DOCSLIB.ORG

CLEAR the LINE Hungary’S Struggle to Leave the Axis During the Second World War by LAURA-LOUISE VERESS Edited by DALMA TAKACS Ph.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CLEAR the LINE Hungary’S Struggle to Leave the Axis During the Second World War by LAURA-LOUISE VERESS Edited by DALMA TAKACS Ph.D CLEAR THE LINE Hungary’s Struggle to Leave the Axis During the Second World War by LAURA-LOUISE VERESS edited by DALMA TAKACS Ph.D. Prospero Publications Cleveland, Ohio Copyright © 1995 Laura-Louise Veress, London and Dalma Takács, USA All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, except in the case of reviews, without the express written permission of the publisher, except where permitted by law. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-72033 ISBN Number 1-57087-207-4 Production design by Robin Ober Cover design by Judy Takács Professional Press Chapel Hill, NC 27515-4371 Manufactured in the United States of America 9998979695 10987654321 “Most Immediate — Clear The Line” (Directions on telegram from Winston Churchill concerning Hungary’s offer of surrender, September, 1943) “The position of the Magyars in Hungary has been maintained over many centuries and many misfortunes and must ever be regarded as a precious European entity. Its submergence in the Russian flood could not fail to be either the source of future conflicts or the scene of a national obliteration horrifying to every generous heart.” (Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Volume VI) Contents Acknowledgments ix Preface xi Maps xvi Chronology xix Prologue 1 I The Wounds Of War 21 II Hitler, The Menacing Mentor 29 III Swept Into War 47 IV Dangerous Ally, Reluctant Enemies 59 V Prying Loose From Hitler: Kállay’s Two-Step Dance 71 VI Veress In Istanbul: Surrender To A Distant Enemy 89 VII Hungary And Her Neighbours: The British View 107 VIII The Italian Campaign: Hopes Kindled And Snuffed Out 119 IX Second Mission To Istanbul: Churchill Clears The Line . 127 X Living Up To Istanbul 153 XI Sudden Silence 173 XII German Invasion 187 XIII Hitler Has Won — For Now 209 XIV Odyssey To Bari 235 XV 1944: Summer Of Discontent, Autumn Of Despair 255 XVI October, 1944: Last-Minute Nazi Coup 283 XVII The Siege of Budapest; the Conquerors and the Conquered 297 XVIII The Peace That Started The Cold War 315 XIX Escape From Workers’ Paradise 333 XX Epilogue 353 Notes 367 Documents Cited 371 Bibliography 391 Index 399 Acknowledgments Many people helped to make this book a reality, and I amdeeply grateful for the assistance and encouragementthey provided to Leslie Veress and me. In the first place I must thank Mr. Sterndale- Bennett, Councillor of the British Legation in Istanbul. who responded to Leslie’s request by arranging his meeting with the British Ambassador, Sir Hugh Knatchbull Hugessen to discuss Hungary’s offer of surrender. My heartfelt thanks go also to the brave SOE officers Bill Morgan and Harris Burland who made it possible for the Hungarian messages to be heard by the Allies. Among those who helped me as I was preparing the manuscript, I must first thank Professor M.R.D. Foot, whose expertise and advice have been invaluable. It was he who helped us re-establish contact with many of our SOE friends at a party given by Mrs. Joan Astley (Bright). One of these was Sir Henry (Col.) Threlfall. wartime Head of the SOE East European and Hungarian Section. whose knowledge of the Hungarian situation had done much to keep official interest alive despite many setbacks. Both he and Sir Frank Roberts, wartime Head of the Central Department of the Foreign Office, helped us enormously after the war with information about people and events. Our thanks are also due to Brigadier Mockler-Ferryman (EECB, CBE) for his information about Hungary during the Second World War. Sir John Martin. Sir Winston Churchill’s private secretary, and Lady Rosalind Martin also gave us much valuable information relevant to our topic. Among the many who cheered and helped me along the way, I must make special mention of the late Elisabeth Barker, historian x and BBC scriptwriter, whose encouragement made me dare to undertake this formidable task. Other friends whose advice and help proved invaluable are the late Professor Sir Hugh Seton-Watson, Jean Howard, and David Mure. I am also grateful to former Hungarian diplomat Andor Gellért, historian Gyula Juhász, the late Leslie Csürös, and the former heads of the BBC Hungarian Section, Bush House, László Jotischky and István Siklós. My son-in-law, Lajos F. Takács, who had lived through these critical years in Hungary, read and made useful comments on the text. In compiling the supporting documents, I am indebted to many. In particular I must mention Alexander Hollan, a Hungarian diplomat at the Paris Embassy after the war, who gave Leslie the minutes of the Bárdossy Cabinet meetings, Gervase Cowell. SOE Adviser, and Valerie Collins, PA. to the SOE