DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Cognition of Us and We

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social Cognition of Us and We Social Cognition of Us and We Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 LANGUAGE CULTURE are both inherently and essntially social! Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Most of our psychological theories describe the mind of an individual Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 As we come to learn more, perhaps we could learn to understand mind as inherently social as well? This might help us to avoid the trap of solipsism. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 It is unclear whether we are justified in treating these two domains as if they were distinct. social Psychological social Psychological social Psychological Psychological social social social Psychological Psychological Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 The [external] world is its own best representation --Rodney Brooks Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 What is your environment? Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Surfaces designed for humans Which elements here present the greatest challenge for you? Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Interdisciplinary interest Social psychology Developmental Comparative psychology psychology Social Cognition Cognitive neuroscience Computer science and artificial intelligence Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 A little revision Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 The Altricial - Precocial Spectrum Altricial Precocial • Helpless at birth • Able to cope at birth • Underdeveloped • Relatively developed >20 years of development after birth Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Learning is done in a social Lev Vygotsky context. Cognitive functions develop first between people, and only later become internalized Meaning and significance come from the web of social relations we live within. We first encounter meaning in an inter-personal context, and later appropriate this for our selves: internalization Zone of Proximal Development Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 The Cooperative Eye Hypothesis Michael Tomasello, 2006 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Of all the apes, only humans have a clear contrast between the white of the eye (sclera) and the iris. What might the effect of this contrast be? Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Patterns of eye contact in autistic individuals are radically different Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Human Ape Ape in Planet of the Apes Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Joint Attention Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Joint Attention and language evolution • Michael Tomasello: man and ape share 99% of genetic material • Yet enormous difference in cognitive skills (language!) • Solution: Joint Attention enables cultural learning • Only one biological adaptation needed! End of revision Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Did you ever try to point something out to a dog? Not all animals exhibit joint attention. Chimps may (somewhat) Chimps will look in the direction that the head of another chimp (or human) points. We follow the eyes….. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Last common ancestor of chimp and human: ca 5 - 15 million years ago Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Humans and Other Primates § The human species is one kind of primate, a subgroup of mammals that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. § Humans are most closely related to the great apes: –chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutangs ★ Please don’t confuse monkeys and apes. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 eusocial animals: social roles are fixed (by and large) Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Eusocial Mammals Naked mole rat (Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia) Also the Damaraland mole rat (Namibia) Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Naked Mole Rat Video Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Primates spend their lives defining, defending, and improving upon their social roles. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Chimpanzee Bonobo § Communities with open subgroups § Communities with open subgroups § Males generally move § Females generally move § Male dominance with mother § Female dominance important in determining rank § Strong mother-child bonds § Maintain strong mother-child bond § Grooming is a common pastime § Grooming is a common pastime § Promiscuous sex in all varieties § Promiscuous sex when female is § Settle disputes through sex fertile § Dependence upon cultural behavior § Settle disputes by aggressive behavior § Make trail markers § Dependence upon cultural behavior § Females hunt in groups and share kill § Make and use tools § Males hunt in groups and share kill Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Reconciliation and Its Cultural Modification in Primates § There is evidence for reconciliation in more than 25 different primate species. § Reconciliation is common mechanism found whenever relationships need to be maintained despite occasional conflict. § Chimpanzees are the only animals to use mediators in conflict resolution. § Reconciliation is a learned social skill subject to what primatologists now increasingly call “culture”. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 A curious tale from neuroscience: Spindle Cell Neurons Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Q: What anatomical differences are there between ape brains and monkey brains? A: Very little. Larger frontal cortex. hemispheric specialization. Spindle cells. Spindle cells (a.k.a. von Economo neurons) are sparsely distributed in certain cortical areas in apes. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Curiously, their distribution is similar to the degree of social embeddedness of the individual species. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 In most apes, they are found only in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex… a part of the brain that responds to social signals and threats. In humans, they extend out into pre-frontal cortex. Their function is not known, but evidence suggests that it is related to the social complexity of the lives of each species. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Convergent Evolution: Same problem, Same opportunity, Similar solution e.g. the eye has evolved several times (with slightly different results, but each taking advantage of visual information). The recognition of convergent evolution tells us that there is an important similarity between the cases. What do they have in common? Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 North American Australian hopping mouse kangaroo rat North African jerboa Asian jerboa Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 The North American kangaroo rat, Australian hopping mice, and North African and Asian jerboa have developed convergent adaptations for hot desert environments; these include a small rounded body shape with very large hind legs and long thin tails, a characteristic bipedal hop, and nocturnal, burrowing and seed- eating behaviours. These rodent groups fill similar niches in their respective ecosystems. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Astonishingly, spindle cells have recently been found in the forebrain of a female humpback whale, and in small numbers in a few other cetaceans! Female humpbacks are richly social, but we know relatively little about their social lives. Convergent Evolution, but WHY? What is the common (social?) problem that these cells help solve? Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Even more recently, spindle cells have also been found in Elephants, another intensely social animal. Please note: we are avoiding any approach that might claim to know what these cells do. Clearly we can learn from these findings something about our commonalities with these other animals, and something about the role of the nervous system in sustaining our specific forms of social organisation. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Some Sad Stories from Social Psychology In the studies to be discussed, we need to ask “What are the anxieties that are widespread within society that give rise to these very problematic studies” Social psychology seems to respond to the worries of the moment Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Case 1: Harry Harlow Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Harry Harlow (1905-1981): Creepy Scientist…. Provided monkey babies with 2 surrogate mothers: 1 wire frame, hard, unlovely, with milk. One soft, attractive, but dry. This demonstrated that monkeys need social touch and affection (duh). Used creepy terms like “the pit of despair”, “the rape rack”, etc in his work. Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 Harlow’s experiments on social bonding, maternal separation, isolation, etc. fed a hunger from the public for advice on how best to interact with human infants. Psychology often seems to play this odd role. The pit of despair…... Introduction to Cognitive Science, COMP 20090 A pop-up robot used to scare small monkeys in Harlow’s lab His experiments may have contributed to the creation of the animal liberation movement in the USA, and to the development of the awareness
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Essential & Lifesaving Research?
    Animal Experiments: Essential & Lifesaving Research? BULLETIN Have your concerns about animal experiments been dismissed by others? Amazingly, only 62% of the general public are even aware that animals are used in experimental research in Australia these days. And the general consensus is that with animals ‘protected’ by legislation, codes of practice and ethics committees, only essential and life saving research is being conducted, and it’s all very humane, with laboratory animals kept in luxury housing with lots of environmental enrichment. Surely, the graphic images and tales throughout history no longer occur cage with bandages around his eyes and a sonar device attached to his head today..? that emitted a high-pitched screech every few minutes. He was clinging to a device, covered in towelling, apparently intended to serve as a surrogate From the Archives… mother. In the mid nineteenth century, French physiologist Claude Bernard con- vinced the scientific community that if a disease could not be replicated By looking at these old examples we can see how unscrupulous we have in animals it could not exist. It became understood amongst scientists that been to animals in the past, often just to satisfy our curiosity - but things animal experimentation could provide both money and reputation. are supposedly different today. Question any company that conducts animal testing and they will always assure you that animals are only used when He is quoted as saying: “The physiologist is not an ordinary man: He is a absolutely essential and there is no other alternative. Researchers follow a scientist, possessed and absorbed by the scientific idea that he pursues.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Saltlakeunderground
