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The Role of Shrub Agroforestry Systems in Increasing Food Security for the West African Sahel

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The Role of Shrub Agroforestry Systems in Increasing Food Security for the West African Sahel The Role of Shrub Agroforestry Systems in Increasing Food Security for the West African Sahel DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Matthew Burton Hall Bright Graduate Program in Environment & Natural Resources The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Richard P. Dick, Advisor Dr. R. Paul Schreiner Dr. Warren Dick Dr. Brian Lower Copyrighted by Matthew Burton Hall Bright 2017 Abstract The West African Sahel (WAS) faces environmental and socioeconomic constraints that routinely threaten regional food security. Subsistence farmers must contend with drought, low soil fertility, and land degradation while sustaining livelihoods from rainfed agriculture without the aid of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Rapid population growth and climate change only exacerbate the challenges. Consequently, the WAS urgently needs scientifically-validated, sustainable agricultural systems to guarantee landscape conservation, to provide sufficient nutrient and water supplies, and to optimize crop productivity. A truly effective system for combating food insecurity, however, requires the adoption of local, low-cost inputs that simultaneously increase yields and coexist within the framework of the socio-economic and environmental demands of the region. This dissertation, therefore, examined the use of a ubiquitous and increasing component of the natural savanna ecosystem in the WAS – shrubs – to enhance the growth and yields of the staple crops, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and groundnut (Arachis hypogeae). The first research chapter (Chapter 2) investigated the long-term (eleven years) effect of a dominant, semi-evergreen shrub, Piliostigma reticulatum, on yields, soil fertility, soil carbon, and nutrient cycling at an experimental site in southern Senegal. The density of P. reticulatum was increased to 1000 shrubs ha-1 in a split-plot factorial design with the presence or absence of shrubs as the main plot and different rates of ii fertilizer as the subplot. Millet and groundnut were planted in a yearly rotation. The results showed a strong positive effect of P. reticultaum on millet water use efficiency, yields, and soil nutrients. The results also clearly demonstrated that this cropping system promotes C sequestration. Furthermore, the study showed, surprisingly, that the shrubs use water from the previous year’s rainy season for the following year’s growth which helps explain why P. reticulatum does not compete with crops for limited water. Chapter 3 studied the long-term (twelve years) effect of another dominant shrub, Guiera senegalensis, to increase the soil quality, growth, and yields of millet and groundnut using the same experimental design as found in Chapter 2 (1500 shrubs ha-1) but at a site in central Senegal with extremely sandy, degraded soils. The results unequivocally demonstrated that G. senegalensis could maintain yields and improve soil quality through limited rainfall. The mechanisms behind the shrub effect were examined more closely in this chapter: its effect on soil water content, temperature, and root growth between plants. There was a temporal offset between growth of G. senegalensis and millet roots. G. senegalensis primarily grew during the dry season, whereas millet grew during the rainy season which again shows why shrubs and crops do not compete for limited nutrients. Chapter 4 reports the first-ever ecological survey of the beneficial symbiotic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), conducted in the rooting zone of G. senegalensis at four farmers’ fields in the Sahelian and Sudanian ecological zones of Senegal. These fungi simultaneously grow in the soil and infect roots, and the beneficial symbiosis is an exchange of nutrients for photosynthetically-fixed carbon from the plant. We hypothesized that this symbiosis is critical to enhanced millet growth in shrub iii intercropping systems of the WAS which receive little inputs of synthetic fertilizer. Therefore, we measured infection rates in the roots of millet growing adjacent to and far from the shrub as well as in the shrub itself. We also examined AM communities in the soil using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and spore morphology and found high levels of colonization at all four sites with the highest levels in the drier Sahelian zone. Likewise, FAME analysis showed greater AM soil communities in this northern drier region. Compared to previous studies, spore densities were larger both near and far from G. senegalensis. In addition, we found thirteen AM species previously-unrecognized in the WAS. Overall, this study lays the foundation for future AM mechanistic studies and shows the importance of this symbiosis in the region. Chapter 5 is a literature review of the ecology, management, benefits, socioeconomic