Adviser. The Keeper of H.M. Records at the Public Record Office permitted my husband to peruse and copy the majority of the documents cited here. The library staff of the Bush house Library also helped me locate important resources for my research. I would also like to thank Dr. John Coates for sharing with me the details of his parachute mission to Hungary, as well as for his thorough scrutiny of the manuscript Finally, I wish to express my deep gratitude to David R. Martin for his faithful support and help in establishing contacts with people interested in my book. Preface me of the best ways to start a conversation with a person over sixty is to ask, “Where were you during World War II?” Over the years the subject has not dulled; on the contrary, it has gained in lustre. It seems that on the subject of the Second World War the jury is still out; in fact, the trial has not even been concluded. People are still listening to testimony, trying to find out from those who were there not only how things happened, but also why they happened, and how the dire consequences could have been avoided. This book is a testimony from an unexpected witness: I was a Hungarian woman who spent the war years in Budapest, Hungary. In some ways my life was an ordinary one. My husband, Louis Pálóczi Horváth, worked in the monitoring service of the Hungarian Radio. We lived with our young daughter, Dalma, in a comfortable apartment in the hills of Buda. The war touched our lives as it touched the lives of millions of others like us. But I also had another life. My comfortable marriage was a marriage in name only—an amicable arrangement with my estranged husband to protect the happiness of our child. My story is also a story of heartbreak and a story of love which led me into danger and opened for me the door of the murky diplomatic engine of the war machine. Two years after my estrangement from my husband, I met a young diplomat named Leslie Veress, who was to be the emissary of the Hungarian Government to conduct secret negotiations with the British through SOE in Istanbul concerning Hungary’s proposed withdrawal from the Axis and surrender to the Allies. For several months he ran a secret radio operation from an apartment in the xii hills of Buda, exchanging coded messages through SOE between the Hungarian and British governments. What made Veress’ operation different from the run-of-the- mill resistance story was that he acted with the approvak, albeit sometimes reluctant, of the highest-ranking members of the Hungarian Government This is how Leslie characterised the operation: It was the Prime Minister, Miklós Kállay, who personally dictated some of the messages transmitted. It was the Minister of the Interior, Ferenc KeresztesFischer, who provided the radio operators for the secret transmitter. Both were to suffer for their actions in the Nazi concentration camps. It was the Undersecretary of State in the Foreign Ministry, later to perish in Dachau, who, in response to the radioed request by SOE, personally pinpointed on the map of Hungary the selected spot where a secret mission could be dropped. It was A. Szegedy-Maszák, the Head of the Political Department in the Foreign Ministry, who directed the diplomatic moves designed to withdraw Hungary from Hitler’s war, and lead the country into a new Europe which, so the Allies promised, would be free and democratic for all. He too was to know the horrors of Dachau.*** In the end Veress’ mission failed. The Allies were interested, but not interested enough to abandon their plans for an invasion through Normandy in favour of an invasion through the Balkans so as to be on hand to take advantage of Hungary’s surrender. Had they done so — and Churchill himself did not consider the plan totally ---------------------------------- *** Leslie was too modest to mention that he himself composed many of the telegrams with the Prime Minister’s approval. xiii unpractical — they might have spared East and Central Europe four decades of agony and economic devastation. The surrender attempt failed: in 1944 Hungary was invaded by Germany, and in 1945, by the Soviet Union. In the history of Modem Europe Leslie Veress’ efforts on behalf of Hungary and the Allies take up only a few pages, but his actions and the feelings which motivated them symbolize the tragic struggle of Hungary to resist both German and Soviet power, and her constant desire to reach out to England and America. Over the past 40 years the significance of his effort has increased a hundredfold. The Communist edifice in Europe had been built on the backs of small nations who were enslaved by the brute force of the Soviet Union and the consent, albeit reluctant, of the Western Allies.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Getting Into the City and Transport Budapest Public Transport (BKV Zrt.) Free Airport Train Transfer 20% Budapest Airport Minibu
