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Cuadernos De Biodiversidad 57 (2019) Cuadernos de Biodiversidad 57 (2019) 1 Cuadernos de Biodiversidad 57 (2019) : 23-41 www.cuadernosdebiodiversidad.org Entomofauna asociada a las plantas del campus de la Universidad de Alicante (España) Entomofauna associated the plants of the campus of the University of Alicante (Spain) K. Hernández-Martínez, M.A Marcos García Instituto de Investigación CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante. Crta. San Vicente del Raspeig s/n Alican- te, España 03003 [email protected] [email protected] RESUMEN cochinillas, psílidos, aleuródidos, àpidos, minadoras de hojas y frutos… ), 2 especies de ácaros potenciale- La entomofauna de los espacios verdes urbanos mente plaga así como 14 enemigos naturales, depre- es poco conocida aun siendo reservorio de insectos dadores o parasitoides, pertenecientes a 5 órdenes y plaga y beneficiosos. Este estudio tiene como princi- 8 familias. Podemos concluir que la entomofauna pal objetivo catalogar los insectos plaga y sus poten- fitófaga se encuentra bien controlada, en general, ciales enemigos naturales con el propósito de facilitar por sus enemigos naturales y que participan en una información para un correcto manejo integrado de amplia red de interacciones tritróficas: planta-fitó- este ecosistema ajardinado. Se realizaron muestreos fago-enemigo natural cuyo conocimiento es crucial durante 6 meses que dieron como resultado el regis- para el establecimiento de estrategias acertadas de tro de interacciones entre niveles tróficos así como control integrado de plagas en estos ecosistemas la identificación de 69 especies, 53 insectos fitófagos urbanos donde el uso de productos fitosanitarios potencialmente plaga o polinizadores pertenecientes está cada día mas restringido. a 7 órdenes y 28 familias (áfidos, trips, coleópteros, Recibido/Received: 19-09-2019; Aceptado/Accepted: 02-12-2019; Publicado en línea/Published online: 10/12/2019 I.S.S.N.: 2254-612X 26 doi:10.14198/cdbio.2019.57.03 Cuadernos de Biodiversidad 57 (2019) : 23-41 Palabras clave: fitófagos, plaga, polinizadores, muestreos. A diferencia de los cultivos agrícolas espacios verdes urbanos, interacciones planta- donde se realizan muestreos sistemáticos, normal- insecto, control biológico. mente de un monocultivo, en los espacios verdes urbanos se requieren otros más especializados donde gran parte de la eficacia depende de la experiencia ABSTRACT del técnico observador. The entomofauna of the urban greenspaces is Los muestreos tienen como fin identificar las little known even being a reservoir of plague and especies fitófagas que debido a su alto potencial beneficial insects. The main objective of this study is reproductivo toman carácter de plaga provocan to catalogue pest insects and their potential natural graves daños en las plantas de las que se alimentan, enemies with the purpose of providing information pérdidas económicas por deterioro del moviliario for a correct integrated management of this landsca- urbano, molestias a los usuarios, y en casos muy pun- ped ecosystem. Samples were carried out during 6 tuales, pueden afectar de manera negativa a la salud months that resulted in the recording of interactions de las personas o de animales domésticos (García between trophic levels as well as the identification et al., 2015) así como las especies beneficiosas que of 69 species, 53 phytophagous insects potentially actúan como enemigos naturales de estas. plague or pollinators belonging to 7 orders and 28 families (aphids, thrips, coleoptera, cochineals, Con este estudio se pretende caracterizar la psyllids, aleurodids, bees, leaf and fruit miners…), entomofauna fitófaga (nivel trófico 2) de las zonas 2 species of potentially plague mites as well as 14 ajardinadas del campus de la Universidad de Ali- natural enemies, predators or parasitoids, belonging cante, así como establecer las interacciones con sus to 5 orders and 8 families. We can conclude that the plantas huésped (nivel trófico 1) y con sus enemigos entomofauna phytophaga is well controlled, in gene- naturales (nivel trófico 3) con el objetivo de servir ral, by its natural enemies and that they participate como referencia para la mejora de las estrategias de in a wide network of tritrophic interactions: plant- gestión y manejo estas zonas ajardinadas, así como phytophagous-natural enemy whose knowledge is para el control biológico e integrado de sus plagas, crucial for the establishment of successful strategies entendiendo este último como “la estrategia para of integrated pest control in these urban ecosystems combatir las plagas y enfermedades mediante el where the use of phytosanitary products is increa- uso de todos los métodos disponibles, a la vez que singly restricted. se minimiza la aplicación de plaguicidas de origen químico (Stenberg, 2017)”. Key words: phytophagous, pest, pollinator, urban greenspaces, insect-plant interacctions, bio- logical control. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS El estudio se realizó en el área ajardinada del INTRODUCCIÓN campus de la Universidad de Alicante ubicado en el término de San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, SE Los espacios verdes urbanos son pequeños Península Ibérica (38°23'15" N 0°30'53" W) a una ecosistemas, aunque fragmentados, suponen un altitud de 92 m. Se estudiaron especies arbóreas y reservorio de biodiversidad (Egerer et al., 2018) arbustivas tipicamente forestales, árboles frutales donde encontramos especies vegetales ornamenta- propios de climas mediterráneos (cítricos, olivos, les, seleccionadas con un fín estético, así animales, granado, etc), plantas ornamentales propias de sobretodo entomofauna. Para su buena gestión y ecosistemas áridos y tropicales, así como diferentes manejo es imprescindible conocer las especies que especies de un huerto urbano con diferentes especies lo componen y sus interacciones por lo que se hace hortícolas. 27 Cuadernos de Biodiversidad 57 (2019) : 23-41 Durante 6 meses (noviembre 2017-mayo 2018), identificación. Las especies identificadas se clasifica- se realizaron muestreos mensuales prospectando las ron en fitófagas y enemigos naturales. Por fitófagas especies vegetales de porte arbóreo y arbustivo así entendemos aquellas especies que se alimentan de como las hortícolas, teniendo en cuenta las singu- algún tejido vegetal vivo, por enemigos naturales laridades de las diferentes zonas de vegetación. La entendemos aquellos insectos depredadores o para- información botánica y ubicación de algunas de sitoides de las especies fitófagas y que por lo tanto estas especies se obtuvo a partir del “Inventario de pueden controlar las poblaciones de las especies las especies vegetales del campus” realizado por la plaga, independientemente de que alguna de sus empresa encargada de la gestión y manejo de la zona, fases de desarrollo pueda alimentarse de material las restantes se localizaron. vegetal. Depredadores entendemos como aquellas especies de vida libre en las que alguna de sus fases de En campo las muestras prospectadas eran intro- desarrollo es insectívora y caza varias presas durante ducidas en pequeños recipientes con alcohol al 70% su desarrollo y parasitoides aquellas especies cuyos o bien guardadas en bolsas de plástico individua- adultos son de vida libre, pero sus fases inmaduras se lizadas para cada registro y acompañadas de una desarrollan a expensas de un único insecto huésped etiqueta con la información pertinente (ubicación provocándole la muerte. dentro del campus, fecha y planta huésped), donde fueron preservadas hasta su identificación. Algunas Los mapas de interacciones planta-insecto y muestras se mantuvieron vivas en cajas de cría hasta fitófago-enemigo natural se realizaron con R-project su desarrollo como adulto. Las muestras se encuen- usando el paquete bipartite. tran depositadas en la colección Entomológica del CIBIO en la Universidad de Alicante (CEUA). RESULTADOS Para la identificación de las muestras se utilizó un microscopio estereoscópico con iluminación Se identificaron un total de 69 especies diferentes incorporada (Leica MZ95) y bibliografía especia- de artrópodos. 55 de ellas clasificadas como fitófagas lizada en cada grupo (Climent, 1990a; Climent, al destacar primordialmente por alimentarse de y 14 1990b; Climent, 1992; García-Marí et al., 1991; especies clasificadas como enemigos naturales por De Liñan et al., 2001: Bellmann, 2003: Barrientos depredar o parasitar en alguna de sus estadios alguna et al., 2004: Bignon, 2006: Moret y Martí, 2006: de las especies anteriores. Leraut, 2007: Muñoz López et al., 2011). También se utilizaron páginas web (Bermejo, 2011; Chueca y Especies fitófagas Moltó, 2012; Parr et al., 2014; CABI, 2018; Myers Las especies fitófagas pertenecen a 7 órdenes y 28 et al., 2018). Algunas muestras fueron revisadas por familias de insectos, y a 2 especies de quelicerados entomólogos especialistas (ver agradecimientos) a representados por ácaros de la familia Tetranychidae. partir de fotografías hechas tanto en campo en el En la tabla 1 se presenta su clasificación taxonómica- momento de la recogida de muestras o del análisis mente y en la figura 1 se registran las interacciones de las muestras en el laboratorio para verificar la con las plantas huéspedes observadas en el campus. 28 Cuadernos de Biodiversidad 57 (2019) : 23-41 Tabla 1. Especies fitófagas registradas y sus plantas huésped en la zona ajardinada del campus de la Universidad de Alicante. Ga= gallícola Po= Polinizador Orden Familia Especie o Género Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller, 1776) Curculionidae Otiorhynchus cribricollis (Gyllenhal, 1834) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier,
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