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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion: 3: The Chapter 2: AKPChapter Politics Turkey’s and Transformation 1: Chapter FashioningIntroduction: Narratives 3.3: Educational Activities a 3.2: Brief Historical Overview of the 3.1: Role The of Religion Turkey in 2.6: Concluding Remarks: Turk 2.5: Security 2.4: Economic Components of 2.3: Muslim Components of 2.2: ADeparture from Previous Foreign Policy as Pragmatist Rationale 2.1: Turkish PolicyForeign Forays 1.4: ANote 1.3: Transformation The of Turkey 1.2: Islam Turkish the and Politics of Engagement 1.1: contested The Origins of the 3.5: The 3.4: The 1.3.2: 1.3.2: Academic Developments and Transformation an as Expression of Modernity 1.3.1: A Continuity of Transformation 1.2.1: Is there a‘Turkish Islam’? 1.2.1: Narratives of Legitimation without the Turkish State 1.1.2: Th 1.1.1: The Search for Narratives of Legitimation and Transformation outside Politics 3.3.1: 3.3.1: 3.2.3: The Political Climate ofthe1990s and the 3.2.2: The 1980s and the 3.2.1: Structure ofthe 2.2.2: Turkey’s Regional Role: 2.2.1: Themes of Turkish 2.1.2: Examples ofAlleged ‘Ottoman’ Components of 2.1.1: Contentions to as a Fatih University Gülen Movement Gülen Movement Neo e Transformation ofNarratives ofHegemony
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n the above quote and will receive attention in the following thesis. The first is the political the is first The thesis. following the in attentionreceive will and quote above the n “Türkiye özgeçmişini gözden geçirip yeniden yazacağı bir yaşa geldi. Mahpusu olduğu büyük anlatı yırtıldığı yırtıldığı anlatı büyük olduğu Mahpusu geldi. yaşa bir yazacağı yeniden geçirip gözden özgeçmişini “Türkiye - perception. supra new the global between gamesnew power the in elements become and hands change capital and a aura intellectual by power, triggered been has that search a a is for This looking tale. is new Turkey apart, torn been has was, Turkey prisoner whose narrative, the Since grand it. rewrite and biography its review to needs it when age an to come has Turkey n h ls dcd te rmnne f uky n the in Turkey of prominence the decade last the In in - narratives contemporary political and social watersheds. Two of the latter are mentioned mentioned are latter the of Two watersheds. social and political contemporary
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Altüst Dergisi Dergisi Altüst
Abdülhamit Kırmızı Abdülhamit : Te World [The Fashioning Narratives Fashioning fter the revolutions of revolutions the fter entered a crisis and lost their hegemonic power.
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Nicolas Danforth, “Shut Up about Neo about Up “Shut Danforth, Nicolas Neo [The Yanılması “Yeni Osmanlıcılık Kırmızı, Oğuzlu, Tarık histor and contemporary between relationship tensile the relates Göçek Müge Fatma io A Ye A. Birol
Turkish Studies Turkish origin of the term itself is itself term the of origin As a reaction to, and an and to, reaction a As - old – silada, silada, due
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practices of modernity as transformational transformational as modernity of practices o eape important example, for - ’ Ottomanism
and ‘progress,’ and . lamic and non and lamic
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CEU eTD Collection separated from intellectual components. its and as understood be of components the contextual is identity a as seen be should perceptions andcultural, historical of religious, cohesion. s detail in examining by argued Movement Gülen Turkey. republican contemporary of borders Empire action. economic and participation political as well Neo historical ties branded refuted critically. evaluated be will role His Minister. Foreign Turkey’s Iraq. of invasion th and 11 September of consequence a as recently, more and, Union Soviet the of dissolution the since occurred has which reorganisation political concrete of consequences by suggested as influence, of - framework of of framework aspects Ottomanism
n re t da tee ruet tgte, t s rpsd that proposed is it together, arguments these draw to order In above, mentioned as 3, Chapter
or discredited, or is perceived as a morally integrated integrated morally a as perceived is in a national and supranational (regional) sense (regional) supranational and national a in and legitimised. This appeals to appeals This legitimised. and , although , ,
and although the overall purpose of ascribing to it can be can it to ascribing of purpose overallthe although the need for such for need the
They are also, prominently, associated with the role of Ahmet Davutoğlu, Ahmet of role the with associated prominently, also, are They project beca can be seen as one of the main profiteers of profiteers main the of one as seen be can ultimately label denoting a denoting label alternative me a useful vehicle to disseminate notions of social transformation as transformation social of notions disseminate to vehicle useful a me
the as it is by the appropriation of this this of appropriation the by is it as s
of social and political transformationpolitical and social of concrete political concrete
contributes topoliticalandfinancial mobilisation. Neo modernities narratives m o is dctoa atvte, hc poi from profit which activities, educational its of ome - Ottomanism narrative picks up picks a
for purposes of legitimation of purposes for
perceived cohesion on the basis o basis the on cohesion perceived
aspects Islamic polity worthy of emulation beyond the the beyond emulation of worthy polity Islamic In terms of the of terms In and and
of legitima of the the , these forays and advances are primarily primarily are advances and forays these , netd traditions invented
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CEU eTD Collection 16 2002), Brunswick/London New Publishers: (Transaction 15 2007: 25, (Vol. 14 secular propagated the tradition imbue political durability, and longevity transformations exceptional of polity imperial is It traditions d the to referring by components, separate the between relationship terminology. Ottoman judgement subsequent and comparison beyond Turkish constitution transformational regard and ‘transformation’ Turkey’s relate will thesis this ‘modern,’ the progr modernising of comparison and abstraction be by cannot reality resolved social and modern’ be to means it ‘what of understanding normative E of evolution the prompt to was differentiation functional and structural of shortcoming the Indeed, latter. modernisation between differentiation
Ibid., 2. p. Ibid., in “Introduction,” Preyer, Gerhard Shmuel N. N. Shmuel thus n o te rbes f iesats rgnl framework original Eisenstadt’s of problems the of One The accounts of these transformations transformations these of accounts The
and non and tr. ht ad ti tei de nt li ta te rnfrain f uky is Turkey of transformation the that claim not does thesis this said, That story.
