BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17 Nomor 2 Juli 2018 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/bahtera/ P-ISSN : 0853-2710 E-ISSN : 2540-8968
SOCIALISM IDEOLOGY IN NOVEL O BY EKA KURNIAWAN (Genetics Structuralism Study)
Martini, Zuriyati, Saifur Rohman
Postgraduate Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta Jl. Rawa Mangun Muka, Jakarta Timur, DKI Jakarta 13220 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This research points to gain the comprehensive of socialism ideology in novel O by Eka Kurniawan investigated by genetical structuralism. A novel is an interesting literary work contains kinds of topics inside, but there is stil a line or certain contents on it. A social genre novel brings social stories in this research. This research inspects how socialism ideology described in this novel by genetics structuralism. The focus goaled to find out how does socialism ideology describe the existence of humanism fact in novel O based on genetics structuralism. Analytic method used in this research, it observes attentively technic and notes after the writer read and studied the novel many times to gain a better comprehensive. Research result shows that there is socialism ideology based on humanity fact described in novel O written by Eka Kurniawan has seen on a police character that is social classes cover ; lower social class taken by a monkey, a description of lower society beside police as a middle class. Keywords: Socialism Ideology, Novel O, Genetics Structuralism
PREFERENCE Beside, students’ appreciation and interest
Literary learning is sided are low for literary works. nowadays. Surely, it becomes a problem Literature in learning is getting and complaint in basic level schools. It is aside or even considered as unimportant. not optimal to reach the productive goals. Reading and writing interest of the students Literary learning discuss from structural is getting lower. It is only an advertisement. The curriculum gives anadequate space for side only, there are intrinsict and extrinsict. A teacher as the educator is considered as studying literature. Literary learning as a having less literary competence. The spot for the next generation Literary teacher is uninnovative and uncreative learning as a place for the next generation when giving the literarture comprehensive. to make the students who can develop and can realize that the literature still
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productive and not moved by the new era. goaling their future based on imagination, The literary learning must be expanded feeling, and intuition. A well literary not early from the schools. The teacher must only records what is in the society, but also introduce to the students that literature is giving response to social reality faced.
fun. One of the writer response for the A literary work is a product of society social, put in a literary works. The creative, imaginative and reflective response can be in the socialism ideology process. It doesn't describe about a writer form as showed in the novel. The novel imagination only, but it also a life reflection titled O, composed by Eka Kurniawan is a of the writer’s circle. However, the life popular novel. According to Dauglas, reflection is not only a mirror . It bounces socialism has occured for hundred years back the writer’s view of life and the ideal ago as an effect of social stratification in world appropriate to the writer. It means Europe. Hundred years ago, they were that the reality appears in a literary works afraid of the kingdom and made mistakes is the reality which processed by the writer because it affected fatal that was facing according to his idea and his thoughts. them to heavy punishment if they did not
So that literary works is not appreciate the kings literary ( 2005:17-26) regardless from imaginative creation of the However, Showalter says that a writer, but it is a reality document, must be number of writers did not want to give up considered as a reality which passed the on the social fact at that time and prefered precipitate process on the writer's mind. As the problems to be published. The matters the imitation of life, literary work is a related to religion, king’s glory, heroic and social and cultural phenomenon happening others (2005:210). Social classes was not in the real life that responded by the writer. really different until 16th century of Through the literary work, the writer literature. In that century, some writers expresses the response to the social sank into their ideas of freedom. Even not situation and so, it can involve the society many people used socialism term in the social condition. It is not rare that the same century to the 17th century. It was writer expresses the humanity struggle in happened at the beginning of industry
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revolution and France revolution in same Anam. Socialism is an idea based on the time. notion of struggle against the values of Further, Bernard says that French equality, cooperation, progress, individual revolution was the spirit of egalitarian but liberty, social justice, private ownership, the tools were actually negative. Limited and State control over the goods of trading, advanced of ownership usage, production. The idealism of socialism is to confiscation and many more. It was not a realize the values by removing capitalism part of early socialism. By socialism it can and replacing it with a public ownership reach the better alternative social system, a social system in which the State arrangement (2016:53-54). controls the production and distribution.
