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Home , CSICon, James Underdown, Kylie Sturgess, Paranormality (book), Richard Wiseman

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[ NEWS AND COMMENT CSI’s Balles Prize Goes to for

BARRY KARR

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) will award its 2011 Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in Critical Think - ing to psychologist Richard Wiseman for his book Paranormality: Why We See What Isn’t There. Wiseman holds Britain’s only Chair in the Public Understanding of Psy chology, at the University of Hertford shire (UK). He has written several best-selling books, including The Luck Factor, Quirkology, 59 Seconds, and ity. More than two million people have taken part in his mass participation experiments, and his YouTube channel has received more than thirty million views. He is one of the most frequently quoted psychologists in the British media and was recently listed data or to explain apparently preternat- as one of the Inde pendent on Sunday’s top ural phenomena. 100 people who make Britain a better This is the seventh year the Robert place to live. He is also a Committee for P. Balles prize has been presented. Pre- KEPTI Skeptical Inquiry fellow and a S - vious winners of this award are: CAL INQUIRER consulting editor. Paranormality is not like a good num- 2010: for his tre - mendous body of work, including the ber of skeptical books looking at paranor- Skeptics’ Guide to the Universe, Science- mal claims. Wiseman is not simply inter- Based Medicine, Neurologica, SKEPTI- ested in looking at a claim, gathering the CAL INQUIRER column “The Science evidence, and debunking the claim. He of Medicine,” and his tireless travel goes a step further. He is interested in and lecture schedule on behalf of showing us how easy it is for us to be de- ceived and how easily we can be fooled 2009: Michael Specter, New Yorker staff writer and former foreign correspon- and fool others. He includes do-it-your- dent for the New York Times, for his self activities that allow you to learn some book Denialism: How Irra tional Think- of the basics and share in the experiences ing Hinders Scientific Pro gress, Harms the for yourself. Planet, and Threatens Our Lives As the book jacket says: “Richard 2008: Leonard Mlodinow, physicist, Wiseman is clear about one thing: Para- author, and professor at Caltech, for normal phenomena don’t exist. But in his book The Drunkard’s Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives the same way space travel yields technol- other publication that has the greatest ogy that transforms our everyday lives, so potential to create positive reader aware- 2007: Natalie Angier, New York Times science writer and author of the book research into , fortune-telling, ness of important scientific issues. The Canon: A Whirligig Tour of the and out-of-body experiences produces The prize will be presented to Wise- Beautiful Basics of Science remarkable insights into our brains, be- man during CSICon Nashville, Octo- haviour and beliefs.” Exactly. 2006: Ben Goldacre for his weekly ber 25–28, 2012. column, “Bad Science,” published in The Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in This prize has been established newspaper (U.K.) Critical Thinking is a $1,500 award given through the generosity of Robert P. 2005: Shared by Andrew Skolnick, to the author of the published work that Balles, an associate member of CSI, and , and for their best exemplifies healthy skepticism, logi- the Robert P. Balles Endowed Memo- series of articles in the SKEPTICAL cal analysis, or empirical science. Each rial Fund, a permanent endowment INQUIRER on “Testing ‘The Girl with year, the Committee for Skeptical In- fund for the benefit of CSI. CSI’s estab- X-Ray Eyes’” quiry, publisher of the SKEPTICAL IN- lished criteria for the prize include use is the executive director of the QUIRER, selects the paper, article, book, or of the most parsimonious theory to fit Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.

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Sixth World Skeptics Congress–Berlin 2012

KYLIE STURGESS

It’s rare for a gift of homeopathy to be between politics and creationism in Italy, duced conflicted responses from students. welcomed by skeptics, but at the Sixth Serbia, Brazil, Great Britain, and Russia. Gita Sahgal, director of the Cen tre World Skeptics Congress every presen- Scott’s message on how “science is not a for Secular Space, began the sessions on ter was given a sample of Murus Ber- democracy” was reiterated by Dittmar pseudoscience in education. Her lecture linensis, a homeopathic remedy made Graf of the Institute of Biology and Ed- unveiled the early history and myths of from the remains of the Berlin Wall. ucation at the Uni versity of Dortmund, India and Pakistan and the influence While sugar tablets can’t be guaranteed who outlined comparative studies on the they have had on nationalist movements to bring harmony and unity in every pill, acceptance of evolution in Germany and and education in the nineteenth and they certainly brought an ironic smile to Turkey and the difficulties in achieving twentieth centuries. My presentation fol-

