DOCSLIB.ORG

COVID-19 in Somalia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
COVID-19 in Somalia COVID-19 in Somalia 04 June 2020 Please check our dashboard regularly for new updates on COVID-19 situation in Somalia at https://rebrand.ly/who-covid-somalia-dashboard Transmission: weekly progression of cases by week (16 March-31 May 2020) Transmission: modeling of the epidemic curve Gaussia Gamm Weibull n law a law law Peak date 26/05/ 07/06 26/05/ 2020 /2020 2020 Maximum number 1364 1587 1366 of active cases End of epidemic 09/08/ 18/12/ 17/07/2 2020 2020 020 Number of days to 131 330 112 end Accuracy 99.4% 99.6% 99.5% COVID-19 Cases Distribution by Gender, Somalia,(11 March- 03 June 2020) COVID-19 Cases and Deaths Distribution by Age Group, Somalia,(11-March-03 June 2020) Epi Curve of COVID-19 Cases in Somalia (11 Mar-03 June, 2020) Date of Notification Epi Curve of COVID-19 confirmed Cases and Deaths in Somalia (11 Mar- 03 June, 2020) Attack Rate by District, Somalia (11 Mar- 03, June 2020) District Total Population Number of Confirmed cases Attack Rate in 100,000 pop HODAN 225870 218 84.6 MEDINA 173545 202 61.1 DHARKENLEY 148425 89 48.5 WABERI 93150 90 77.3 GAROWE 231408 80 26.8 BONDERE 101735 54 52.1 DANYILE 146070 55 36.3 HAMAR JABJAB 88290 52 58.9 HARGEISA 1399984 273 3.6 KISMAYO 278886 92 18.3 WARDEGLY 127930 183 39.9 HAWALWADAG 109865 51 45.5 YAQSHID 319550 36 11.6 BRAVA 116788 35 30.0 HAMARWEYNE 92730 28 30.2 HELIWA 141495 26 18.4 KARAN 243590 25 10.3 ABDUL AZIZ 51595 24 46.5 SHIBIS 160135 20 12.5 KAHDA 98810 19 19.2 GARDO 115320 16 13.9 BOSSASO 637730 13 2.0 GALKAYU NORTH 716952 12 1.7 BAIDOA 587775 9 1.5 SHANGANI 40555 9 22.2 WACIYA 39544 9 22.8 BERBERA 169453 8 4.7 MARKA 480610 8 1.7 AFGOI 240975 3 1.2 BURHAKABA 286731 3 1.0 BORAMA 1680653 2 0.1 JOWHAR 279188 2 0.7 BADAN 38890 1 2.6 BELET HAWA 106162 1 0.9 BURAO 341996 1 0.3 DUSAMREB 119870 1 0.8 GALKAYU SOUTH 193130 1 0.5 GOLDOGOB 153002 1 0.7 RUNINGOD 44340 1 2.3 TALEH 64100 1 1.6 Transmission: daily cases in Banadir, Puntland, Jubaland, Southwest state and Somaliland • This shows that the Reproduction number is higher at the state level • In Banadir region: Rt < 1 • In Southwest state: Rt > 1 • In Puntland state: Rt > 1 Health Care Workers Affected by COVID-19 updates Based on Surveillance data collected in different States. 04 June 2020 And I don’t Oh no! I don’t want to be the want to catch cause of your your infection! infection either! 10 Protect yourself Protect your community Protect your patients 11 Objectives: •To determine the trends of HCWs affected COVID-19 in Somalia. •To identify most affected groups by age, gender and location. •To use available information to inform public health decision COVID-19 cases among Health Care Workers in Somalia SN STATE Number of Number of CFR(%) suspected tested +ve cases tested Number of Death Total 156 93 1 0.01 1. Benaadir* 60 34 0 0 2. Jubbaland 23 23 0 0 3 SWS 50 21 1 0.04 4 Galmudug 15 7 0 0 5 Puntland 8 8 0 0 *11 (BAN),08(PL) cases are not included in the line list *No data from SL COVID-19 cases among Health Care Workers in Somalia, cont. COVID-19 cases among Health Care Workers in Somalia, cont. Challenges: •Incomplete line list data which causes to make proper analysis of information. • Poor segregation of Profession (e.g. nurse, physician, laboratory technologist). •Missing Somaliland data. Policy guidance: •HF must ensure the availability of adequate IPC supplies for all the HCW and support staff and MUST NOT compromise IPC at any level. •HF to ensure all staff have been trained on the proper use of the IPC equipment and have the knowledge of what to do when exposure occurs before deployment Recommendations for HCWs at high risk for infection: •Immediately stop all the interactions with patients, call the support centre Toll number ……….. •Be tested for COVID-19 at day 0 -7 -14 •Quarantine for 14 days in a designated setting Recommendations for HCWs at high risk for infection, cont. Health care facilities should do: • Provide psychosocial support to HCW during quarantine, or throughout the duration of illness if HCW is confirmed to have COVID-19; • Provide compensation for the period of quarantine and for the duration of illness (if not on a monthly salary) or contract extension for duration of quarantine/illness. • Provide review of IPC training for the health care facility staff, including HCWs at high risk for infection after 14-day quarantine period. Recommendations for health workers at low risk for COVID-19: •Self-monitor temperature and respiratory symptoms daily for 14 days after the last day of exposure to a COVID-19 patient. •HCWs should call the support centre Toll number ……………… if they develop any symptoms suggestive of COVID-19; •Reinforce contact and droplet precautions when caring for all patients with acute respiratory illness and standard precautions for all patients; Recommendations for health workers at low risk for COVID-19: cont. • Reinforce airborne precautions for aerosol-generating procedures on all suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients; • Reinforce the rational, correct, and consistent use of personal protective equipment; • Apply WHO’s “My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene” before touching a patient, before any clean or aseptic procedure, after exposure to body fluid, after touching a patient, and after touching a patient’s surroundings; • Practice respiratory etiquette at all times..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Case of Somalia (1960-2001)