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate Moreover, to realize those values, it is often realize through the constitution, political Dictionary a thought of Karl Marx in Munir, socialism has some meanings. First, intervention, even through revolutionary all economic and politic theories protect ways (2008: 179). collective ownership or government According to Marx, the socialism in ownership and management of the other words in which the society serves commodities production and distribution. the human needs. It is also kind of a protest, The second, it is a society system or group which is against human alienation; as existence with no private ownership ( proposed by Aldous Huxley "economic, property). Third, a society fase which in social, and international order is based, in Marxis transtion theory takes between particular, on non-organized love," Marx's capitalism and communis marked by socialism becomes a protest against love, unbalance commodity distribution exploitation of human beings, and against (2008:174). human exploitation of nature, exploit
The idea of socialism proposed by natural resources at the expense of most people nowadays , and moreover to the marx is derived from the previous expert such as; G.W. F. Hegel, Adam Smith, future generations. David Ricardo, Chasrles Fourier, and In order to attain socialism, the society Comte de Saint-Simon in Munir Che must go through several developmental
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stages, including the primitive stage of stratum based on honor initially called the communism, the stage of slavery, the status group (2015: 205).
feudal stage, the stage of capitalism, and While social class according to then the stage of socialism. This is called as Marx in Franz Magnis the main actors in the developmental stage of humanism social change are not purely affected by history based on the economic (material) individuals, but social classes. In every aspect (2008: 180-18) society there is a dominant class and a class Therefore from the notion above that is dominated or in other words there the author concludes that the ideology of are upper and lower classes. Marx divided socialism consists of social class, justice, the social classes into three classes, the equality, and social institutions that are workers, the owners of capital and the able to cope the lower class society. As a landlords. However, in capitalist society, society that has a desire to gain the equality landlords are put into the ownership of and equity. Certainly, the society have to capital (2005: 110-134).
go through various stages to fight against Focusing on the justice, justice feudalism, capitalism, then the stage of certainly views in how the class order can socialism that basically proposed to attain represent the gap between the owners of the development of human historical capital and the lower class. Justice can economy or material is fulfilled because equate the rights of the lower class there is a good attempt to attain the equality economically. Justice according to Rahaju of social rights. in his book said that the word justice means According to Soerjono, the social not one-sided, impartial or not arbitrary. class is obtained by the people and families Justice implies not being impartial or who are aware of its position in a stratum. arbitrary (2016, 287-288).
While their position is known and In addition to justice, that are able recognized by the society. Soerjono says to give authority to the lower classes, there the people who are apply the term of social is an equivalent form that can make the class only for the stratum based on the right of the lower classes to be equal. The economic element. Meanwhile, there is a existence of a decent living equality with
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business obtained even though it is The existence of social institutions difficult. Sometimes the lower classes want can support form of social class, justice and to meet the equivalence of the class but equality. Social institutions act as a media some people underestimate them because that functioned to shade the society of heredity. However, equality according to according to Gillin and Gillin. Soerjono Roland Dworkin is a popular political assumes community institutions are ideals but mysterious. classified as follows: 1) Creative
People can be assumes to be equal institutions and enacted institutions as the (or at least more equal) in one way with classification of development point of consequences they become Unequal (or view. Creative institutions, also called as more unequal) to others. If people have the the most primary institutions, it was inadvertently grown from the customs of same income, for example, they almost have differntce in the amount of society, for example the property rights, satisfaction they find in their lives, the marriage, religion, and so on. Enacted equality is not worth the ideal. But it is institutions are deliberately set up to meet necessary to state, this is more precisely certain objectives, such as debt-payable than its commonly used, at the end what institutions, trade institutions and kind of equality form is ultimately educational institutions, all rooted in the important (2002: 11). society customs. Through experiencing the habits then it systematized and arranged to The things that can support form of be incorporated into particular institutions social class, justice, equality is with the authorized by the State. 2. According to the existence of social institutions is a place value system accepted by the society, arise that is able to shade society between the classification of basic institution and classes. Social institutions according to subsidiary institution. Basic institution is Gillin and Gillin in Soerjono community considered as a social institution that is institutions are classified as follows: 1) very important to remain and maintain the Creative institutions and enacted order in society. In Indonesia, for example institutions are the classification of family, school, state, etc. Are considered as development point of view. basic institution which is principal.
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Whereas subsidiary institution for aspects, including : social class, justice, and example, circus in ancient Roman and social institutions that all four are related to Greek era is considered as basic institution, each other. In general, if explained briefly, then recreation activities. It depends on that social class is a very important how long the community has been going component in a class society that includes on, which certainly still have such belief. 3) upper, lower and middle class positions. From the acceptance point of society it can The socialism depicted in the novel O by be distinguished as approved or social Eka Kurniawan is certainly able to see how sanctioned institutions with unsanctioned individual facts occur, how the characters institutions. In this case approved or social play a role like the O that depicts the human sanctioned institutions examples such as figures through the roles he plays through schools, trading companies, etc. Otherwise, the circus mask of the street monkeys.
