La Gestion Des Gaspillages Dans Les Projets Au Sein Des Entreprises De Production : Application D'un Nouveau Modèle De Management De Projet Lean À Sotrem-Maltech

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La Gestion Des Gaspillages Dans Les Projets Au Sein Des Entreprises De Production : Application D'un Nouveau Modèle De Management De Projet Lean À Sotrem-Maltech THÈSE DE DOCTORAT PRÉSENTÉE À L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE POUR L'OBTENTION DU DOCTORAT EN MANAGEMENT DE PROJETS PAR SERGE RODRIGUE NENKAM, PMP Directrice de thèse : Caroline Gagné, Ph. D. LA GESTION DES GASPILLAGES DANS LES PROJETS AU SEIN DES ENTREPRISES DE PRODUCTION : APPLICATION D'UN NOUVEAU MODÈLE DE MANAGEMENT DE PROJET LEAN À SOTREM-MALTECH AOUT 2015 Mise en garde/Advice Afin de rendre accessible au plus Motivated by a desire to make the grand nombre le résultat des travaux results of its graduate students' de recherche menés par ses étudiants research accessible to all, and in gradués et dans l'esprit des règles qui accordance with the rules governing régissent le dépôt et la diffusion des the acceptation and diffusion of mémoires et thèses produits dans dissertations and theses in this cette Institution, l'Université du Institution, the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) est Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) is fière de rendre accessible une version proud to make a complete version of complète et gratuite de cette œuvre. this work available at no cost to the reader. L'auteur conserve néanmoins la The author retains ownership of the propriété du droit d'auteur qui copyright of this dissertation or protège ce mémoire ou cette thèse. thesis. Neither the dissertation or Ni le mémoire ou la thèse ni des thesis, nor substantial extracts from extraits substantiels de ceux-ci ne it, may be printed or otherwise peuvent être imprimés ou autrement reproduced without the author's reproduits sans son autorisation. permission. i À la mémoire de mes parents À ma famille ii Remerciements Je suis très reconnaissant envers ma directrice de recherche, la professeure Caroline Gagné, pour son abnégation et sa rigueur scientifique. Dès notre première rencontre, elle m'a exprimé toute sa confiance et son soutien pour la réalisation de cette thèse dans des délais optimaux. Ce qui fut dit, a été fait. Étant restée souple mais rigoureuse dans ses conseils et ses orientations, sa sagesse et son intelligence m'ont éclairé tout au long de cette recherche. Je veux lui exprimer mes remerciements de tout cœur. Je remercie les membres du jury, MM. Stéphane Aubin, Christophe Leyrie et Michel Gagnon, d'avoir disposé de leur précieux temps pour évaluer le contenu de la thèse. Mes remerciements vont également à l'endroit des responsables de l’entreprise Sotrem- Maltech, plus particulièrement à MM. Michel Boudreault, Patrick Dubé, Daniel Lemay et à Mme Lyne Vaillancourt pour leur soutien sans faille pendant mon séjour organisationnel. Cette thèse est élaborée avec le soutien du MITACS, à qui je transmets mes vifs remerciements pour leur apport financier et logistique. Le Gouvernement du Canada par ce bras séculier de la recherche m'a permis de mener à terme et dans de très bonnes conditions les objectifs poursuivis. Toute ma reconnaissance et mes remerciements. Pendant mon projet de recherche, j'ai également bénéficié du soutien technologique et opérationnel de M. Babissakana, PMP, General Manager de la firme de l'intelligence pour iii la technologie du management de projet en Afrique, PRESCRIPTOR®. Je lui transmets, ainsi qu'aux cadres de cette entreprise qui promeut le management de projet en Afrique et dans le monde, ma reconnaissance et mes remerciements. J'ai bénéficié de l'assistance académique et logistique de MM. Brahim Meddeb et Stéphane Aubin. Grâce à leur réseau de connaissances professionnelles, ils ont favorisé et facilité l'effectivité du séjour organisationnel et la réalisation de la thèse, tout en mobilisant les ressources académiques disponibles. Puissiez-vous trouver par ce geste l'élan de mes sincères remerciements. C'est grâce au Département des Sciences Économiques et Administratives de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi que le projet de thèse a vu le jour et a été réalisé avec succès. Je tiens à remercier Mme Isabelle Lemay, M. Yves Lachance, les enseignants MM. Julien Bousquet, Marc-Urbain Proulx, Tierno Diallo, Mmes Imen Latrous, Salmata Ouedraogo, Lise Plourde, ainsi que le personnel, Lyne Desmeules, Line Duchesne et Cathy Tremblay pour leur soutien sur mesure. Enfin et spécialement, je suis très reconnaissant à mes enfants, ma chère et tendre épouse, mes amis, ainsi que mes sœurs et frères qui ont soutenu et animé ce travail pendant que j'étais parfois dans le doute ou taraudé par l'idée d'abandonner. Trouvez ici l'émoi de ma modeste personne. Une pensée particulière à la mémoire de mes parents Papa TCHOMGWI François et Maman NJENKAM Catherine qui n’ont pas eu le temps de voir cette œuvre. Reposez en paix. iv RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse a pour but d'apporter une contribution à l'avancement des connaissances sur l’une des thématiques qui préoccupent tant les chercheurs en milieu universitaire que les