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) State collapse and post-conflict development in Africa : the case of Somalia (1960-2001) Mohamoud, A. Publication date 2002 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Mohamoud, A. (2002). State collapse and post-conflict development in Africa : the case of Somalia (1960-2001). Thela Thesis. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Chapterr four Thee Pitfalls of Colonialism and Public Pursuit 4.1.. Introduction Thiss chapter traces how the change brought about by the colonial imposition led to the primacyy of the public pursuit in Somali politics over a century. The colonial occupation of Somaliaa not only transformed the political economy of Somali society as transformationists emphasizee but also split the Somali people and their territories.74 Therefore, as I will argue in thiss study, the multiple partitioning of the country is one of the key determinants that fundamentallyy account for the destructive turn of events in Somalia at present.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Somalia Humanitarian Needs Overview
    HUMANITARIAN HUMANITARIAN PROGRAMME CYCLE 2020 NEEDS OVERVIEW ISSUED DECEMBER 2019 SOMALIA 1 HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW 2020 About Get the latest updates This document is consolidated by OCHA on behalf of the Humanitarian Country OCHA coordinates humanitarian action to ensure Team and partners. It provides a shared understanding of the crisis, including the crisis-affected people receive the assistance and protection they need. It works to overcome obstacles most pressing humanitarian need and the estimated number of people who need that impede humanitarian assistance from reaching assistance. It represents a consolidated evidence base and helps inform joint people affected by crises, and provides leadership in strategic response planning. mobilizing assistance and resources on behalf of the The designations employed and the presentation of material in the report do not humanitarian system. imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the www.unocha.org/somalia United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of twitter.com/OCHA_SOM its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. PHOTO ON COVER Photo: WHO/Fozia Bahati Humanitarian Response aims to be the central website for Information Management tools and services, enabling information exchange between clusters and IASC members operating within a protracted or sudden onset crisis. www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/ operations/somalia Humanitarian InSight supports decision-makers by giving them access to key humanitarian data. It provides the latest verified information on needs and delivery of the humanitarian response as well as financial contributions. www.hum-insight.info/plan/667 The Financial Tracking Service (FTS) is the primary provider of continuously updated data on global humanitarian funding, and is a major contributor to strategic decision making by highlighting gaps and priorities, thus contributing to effective, efficient and principled humanitarian assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Somali-Soviet Expedition of 1971-1972
    Bildhaan Vol. 20 the Somali-Soviet Expedition of 1971-1972 Lyubov Ivanova I. Introduction The joint Soviet-Somali expedition of 1971-72 was the first and the last expedition of Soviet academics to Somalia. Its main target was to strengthen Soviet influence in the Horn of Africa via ideological impact and technical assistance. The expedition garnered the support of the governments of both countries. Considering the lack of knowl- edge about Somalia at that time in the USSR, for the Soviet part, the expedition turned into a kind of educational tourism – the first steps to get academic contacts and create the foundation for Somali studies in the Soviet Union. II. Preparation of the Expedition The expedition was organized by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR with the support of the Ministry of Education of the Somali Demo- cratic Republic (SDR). Soviet academics who specialized in African studies stayed in the SDR for five months. These were researchers from the Africa Institute – Kosukhin Nickolay D. (the head of the expedition and head of the Department of Ideology in Africa Institute, 1932-2014), Kupriyanov Petr I. (specialized in agrarian problems and class formation in African countries, 1925), Nikiforov Alexander V. (specialized in agrarian problems and traditional societies’ structure in East African countries, 1937-2004), Gorodnov Valentin P. (specialized in political science and class formation in South Africa, 1929-2009), and 74 Lyubov Ivanova Sherr Evgeniy S. (specialized in ideology and state building in African countries). Two Somali researchers were assigned to assist the Soviets – Aw Jama Omar Isse, author of several books on Somali history, and a young archeologist Said Axmed Warsame, graduate of Leningrad State University.