Photos by André Sebastiani

The Sixth World Skeptics Congress drew an impressive stable of speakers and attendees. From left: Kylie Sturgess, Eugenie C. Scott, and Camp Quest’s Samantha Stein.

the face of . The conference, such acceptance. Johan Braeck man of lowed; in spired by a 2006 Austral ian held in Berlin from May 18–20, 2012, Ghent University and the Flemish skep- paper on autism, dyslexia, and attention- was a lively mixed gathering of people tical organization SKEPP presented on deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with a great number of countries repre- creationism in Belgium and the Nether - it showed how the “unsinkable rubber sented both on the stage and in the au- lands, with an amusing tale about the ducks” like Dore, the “Mozart effect,” dience. potentially London-Olympic bound Brain Gym, and Facilitated Com muni- Despite the long weekend dedicated to “authentic” Noah’s Ark built by Dutch cation persist even now—despite damn- the congress ahead, there were a num ber creationist Johan Huibers. ing research, court cases, and even com- of well-attended tours on Wednes day and The high level of acceptance of cre- pany bankruptcy. Thursday before the event that allowed ationism in the Islamic world was the Samantha Stein from Camp Quest attendees to learn more about the history focus of research conducted by Mc Gill’s echoed my overall point on the need for of the underground bunkers and towers Evolution Education Re search Center, all stakeholders to develop greater re- around the city. An open-day on Thurs- presented by Anila Asghar. An extensive sponsibility when improving education. day featured magic shows, lectures, and a study involving more than one hundred Her dynamic presentation on “Engag- German session of “Science Slam”—an Muslim scientists and teachers and five ing Children in Science” critically ex- event similar to the traditional “Café Sci- thousand student surveys across Turkey, amined the state of U.K. science educa- entifique” but with a competitive edge. Leba non, Egypt, Indonesia, and Paki stan tion, the need for education reform, and Eugenie C. Scott started off the main revealed that while the reconciliation of the promotion of science literacy be- event on Friday with a brisk but disturb- faith and evolution was possible for sci- yond the classroom. Her talk prompted ing look at creationism outside the entists, exposure to Amer ican creationist a passionate outburst during the ques- United States, involving the intersection materials and religious messages pro- tion-and-answer session by audience

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[ NEWS AND COMMENT

member , who agreed with ular science writer for a number of skepti- member inquired about potential cheaper Stein’s observation about the sorry state cal publications including Skeptic and health insurance policies due to hypo- of science education. Stein is currently SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, discussed the bogus thetical companies not endorsing pseu- writing a book, Atheists, Tents, and Uni- and bizarre treatments that are touted as doscientific practices. corns: The Story of Camp Quest in the UK, so-called complementary/alternative med- The end-of-day sessions on “Psy- on her experiences as the founder and icine (or “SCAM”). She presented on the chology and Pseudoscience,” chaired by director of Camp Quest UK. The day issues that arise from meta-analyses and , brought us the very first concluded with awards for Simon Singh systematic reviews of pseudoscience in public demonstration of Ray Hyman’s and Edzard Ernst, Luigi Garlaschelli, medicine (drawing on a paper by Ioanni- PowerPoint skills for a lecture on the and Wim Betz, recognizing their ongo- dis). Hall is the creator of the “tooth fairy history of testing claims, and he ing efforts to promote science and rea- science” analogy for the seductive appeal included some impressively deft rope son worldwide. of such claims, and she introduced us to tricks. Although ’s original For the start of Saturday’s proceed- the German translation: Zahnfeewis- presentation was beset by technical dif- ings Professor Jürgen Windeler deliv- senschaft! This was her first overseas pres- ficulties, his new lecture certainly cap-