sanctioned institutions such as groups of To see the various arrangements criminals, extortionists, helpers, etc. 4) that will be seen certainly can not be General institution with restricted separated from the original line of the novel institutions based on its spreading factor. O by Eka Kurniawan. The author certainly General institutions such as religion are consider the study of genetic structuralism known by the world community. Restricted to see how the novel O by Eka kurniawan institutions are known by certain works based on social facts and how the communities such as Islam, Protestant story contained in the novel to provide Catholicism, Buddhism, etc. Because social value that will be determined. adopted by certain people in the world. 5) Genetic structuralism is a study that Based on functions consisting of operative examines the origins of a literary works. institutions and regulative institutions. According to Yunus in Sangidu, genetic Operative institutions such as structuralism is a discipline that pays industrialization agencies. Regulative attention to literary texts and socio-cultural institution example; prosecutor, court, etc. background, as well as the subject that gave (2015: 186-187). birth to it (2007: 27). Thus, it can be concluded that the ideology of socialism consists of four
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According to Goldmann in different ideas to become a whole set of Endaswara there are three things that need ideas certainly with a good message. This to be known to the researcher of genetic novel tells the ambitious monkey wants to structuralism that is: 1) all human behavior be a human. According to him become leads to the relation of rationality, its mean human is perfect. The human holding the always in response to its environment, 2) revolver has already been said to man. social group has tendency to create certain When we focused on terms of fact that not pattern different from existing pattern , 3) every human can have a revolver. In fact human behavior is a constant undertaking not every human have ever held a revolver. toward transcendence, ie activity, If we have a look from the social class of transformation, and quality of activities of human beings, the power or position all social and historical actions (2008: 59- determine their capability to earn 60). something. Eka Kurniawan wrote the novel
Goldmann in Faruk says that the is certainly not with emptiness but a novel is a literary genre characterized by message that he wanted to convey to the irreconcilable divisions in the relationship readers that every thing that exists in the between the hero and the world. According world of both living things and inanimate to him, the division is what causes the objects has a relationship. It can not be said world and heroes to be equally change in that life belongs only to mankind. In case it relation to the authentic values. The is associated with the islamic concept that division is what makes the hero believe life are consists of three aspects problematic (1988: 77). In this research the including Hablun Min Alloh man with researcher goes from a social novel. God, Hablun Min An-nas man with human, and Hablun Min Al-alam man with the In this research, the researcher chose a universe. novel entitled O by Eka Kurniawan Furthermore, this research is because it contains socialism aspects. The good side of the novel is come from the associated to the learning of Indonesian literature for Senior High School based on reliable author in composing the story to the ongoing curriculum that is 2013 develop interesting figures from various curriculum. The objectives is to attain the
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ability to analyze, understand, and able to humanism fact in novel O by Eka develop their mindset about the literary Kurniawan. Next, how is society social works. This research can develop students' classes defined on character O to upgrade knowledge about the ideology of socialism its class as a monkey to a human, so that it through literature. So that, the students has the same position in the society.
become active and able to interact with According to the idea above, the writer their friends such as in discussions process. forms And students are able to apply it with their 1. How socialism ideology describes own language through the novel. the existence of humanism fact in So that, this research will study novel O by Eka Kurniawan geneally using the literay sociology theory on the main character and others in the novel as a society analogy who prosecute RESEARCH METHODOLOGY life right as same as Soeharto era. The character described as monkey mask This research focuses on socialism circus, scavenger, drugs distributor and ideology analysis in novel O to describe others. Surely all characters will be and understand it. Then, the goal is to gain analyzed based on socialism ideology deep understanding . to find out fow analogous by the characters in the novel. socialism ideology describes the existence Eventhough the characters are semi-fable of humanism fact in novel O, written by such as the monkey, fly, mouse, sardine Eka Kurniawan from the view of genetic can, cockatoo and others. The fable structure. In addition to explain, define and characters cover all from what will be interprete the data characteristic, this analyzed by genetic structural approach. research uses qualitative method with To counter the problem in this research, content analysis technique supported by not to appear unclear and to point this genetic structuralism theory. Content research to be effective and intensive method analysis can be used for analyzing appropriate with the goal, there is a genetic structuralism forms in the text. problem scope. The scope is socialism Because of the contents are social incidents ideology describes the existence of based on social fact out of the text itself, to
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interpret the novel, the writer used genetic table to facilitate data classification that the structuralism approach. The writer also writer gained. The classification will be connected it with social contexts in viewed word per word, sentence per Indonesia, especially in the new era. sentences and paragraph per paragraph.