label indicate that that indicate label
proposed that the historical connotations of connotations historical the that proposed
as proposed by Hobsbawm and Ranger in their book their in Ranger and Hobsbawm by proposed as
n reconstitution.” and iesat “utpe oente, in Modernities,” “Multiple Eisenstadt, Shmuel Eisenstadt: A Paradigma of Social and Cultural Evolution Cultural and of Social Paradigma A Eisenstadt: Shmuel i wih h fre i udrto a te nelcul nepnig f the of underpinning intellectual the as understood is former the which in ,
- sntd’ oiia theory. original isenstadt’s western ih cp ad legitimacy. and scope with
project ammes. n Turkey. in
project
h to ucinly different functionally two the 15 wherever possible in order to reflect “a story of continual continual of story “a reflect to order in possible wherever
internal Accordingly, to avoid the normative implication of the term term the of implication normative the avoid to Accordingly,
Protosociology. An international Journal of Interdisciplinary Research Research Interdisciplinary of Journal international An Protosociology. Neo
– 16
an alternative to western normativity western to alternative an This reconstitution is also presented as an intrinsically intrinsically an as presented also is reconstitution This -
Ottomanism transformation may well take on externally originating externally on take well may transformation 14
hs a b eutd o the to equated be can This
This
will be augmented, in order to explicate the explicate to order in augmented, be will p. p. 1 hul N Shmuel –
is indeed, the contested origins of the of origins contested the indeed, - 2. indicates that the tension between a a between tension the that indicates
also, significantly, significantly, also, individual individual Neo Esntd (ed.) Eisenstadt . - Ottomanism concepts The Invention of Tradition of Invention The
constitutive elements of of elements constitutive was ), passim. ), Neo nmc of ynamics t lc o sufficient of lack its
– , of of , by referring to an to referring by ,
an therefore it can be be can it therefore utpe Modernities Multiple - Ottomanism
modernity xlcty non explicitly neto o a of invention invented invented
Neo
as a a as and 15 - - .
CEU eTD Collection 18 Tradition of Invention 17 pies social and political many in fingers their had Ottomans the that as much as in Empire bono poignant especially are traditions invented of features these chapters, following the in clear become will as and, that arewith the purpose invented of ove may Hobsbawm by identified traditions invented of categories repetition of under practices also the is posited subsumed label a and by legitimacy] [with behaviour repetition…” of norms certain inculcate to seek practices…which so of analyses Neo between Turkish politics. interpretationsof archaic term the of use the that noted be also transformations 1, Chapter in out laid lens an as of thought
Hobsbawm, “Introduction,” p. 9. p. “Introduction,” Hobsbawm, Eric Hobsbawm, “Introduction: Inventing Traditions,” in Eric Hobsbawm/Terrence Ranger (eds.), (eds.), Ranger Hobsbawm/Terrence Eric in Traditions,” Inventing “Introduction: Hobsbawm, Eric - Ottomanism Ottomanism
question that is crucialquestion thatis tounderstanding complex this and elusive label. W o eaor metaphor a belabour To beliefs,of value systems, conventions and behaviourof or real groups, authorit of membership the or establishingartificialcommunities,thoselegitimizingb) or cohesion social symbolizing or a)…establishing T
eltanschauung and does not denote teleo denote not does and e ae of case he 17 y, and c) those whose main purpose was purpose was socialization, the inculcation the socialization, was purpose was purpose main whose those c) and y, - More than anything else, the label refers to a set of parameters, perceptions, parameters, of set a to refers label the else, anything than More called invented traditions: traditions: invented called (Chapter 2) and and 2) (Chapter alternative modernity alternative a b dsrbd n h prmtr Ei Hbbw etbihd n his in established Hobsbawm Eric parameters the in described be can
(Cambridge/NY: C (Cambridge/NY:
in the case of case the in Neo
that is invented is that - Ottomanism Neo
- Ottomanism
the intellectual formulation of formulation intellectual the n recap and logy, but is used merely as an indicator of differentiation differentiation of indicator an as merely used is but logy, Neo ambridge University Press 1992), 1passim. and p. 1992), Press University ambridge
, although rooted although , - modern
. Ottomanism
is an exceptional example of the how all three three all how the of example exceptional an is This thesis states that, seen through the theoretical the through seen that, states thesis This ‘netd tradition’ “‘Invented
:
is an enc an is Neo
throughout this thesis is not in opposition to opposition in not is thesis this throughout - Ottomanism
and give insight into the proverbial the into insight give and ompassing in perceptions of the past the of perceptions in , 18
institutions, status
as historic
s ny bu te Ottoman the about only is these is taken to mean a set of of set a mean to taken is label rlap. These are traditions are These rlap.
(Chapter 3) (Chapter comprising .
or relations of relationsor
. –
It should should It
political thus the thus The cui cui 16
CEU eTD Collection Turkish past.rather thanthe present the in firmly rooted is narrative This connotations. historical on fashioned narrative by legitimised and present the in rooted exchanges political in established is This all. at exist prints these whether unclear is (post Republic Third the between distortion and distance Ottomanism on discourse Contemporary control. Ottoman nominal under territories the throughout
relationship with its Ottomanpast.relationship its with
pel t te rns et n hs pies these in left prints the to appeals T his is due to the political expedience of history and the volatility of the the volatilityand of the politicalofhistory expedience is duetothe his
Neo - Ottomanism
. Thus . . However, because of the historical historical the of because However, . -
1980) and the Ottoman Empire, it it Empire, Ottoman the and 1980) Neo - Ottomanism
is the label of a of label the is Neo 17 -
CEU eTD Collection Essays Articles and Selected History. Political 19 of components religious the because significant is This connotations. historical Neo labell the thus borders; contemporary its beyond living Muslims for played Turkey role ideational strong the to referred term the Republic. Turkish the of expansionism aggressive alleged the to refer 1 in Cyprus of invasion the to back traced be can itself label. departure of point a As The1.1: contested Origins of the by theframework referringof to plausibilityfor about Thus, debate. of issue the to specific case each in are that reasons connotations and perceptions making politics commentary dynamic and complex a is previously the around revolve argumentation will the These follow. of caveats theoretical the out map will chapter following The
Kemal Karpat, “The Civil Rights of the Muslims of the Balkans,” in his his in Balkans,” the of Muslims the of Rights Civil “The Karpat, Kemal - Ottomanism Ottomanism As symbols . This commentary takes on relevance in accordance with accordance in relevance on commentary takes This .