    [Show full text]
  • An Appraisal of the 'Dervish State' in Northern Somalia (1899-1920)
    An appraisal of the ‘Dervish state’ in northern Somalia (1899-1920) By Markus V. Hoehne University of Leipzig May 13, 2014 ___________________________________________________________________________ The Somali Dervish ‘state’ was related to the Dervish uprising, that shook the British Protectorate and other parts of northern and also partly southern Somalia between 1899 and 1920. A ‘state’ implies a minimum of centralised and institutionalised power (i.e., a government), a territory and a population. The Somali Dervish state indeed featured a clear centralised governance structure, with Sayid Mohamed Abdille Hassan on top. The Sayid (which is an honorary title; the British called him ‘Mad Mullah’) was surrounded by a group of trusted commanders and advisors who were members of the Dervish council (in Somali called khusuusi). Together, the Sayid and the council controlled the military units. Islamic judges had the task of upholding law and order among the Dervishes and their kin. But clearly, Mohamed Abdille Hassan had the power to take the final decision in all matters he deemed important. The Somali Dervish state never had a clearly demarcated territory. The Dervishes operated between different temporary local centres (e.g., Aynabo, Buuhoodle, Eyl, Taleeh) in northern Somalia and, for a shorter period, had also stations in central Somalia such as Beledweyn. When confronted with superior colonial forces, their usual strategy was to retreat to the sparsely inhabited and arid hinterland. Also the population of the Somali Dervish state fluctuated. It consisted largely of the close patrilineal relatives and wives of the followers of Sayid Mohamed Abdille Hassan. Only temporarily did the Dervishes establish more permanent centres of power and ruled over larger areas.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-788 This Report Is Preliminary and Has Not Been Reviewed for Conformity with U.S
    SO-2 HUT1D STATES OF THE HCTOLIO* GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROJECT REPORT Somalia Investigation (IR)SO-2 A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE NON-FUEL MINERAL POTENTIAL OF SOMALIA By William Rucker Greenwood U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-788 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratlgraphic nomenclature. (Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS.) TOR? CONTENTS Page Abstract................................................................. 1 Introduction............................................................. 2 Summary of Geology....................................................... 3 PreCambrian......................................................... 3 Bur Region..................................................... 3 Northern Mountains............................................. 4 Gneissic complex.......................................... 4 Inda Ad Series............................................ 5 Mafic igneous rocks....................................... 5 Granite................................................... 5 Structure................................................. 5 Metamorphism.............................................. 6 Phanerozoic......................................................... 6 Jurassic rocks................................................. 6 Borama-Zeila area......................................... 6 Bihendula area...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cycles of Rébellion and the Fragmentation of Somali Society
    Dervishes, 'moryaan' and freedom fighters: cycles of rebellion and the fragmentation of Somali society, 1900-2000 Abbink, G.J.; Walraven, K. van; Bruijn, M.E. de Citation Abbink, G. J. (2003). Dervishes, 'moryaan' and freedom fighters: cycles of rebellion and the fragmentation of Somali society, 1900-2000. In K. van Walraven & M. E. de Bruijn (Eds.), African dynamics (pp. 328-365). Leiden: Brill. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9602 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9602 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). by the absence of a central state since 1991. Certainly, the decentralized and centrifugal Somali political culture, marked by localized if not fragmented authority structures, is one explanation. Their culture is rooted in a strong segmentary lineage and clan organization based on a predominantly pastoral 13 way of life and guided by a remarkable genealogical self-consciousness' that has persisted through time. The phenomenon of group division based on instrumentalized clan identities, while not explaining everything, goes a long Dervishes, moryaan and freedom fighters: way in accounting for the perpétuai tensions in Somali socio-political organization, as the Somali themselves are the first to admit.2 Cycles of rébellion and the fragmentation of At the same time, the diversity of patterns of economie ad'aptation and Somali society, 1900-2000 socio-cultural différence within Somali society should not be underestimated.3 Although more than 60% of Somalis are transhumant pastoralists, there is more Jon Abbink sedentary settlement, hierarchy and class formation in the southern part of the country, while an urban trader/hustler class is increasing in size as well.