Photos by André Sebastiani

Simon Singh

ered a presentation on evaluating the entation at a skeptical convention, and tured the audience’s attention with a benefits of conventional and comple- considering the ex tremely positive re- tale of scientists attempting to replicate mentary medicine, looking specifically sponse to her work from the audience, it ’s studies and at some misunderstandings of medical should certainly not be her last. the frustrating and sometimes bemus- evaluation—what is involved in ran- The sessions on alternative medicine ing lengths that must be taken to be domization and how simple blinding concluded with an in-depth and enter- published in peer-reviewed journals. methods are not always possible. He taining look at acupuncture by Benedikt Polish skeptic Tomasz Witkowski’s talk also presented a case for ignoring the Matenaer, who has a background in anes- on pseudoscience in psychology inves- claims of homeopathy rather than giv- thesiology and palliative care. He criti- tigated not only how dodgy claims in ing them any potential therapeutic cally analyzed the economic influences the field are detrimental for science in credibility. The topic of diagnostic and acupuncture has had on the German general but also how they mislead those therapeutic interventions was ex panded health system and the reasons that public who hope to find help with health is- upon by Gerd Antes of the University health insurances and public health sys- sues such as brain damage and cancer. Medical Center in Frei burg, who inter- tems should be held accountable for pro- On Sunday, skepticism entered the rogated the systematic research into the moting acupuncture (particularly why political sphere when Chris Mooney deficiencies of the research and publi- practitioners are acquiring a “pseudo-ed- discussed his recent investigations into cation process and how this contributes ucation” to “put needles anywhere”). The cognitive differences between liberals to what would be otherwise avoidable assumptions made by acupuncturist “pro- and conservatives—which may help or diseases and deaths: “Don’t fight belief; fessionals” are “stupid” and “disgusting hinder the development of a civil soci- fight the justification of belief through lies”—and he proposed a hilarious quiz ety—as discussed in his new book, The the abuse of science and knowledge.” on chi for the next time skeptics en- Republican Brain. Simon Perry’s talk on Harriet “Skep-Doc” Hall, MD, a pop- counter their claims. One canny audience the advent and application of fill-in-

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complaint-form website Fishbarrel Resolution (adapted by a handful of countries to help target pseudoscientific products online) was well received by the Scientific Standards in Academia and Education mostly German audience; this may On the occasion of the Sixth World Skeptics Congress in Berlin, the Com- also be due to another innovative mittee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), the European Council of Skeptical Organ- example of using similar methods of izations (ECSO), and the German skeptical organization Gesellschaft zur wissen- social media manipulation by Ger- schaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (GWUP) adopted the many’s Piratenpartei (Pirate Party), which has influenced local political following resolution calling for high standards of scientific practice in scientific change. The last session featured a institutions and in science education. standing-room-only Houdini Séance with Ray Hyman, James Randi, and Scientists and skeptics from around resist the temptation to let Massimo Polidoro delving into some the world are deeply concerned with unproven claims enter pro- of the lesser-known stories of the the growing tolerance, acceptance, and fessional education; such great magician. We were then treated even promotion of pseudoscientific and institutions are obliged to to a lengthy question-and-answer occult ideas and practices within sci- assist students to clearly session, ranging from the history entific, academic, and educational in- distinguish between sci- of the Million Dollar Chal lenge stitutions. Students worldwide are in ence-based and unscien- (lauded by African skeptic Leo Igwe danger of being instructed in the un- tific methodologies within as invaluable to activist efforts world- the context of science and substantiated claims of ideologues and wide) to the danger of lie detectors evidence-based medicine; purveyors of pseudoscience, rather to budget spending on paranormal and than learning to base conclusions on claims worldwide. Ensure that scientific stan- The event concluded with the dependable, scientific knowledge. Sci- dards of evidence-based Com mittee for Skeptical Inquiry, entists and academics may be reluc- medicine are applied with- the Euro pean Council of Skeptical tant or afraid to speak up, even when out compromise, resisting Organi sa tions (ECSO), and the Ge- scientific principles and criteria are bla- attempts to grant exemp- sellschaft zur wissenschaftlichen Unter- tantly violated, fearful of antagonizing tions for ideological or suchung von Para wissen schaften colleagues or those on whom their own commercial reasons to (GWUP) releasing a resolution calling careers may depend. some forms of therapy for high standards of scientific practice that potentially risk patient in scientific institutions and in science At the occasion of the Sixth World welfare; and education—to focus on challenging Skeptics Congress in Berlin, CSI, ECSO, Ensure that schools base the pseudoscience when it is being estab- science curriculum on ac- lished within academic and instruc- and GWUP call for high standards of tional institutions, particularly when scientific practice in scientific institu- cepted science, rejecting funded by tax-payers. (See box for tions and in science education. They call attempts to influence the text.) Considering the scope of the on scientists and academics worldwide curriculum on ideological, topics and presentations at the con- to raise their voices when pseudo- political, or religious gress, a call for international action science is being established within ac- grounds, such as has oc- curred with the teaching was a fine way to finish a dynamic and ademic and instructional institutions. of evolution and climate stimulating weekend of skepticism. When such institutions are publicly change. The next World Skeptics Con- funded, it is additionally of crucial im- gress will be held in Sweden in 2013. portance that taxes not be used to pro- We also call upon our sister skep- Kylie Sturgess is the host of Token Skeptic, a mote pseudoscience or ideologies. tical organizations from around the podcast that garners around 15,000 listen- Specifically, we call on all those re- world in the spirit of consumer protec- ers per month (and growing) and is syndi- sponsible to: tion to commit themselves to ensuring cated to radio stations in the United States. She regularly writes for numerous publica- Ensure that universities, med- good science within academia and tions worldwide and authors CSI’s “Curiouser ical institutions, and col- schools, in addition to continuing their and Curiouser” online column. An award-win- leges teach depend able, efforts to promote science and critical ning philosophy and special needs teacher, scientific knowledge and thinking to the public. Kylie is a member of the James Randi Educa- tional Foundation Education Advisory Panel.