    SaltLakeUnderGround 1 2 SaltLakeUnderGround SaltLakeUnderGround 3 SaltLakeUnderGround • Vol. 22• Issue # 268 • April 2011 • slugmag.com Publisher: Eighteen Percent Gray Jemie Sprankle Editor: Angela H. Brown [email protected] Managing Editor: Shauna Brennan Jeanette D. Moses [email protected] Contributing Editor: Ricky Vigil Action Sports Editor: Marketing Coordinator: Adam Dorobiala Bethany Fischer Editorial Assistant: Esther Meroño Marketing: Ischa Buchanan, Jeanette D. Copy Editing Team: Jeanette D. Moses, Jessica Davis, Hailee Jacobson, Moses, Rebecca Vernon, Ricky Vigil, Stephanie Buschardt, Giselle Vickery, Esther Meroño, Liz Phillips, Katie Panzer, Veg Vollum, Chrissy Hawkins, Emily Rio Connelly, Joe Maddock, Alexander Burkhart, Rachel Roller, Jeremy Riley, Ortega, Mary Enge, NWFP, Cody Kirk- Sabrina Burris, Taylor Hunsaker land, Hannah Christian, Rachel Fabiano, Hondo Distribution Manager: Eric Granato Cover Design: Joshua Joye Distro: Eric Granato, Tommy Dolph, Cover Photo: JP Tony Bassett, Joe Jewkes, Jesse Hawl- Issue Design: Joshua Joye ish, Nancy Burkhart, Joyce Bennett, Brad Design Interns: Adam Dorobiala, Barker, Adam Okeefe, Manuel Aguilar, Eric Sapp, Bob Plumb, Jeremy Riley, Ryan Worwood, David Frohlich Chris Swainston Office Interns: Jeremy Riley, Chris Ad Designers: Todd Powelson, Proctor, Gaven Sheehan, Kia McGinnis Kent Farrington, Sumerset Bivens, Jaleh Afshar, Lionel WIlliams, Christian Senior Staff Writers: Mike Brown, Broadbent, Kelli Tompkins, Maggie Mariah Mann-Mellus, James Orme, Poulton, Eric Sapp, Brad Barker,
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Programme
    Conference Programme SUNDAY 12 JULY 2009 SOCIAL TOURS Animal Documentaries Festival Commences in 0845 - 0900 the Playhouse (Moderator: Randy Malamud) 0900 - 0915 0915 - 0930 0930 - 0945 A Sacred Duty 0945 - 1000 1000 - 1015 1015 - 1030 Safer Medicines 1030 - 1045 1045 - 1100 1100-1115 Hunter Valley Winery Bushwalking and Whale and Dolphin Tour: depart hotels 1115 - 1130 Meat the Truth Birdwatching OR Watching: depart Lee 0845, return City Hall 1130 - 1145 Canoeing in the Hunter Wharf 1000, return Lee 1530 1145 - 1200 Wetlands: depart hotels Wharf 1300 1200 - 1215 0900, return City Hall 1430 1215 - 1230 American Coyote: Still 1230 - 1245 Wild At Heart 1245 - 1300 1300 - 1315 Cull of the Wild: the 1315 - 1330 Truth About Trapping 1330 - 1345 1345 - 1400 1400 - 1415 1415 - 1430 A Delicate Balance 1430 - 1445 Animals and Religion Whale and Dolphin Viewing of Animals and Interfaith Service in Watching: depart Lee 1445 - 1500 Art Exhibition, Cooks Christ Church Wharf 1330, return Lee 1500 - 1515 Hill Art Gallery Cathedral Wharf 1630 1515 - 1530 1530 - 1545 The Disenchanted 1545 - 1600 Forest 1600 - 1615 Registration 1615 - 1630 Commences in the 1630 - 1645 Mulubinba Room 1645 - 1700 1700 - 1715 Saving Luna 1715 - 1730 1730 - 1745 Viewing of Animals and Art Exhibition by the Newcastle School, Concert Hall 1745 - 1800 1800 - 1930 Welcome Reception, Hunter Room, City Hall MONDAY 13 JULY 2009 Banquet Room 0800 - 0900 Registration Concert Hall 0900 - 0905 Introductions: Rod Bennison and Jill Bough, Minding Animals Conference Co-convenors, Animals
    [Show full text]
  • THE VIVISECTION CONTROVERSY in AMERICA CLAUDIA ALONSO RECARTE Friends of Thoreau Environmental Program Franklin Institute, University of Alcalá
    THE VIVISECTION CONTROVERSY IN AMERICA CLAUDIA ALONSO RECARTE Friends of Thoreau Environmental Program Franklin Institute, University of Alcalá Guiding Students’ Discussion Scholars Debate Works Cited Links to Online Sources Acknowledgements & Illustration Credits MAIN PAGE Rabbit being used for experimental purposes. Courtesy of the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS). MAIN PAGE 1. Introduction and Note on the Text Vivisection and animal experimentation constitute one of the institutionalized pillars of animal exploitation, and they bear a long history of political, ethical and social 1 controversies. Vivisection must not be considered as solely the moment in which an animal’s body is cut into; as will soon become evident, vivisection and animal experimentation include a whole array of procedures that are not limited to the act of severing (see Item 2 of the MAIN PAGE, hereinafter referred to as the MP), and should as well include as part of their signification the previous and subsequent conditions to the procedures in which the animals are in. It is quite difficult to ascertain the number of nonhuman others that are annually used in the United States for scientific and educational purposes, mainly due to the neglect in recording information regarding invertebrate specimens. According to the Last Chance for Animals website, the US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service reported that in the year 2009 1.13 million animals were used in experiments. These numbers did not include rats, mice, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and agricultural animals used for agricultural experiments. To this, an estimate of 100 million rats and mice were added.