professionnels en management de projet en rapport avec la philosophie du management de projet Lean (MPL). La recherche entreprise tente de porter un regard nouveau sur la compréhension des lignes directrices du Lean et du MPL. Elle propose, teste et évalue en milieu organisationnel un nouveau modèle de management de projet Lean qui vise la satisfaction des parties prenantes dans un projet au moindre coût. En connectant simultanément la philosophie du Lean aux bonnes pratiques de management de projet, l’objectif général de la recherche est de parvenir à réaliser les projets au sein des entreprises de production selon les exigences des parties prenantes externes tout en maximisant la valeur. Le cas empirique étudié Dans le cadre du programme de Doctorat en Management de Projets (DMP) de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, la thèse doit se pencher sur une problématique vécue en milieu organisationnel. C'est l'exigence supplémentaire de ce Doctorat Professionnel qui, en plus de générer des connaissances théoriques, contribue au monde de la pratique par la résolution immédiate ou progressive d'une problématique organisationnelle réelle (Prévost et Roy, 2012). Ainsi, il est question, pendant huit mois, de conceptualiser et de tester des pratiques de la philosophie du Lean et du management de projet à Sotrem-Maltech, entreprise de transformation de l'aluminium située dans la région administrative du Saguenay-Lac-Saint- Jean au Québec. Sotrem-Maltech considère chaque commande d’un client comme un nouveau projet. Elle implémente déjà certaines pratiques du management Lean telles que le flux tiré : la production est déclenchée en fonction de la demande du client. Par contre, pour gérer ses projets, Sotrem-Maltech n’utilise pas de démarche opérationnelle structurée de management de projet. Ainsi, l’entreprise souhaite renforcer ses pratiques du Lean déjà amorcées et mettre sur pied une cartographie de management de projet uniforme pour toutes ses commandes clients. Cette préoccupation constitue le point de départ de la recherche qui se veut à la fois théorique et pratique. Théorique parce qu’elle apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les lignes directrices du Lean et du MPL et pratique parce que la recherche permet de résoudre un problème organisationnel concret. v Plusieurs outils et techniques ont été proposés et testés, certains dans leur intégralité. Ce qui permet déjà de percevoir les premiers résultats probants : l'entreprise Sotrem- Maltech a considérablement réduit les gaspillages dans sa chaîne de production et atteint un niveau de maîtrise de ses projets que les dirigeants eux-mêmes n’avaient jamais envisagé. Comme résultats préliminaires, les dirigeants de l’entreprise constatent par exemple, la réduction du temps de cycle de production de 37.5%, la réduction de l’ordre de 40% des délais moyens de retard des projets, la réduction de la taille des non conformités de l’ordre de 48%, la maîtrise de l’attribution des rôles et des responsabilités grâce à l’adoption de la charte de projet pendant la phase de lancement, le suivi structuré des projets à partir de la technique du management de la valeur acquise ou encore la lisibilité claire des processus de production grâce aux diagrammes de flux. Le modèle proposé peut être généralisable à d’autres entreprises de production. Cependant, il est important de noter que les résultats escomptés vont davantage dépendre des facteurs environnementaux, des actifs organisationnels de l’entreprise et de la résistance aux changements des employés. Par ailleurs, ce modèle présente quelques limites qui peuvent susciter de nouvelles recherches : il s’appuie sur la posture épistémologique de Howell et Koskela (2000) qui considèrent qu’il est possible de situer les bases d’une théorie du management de projet, ce qui fait débat. Nous pouvons également noter que le modèle n’a pas été testé en contexte de gestion de programme ni de portefeuille. Ce qui pourrait rendre difficile son implantation dans ces environnements. La présente thèse s’articule autour de six chapitres : l’introduction, le contexte théorique, la revue de littérature, le modèle proposé et ses outils, le cas empirique et la conclusion. L’introduction définit le contexte global de la recherche, la problématique, les objectifs et la méthodologie générale de recherche. Le contexte théorique présente les différentes théories qui nous servent d’appui pour l’élaboration du modèle MPL. La revue de la littérature explore les insuffisances des modèles dominants en management de projet à intégrer la gestion des gaspillages énumérés par Ohno (1978). Le modèle proposé et ses outils conceptualisent la cartographie de management de projet que nous proposons pour gérer efficacement les gaspillages dans une chaîne de production. Le cas empirique met en œuvre certains outils du modèle identifiés pour apporter une réponse au problème organisationnel. vi ABSTRACT This thesis aims to make a modest contribution to the advancement of knowledge on one of the themes that concern both academic researchers as project management professionals in connection with the philosophy of Lean management. This is the Lean Project Management (LPM).
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