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[ NEWS AND COMMENT

Dear Dr. Phil

Dear Dr. Phil, wasn’t very convincing while the your subjects (and perhaps not from your were. This is extremely unfair—especially audience). This would have made the ap- Your May 25, 2012, show about psy- considering that Rebecca claimed to have parent hit more believable. Should you chics, “Inside the Other Side” (http:// given thousands of readings. Had you not ever do another show on the subject— www.drphil.com/shows/show/1853), had her provide a reading to those same with Rebecca as a guest once again—I’d did not demonstrate the “healthy degree subjects, Underdown would have clearly be happy to supply the subjects and see if of skepticism” you claimed in the show’s convinced most that he had psychic abil- she is as apparently accurate with her opening. As a person who has taken ity. This was the most important thing readings as before. many critical thinking courses—such as that happened in the show, and you dis- As for one of your guests trying to val- research—as part of his PhD, you would, credited Underdown’s convincing per- idate because of the U.S. I assume, understand how to draw logi- formance. He was actually magnificent, government’s research into the subject, I cal conclusions based on available scien- but you wouldn’t acknowledge it. want you to know that the government tific evidence. Here are a few examples eventually abandoned re mote viewing re- of why the show lacked a healthy degree search because it didn’t work. of skepticism along with some explana- With this kind of unskeptical stance tions for why the guests ap peared to be from the host, is it any wonder that 84 psychic. percent of your audience claimed belief When “color” psychic Dougall Fraser in psychic ability by the show’s end? told you he saw purple in your aura, You do some really good shows— therefore you’re a leader and like to be If you have a healthy and for the right reasons—but I get the in control, I don’t think that was a par- degree of skepticism, feeling you did this one primarily for ticularly risky prediction for someone why were there more ratings. If you do another show on the who hosts a major television show. subject, I hope it’s with a balanced panel With a healthy degree of skepticism, than four guests of guests. Since you seem so convinced you could have pointed this out—but I who were allegedly of the validity of the psychics’ readings, suspect your producers and sponsors would you suggest people with relation- preferred that you didn’t. psychic and only ship problems seek psychics rather than Your poll at the beginning of the one person who mental health professionals? If this is show indicated that 78 percent of the was a skeptic? the case, consider doing the rest of your audience believed in psychic ability. Do relationship shows with psychics— you suppose this could account for why you’ll get the ratings and the sponsors so many audience members assessed the will love it. Just curious—did your au- psychics as accurate? dience members fill out a card before If you have a healthy degree of skep- the show began commenting on con- ticism, why were there more than four cerns and issues in their lives? guests who were allegedly psychic and only one person who was a skeptic? Also, The seemingly amazing hit from Re- All my best, why was the skeptic not on stage with becca Rosen regarding her vision of a Dr. Bryan the psychics? hummingbird (and then discovering the (a person with a genuinely healthy That lone skeptic, as you know, was subject had a hummingbird tattoo) illus- degree of skepticism) , who pretended to be trates why testing needs to be conducted a psychic and convinced the subjects that under controlled, scientific conditions. As (See also “Dr. Phil Gives Psychics a Pass,” he had supernatural abilities—so much a skilled researcher with a PhD, why , “From the Editor,” SI, so that he even brought three of them to didn’t you suggest tighter controls using July/August 2012.) tears. Because Underdown had never impartial assistance (researchers not affil- given a reading before, it made perfect iated with your show) to monitor Re- Bryan Farha is professor of behavioral studies in sense when psychic Rebecca Rosen was becca’s reading and make certain the two education at Oklahoma City University. He is a CSI labeled as more accurate than him (after had never come in contact with each consultant and editor of Paranormal Claims: A giving the same subjects a reading). But other? Or, perhaps you could have al- Critical Analysis. His email address is your implication was that Underdown lowed the impartial researchers to select [email protected].