    [Show full text]
  • European Union Training Mission Somalia
    European Union Training Mission Somalia PRESS SUMMARY 11th June 2018 “In ‘Media’ stat virtus” EUTM - SOMALIA 11/06/2018 International Partners welcome results of National Security Council Meeting in Baidoa Muqdisho June 08, 2018 —The United Nations, African Union, European Union, Inter- Governmental Authority on Development, Ethiopia, Italy, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States welcome the significant outcomes of the June 3-5 National Security Council meeting in Baidoa, capital of South West State. International partners commend the leaders of the Federal Government of Somalia, Federal Member States, Benadir region, and represented ministries for reaching key agreements on the Transition Plan, revenue sharing, and the electoral model for the 2020 one-person, one- vote elections, and they urge accelerated implementation of these agreements. Building consensus on these and other critical issues provide the basis for further progress, including the conclusion of the Constitutional review process and defining the Somali federal model, and set the stage for a constructive Somalia Partnership Forum, which the Federal Government of Somalia, the European Union and Sweden will co-host in Brussels on June 25 and 26. As Somalia enters a new phase in its relations with international financial institutions, its partners encourage Somalia’s leaders to continue working in the spirit of unity. http://www.qaranimo.com/news/2018/06/08/46360/ EUTM - SOMALIA 1 EUTM - SOMALIA 11/06/2018 Somaliland: What Transpired in an Anti-Somaliland Meeting Held in Baidoa Chaired by President Farmajo and Occasioned by Somalia Regional Blocks? 06/11/2018 Somalilandsun: According to information filtering from a rendezvous confirm that the Federal Government of Somalia and her administered region of Puntland held an anti- Somaliland conference in the town of Baidoa South west region of Somalia.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems of Socialist Orientation in Africa
    RUIL F URI IN AFRI Edited by MAI PALMBERG NORDISKA AFRIKA1NSTITUT!T 19a4 ·02· 15 UPPSALA Problems of Socialist Orientation in Africa Problems of Socialist Orientation in Africa Edited by Mai Palmberg Papers from a seminar on non-capitalist deve10pment in Africa organised by Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Upp­ sala, in co-operation with the Institute of Development Studies, He1sinki, August 16-19, 1976, in He1sinki, Finland. Contributors: Mohamed Aden & A.M.M. Ashur,jeremy Gould & Riilta Launonen, Parwiz Khalatbari, Peter Mandi, jozej Nowicki, Mai Palm­ berg, Lars Rudebeck, Timothy Shaw & Malcolm j. Grieve, Clive y Tho­ mas The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies Uppsala 1978 Distributed by Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm © Nordiska afrikainstitutet 1978 ISBN 91·7106·141-X Printed in Sweden by Uppsala Offset Center AB, Uppsala 1978 PREFACE Since 1963, the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies has organized a variety of international seminars. As a part of its function as a Scandinavian documentation and research centre on African problems, the Institute has sought to choose topics for these international seminars that \vould be of interest to academics as ~lell as to planners, adminis­ trators and politicians. These topics have included refugee problems, boundary problems, problems of adult education, the role of mass media, co-operative development in East Africa and problems of land-locked countries in Africa. Scholars from abroad - primarily, of course, from Africa - have been invited to discuss their particular topics with Scandinavian specialists and other interested persons. Another of our principle tasks over the years has been to promote and sustain the interest in African affairs among Scandinavians.