Chapter 1: Chapter 1: it. it. Turkish historian Turkish historian Neo
particular particular n ter appro their and - Ottomanism already in the 1970s the in already
, Neo
policies Neo Kemal Karpat points out, t Karpat out, Kemal points - -
Ottomanism Ottomanism Ottomanism are employed to establish leverage by different groups for for groups different by leverage establish to employed are rain n re t ahee pcfc outcomes specific achieve to order in priation denotes invented traditions invented ; it is this part of the label that can be adequately explained adequately be can that label the of part this is it ; Transformation ing of expansionist policies of the Turkish Republic as as Republic Turkish the of policies expansionist of ing
(Brill: Leiden/Boston/Cologne 2002), p. 524. 2002), Leiden/Boston/Cologne (Brill: referred to legitimation on the basis of religious and religious of basis the on legitimation to referred idea a Neo
narrative is understood as an as understood is
ht the that -
Ottoman as as . a
on he earliest documented use of the term term ofthe use he earliest documented f legitimation of label Narrative 974, when Greek agitators used it to it used agitators Greek when 974, contemporary Turkish Turkish contemporary
Label
of Neo initially
Studies on Ottoman Social and and Social Ottoman on Studies the - Neo Ottomanism Ottomanism
of particular interlocutors interlocutors particular
19 n which in -
Ottomanism Turkish Turkish imposed externally Karpat claims that claims Karpat
or establish establish or society and and society introduced historical
is also also is s
Neo that 18 -
CEU eTD Collection 33 p. 1985), Gorcum: Maastricht/Assen Destroy Balkans: the 21 italicsmine. 2, p. 20 and necessary is it reason this For r present from derived was expansion Ottoman Republic Turkish the rhetorical theory’ Y ‘Ottoman the of narratives attendant the and expansion tradition invented another is this itself; label the of referents the of of interpretation content the from the derived however, is commentary; commentary epistemological of purpose the serves it legitimate that underscores it because of process a also is cohesion, religious conquest.” insinuation with engagement an in example, For Empire. Ottoman ‘ a past perception of anda theOttoman Turkish present. Ottomanism ather consensus. thanhistorical cultural
The Bulgarian ca Bulgarian The “ Gerek Gerek 21 Indeed, it seems that much contemporary much that seems it Indeed, T The aforementioned fetih rüyaları fetih
hus reets’ s uky ek t re to seeks Turkey as irredentism’ were meant to imbue the resistance movement against the against movement resistance the imbue to were meant legitimacy the polic 20 and writes that it is pejorative, labelling Turkish foreign policy as “dreams of “dreams as policy foreign Turkish labelling pejorative, is it that writes and
Yet this engagement this Yet are especiall are Neo
se is summed up in Machiel Kiel, Machiel in up summed is se - er or er . Ottomanism Ottomanism
ies accompanying them.
n hs atclr ae te eaie onttos f toa imperial Ottoman of connotations negative the case, particular this In görenler…”
based on selective appropriation of Ottoman history Ottoman of selectiveappropriation on based and simultaneously ‘invent’ a tradition of aggressive irredentism for for irredentism aggressive of tradition a ‘invent’ simultaneously and
Bringer of Culture?” in his his in Culture?” of Bringer y important in asserting historical asserting in important y use of use
Neo
in Kırmızı, in was and has remained discursive rather than paradigmatic. paradigmatic. than rather discursive remained has and was
- 35. 35.
- itself Neo Ottomanism analytically
- , on the basis of perceived networks of cultural and cultural of networks perceived of basis the on , Ottomanism Ottomanism
“Yeni Osmanlıcılık Yanılması Yanılması Osmanlıcılık “Yeni netn a hrd tradition shared a inventing
example
-
Art and Society in Bulgaria in the Turkish Period Turkish the in Bulgaria in Society and Art “The Nature of the Turkish Conques Turkish the of Nature “The enga - day Turkish aggression and select narratives select and aggression Turkish day
s at is urtv o rs idvda lmns and elements individual grasp to lucrative debate ge in regions that were once part of the the of part once were that regions in ge
as a negative label already suggests that negative that a already label suggests as of
t cr aot uh inventions such about core its otxul symbo contextual
how this
revolves around the implication of implication the around revolves oke’ or a generalised ‘catastrophe ‘catastrophe generalised a or oke’ , Kırmızı identifies its use as use its identifies Kırmızı , and
Neo cultural continuity between between continuity cultural - Ottomanism [The Neo [The Turkish Ti i significant is This . ls .
The ‘meaning’ of ‘meaning’of The - Ottoman Illusion],” Illusion],” Ottoman ahr hn th than rather occupationwith t and its impact on impact its and t
resembles
(Van (Van that
19 an an an e
CEU eTD Collection 24 p. 371. Ibid, World 357 Modern the in Turkey 4: Volume Turkey. of 23 Center East Middle Carnegie Papers, 22 the until not Ottomanism of means politics high from removed encouraged law martial of years developments onward. from the 1980s describe to used been has it Karpat, by suggested origins the of regardless period gestation the as seen years the of of emergence range wide a describe retrospectively to phenomena 2000s and 1990s the of scholarship in inconclusive suggested by reference tothe Ottoman its Empire. concerted contextual a as label the use to opt instead and problems these clarifying problems considerable have which scholarship, and literature contemporary meaning. it of connotations
Ibid., passim.Ibid., Polit and “Islam White, Jenny Ömer Taspinar, “Turkey’s Middle East Policies. Between Between Policies. East Middle “Turkey’s Taspinar, Ömer - 376. Poignantly, White refers to to refers White Poignantly, 376. between B This historical This ecause of the isolated use of the term in reference to periods before the 1980s, it is it 1980s, the before periods to reference in term the of use isolated the of ecause
political political ideology, as has been argued, been has as ideology, political The . Jenny White, writing on the politics of Turkey in the 1980s, locates the (re the locates 1980s, the in Turkey of politics the on writing White, Jenny .
initially mate initially to speculat to Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi Partisi Kalkınma ve Adalet
1980 origins and contents of the the of contents and origins
and embed these into a theoretical framework theoretical a into theseembed and label emancipation, - 1983
context is also important because the political climate following the following climate political the because important also is context
e upon its origins its upon e in the political consequences of the military coup of 1980 and the the and 1980 of coup military the of consequences political the in , rialised against a background of highly political rhetoric. political highly of background a against rialised
ics in Contemporary Turkey,” in Turkey,” Contemporary in ics when martial law was implemented was law martial when iial o sa, which Islam, to Similarly . of
the , No. 10, Sep 2008, passim. Sep 2008, 10, No. , Neo 24 na ideas associated with contemporary with associated ideas
- ednis that tendencies Ottomanism rratives
JsieadDvlpet Party] Development and [Justice being
CmrdeN: Cambridge (Cambridge/NY: framing framing
as a “set of ideas, of “set a as ae thus label before this this before
22
were later to be subsumed under under subsumed be to later were Neo o atclrhsoia pro, s is as period, historical particular a nor political and social dissent social and political
Reşit Kasaba (ed.), (ed.), Kasaba Reşit - Ottomanism came insinuation fluctuate period
” onto the political scene as a a as scene political the onto
.
rather than a concerted ideology. concerted a than rather 23 rather than establish a fixed fixed a establish than rather
Indeed, the 1980s can be can 1980s the Indeed, . T .
and and .