    [Show full text]
  • Traces of Ourselves: the Remarkable Power of Touch Throughout the Life Cycle, Most Humans Crave Another's Touch
    Sylvia R. Karasu M.D. The Gravity of Weight Traces of Ourselves: The Remarkable Power of Touch Throughout the life cycle, most humans crave another's touch. Posted Apr 25, 2020 We all know the story of avaricious King Midas, who asked that everything he touched to be turned to gold. Ovid recounts the myth in Book XI of his Metamorphoses, but perhaps the most compelling version is that from American author Nathaniel Hawthorne in his A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1851): King Midas has a precious young daughter, aptly named Marygold. “The more he loved his daughter, the more did he desire and seek for wealth.” A mysterious stranger appears and grants King Midas his wish. At first, Midas is enthralled and does not seem to mind he cannot see out of his golden spectacles that have turned opaque and cannot eat the sumptuous breakfast put before him. Only when Midas bends down to comfort and kiss his daughter, who has turned into a golden statue and a “human child no longer,” does he fully appreciate the foolishness of his wish. Hawthorne’s story ends happily, and we find Midas, years later, sharing his saga with Marygold’s children. The power of touch is indeed complex. Mythical King Midas, who wished that everything he touched turned to gold, regretted his foolishness when his beloved daughter turned Physician and author Lewis golden. This image by Walter Crane is from Hawthorne's short story. (1893 edition) Thomas wrote in his essay Source: Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain Vibes, “We leave traces of ourselves wherever we go or on whatever we touch.” (The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher, 1974, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Wasting Disease Spreads in Wisconsin Kacey Joslin (DNR) Protocol Regarding Chronic Wast- [email protected] Ing Disease Rules and Procedures
    SPORTS, PAGE 8 VIEWPOINTS, PAGE 9 ETCETERA, PAGE 12 Coach Wing accepts Editorial: Suggestions Review of position in Texas for Riverside Commons ‘Legally Blonde’ University of Wisconsin-River Falls Thursday, April 18, 2019 University of Wisconsin river falls tudent oice S www.uwrfvoice.com V Chronic wasting disease spreads in Wisconsin Kacey Joslin (DNR) protocol regarding Chronic Wast- [email protected] ing Disease rules and procedures. “Domes- ticated deer herds or deer ranches and their Chronic wasting disease, more common- management is a big issue,” Reese said. ly known as CWD, is an epidemic that has “The disease spreads via direct contact with been spreading through Wisconsin since at infected deer, and if the infected deer get out least 2002, according to CWD expert, Bry- of the ranch and can spread the disease to an Richards. The disease is most prevalent wild herds.” among the deer population, mostly on com- The Minnesota DNR recommends not mercial deer farms and hunting ranches. The feeding wild deer for this same reason. If a disease has reportedly affected more than deer is infected, their saliva spreads through 5,200 deer as of March, 2019, as reported by shared food and water sources. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Johnny Strzyz is a hunter from Forest CWD Statewide Surveillance. County, Wisconsin, where CWD has been A great number of Pierce and St. Croix’s positively detected. “About a year ago or neighboring counties have been labelled less, there was a ban on all baiting in my “watch counties,” as they are within ten county.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 5 – June 2013 Welcome
    RELAX Procrastination isn’t all that bad, as we find out. So go get yourself that cup of tea and read more! Your magazine from the RCSU FREE Mother Nature How science and humanity affects our natural environment Issue 5 – June 2013 www.rcsu.org.uk/broadsheet Welcome ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNION RCSU Science for life Philip Kent, Editor-in-chief nimal cruetly is a recently held in California subject that always asked its residents whether Acauses heated debate to ban genetically modified Editor-in-chief and emotional discussions. (GM) crops, and badger culling Philip Kent This is not the only example has recently appeared in the of where the ethics of science headlines in the UK with the Deputy Editor and nature have collided. Government planning on a Matt Colvin The main focus on this nationwide cull to prevent the issue is investigating