    The card is accepted at: Getting into the city and Transport Budapest Public Transport (BKV Zrt.) Free Airport Train Transfer 20% Budapest Airport Minibus 10% Regina Rent a Car 25% Memento Park Direct Bus Transfer 30% Sightseeing and Sights Walking tour Buda (bpt tours) Free Walking tour Pest (bpt tours) Free Absolute Walking Tours -1 000 Ft City Segway Tours -2 000 Ft Jewish Heritage Tours in Budapest 10% Fisherman's Bastion 10% Yellow Zebra Budapest Bicycle Tour -1 000 Ft Hop on Hop off city tor 10% Legenda Sightseeing Cruises Special offer Opera Tour 10% National Gallery Panoramic Terrace 15% Programcentrum Budapest City Tour 30% Programcentrum City Tour + Parliament -2 400 Ft Uniquebudapest 15% Baths and Wellness Centres Aquaworld 10% Gellért Thermal Bath and Swimming Pool 10% Király bath 10% Lukács bath 10% Palatinus Strand 10% Rudas Medicinal Bath and Pool 10% Római Strand 10% Massage in the spas of Budapest 10% Saltcave 10% Széchenyi Spa and Swimming Pool 10% Experiences and special features Zoo Special offer Cave tours 20% Botanical Garden - F űvészkert 10% Bringóhintó 30% Budapest Theme Park 15% Budapest Labyrinth 20% Challengeland Adventure Park 50% Palace of Wonders 20% Kids' Train Special offer House of Hungarian Wines 15% Hungarian Railway History Park Special offer Athletic Center of Margareth Island 30% Memento Park 30% Cave Hospital 25% Pál-völgy Cave 10% Szeml ő-hegy Cave 10% Tropicarium Special offer City Park Iceskating-rink 100% Yellow Zebra Budapest: Bike Rental Hire 15% Zwack Museum and Visitor's Center 20% Museums
    [Show full text]
  • SPYCATCHER by PETER WRIGHT with Paul Greengrass WILLIAM
    SPYCATCHER by PETER WRIGHT with Paul Greengrass WILLIAM HEINEMANN: AUSTRALIA First published in 1987 by HEINEMANN PUBLISHERS AUSTRALIA (A division of Octopus Publishing Group/Australia Pty Ltd) 85 Abinger Street, Richmond, Victoria, 3121. Copyright (c) 1987 by Peter Wright ISBN 0-85561-166-9 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. TO MY WIFE LOIS Prologue For years I had wondered what the last day would be like. In January 1976 after two decades in the top echelons of the British Security Service, MI5, it was time to rejoin the real world. I emerged for the final time from Euston Road tube station. The winter sun shone brightly as I made my way down Gower Street toward Trafalgar Square. Fifty yards on I turned into the unmarked entrance to an anonymous office block. Tucked between an art college and a hospital stood the unlikely headquarters of British Counterespionage. I showed my pass to the policeman standing discreetly in the reception alcove and took one of the specially programmed lifts which carry senior officers to the sixth-floor inner sanctum. I walked silently down the corridor to my room next to the Director-General's suite. The offices were quiet. Far below I could hear the rumble of tube trains carrying commuters to the West End. I unlocked my door. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer’s trade - a desk, two telephones, one scrambled for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945
    DECISIONS AMID CHAOS: JEWISH SURVIVAL IN BUDAPEST, MARCH 1944 – FEBRUARY 1945 Allison Somogyi A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Christopher Browning Chad Bryant Konrad Jarausch © 2014 Allison Somogyi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Allison Somogyi: Decisions amid Chaos: Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945 (Under the direction of Chad Bryant) “The Jews of Budapest are completely apathetic and do virtually nothing to save themselves,” Raoul Wallenberg stated bluntly in a dispatch written in July 1944. This simply was not the case. In fact, Jewish survival in World War II Budapest is a story of agency. A combination of knowledge, flexibility, and leverage, facilitated by the chaotic violence that characterized Budapest under Nazi occupation, helped to create an atmosphere in which survival tactics were common and widespread. This unique opportunity for agency helps to explain why approximately 58 percent of Budapest’s 200,000 Jews survived the war while the total survival rate for Hungarian Jews was only 26 percent. Although unique, the experience of Jews within Budapest’s city limits is not atypical and suggests that, when fortuitous circumstances provided opportunities for resistance, European Jews made informed decisions and employed everyday survival tactics that often made the difference between life and death. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everybody who helped me and supported me while writing and researching this thesis. First and foremost I must acknowledge the immense support, guidance, advice, and feedback given to me by my advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Raoul Wallenberg, Hero and Victim – His Life and Feats. by Jill Blonsky