. he term has been has term he University Press 2008), p. p. 2008), Press University
T It neither describes a describes neither It Neo Kemalism The Cambridge History History Cambridge The his is reflected in in reflected is his - internal Ottomanism was voted into into voted was ” in ,”
o emerge to
Turkish Carnegie Carnegie I t was t Neo used , as, as, , 20 - - )
CEU eTD Collection 27 26 p. 141 2008), Oxford/Portland Publishing: Afghanistan and Iran, Iraq, Turkey, to Reference WithSpecial East. Middle the in Politics Constitutional 25 organisation the of perceptions transfo tax proposed disadvantaged, economically the from partly electorate its recruited which Party], [Welfare t by appeal to order in nostalgia invented of explicit. politically being without public Turkish the among chord a struck that rhetoric in clad was politics and movements social and political valence inthe political arena. altern dissent, express to order In Turkey. military. the and institutions and dissent political Neo but opposition, legitimacy. political of terms in deficiencies significant has 1982 of constitution the that out points Bilgin Fevzi Mehmet 1.1.1: Search The for significa in government
White, “Islam and Politics,” p. 371. 371. p. Politics,” “Islam and White, 145 p. Ibid., (ed), Arjomad Amir Saïd in Turkey,” in Democracy and Legitimacy, “Constitution, Bilgin, Fevzi Mehmet he constraints of high politics high of constraints he - Ottomanism ative rmni, daie vrin f h Otmn at fee sc a such offered past Ottoman the of version idealised romantic, A ntly narratives - .
146. 27 connoting
2002 that the label became part and parcel of parcel and part became label the that 2002 een lo lies also herein
. The constitution of 1982 effectively marginalised legitimate expression of expressionlegitimate 1982 effectivelyof marginalised constitution The .
Thus, political grievances and demands were glossed over with a veneer veneer a with over glossed were demands and grievances political Thus, millet
reserved power in the hands of a small elite made up mostly of statist statist of mostly up made elite small a of hands the in power reserved
rmations and a more egalitarian form of taxation based on the the on based taxation of form egalitarian more a and rmations f legitimation of Narratives internal
ytm s mas f iaca demarcation financial of means a as system
26
and commentators and
Turkish developments.
25 n fteasest the to answers the of one hs iiie cvl atcpto i te oenne of governance the in participation civil minimised This .
of Legitimation of - hs niae a icnie o pltcl n social and political for incentive an indicates This For example, t example, For 1 45. the
–
to a wide audience who may otherwise be deterred deterred be otherwise may who audience wide a to like, for example, religion religion example, for like, grievances . Commentary . he
and and at that time oppositional time that at f non of
Transformation u bono cui -
tt groups state popular and political parlance, political and popular
on perceived ills of society of ills perceived on – question connected to connected question
in
outside Politics outside had to be clad in in clad be to had order to achieve achieve to order n multi and Refah Partisi Refah narrative - ethnic (Hart (Hart
21
to to
CEU eTD Collection p. 74 2008), Princeton/Oxford 29 28 “geo a make to Turkey for need the and crisis ideational of sense a it with brought on discussion transporting issue. particular was narrative Partisi Refah socio contemporary histor the by perpetuated perception idealised t corresponded society Ottoman not or Whether concept. autonomous an as emerged it the of centre the at situated become to was governance of system Empire neither isconsistent application. inchronology norin increasi became the During a as understood becannot den to taken was it that consensus context. to according varies meaning exact its texts, Ottoman in nation the that contention tenuous the even Empire. Ottoman valence
Doganalp
. ür Hanioğlu, Şükrü M. - state This perception was based on the idea that the the that idea the on based was perception This eea o the of Several centralised less hierarchical, less a and pluralism inclusion, for call the Indeed, f which of - Votzi, Votzi, Tanzimat – political demands and issues cohn ter rtcs o te otmoay politi contemporary the of criticism their clothing ,
Neo intended especially in the Balkans the in especially ngly blurred, ngly Herrschaft und Staat und Herrschaft - There is no concrete historical evidence to suggest that this was the case; case; the was this that suggest to evidence historical concrete no is There Forthwith, such historical comparison was a useful narrative for for narrative useful a was comparison historical such Forthwith, Ottoman r hgl cnrvril served controversial, highly are - political situati political
period, boundaries between ethnic, cultural, and religious communities communities religious and cultural, ethnic, between boundaries period,
A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire Empire Ottoman Late the of History Brief A
to make the history the make to domestic - 76. 76. terminus technicus terminus ism
29
and the and developed in , p. p. 209 , pseooia ise cnond in conjoined issues epistemological ote non ote on was at centre stage. In the case of the demands of the of demands the of case the In stage. centre at was on millet millet - – 211. 211. ;
is contested is it - Muslim segments of the Ottoman population, it it population, Ottoman the of segments Muslim - became a
sensitive Turkish public more receptive to this this to receptive more public Turkish sensitive
the 1980s the a te pr the was for cultural stratification without qualification. without stratificationculturalfor as an organisational principle of the Ottoman the of principle organisational an as cl eeec ws o a issue. an not was reference ical similar a . Although the term itself does appear does itself term the Although . millet system millet nar .
Inaddition, cro t te eiiu ad ethnic and religious the to ecursor rative oflegitimation
purpose 28 Neo
Although there is general general is there Although (Princeton University Press: Press: University (Princeton ,
cal system in nostalgic nostalgic in system cal the end of the Cold War War Cold ofthe the end the - Ottoman origins and political and origins successfully the contemporary .
discourse as discourse
Rather n the in o the the the 22 -
CEU eTD Collection 33 32 31 (eds.), 30 narratives ‘centre,’ political a and actors marginalised between negotiation the and reconstitution political of project a fundamentally intellectual modernities’ ‘multiple of formulation To contestation. Islamicadjectiveor Turkish.”as such qualifying a with modernity of adulteration no accepted it folkloric; the than space greater marginalised effectively intrinsically anything had ideals Western with modernity of equation unquestioned as described has Keyder what by Turkey in defined was real the in transformations audiences their arena political the and ide possibilities transformation of articulation the question. into called increasingly was of project the 1980s, early the experiencedomestic westernisation dominant to adhered cultural”
Eisenstadt, “Multiple Modernities,” Modernities,” “Multiple Eisenstadt, Ibid., Ibid., K Çağlar
Rethinking National Identity in Turkey Turkey in Identity National Rethinking
p. 37. p. p. hs o is a it te e mlenu Tre beca Turkey millennium new the into way its on Thus, a became 1990s the in Turkey 30 46 eyder,
-
of legitimation of hie Tgte wt te end the with Together choice.
