC is responsible for ◗ developing and monitoring University policy and gender issues ◗ promoting and supporting gender awareness and sensitivity in teaching and research ◗ monitoring the University’s institutional performance in relation to gender issues ◗ promoting staff development in the field of gender studies and research ◗ maintaining ties with related activities outside the University; and ◗ advising on the development of links with other universities and on external aid in relation to gender. The publication of this book would not have been possible without the co- operation and support of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (Botswana). GPPC sincerely appreciates this gesture. GPPC is also grateful to the Women’s Affairs Department (WAD) and the University of Botswana, which sponsored the conference that initiated the idea of the book. Thanks are also due to the authors of the chapters. Lastly, GPPC thanks Made Plain Communications for publishing the book. DR TA POLOGO MA UN D EN I Chai RPER S ON : GPPC RE S E A R ch A N D CONFEREN C E SUB -CO mmitt EE v MALE INVOLVEMENT IN SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: vi PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE AND HIV AND AIDS IN BOTSWANA Kgomotso Gertrude Garegae is a senior lecturer in the Department of Mathematics and Science at the University of Botswana. She holds a PhD in Mathematics Education from the University of Manitoba. She currently teaches courses on mathematical problem- solving, psychology and philosophy of mathematics education, and contemporary issues relating to the mathematics curriculum. Dr Garagae’s general areas of interest are equity and equality issues, which have informed her exploration of HIV and AIDS aBOand formu theT THEbasis of aheru THORSinstructional practices, research and community service. Her publications include articles on the effects of HIV and AIDS related stigma and discrimination; ethnomathematics; the impact of language on mathematics learning; technology; teacher education, and gender issues. She has served as a team member on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) country review project and reviews for local and international journals. Email: [email protected] Marina Gobagoba is a lecturer in the Department of Home Economics at the University of Botswana where she teaches courses in textiles and clothing. She holds a BA in Home Economics, Hallam University, and MS Textiles and Clothing, Iowa State University. Her research and teaching interests are in social and psychological aspects of clothing; dress and culture; small-scale business entrepreneurs; consumer issues related to textiles and clothing, and HIV and AIDS issues. Ms Gobagoba has published a journal article in the area of small business entrepreneurs, written books on home economics for Botswana’s junior school curriculum, and completed a consultancy for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), which produced a curriculum document on extension training programmes for the garment industry. Email: [email protected] Simon Murote Kang’ethe is an HIV and AIDS practitioner and campaigner. He works for Skillshare International as a regional programme officer and is currently seconded to Botswana Network of People living with HIV and AIDS (BONEPWA). He has contributed to the HIV and AIDS campaign through articles in many local newspapers and in internationally recognised journals, and is currently writing several junior secondary school moral studies books. He holds an MSW degree from the University of Botswana and a PhD in Social Work from the University of Northwest. He is also a part-time lecturer in the Department of Business. He is an occasional reviewer of articles submitted to the Journal of Social Development in Africa. ABOUT THE AUTHORS vii Dr Kang’ethe
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