how spread of bovine diseases. Editor-elect the two topics are linked, However, exam time is near, Keir Little investingating not just how so there are some articles science affects animals, but less grim in this bumper Sub-editor (Features and Reviews) also the worlds of genetic issue to cheer you up. Flick Jisoo Jean modification and culling to over towards the end of our prevent disease spreading Features for a look at an Sub-editor (Features and Careers) The latter two topics are upcoming revolution to your Fiona Hartley examples of scientific issues sex life, and we have lots of thaat have been debated to an tips to help you procrastinate Sub-editor (Puzzles) extreme length over the past (as if you didn’t need any Jonathan Peek few decates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Languages of Love Are Too Many to Count
    IN 2017, CELEBRATING 25 YEARS IN PUBLICATION Enlighten Up! with The Aquarian WINTER 2016 Volume 24 • Issue 4 INSIDE FEATURES CONNECTING Only 5 love languages? .................1 A lifetime with turmeric...............4 The sacred sound of singing bowls .........................................6 ‘Chakradance’ with your soul ..10 Balance your personality with astrology ........................11 OPINION It’s not easy being vegan ............3 COLUMNS EarthTalk: Autism and pollution link? ...........................................1 Growing up trans .........................7 Winter solstice: Here comes the sun ...........................................12 Lakser: You don’t have to be whole to be lovable...............13 Cassiopeia - Winterpeg wonderland............ ............... 18 Speaking the languages of love BOOKS 'Chakradance' with your soul Inside your dog’s head ..............14 You don't have to be whole to hook up The Languages of Love E – The Environmental Magazine are too Many to Count Autism: How I discovered Gary Chapman’s “5 Love Languages” is a crock Environmental By MEG CRANE My partner and I were together for three years before calling it quits. Less Causes? ow do we love than two years later, we’re Hsomeone when giving it another go, but Dear EarthTalk: What is the latest thinking we don’t know how to having some problems. on the environmental causes (if any) love them? This wasn’t Image by mmstudiodesign We’ve realized the issues a question I ever asked boiled down to each of autism? I hear so much conflicting myself until a few of us not feeling loved, information I don’t know what to believe. months ago when a yet thinking we were – Bill Stribling, Austin, TX friend asked me which frequently expressing love language I speak.
    [Show full text]
  • Material Semiotics
    Material Semiotics John Law The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK and Sámi Allaskuvla (Sámi University of Applied Sciences), Guovdageaidnu, Norway www.heterogeneities.net/publications/Law2019MaterialSemiotics.pdf (30th January 2019) Introduction Material semiotics is a set of approaches to social analysis that includes actor-network theory, feminist material semiotics, the successor projects to both these traditions, and a range of related lines of work in disciplines including social and cultural anthropology, cultural studies, post-colonial studies, and geography. There are substantial differences both between these traditions, and among the authors within each tradition, and it has also changed radically since it came into being in the 1980s. Material semiotics is a set of tools and sensibilities for exploring how practices in the social world are woven out of threads to form weaves that are simultaneously semiotic (because they are relational, and/or they carry meanings) and material (because they are about the physical stuff caught up and shaped in those relations.) It assumes that there is no single social structure or form of patterning because these material and social webs and weaves come in different forms and styles. Instead its tools and sensibilities are used to explore a wide range of topics which include: how such processes of weaving are achieved or fail in practice; where those threads come from; their character, and what they exclude; their productivity or performativity, including the ways in which they shape the elements that make them up; the agendas that they carry; the multiplicity of the different realities that they enact; how they interact, conflict with, or ignore one another; how they colonise or are colonised by other webs; how they produce domination; and how such forms of domination might be resisted.