49. transformation transformation
“ Wie h atrd oiia evrnet o ob cnrbtd to contributed doubt no environment political altered the While . Whiter the Project of Mode of Project the Whiter y appropriating by describe ational necessities ofthe post of
Turkish: the project of Western modernity “permitted local culture no no culture local “permitted modernity Western of project the Turkish: political violence in the 1970sthe violencein political
m of m that –
is one useful framework of analys of framework useful one is hs cmlx yais Esntd’ iiil theoretical initial Eisenstadt’s dynamics, complex these
33 emerged in emerged p. 5 p.
transformation Turkish Turkish Eisenstadt’s concept Eisenstadt’s al -
6. projects that would take full advantage of the strategic strategic the of advantage full take would that projects narratives processes
32
31 (University of Washington Press: Seattle/London 1997), 37. p. 1997), Seattle/London Press: Washington (Universityof society in transition in society
– rnity? Turkey in the 1990s,” in 1990s,” the in Turkey rnity? Thus, in Thus,
foreign policy, the last decade of the 20 the of decade last the policy, foreign s poe t a omtv poet f social of project normative a to opposed as
f h bplr era bipolar the of the wake of the 1980s in Turkey. As has been been has As Turkey. in 1980s the of wake the
under i under based on the western (European) blueprint blueprint (European) western the on based
f legitimation of - the 1990s, there emerged fertile ground for ground fertile emerged there 1990s, the 1989 regional political order. ,
captures and finally the military crackdown of crackdownfinally andmilitary the s formal ts
as actors competed for valence in in valence for competed actors as a – is. Because is. some of some social and appealing emotively to emotively appealing and
a uig hc Tre had Turkey which during
hrnet NATO to dherence Sib me an arena of social social of arena an me el Bozdoğan/Reşat Kasaba Kasaba Bozdoğan/Reşat el malaise. malaise. the the modernisation contents of contents Decades of of Decades
th
century
–
and and the the 23
is
CEU eTD Collection 35 34 this. of consequence for incentives provided law politi martial of years the by left legacy political controversial the and constitution 1982 the of legitimacy political questionable the example, for order; of transformations socio and contestation for spaces opens decline.” “the that point the at precisely is modernity of inception the that argues who Weber, by originally described foras processes foreignpolicy such initiatives. con the for consequences as Rep Turkish the in dominant processes Westernisation to alternative an and Keyder by lamented an as understood description. transforma adequate an is this intuitive, counter be may modern’ ‘the of terms in described be can that dynamics transformational dissatisfaction as toofficial ‘alternatives’ political channels. these mentioned,
Paraphrased by James D. Faubian in by Faubian D. James Paraphrased Modernities,” “Multiple Eisenstadt, identity ublic before the 1980s. 1980s. the before ublic cal contestation. W h dvlpet of development The is reconstitution social of result the as crises ideational of dynamic broader The 35 ie h caatrsto o te hr Trih eulc s en sbet to subject being as Republic Turkish Third the of characterisation the hile
tion
h fnaetl rnfrain f h taiinly cetd oiia order political accepted traditionally the of transformation fundamental The n cletv cohesion. collective and
rather than than rather narratives h 18s a sc a efc b sfeig p h etbihd political established the up softening by effect an such had 1980s the lentv modernity alternative
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rvdd vhce f xrsin o pltcl n social and political for expression of vehicle a provided artvs f legitimation of narratives
p. 6 p. ibid., - 7. odernity .
34 p. 4. 4. p.
T
h ed f h bplr ol odr a profound had order world bipolar the of end The he changes described throughout this thesis can be be can thesis this throughout described changes he spaces become the loci in which in loci the become spaces
te ae osqecs f h social the of consequences are they ; - oiia expression. political
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CEU eTD Collection 39 38 2013. http://www.turkishreview.org/tr/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=223065 Self Civilizational 37 1996). NY 36 progress orientation a onto self from western its th make to failed had Turkey Republic, the to the Empire ofOttoman rump the from transformation the for step necessary a was this While processes. western of reception uncritical the to traced be can th of aspects two these between tension The order. social idiosyncratic between link strong a maintain to nation Turkish socio the Turkey and of turmoil identity of contestations the attributes Self “Civilizational Davutoğlu entitled Perception.” article, this in out set he arguments the echoes implicitly workconnected ofDavutoğlu.current tothe discredited largely been have that publications in made arguments the on based was article original Journal Turkish the in published Davutoğlu article lengthy the of components ideational the understanding in important are that 1990s late the in arguments several formulated F Turkey, of as Minister function his in thesis this in later interest of be will who Davutoğlu, Ahmet 1.1.2: of the Turkish withaliberalincreased public of such valence politicalsystem narratives. the approp by participation political
Ibid. Davuto Policy: Foreign new the of Architect the of mindset the Understanding to Text key “A Taşkapu, Ayşegül Huntington, P. Samuel
The Transformation of of Transformation The Much of what the Foreign Minister argues for in for argues Minister Foreign the what of Much ğ
lu juggles freely with the term coined by Husserl. Ibid., passim. Ibid., by Husserl. the termcoined with freely lujuggles –
such as Samuel Huntington’s Huntington’s Samuel as such - ecpin” in Perception,” –
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order Order Worldthe of Remaking the and Civilizations of Clash The in essence the essence in
uks Review Turkish Narratives Hegemony of riating riating malaise narratives narratives 37
Clash of Civilizations of Clash
recounted by Keyder by recounted (November 2010, online edition). Online version: version: Online edition). online 2010, (November - determined path ofdevelopment. Neo of legitimation of its - -
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Taşkapu, “Civilizational Self “Civilizational Taşkapu, he Davuto Ahmet - perc s slto t ti polm Dvtğu ugss ht cietl civilisation occidental that suggests Davutoğlu problem, this to solution a As Neo to Republic the of ability the in development Turkish of crux the sees Davutoğlu underscored “Thein Grammar Civilizations” of of Braudel. a borrowingfromoneof history aindeed civilizationsofis history the that idea the [and understanding… cultural monolithic a [and] “egocen[an] ep – - tion on -
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last accessed 17. July 17. 2013. lastaccessed 8. May 2009. Online version: version: Online 2009. May 8. - mr_ –
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CEU eTD Collection in Society,’” 44 43 42 theoretically to order In state. secular the to opposition unalterable Islam’s presupposing viewpoint a than politics and society Turkish in Islam of role the of analysis differentiated a of notion the adopting by a in Islam of role Islam,encouraged view ofreductionist fundamentalism. Political equating atomilitant it thefollowing observesonTerror War Fuller and ofSeptemberlamentably events 11 thatthe of notion the because socio Turkish ‘Islamis into religion of incorporation overt the contemporary Much 1.2: Islam andtheTurkish Politics ofEngagement discussed below. self Turkey’s transform to order in heritage Ottoman be only can This achievedembracingcritically historical aspe embattled andreligious by the various equal. an as rather but civilisation, western to relegated not heritage argues isth for neglectedOttoman the of aspectsregain Turkeyto aspiresthis, History wro the cites explicitly Davutoğlu
Berna Turam, “The Politics of Engagement between Islam and the Secular State: Ambivalen State: Secular the and Islam between Engagement of Politics “The Turam, Berna Fuller, Graham E. Self “Civilizational Taşkapu, politics of engagement of politics
As a counterweight to this, t this, to counterweight a As ation’ of Turkey. In fact it is difficult to answer this question definitively, mainly mainly definitively, question this answer to difficult is it fact In Turkey. of ation’ as the inception of this narrative of western civilisational hegemony. civilisational western of narrative this of inception the as The British Journal of Sociology of Journal British The at Republicperceive the Turkish itselfonthebasisandpolitical ofitscultural Turkish
The Future of Political Islam Political of Future The scholarly
oiia Islam Political politics can be approached be can politics
put forward by forward put - Perception.” civil society civil
literature and journalism engages with the question whether question the with engages journalism and literature gu euto o 19 of equation ngful he
(Vol. 55, No. 2, 2004), p. p. 259 2004), No.2, 55, (Vol.