    Raoul Wallenberg, hero and victim His life and feats By Jill Blonsky About the author Jill Blonsky resides in Chester, UK. As a long-standing member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation (IRWF) she coordinates the activities of the ONG in the United Kingdom. Ms. Blonsky has a significant experience working with NGO's and charities and she holds a M.A. (Hons) degree in Russian studies with Distinction in English, Education and History subsidiaries. She also has studies in other disciplines, including Forensic Psychology and Egyptology. The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation (IRWF) is a global-reach NGO based in New York, with offices also in Berlin, Buenos Aires and Jerusalem. The IRWF's main mission is to preserve and divulge the legacy of Raoul Wallenberg and his likes, the courageous women and men who reached-out to the victims of the Holocaust. The IRWF focuses on research and education, striving to instil the spirit of solidarity of the Rescuers in the hearts and minds of the young generations. At the same time, the IRWF organizes campaigns for Raoul Wallenberg, the victim, trying to shed light on his whereabouts. Amongst its most notable campaign, a petition to President Putin, signed by more than 20,000 people and the institution of a 500,000 Euro reward for reliable information about the fate of Raoul Wallenberg and his chauffer, Vilmos Langfelder, both of them abducted by the Soviets on January 17th, 1945. Contents: 1. The Lull before the Storm i. Attitude to Jews pre 1944 ii. The Nazis enter Hungary iii. The Allies Wake Up 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2018 Doing a Real Job: The Evolution in Women's Roles in British Society through the Lens of Female Spies, 1914-1945 Danielle Wirsansky Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “DOING A REAL JOB”: THE EVOLUTION IN WOMEN’S ROLES IN BRITISH SOCIETY THROUGH THE LENS OF FEMALE SPIES, 1914-1945 By DANIELLE WIRSANSKY A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2018 Danielle Wirsansky defended this thesis on March 6, 2018. The members of the supervisory committee were: Nathan Stoltzfus Professor Directing Thesis Charles Upchurch Committee Member Diane Roberts Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii After the dazzle of day is gone, Only the dark, dark night shows to my eyes the stars; After the clangor of organ majestic, or chorus, or perfect band, Silent, athwart my soul, moves the symphony true. ~Walt Whitman iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to my major professor, Dr. Nathan Stoltzfus, for his guidance and mentorship the last five years throughout my undergraduate and graduate studies. Without his encouragement, I may never have discovered my passion for history and found myself on the path I am on today. His support has provided me with so many opportunities and the ability to express myself both artistically and academically.
    [Show full text]
  • Verbände Und Truppen Der Deutschen Wehrmacht Und Waffen SS Im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945
    GEORG TESSIN Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945 ZWEITER BAND: Die Landstreitkräfte 1—5 Bearbeitet auf Grund der Unterlagen des Bundesarchiv-Militärarchivs Herausgegeben mit Unterstützung des Bundesarchivs und des Arbeitskreises für Wehrforschung VERLAG E. S. MITTLER & SOHN GMBH. • FRANKFURT/MAIN 1" ( 1 Einleitung und Quellen Einleitung und Quellen Das vorliegende Werk hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, in einer zusammenfassenden Arbeit die Verbände und Einheiten des Kriegsheeres 1939—1945 von der Spitze bis hinab zu den Einheiten in Bataillons- und Abteilungsstärke darzustellen. Es setzt eine vom gleichen Verfasser in der Schriftenreihe des Bundesarchivs erschienene „Formations­ geschichte der Wehrmacht 1933-1939" J) fort. Die Arbeit soll gleichzeitig als ein Hilfsmittel für die wissenschaftliche Erfor­ schung des Krieges, wie auch als schnelles und für den Laien gut zu überschauendes Nachschlagewerk für den Gebrauch von Behörden, besonders in Versorgungs­ fragen, dienen. Bei der Überfülle von Material mußten die Angaben, besonders die über den Einsatz, äußerst knapp gehalten und viele bekannten Daten weggelassen werden. Trotz der Beschränkung wird da. Werk etwa 12 Bände umfassen. Es bietet eine Gesamt­ schau, Einzelangaben hingegen nur in strengster Auswahl. Die meisten von uns, die den Krieg mitgemacht haben, werden über ihre Einheit umfassender orientiert sein. Ober die Entwicklung aller Wehrmachtteile in ihrer Gesamtheit (Heer, Luftwaffe, Marine, Waffen SS) 2) dürfte auch der Organisationsbearbeiter an verantwortlicher Stelle wäh­ rend des Krieges kaum unterrichtet gewesen sein. So spiegelt die Arbeit den Aufbau der Wehrmacht wider. a) Literatur An Literatur erschien bereits 1953 eine Arbeit von Siegler über die höheren Dienst­ stellen der deutschen Wehrmacht.3) Sie erschien zu einem Zeitpunkt, in dem echte Unterlagen kaum zur Verfügung standen und ist auch heute noch als Nachschlagewerk ein gutes Hilfsmittel.