implications, and agroforestry potential of shrubs in the WAS. In total, twenty-eight species are described in the review. Most of them were the dominant woody vegetation in the region, and the study showed that they have excellent potential for agroforestry systems that can increase food security. G. senegalensis and P. reticulatum in particular possess morphological and physiological traits that make them very well-suited for wide-scale agroforestry across the region. This review characterizes new research avenues for shrubs and is the first to examine this subset of the woody vegetation as distinct from trees. Overall, this dissertation adds to the scientific knowledge on shrubs in the Sahel. It can further be used to guide shrub-based agroforestry research in other dryland regions of the globe. The results clearly indicate the importance, efficacy, and potential of native shrubs for increasing food security in the WAS. iv For the people of the West African Sahel with eternal gratitude for all you taught me. v Acknowledgments For a boy who never even planned on going to college, these past 6 years of graduate school have been quite an adventure. I wouldn’t have wished it any other way and am deeply grateful to my advisor, Richard Dick, for taking a chance on me and facilitating every step of this journey: academically, financially, and professionally. From the beginning, he told me, “This is not Harvard, Matt; you’re here to get an education.” I hope I’ve lived up to his expectations and have taken every opportunity for growth that presented itself. I was blessed with a nurturing dissertation committee. Paul Schreiner has been an unparalleled scientific mentor since the summer of 2011 and has bent over backwards to help me succeed. I will never forget the whole week that he spent with me during the summer of 2015, 8 hours per day sitting by my side at the microscope, making sure that I knew how to extract, mount, and identify AMF spores. Thanks for being such a formative influence on my life and also for making me feel at home during my scientific sojourns in Corvallis, OR, which included introducing me to Galliano: cheers! I’m grateful to Warren Dick for lending an ear to hear about my research, helping me obtain a plant grinder, providing suggestions, and above all for being quick to smile and offer encouragement. Thanks to Brian Lower for graciously joining my committee at the end of my doctoral journey and with short notice. I gratefully acknowledge Brian B. McSpadden-Gardener and Nick Basta who served on my pre-candidacy committee and vi who ingrained in me the scientific method, rigorous critical thinking, and a drive for excellence. The National Science Foundation funded my research through a Partnership for International Research and Education (PIRE) grant, and I also received a fellowship from the Graduate School of The Ohio State University and an international fellowship from OARDC. The Ohio State Office of International Affairs awarded me a $5,000 grant which enabled me to return to Senegal twice in 2015. My year and a half conducting research in Senegal was enriching and fruitful because of the wonderful people there. From day one, Hélène N’dieye Diallo made it her mission to make my transition as smooth as possible and to ensure that my research succeeded. I’m very grateful that I got to sit next to Sidy Diakhaté in the IRD graduate student office and for the friendship we’ve shared. Dame Sy grumbled a lot when I asked him to help me sample, but he always did and gave me the name, “Guigui,” along with lots of laughs. Special thanks to Ariel Jackson, my 2013 summer intern, who was an absolute joy to be around and who showed more initiative than anybody I’ve ever worked with. Roger Bayala hosted me in his lovely home many times on sampling trips, and taught me the fundamental importance of the word “inshallah” in science. Mariama Gueye and Pourmera were extremely helpful in the soil biology lab. Thanks also to Chiekh and Amadou for helping me stain and mount many roots and to Dr. Saliou Fall for seeing that the work got done. I’m convinced that Lydie Chapuis-Lardy is also a YOLO person which is why we got along. I could not have made it through my time in Senegal without the support, help, and laughter of my friends, colleagues, and roommates: Chelsea Delay, Spencer vii Debenport, Esther Lattin, Josh Deutschmann, Celine Birnholz, Aurore N’dour, Daniella Neidermaier, Sam and Sharon Carter, Joel and Elin Bubna. I’m grateful to my colleague and friend, Nate Bogie, who worked incredibly hard to process some of my samples and who taught me that collaboration is not only rewarding, but fun. In Ohio, my officemate, labmate, and friend, Lumarie Perez-Guzman, has had my back since August, 2014. Amanda Davey is the best second mother any doctoral student could ask for. Nicola Lorenz, Linda Dick, Joy Saxena, and Nate Lee were there for me at a moment’s notice in the Soil Ecology Lab. Thanks to Shane Whitacre, Stormie Harlan, and Peter McDonough of the Soil Water Environmental Lab for helping me process my plant and soil samples.
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