a be dsotd y h eet of events the by distorted been has
following section proposes t proposes section following in close engagement with the state, the with engagement close in
political sociologist sociologist political (NY: Palgrave MacMillan 2003), xi p. 2003), Palgrave MacMillan (NY:
by utilising utilising by - ecpin Tee set wl be will aspects These perception. th - - ety itr with History Centuy oiia discourse political
Berna Turam. This approach, approach, This Turam. Berna - civilisation 262. elements of elements
hat
the question of the of question the - . What Davutoğlu What . xii. 44 the approach of of approach the 42
2001. allows a more more a allows
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Graham 43 27
CEU eTD Collection 46 45 religion Turkey in of discussion a under subsumed be can expression in discussed be will have Islam with affiliated in expression political forvehicle Jenny anthropologist social of example An 1.2.1: in Turkey. wor particular this how of examination an requires possible is this a of formation the counteracts the prevents legitimation of narrative Ottomanism p the overcome to has apart of of case the In chapters. following no is this however, establishment; religious from the viewpoint ofitsrelationshippolitics. to u nderpin the conte the nderpin
White, “Islam and Politics,” passim. Politics,” “Islam and White, 263. p. “The ofEngagement,” Turam,Politics
the years of military rule between 1980 and 1983. and 1980 between rule military of years the ks and an engagement with the implicit question theimplicit with of orengagement whether ks and isacivil annotthere society
Narratives A civil society removed from high state politics would politics state high from removed society civil A narrative of legitimation of narrative
s n xml o a of example an is omlto o vria tnin isd te oiia sse ad thereby and system political the inside tensions vertical of formulation a
of Legitimation without the Turkish State Legitimationtheof Turkish without narrative will not beafforded treatment be not but separate shown will nt of Chapter 3 Chapter of nt
hpe 2 Chapter roblem of what lies outside of the state. It can be argued that argued be can It state. the of outside lies what of roblem
acquired importance in the co the in importance acquired ht h hrzna te o cmuiis r srntee. This strengthened. are communities of ties horizontal the that f socio of
ht, s eiin Ilm curd nraig aec a a as valence increasing acquired Islam religion. is White, western as
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T that is cothat is domestic critique of the poli the of critique domestic Neo , it is necessary to review the role of religion in Turkey Turkey in religion of role the review to necessary is it , oiis f engagement of politics he role of religion as a vehicle of political and social social and political of vehicle a as religion of role he - oiia legitimation political -
Ottomanism understanding of civil society. civil of understanding
- opted variously. Thus any notion of civil society civil society ofvariously.notion Thusany opted t the case, as will become clear throughout the the throughout clear become will as case, the t
, religion can clearly be seen to become become to seen be clearly can religion , 46
Recently, s Recently, ntext of Turkish foreign policy; foreign Turkish of ntext Neo , for it is by appropriating this this appropriating by is it for ,
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CEU eTD Collection 51 50 (ed.), Kedourie 49 48 p. 91 2002), Brunswick/London New Publishers: (Transaction 47 i in distinct still is of consequences and conditions the while nation the of understanding secular western a by informed primarily definition a is this because problematic is state the of criticism for platform a ‘state the of study present thereby ofa hindering civil so the development tradition, state centralised a of establishment individual developed state Turkish the of secularism the which groups. to agency collective imbue political permeate to ability their in identified is modernity of practices alternative featurebetween distinguishing of context of Turkey’s transformation. Neo
Max Weber, MaxWeber, 260. p. “The ofEngagement,” Turam,Politics Ay Nilüfer Göle, Göle, Nilüfer Ibid., 113. p, Ibid., utpe modernities multiple - ş Ottomanism Ottomanism e Kadio e
it i it Tha ute, a Further, s impossible to tell what the “’ the what tell to impossible s mobilisation
position in favour of a more secular political nationalism. This allowed the the allowed This nationalism. political secular more a of favour in position said t in . ğ ’ the
Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft lu, Turkey. Identity, Democracy, Politics Politics Democracy, Turkey. Identity,
As contextual also is term this because “Snapsh h Frt eulc n efciey margin effectively and Republic First the
“The Paradox of Turkish Nationalism and the Construc the and Nationalism Turkish of Paradox “The strata of society and transform them. transform and society of strata , Berna and therefore the dynamicthereforethe of and
Islam assumes assumes Islam okn dfnto o ‘ii scey i difficult is society’ ‘civil of definition working s drse ad hrfr nt i not therefore and addressee ts t o Ilmc oente, in Modernities,” Islamic of ots
rm h 18s onwards 1980s the from Turam has pointed out, an understanding that posits posits that understanding an out, pointed has Turam and
narratives special importance in importance special
a certain type of social action, social of type certain a
(Tübingen: Mohr 1980), p. 245 1980), Mohr (Tübingen: 48
uks iett i predic is identity Turkish essence’ of religion is, [because analyses deal with] with] deal analyses [because is, religion of essence’
a bs b dsrbd as described be best can (Frank Cass: London/Portland 1998), 177 p. 1998), London/Portland Cass: (Frank f legitimation of this particular this ciety in contradistinction to thestate.ciety to incontradistinction
49
because of its its of because hul . Eisensta N. Shmuel
u mriaie lre at o society of parts large marginalised but and depends on the concurrent definition concurrent the on depends and - 93. isl politic itself n 47
Islam Eisenstadt’s - lsd sa t a ideational an to Islam alised state. narrative of legitimation of narrative
played tion of official Identitiy,” in Sylvia Sylvia in Identitiy,” official of tion in and 245 and inclus td on ated ” 50 t (ed.) dt Turkey.
al.
this type of social action social of type this Max - the role of a means of means a of role the theoretical framework framework theoretical 51 vns ad blt to ability and iveness 260 n h cnet f the of context the in laicist
Such a sociological sociological a Such , .