    [Show full text]
  • Reporters Without Borders Director-S-24-04-2012,42347.Html
    Reporters Without Borders http://www.rsf.org/somalia-call-for-voice-of-peace- director-s-24-04-2012,42347.html Africa - Somalia Arrests and violence Call for Voice of Peace director’s “immediate and unconditional” release in Puntland 24 April 2012 Reporters Without Borders calls on the authorities of the semi-autonomous northeastern region of Puntland to immediately release radio Voice of Peace director Awke Abdullahi Ali, who has been held in the region’s capital, Bossasso, for nearly two months. Ali has not been charged although, under the law, no one should be held for more than 48 hours without charge. At the same time as it urges Puntland’s authorities to stop harassing journalists, Reporters Without Borders is also concerned about media freedom violations in the breakaway northwestern region of Somaliland and in the southern part of Somalia, especially the capital, Mogadishu. “We call for Ali’s immediate and unconditional release in the absence of any legal grounds for his arrest and continuing detention,” Reporters Without Borders said. “Ali should be freed for humanitarian as well as legal reasons, as his state of health is worsening by the day. We also urge the authorities to allow the station to reopen.” The station has been closed indefinitely since Ali’s arrest on 3 March and the seizure of its computers and sound equipment after it broadcast an interview with the spokesman of the Islamist militia Al-Shabaab, which has been fighting Puntland’s security forces in the Bossasso suburb of Gal-Gala. The interview angered the authorities, although a government spokesman was also interviewed so that the opposing viewpoint could be represented.
    [Show full text]
  • The Daraawiish Resistance
    ALKITAB CENTER FOR RESEARCH & November STUDIES | Bosaso - Somalia 2019 Research Paper THE DARAAWIISH RESISTANCE Prof Abdisalam M Issa Salwe Professor of Information Systems Vice-Chancellior for Academic Affairs – East Africa University 0 Table of Contents No Subject Page Number 1 A Brief Background to Sayid Mahamed's Life 4 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 5 3 Problem Statement 6 4 Objectives 7 5 Project Scope 7 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 7 Definitions and Sources of EMI 8 8 Factors affecting EMI 8 9 Emitting Device 9 10 Distance and Environment 9 11 Affected Device 9 12 Electromagnetic Interference in the ICU 10 13 Types of Interference 10 14 Interference in Medical Environment due to other Sources 11 15 Radio Frequency Interference in Hospitals 12 16 Risk of Radio Frequency Interference 13 17 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 14 18 Project Sequence 15 19 Development of antenna operating 2.4GHz 16 20 Design of meander line of Antenna 17 21 Design of meander line Antenna Using Theory Calculation 18 22 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 21 1 Somali resistance to foreign interference in their lives dated back to at least the years between 1528 and 1535 when, under the command of Imam Ahmed (Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi), known as Ahmed 'Gurey' (the left-handed), the Somali devastated, and for a time successfully pushed back the Abyssinian Empire. It was only with the help of the Portuguese1that the Abyssinians defeated the Somali forces. The resistance to colonial interference which Sayid Abdulle Hassan inspired and led at the close of the nineteenth century and for the succeeding two decades was nationalistic in essence, and in a tradition not seen in the Somali peninsula since Ahmed Gurey's war against Abyssinia in the sixteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Somaliland Block SL10B/13
    Somaliland Block SL10B/13 John Anderson Asset Manager, Africa Exploration Disclaimer These materials are being supplied to you by Genel Energy plc (the “Company”) solely for your information and for use at this presentation and does not constitute a prospectus or offering memorandum or an offer in respect of any securities. All numbers and charts included in this presentation are from Company data unless specified otherwise. This presentation is confidential and is being distributed to selected recipients only. These materials may not be reproduced in any form, redistributed or passed on, directly or indirectly, to any other person or published, in whole or in part, by any medium or for any purpose. Failure to comply with this restriction may constitute a violation of applicable securities laws. The presentation and these materials do not constitute or form part of any offer or invitation to sell or issue, or any solicitation of any offer to purchase or subscribe for, or any offer to underwrite or otherwise acquire any securities, nor shall any part of these materials or the fact of their distribution or communication form the basis of, or be relied on in connection with, any contract, commitment or investment decision whatsoever in relation thereto. The information included in the presentation and these materials is subject to updating, completion, revision and amendment, and such information may change materially. No person is under any obligation to update or keep current the information contained in the presentation and these materials, and any opinions expressed in relation thereto are subject to change without notice. In addition, past performance is not indicative of future results.
    [Show full text]
  • ECFG-Somalia-May-19.Pdf
    About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the decisive cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success (Photo: A Somali family, courtesy of IRIN/Moulid Hujale). ECFG The guide consists of 2 parts: Part 1 introduces “Culture General,” the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment. Somalia Part 2 presents “Culture Specific” Somalia, focusing on unique cultural features of Somali society and is designed to complement other pre-deployment training. It applies culture- general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location (Photo: Somali children at a primary school, courtesy of UNHCR/J. Ose). For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact AFCLC’s Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the expressed permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources as indicated. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. A culture is the sum of all of the beliefs, values, behaviors, and symbols that have meaning for a society.
    [Show full text]