    [Show full text]
  • British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960 Stephanie Laffer
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2010 Gordon's Ghosts: British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960 Stephanie Laffer Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES GORDON‘S GHOSTS: BRITISH MAJOR-GENERAL CHARLES GEORGE GORDON AND HIS LEGACIES, 1885-1960 By STEPHANIE LAFFER A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2010 Copyright © 2010 Stephanie Laffer All Rights Reserve The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Stephanie Laffer defended on February 5, 2010. __________________________________ Charles Upchurch Professor Directing Dissertation __________________________________ Barry Faulk University Representative __________________________________ Max Paul Friedman Committee Member __________________________________ Peter Garretson Committee Member __________________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii For my parents, who always encouraged me… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation has been a multi-year project, with research in multiple states and countries. It would not have been possible without the generous assistance of the libraries and archives I visited, in both the United States and the United Kingdom. However, without the support of the history department and Florida State University, I would not have been able to complete the project. My advisor, Charles Upchurch encouraged me to broaden my understanding of the British Empire, which led to my decision to study Charles Gordon. Dr. Upchurch‘s constant urging for me to push my writing and theoretical understanding of imperialism further, led to a much stronger dissertation than I could have ever produced on my own.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PREVALENCE of GUILE: Deception Through Time and Across Cultures and Disciplines
    2 February 2007 THE PREVALENCE OF GUILE: Deception through Time and across Cultures and Disciplines by Barton Whaley “The Game is so large that one sees but a little at a time.” —Kipling, Kim (1901), Chapter 10 Foreign Denial & Deception Committee National Intelligence Council Office of the Director of National Intelligence Washington, DC 2007 -ii- CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1. In a Nutshell: What I Expected & What I Found 2. Force versus Guile 3. The Importance of Guile in War, Politics, and Philosophy PART ONE: OF TIME, CULTURES, & DISCIPLINES ................................................. 11 4. Tribal Warfare 5. The Classical West 6. Decline in the Medieval West 7. The Byzantine Style 8. The Scythian Style 9. The Renaissance of Deception 10. Discontinuity: “Progress” and Romanticism in the 19th Century 11. The Chinese Way 12. The Japanese Style 13. India plus Pakistan 14. Arabian to Islamic Culture 15. Twentieth Century Limited 16. Soviet Doctrine 17. American Roller-coaster and the Missing Generation 18. Twenty-First Century Unlimited: Asymmetric Warfare Revisited PART TWO: LIMITATIONS ON THE PRACTICE OF DECEPTION ............................ 58 19. Biological Limitations: Nature & Nurture 20. Cultural Limitations: Philosophies, Religions, & Languages 21. Social Limitations: Ethical Codes and Political
    [Show full text]
  • Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
    Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan)
    [Show full text]
  • Czechoslovakia's Ethnic Policy in Subcarpathia
    1 Czechoslovakia’s ethnic policy in Subcarpathia (Podkarpatskaja Rus or Ruthenia) 1919 – 1938/1939 József Botlik Translated and edited by P. Csermely 2 Table of Contents POLITICAL MACHINATIONS................................................................................................................................... 3 THE RUTHENIANS OF HUNGARY .......................................................................................................................... 6 FOREIGN MILITARY OCCUPATION OF SUBCARPATHIA ............................................................................ 18 ARMED OPPOSITION TO CZECHOSLOVAK RULE ......................................................................................... 29 SUBCARPATHIA ........................................................................................................................................................ 41 CZECH COLONIZATION ......................................................................................................................................... 63 THE PERIOD OF GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY, THE SOJM......................................................................... 104 THE FIRST VIENNA ARBITRAL ACCORD........................................................................................................ 124 THE REUNION OF SUBCARPATHIA WITH HUNGARY................................................................................. 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Budapest Guide Online.Indd
    Üdvözlünk Budapesten! We’re pleased to welcome you in Budapest for the 5th European Transgender Council. The Council will take place at the Rubin Wellness & Conference Hotel, 1- 4 May 2014. Our Budapest Travel Guide will help you plan your stay. We wish you a wonder- ful time in Budapest and would like to give you all the information to have a safe and pleasant time as our guests at the Pearl of Danube. We are looking forward to seeing you soon! Transvanilla Transgender Association team Coming to Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Panno- nian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country’s capital and its largest city is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union and the Schengen Area. There are no border controls between the countries that have signed and imple- mented the Schengen Agreement, which is comprised from 26 countries -- most of the European Union (except from Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, Roma- nia and the United Kingdom), Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Likewise, a visa granted for any Schengen member country is valid in all other countries that have signed and implemented the treaty. To ensure that your journey is smooth we encourage you to bring the following documents when travelling: 1 • Valid Passport (if required) or ID • Visa (if required) • Photocopies of travel documents (return tickets, accommodation information, travel/medical insurance, etc.) There are restrictions about what you can bring into Hungary.