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CEU eTD Collection Studies Relationship Fixed A Politics: and “Islam Jung, Dietrich ones. political on impinge always nigh Islam of issues however, climate; political contemporary the in fixed means no by is 52 component nationa yet, Islam; Political to In compared it. appropriate can tendencies or movements establishment narr constitutes exactly what to as conclusion definitive,ageneralising to difficult come so to is reasonwhy ait 3 and and 2 Chapters both Ottomanism goals a as utilised be to ability politics, Islamand between fundamentalconnection ‘civilconstitute society’and alleged its antecede religious society civil of definition aforementioned the relegated Muslim a onto terms I systems. o definition principles that presumes perspective
Although the relationship is intrica is relationship the Although tv wt rlgos elements religious with ative
in religious rhetoric religious in (Vol. 16, No. 1, Spring 2007), Springpassim. No. 1, 16, 2007), (Vol. im s el s uks iett rte ta emphasis than rather identity Turkish as well as lism Non The Turkish case Turkish The to the realm of civil society and society civil of realm the to narratives – i teeoe atclry ifcl t transpose to difficult particularly therefore is t s only, such as s only,as such f religion f
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.
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Religion is not clearly separable from politics in non in politics from clearlyseparable not is Religion
or Turkish or highlights highlights . Thus it is also inevitable that the religious components of components religious the that inevitable also is it Thus . an Islamican legal system narrative religious social organisation social religious oth social oth
te due to the development of Islam as a means of political organisation, it it organisation, political of means a as Islam of development the to due te – bt te socio the both ,
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and high politics. This point is emphasised in emphasised is point This politics. high and - separation of religion and politics informing politics and religion of separation Ottomanism nt, the political establishment.nt,
. ol b nal maintained neatly be would
52
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for the promotion of overtly political political overtly of promotion the for
but also the versatility of Islam and its its Islamand of versatility the also but oiia etbihet n counter and establishment political is
is separable from from separable is o o cnom o the to conform not do fused with elements of Turkish Turkish of elements with fused understanding. This is due to the the to due is This understanding. ?” in ?” . etr udrtnig o the of understandings western Because it is a quasi a is it Because religious discou religious Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Eastern Middle Critical Critique: ing this d by both what may may what both by d
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CEU eTD Collection 54 53 Islam 2000s, national relegation this institutionalised 1924 in Caliphate the of abolition i secularism radical the Turkey, of Republic the of founding the pursued Atatürk when that, regime imperial lat the Islam 19 the of Empire Ottoman other thanlegitimation those ofthe preceding centuries. modernity seen be should Islam of role legitimation of means traditional declining of a as importance Islamacquired religiou and politics an as perception Empire i that, noted be should it between relationship on primarily of reference historical questionable deology as a conscious attempt to intellectually discredit the imperial regime. Indeed, the Indeed, regime. imperial the discredit intellectually to attempt conscious a as deology
Eisenstadt, Eisenstadt, Finkel, Caroline served primarily the purpose of the legitimation for the Sultan and the state state the and Sultan the for legitimation the of purpose the primarily served ter term term ter T In the period of primary interest to the present thesi present the to interest primary of period the In t Naturally,
in an exclusively exclusively an in politics. politics. e ls rltosi bten sa ad oiis s paet vn n the in even apparent is politics and Islam between relationship close he ,
“ as the reconstitution of the political made it necessary to adopt methods of of methods adopt to necessary it made political the of reconstitution the as Multiple Modernities, Multiple has achieved valence in the context of counter of context the in valence achieved has perceptions of historical events and their selective appropriation. The The appropriation. selective their and events historical of perceptions can be applied. applied. be can Osman’s Dream Dream Osman’s Islamic Islamic
here he s rhetoric of the Hamidian era than historical fact. historical than era Hamidian the of rhetoric s Neo
rpgtd a a mc te eeomn o a e nationalist new a of development the much as was propagated are - entity histor of terms n Turkish Ottomanism th
infcn differences significant already century and Turkey in the 20 the in Turkey and century
(Basic Books: NY 2005), p. 488 p. 2005), NY (Basic Books: ” .
This became so ingrained as a pillar of legitimation for the for legitimation of pillar a as ingrained so became This narrative of legitimation of narrative
p. 5 p. This is problematic at best and based more on the explicit the on more based and best at problematic is This narrative - 6. Neo
in the Ottoman Empire in the context of a of context the in Empire Ottoman the in
and Islam will be will Islam and - Ottomanism ical reference, the appropriation of the Ottoman the of appropriation the reference, ical as an inclusive multicultural inclusive an as ,
uha mltr ucs. nti sense this In success. military as such
. ewe te oe f eiin n the in religion of role the between
The 54
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explored in more detail below, but but below, detail more in explored 525. s, t s, narrative the label denotes rests rests denotes label the narrative th
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hr establishment movements but movements establishment century oughout the 1980s 1980s the oughout .