    [Show full text]
  • Apes of the Imagination: a Bibliography by Marion Copeland
    Apes of the Imagination: A Bibliography By Marion Copeland Primary Sources Arranged by date Aesop’s Fables Nicholas Howe includes fables among “other troubling works that cross adult distinctions between the comforting and the frightening, between the human and the animal"--works like Swift's Gulliver's Travels and Self's Great Apes (645-646). "The fable as a form explores those regions where human and animal overlap" (648). Indeed, Aesop is said to have been an animal. Probably a baboon, granted speech by Isis and art by the Muses because of an act of kindness he had displayed (Howe 649). A number of the fables, like “The Apes and the Two Travellers,” feature Apes (Chapter 200, Russell Ash Aesop’s Fables: 210). Unfortunately the point of this particular fable seems to be that the Ape would prefer to be taken as a pseudo-human than as “’a most excellent ape’” (http://www.literaturepage.com/read/aesopsfables-210.html) 12th century, English--Worshop Bestiary, fol. 19v (Morgan Library, New York) "…among the jungle animals in the bestiaries is the ape or monkey. The Worshop Bestiary depicts a mother ape who is attacked by an archer as she carries her babies, one blue and the other green. The bestiaries explain that if a monkey gives birth to twins, she strongly prefers one over the other. If she is pursued, she holds the one she loves in her arms while the one she detests clings to her back. But when she becomes too tired to run on only her back legs, she must abandon the one she loves and is left carrying the one she hates.
    [Show full text]
  • Slugmag.Com 1 2 Saltlakeunderground Slugmag.Com 3 Saltlakeunderground • Vol
    slugmag.com 1 2 SaltLakeUnderGround slugmag.com 3 SaltLakeUnderGround • Vol. 24 • Issue #291 • March 2013 • slugmag.com Publisher: Eighteen Percent Gray Marketing Manager: Editor: Angela H. Brown Karamea Puriri Managing Editor: Esther Meroño Marketing Team: Ischa B., Stephanie Contributing Editor: Ricky Vigil Buschardt, Emily Burkhart, Sabrina Costello, Junior Editor: Alexander Ortega Taylor Hunsaker, Kristina Sandi, Brooklyn Office Coordinator:Gavin Sheehan Ottens, Angella Lucisano, Nicole Roccanova, Copy Editing Team: Rebecca Vernon, Briana Buendia, Raffi Shahinian, Victoria Love- Ricky Vigil, Esther Meroño, Liz Phillips, Alex- less, Zac Freeman, Cassie Anderson ander Ortega, Mary Enge, Cody Kirkland, Social Media Coordinator: Catie Weimer Johnathan Ford, Eleanor Scholz, Alex Cragun, Rachel Miller, Katie Bald, Hannah Christian, Distribution Manager: Eric Granato Katie Panzer Distro: Eric Granato, Tommy Dolph, Tony Bassett, Joe Jewkes, Nancy Burkhart, Joyce Cover Design: Joshua Joye Bennett, Adam Okeefe, Ryan Worwood, Lead Designer: Joshua Joye John Ford, Cody Kirkland, Nate Brooks, Matt Design Team: Eric Sapp, Eleanor Scholz Pothier, Phil Cannon Design Intern: Jeremy Riley Ad Designers: Kent Farrington, Sumerset Senior Staff Writers: Mike Brown, Mariah Bivens, Christian Broadbent, Kelli Tompkins, Mann-Mellus, James Orme, Lance Saunders, Maggie Call, Eric Sapp, Brad Barker, Lindsey Bryer Wharton, Peter Fryer, James Bennett, Morris, Paden Bischoff, Maggie Zukowski, Ricky Vigil, Gavin Hoffman, Jon Robertson, Thy Doan Esther Meroño, Rebecca Vernon, Jimmy Website Design: Kate Colgan Martin, Ben Trentelman, Princess Kennedy, Office Intern: Carl Acheson Sean Zimmerman-Wall, Cody Hudson, Shawn Illustrators: Ryan Perkins, Phil Cannon, Mayer, Rio Connelly, Courtney Blair, Dean Benji Pierson, Maggie Zukowski, Sean O. Hillis, Chris Proctor, Alexander Ortega, Hennefer, Robin Banks, Timm Paxton, Dylan Jeanette D.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Jaap Bos
    Jaap Bos Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Jaap Bos Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Jaap Bos Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands With contributions by Toon van Meijl Friso Hoeneveld Radboud University Utrecht University Nijmegen, The Netherlands Utrecht, The Netherlands Dorota Lepianka Naomi van Steenbergen Utrecht University Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands Utrecht, The Netherlands Ruud Abma Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-030-48414-9 ISBN 978-3-030-48415-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48415-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]