    [Show full text]
  • Deliberationes a Gál Ferenc Főiskola Tudományos Folyóirata
    DELIBERATIONES A Gál Ferenc Főiskola tudományos folyóirata VI. évfolyam 2.–VII. évfolyam 1. összevont szám 2013/2-2014/1 Deliberationes 2014.indb 1 2014.11.18. 11:01:05 DELIBERATIONES A Gál Ferenc Főiskola tudományos folyóirata VI. évfolyam 2.–VII. évfolyam 1. összevont szám Főszerkesztő Kozma Gábor Szerkesztő Bizottság Jolanta Karbowniczek, Liszkai Tamás, Anton Konečný, Kovács József, Odrobina László Zakar Péter, Tadeusz Zasępa Lektorok Czagány Gábor, Finta József, Hamvas Endre, Horváth Gábor, Kovács József, Latorcai Csaba, Lipcsei Imre, Serfőző Levente, Thorday Attila, Zakar Péter, Zombori István Lapterv Kiss Bea és Varga Péter Az angol nyelvű összefoglalókat lektorálta Zakar Péterné Megjelenik félévente Gerhardus Kiadó 2014 Felelős kiadó: Kozma Gábor rektor A szerkesztőség címe: 6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 6. Nyomda: A-Színvonal 2000 Nyomdaipari Kft Felelős vezető: Ardai Zsolt ISSN 1789-8919 Deliberationes 2014.indb 2 2014.11.18. 11:01:05 TARTALOM Bíró Gyula EgY INNOVÁCIÓS PROGRAM NÉHÁNY GYAKORLATI ASPEKTUSA . .5 Benyik György 25 ÉVES A SZEGEDI NEmzETKÖZI BIBLIKUS KONFERENCIA. .20 Czagány Gábor A GYÜLEKEZETÉPÍTÉS EGY ÚJ SZEMLÉLETE . .44 Farkas László Róbert A POLGÁRSÁG STABILIZÁLÁSÁNAK SZÁNDÉKAI TRIANON UTÁN. 53 Gruber László A PEDOFÍLIA JELENSÉGE ÉS ER KÖLCSTEOLÓGIAI MEGÍTÉLÉSE A KATOLIKUS EGYHÁZ TANÍTÁSA ALApjÁN . 64 Hámori Antal A KAMATSZEDÉS MEGÍTÉLÉSE A KATOLIKUS EGYHÁZBAN . .73 Horváth Gábor A NEmzETI MEGÚjhODÁS NApjA ÉS SZEGEDI EMLÉKEI. .108 Käfer István NEmzEt – eGYHÁZ. MAGYAR-SZLOVÁK KÉRDÉSEK. .116 Kuminetz Géza A SZEMÉLYI ÉRETTSÉG ÉS AZ ER KÖLCSI TUDAT KAPCSOLATA KATOLIKUS SZEmmEL. .120 Csaba Latorcai CATHOLIC DIGNITATES IN THE UppER HOUSE OF THE HUNGAR IAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DURING THE ANTI-JEWISH LEGISLATION. 140 Negyela Zoltán A KÁPOLNÁK MINT SZENT HELYEK .
    [Show full text]