Related to the method, this In this research, the writer found research uses qualitative descriptive with that socialism ideology appeared in the content analysis technique. Descriptive character of a police. So that, the humanism qualitative method is a method for making fact showed on its character. The quotation a description, describe systematically, asks us to find out how is the process of factual and accurate about the fact, social history that a police is a state servant character and also relation among who deserve to be respected. However, in phenomenons detected qualitatively. the quotation, the police gets decreased Socialism ideology in novel O by Eka social class, when the police must be Kurniawan analyzed by genetic defeated by a monkey. A monkey structuralism approach. In this case, the considered as not recognized low social writer uses theory from Lucien Goldmann. class. While the police takes the middle social class. The quotation is :
“ Hey stupid, put down the
revolver. Want to kill a police, huh?” (page RESEARCH FINDING AND 1) DISCUSSION Based on the finding, shows that According to the research method, there is a social class distance between a the writer will classify the data based on su- police and low social class people, if the focus of the research, such as social view is based on socialism feature that a condition occurs in novel O, written by Eka duty and a respect for all citizen who are Kurniawan. Socialism ideology aspects able to work agree with the principle. and expression in novel O reviewed by According to humanism fact in the genetic struturalism. For data quotation that the police on the uniform classification, the writer build an anlaysis
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even with a revolver on his hand must be The analogy gives an idea that honored as a state servant. emphasizes the greatness of being a human,
The author analyze the terms of humans are equated to social beings that justice by analyzing the sentence and the have a high class. But not every human paragraph. Marking and correlate it with state in that position. Socially, The justice the facts of humanity contained in the novel that actually seen is the monkey Entang and correlate it with the existing social Kosasih character. He wants to get the facts not only in terms of characters, but same treatment in the society, he wants to also storylines and background contained be appreciated as a human being in general in the novel. Approximately from 302 who has a respectable social class, has findings one of them is as follows: equal opportunity to grow and learn to live like a human being. Entang Kosasih is not a foolish monkey. O can not fall in love with But actually it can be seen from the a foolish monkey. At least he was existing social facts based on genetic not as foolish as the other monkeys, structuralism that assumes to attain justice who, after being convinced that a like a human beings is not easy. It requires monkey could become a human, a good cooperation that coexist in the soon he left Rawa Kalong only to society. Therefore, the equitable justice is be beaten by car and left as a made upwards both upper, middle and carcass in the edge of highways. lower class. Furthermore, the authors No, Entang Kosasih is not that conducted an analysis on the aspect of stupid. (pp. 6-7) equality.
In the quotation the author found a The author analyzes the form of the depiction of humanity facts. Socially if it sign in the novel O by marking the sentence associated with humans, uneducated and the next paragraph related to the facts of humanity or social facts which generally people even in the lower classes have to think to get a good thing. A monkey named seeking the origin of the social form. Then Entang Kosasih has a big dream that he the authors interpret each sentence and wants to be a human. relate it to the existing social facts both
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historical facts and social facts outside the genetic structuralism the author reveals the text itself. This is certainly not directly ideology of socialism which is a social conveyed but the author of foku emphasize form characterized by social classes bodily on the characters, plot, and the background such upper, middle, and lower classes. It is contained in the novel and then the authors certainly related to the existing social facts connect it with social facts outside the text. that can be seen from the characters, plot,
Finally, the authors analyze the and background in the novel as well as social institutions. Social institutions are a outside the novel itself. place of the social order of upper, middle, The novel surely has the ideologies and lower classes. In this analysis the of socialism that can be expressed and author certainly do the same thing that interpreted well. so that the form of justice, marks and interpret the sentence and equality, and social institutions that paragraph. This analysis also assisted with accommodate various social problems that data that has been marked by the author. obtain in the novel or outside the novel is
Furthermore, the authors associate good to see from the characters, plot, or it to the events that have been experienced background. The ideology of socialism by the characters based on social facts. must be an understanding of how the social Social institutions include organization, classes contained in the novel and have a community, social organizations, habits, social solution to make the class gap visible customs, and rules can certainly be related clearly. to the facts of humanity that exist such as a The Social ideology in novel O by social fact either contained in the novel O Eka Kurniawan. The social class aspects of Eka Kurniawan or outside the novel itself the novel O is obviously seen from the which bodily have good interrelationship characters of the monkey with the elements of the characters, plot, and policeman who have class disputes, the background. Police with Drug dealer, the circus mask
According to the findings and monkey handler with his monkey, discussion of the ideology of socialism in thehomeless with the handler, the the novel that analyze through the study of relationship of the monkey to the dog, the
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relationship of the monkey to the rat, the of an institution to place the problems in santri with the rich girl, pigs with humans novel O by Eka Kurniawan. The study also etc. can not be detached from the novel
subtances elements itself as data instrument form, there are character, plot and CONCLUSION background. Socialism ideology reviewed from
the novel’s structure seen that humanity fact on social fact and individual fact. BIBLIOGRAPHY Considering the existence of social class, Anam, Munir Che. 2008. Muhammad SAW justice, equality, social institution on the and Karl Marx. Yogyakarta:Pustaka character, plot and background by taking Pelajar
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