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[ NEWS AND COMMENT

Victims in Psychic-Inspired Hoax Sue Police, Media NRC Booklet Answers Common Questions about Climate Change

A Texas couple that owns a ranch that was searched by police following false informa- The National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council on July 3 tion about a mass grave provided by a psy- issued a glossy, well-illustrated, forty-page booklet for the general public chic is suing the police and several major about climate change. It is based on a number of recent NRC reports pre- news organizations for defamation. pared at the request of Congress that examined and presented the peer- reviewed scientific evidence about climate change. The booklet, Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts, and Choices, has easy- to-understand sections on the three aspects in the subtitle. Perhaps the most valuable section is the first, “Evidence for Human-Caused Climate Though the incident Change.” It gives short, clear discussions about questions still raised in public became a national forums: How do we know that the Earth has warmed? How do we know that embarrassment, greenhouse gases lead to warming? How do we know that humans are caus- ing greenhouse gases to increase? How much are human activities heating the police re fused to Earth? How do we know the current warming trend isn’t caused by the sun apologize, saying that or by other natural processes? The booklet and its accompanying twenty-four-minute video are avail- procedures were able online from the National Academy of Sciences at http://americas- followed and that the climatechoices.org. severity of the claims warranted an in vestigation.

The case began June 6, 2011, when a psychic called police describing a horrific scene of mass murder: dozens of dismem- bered bodies near a ranch house about an hour outside of Houston, Texas. There were rotting limbs and headless corpses; chill- ingly, many were children. Deputies from the Liberty County Sheriff ’s office went to investigate but didn’t see anything amiss. After a second call the following day, dozens of officials from the Texas Department of Public Safety, the FBI, and the Texas Rangers were on the scene—not to mention cadaver dogs, news helicopters, and gawkers. It all turned out to be a false alarm. Though the incident became a national embarrassment, the police re fused to apol- ogize, saying that procedures were followed and that the severity of the claims warranted an investigation. Whether a tip comes from an ordinary citizen, an anonymous informant, or a self-proclaimed psychic, information about mass murders cannot be ignored.

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Now the couple that owns the ranch of the accusations made against them.’” las, Texas. Nothing was found, but the is suing. According to a story in The Day- Bankson and Charlton accuse the delay caused by the psychic’s tip forced ton News, “Joe Bankson and Gena Charl- New York Times, CNN, Thompson Reu- cancellation of the flight, and over one ton, through their attorney, Andrew B. ters, ABC News, and other news media hundred passengers were placed on later Sommerman, filed a lawsuit on June 5, of publishing false statements claiming flights, most de layed until the following 2012, in the 193rd Judicial District in that bodies had been found on their day. Whether Bankson and Charlton will Dallas claiming that the sheriff ’s office property. win their defamation lawsuit remains to and the media groups acted in reckless This was only one of many false psy- be seen, though if they do it may make disregard and caused damage to the cou- chic tips given to police. In March 2004, police more cautious about following up ple’s reputation and good name. Bankson a Florida psychic contacted the Trans- on psychic information. and Charlton . . . are now unable to return portation Safety Ad ministration to in- to their rented home in Hardin because form them that a bomb was aboard an Benjamin Radford is the deputy editor of the SKEP- ‘everyone looks at them askance because American Air lines flight headed for Dal- TICAL INQUIRER.

Americans’ Anti-Evolution Beliefs Steady for Past Thirty Years KENDRICK FRAZIER

The 2012 version of the Gallup Poll’s lege degree and 25 percent for those with preponderance of the scientific literature.” biennial survey about U.S. beliefs on a high school degree or less). Still, all three questions ask about evolution vs. creationism presents few Newport acknowledges that Amer - something that is essentially a scientific surprises—in fact it demonstrates a icans’ views are out of step with the sci- concept (evolution) in terms of God thirty-year picture of virtually stable be- entific evidence: “It would be hard to dis- and religion. It would be nice if a future lief. In this year’s poll (issued June 1) 46 pute that most scientists who study poll would add a question framed in percent of Americans believe in the cre- humans agree that the species evolved purely scientific terms without explicit ationist view that God created humans over millions of years, and that relatively reference to God or religious belief. Mentioning God and religion obviously in their present form. This is essentially few scientists believe that humans began reinforces the idea that the issue should unchanged from thirty years ago, when in their current form only 10,000 years Gallup first posed the question. About be interpreted only in terms of one’s re- ago without the benefit of evolution. a third of Americans be lieve that hu- ligious beliefs. Thus, almost half of Americans mans evolved, but with God’s guidance. hold a belief, at least as measured by this Kendrick Frazier is the editor of the SKEPTICAL IN- Fifteen percent say humans evolved but question wording, that is at odds with the QUIRER. that God had no part in the process. The virtually flat trend of data since 1982 is shown at right. As Gallup’s Frank Newport says, “All in all, there is no evidence in this trend of a substantial movement toward a sec- ular viewpoint on human origins.” The poll also shows, again no sur- prise, that Republicans tend to believe that God created humans in their pres- ent form in higher numbers (58 per- cent) than do Independents (39 per- cent) or Democrats (41 percent). If there was any comfort at all for ed- ucated, science-minded observers it is that Americans with a postgraduate ed- ucation are most likely to say humans evolved in their present form without di- vine guidance (42 percent, compared with 35 percent for those with only a col-

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[ NEWS AND COMMENT

Psychic Medium Convicted of Sexual Exploitation Benjamin Radford

In June, a psychic went on trial in couraged her to undress and masturbate most gross advantage of the situation.” Britain, accused of tricking two women to improve her psychic powers. She said Trickery and exploitation by alleged into stripping and performing sex acts in that she felt “brainwashed, manipulated psychics is nothing new. Harry Hou dini order to speak to their dead relatives. and groomed” by Lang. “He was an crusaded against fraudulent mediums, According to an article in the Daily Tele- abuser taking advantage of the fact that his training and experience as a magi- graph, my dad died when I was young and I cian allowing him to effectively expose A young woman told a jury today how never had the chance to say goodbye,” many psychic mediums’ fake ghostly a psychic tricked her into performing she said. phenomena. Mediums were caught “like a porn star” in the hope of get- The women said that they were in - using everything from assistants cam- ting in touch with her dead grandfa- troduced to Lang after being im pressed ouflaged in black to hidden wires and ther. Medium Karl Lang is accused of persuading the woman, twenty-six, to with a psychic reading he’d given at a strings in order to simulate supernatural strip naked during a séance because it friend’s party. On June 22, Lang was con- events. By the 1920s an entire cottage increased her powers to contact the victed of twelve counts of causing women industry devoted to faking ghostly spirit world. The other victim, now to engage in sexual activity without con- communication was thriving on both twenty-seven, said: “The first time I stripped off my clothes he said ‘Well sent; Judge Patrick Curran of the New- sides of the Atlantic. One big reason for done! You’ve gone up a level in the port Crown Court described Lang’s ac- their success: emotionally manipulating spiritual world.’... He told me the tivity as “systematic conduct and a breach grieving people’s desire to believe. When more outrageous I behaved, the of trust involving two very vulnerable a person in authority is claiming to have higher level I would get.” young women ... vulnerable in the sense unproven, special powers that can send The second victim claims that Lang that they were bereaved and sought the messages from the dead to vulnerable and convinced her that her dead father was defendant’s consultation in communicat- grieving people, it’s a recipe for emotional communicating with him, and he en- ing with those who died, and he took the manipulation and exploitation. n

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