53 I of Islam to secular secular to Islam of h aiin era Hamidian the n
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CEU eTD Collection 56 55 Islam theOttoman Empire. in connects and significance chronology The scholarship. prevalent in te operative the above, used. is label the purpose what to and whom by on depending coincide, Empire. Ottoman the label the that Neo political transformation. and religious at just not aimed being as movementsIslamist contemporary by understood is and can Islam all, After rhetoric. religious in rooted staying social and Islamist political 1980s, various for the by call forward the put that why as to such as transformation, hypothesis is a it forward chapters, put following the to in important detail more in explored religious be the will While components one. political is Islam of resurgence the which of currents of number a subsumes It specificity. historical and religious, cultural, its of because Turkey to Neo Islam’?1.2.1: Isthere‘Turkish a legitimation of part being as understood best thus is Empire Ottoman the to successor t for legitimation intellectual of tool a political of expressions benign more also
Fuller, White, - - Ottomanism Ottomanism Ottomanism 55 These historical connotations are in fact intricately connected to the contention that contention the to connected intricately fact in are connotations historical These The “
Islam and Politics,“ passim. Politics,“ and Islam vle it a icus wt epiil hsoia cnoain a opsd to opposed as connotations historical explicitly with discourse a into evolved
Future of Political Islam Political of Future
that works by whoever it. appropriates virtue of implicitly, by virt by implicitly,
can and should be understood as a as understood be should and can is an
However, i However,
rm rm articulation of a practice of of practice a of articulation 56
Ottomanism socio
, p. 13 p. , - ue of the word the of ue political transformation political ts political and religious connotations do not necessarily necessarily not do connotations religious and political ts
- 46. he AKP he
refers to a malleable concept nevertheless established nevertheless conceptmalleable a to refers
opinion
. The role of Islam in Turkey as the territorial the as Turkey in Islam of role The . f hs atclr eeec is reference particular this of Ottomanism
and, as will be seen in Chapter in seen be will as and, modernity and modernity transformational
to an increasingly political role of of role political increasingly an to political mobili political ,
references the latt the references transformation transformation -
otd ate o the of parties rooted project. It is poignant is It project. sation s one out pointed As a -
utrl and cultural narrative er period of of period er in fact of of fact in
2 but socio but particular , even as as even ,
32 of of -
CEU eTD Collection this used and Empire the within community Orthodox the of protector the be to right the assumed Empire Russian the example, For religion. on based was Europe’ of man ‘Sick the as Empire Ottoman the of characterization Dream Osman’s 61 Review 60 59 58 57 decade last the of developments of context contemporary events. outside be evaluated inrelation to must and one political intricately an was primacy religious of project ideological Ottoman way this In Empire. Ottoman the without communities other to relation in community world a to responsibility a with Caliphate Ottoman an propagating of features implicit the of One the dubbed been has what as well as rivals imperial Empire’s Ottoman of leader the explicitly colonial specific discourses intheir framework. political andsocial o supremacy European colonialism of experience specifically this religious that on based notable project, political also Ottoman is It assumptions. ideological precarious on rested the by influenced part small no in was that agenda connected explicitly ti the role. political increasingly important an on took
For an overview of this project, see project, this of overview an For Russia’s Finkel, (1876 II ofAbdülhamid reign afterthe Named This term refers to the alleged plans of the Great Powers to dismember the Ottoman Empire. Finkel, Finkel, Empire. Ottoman the dismember to Powers Great the of plans alleged the to refers term This
argument to justify its meddling in the internal politics of the Empire. ofthe Empire. politics the internal in meddling justify its to argument l o Clp, t a i th in was it Caliph, of tle -
(Vol. 107, No. 3, June 2002), passim. No. 3, June2002), 107, (Vol. encompassing encompassing In the late 19 late the In h nto o a irrh o Msi cmuiis a rsrae i the in resurfaced has communities Muslim of hierarchy a of notion The only not was Sultan Ottoman the that assumption The Osman’s Dream Osman’s pan - Slavism p 33 45 49 Itrsigy mc o the of much Interestingly, 489. 445, 323, p. , , for example. Ibid., p. 492. Ibid., example. for ,
th in , p. 492 p. , Ummah
century, and especially in the Hamidian era, Hamidian the in especially and century, all Muslims all te ai o te western the of basis the n a
– oiia project political
Neo - indeed, the Ottomans had reacted to the the to reacted had Ottomans the indeed, 501.
s mhssn te ueir tts f h Otmn Muslim Ottoman the of status superior the emphasising is -
Hmda ea ht oh titles both that era Hamidian e Ottomanism Ussama Makdisi, Makdisi, Ussama
must be seen in concordance with the aspirations of the of aspirations the with concordance in seen be must eas te artv o chso ihrn to inherent cohesion of narrative the because
- 1909).
. Abdülhamid II pursued a distinct ideological ideological distinct a pursued II Abdülhamid .
n i and rhetoric 58 “Ottoman Orientalism,” in in Orientalism,” “Ottoman
While the Sultan had traditionally retained traditionallyretained had Sultan the While pan s an important part of the political political the of part important an s iso civilisatrice mission dvlpd n codne ih the with accordance in developed , -
projects of the time, the of projects
‘internal colonialism’ the led to the the to led the colonialism’ ‘internal
Ottoman n bt atoiis were authorities both and 60
57 challenge o challenge
religious legitimation religious The American Historical Historical American The Eastern Question Eastern
y appropriating by aih u quit but Caliph 59
al f perceived perceived f l of which which of l Neo , the the , 33 . 61 e -
CEU eTD Collection in East,” Middle in the Power Balanceof 62 historicalTurkish perspective of the modernisation: of ideas competing referenc chronological understanding to critical equally are discourse modernisation the emerged Republic, Third the to Empire Ottoman ques the why to as indication In 1.3: especially region. politicalits role toin inrelationTurkeyaspires the to the above, outlined of context selective The narrative counter and establishment region East Middle the of most in concurrently increased has religion of valence political the as East Middle the in developments political recent to connected is economy political its into Islamicsignificant their to identity component as a model’ ‘role the against Spring, Arab recent the of context Ottomanism
Katerina Delacoura, “The Arab Uprisings Two Years On: Ideology, Sectarianism, and the Changing Changing the and Sectarianism, Ideology, On: Years Two Uprisings Arab “The Delacoura, Katerina the The Transformation Turkeyof .
context Indeed, it can be argued that Turkey’s increasin Turkey’s that argued be can it Indeed,
Religious rhetoric has be has rhetoric Religious
of legitimation of Neo
is based on historical on based is appropriation of elements of this discourse is discourse this of elements of appropriation -
Ottomanism f modernisation of
of the fusion ofreligious identity fusion democraticof the and politics Neo
e outlined above also has a component relating it directly to to directly it relating component a has also above outlined e - Ottomanist
offered by offered - establishment movement establishment
and in regard to the elements of contemporary religious rhetoric religious contemporaryof elements the to regard in and
tion of a of tion come a means of political mobilisation as both the political the both as mobilisation political of means a come transformation , political events of the early 1990s may provide some some provide may 1990s early the of events political , Insight Turkey Insight -
religious connotations religious narrative Neo Tanzimat continuous transformation of Turkey, from the late the from Turkey, of transformation continuous - Ottomanism
holds that there is a sp a thereis that holds
must beanalysed.must background of which the function of Turkey of function the which of background (Vol. 15, No. 1, Winter 2013), p. 85 2013), No.1, Winter 15, (Vol. .
period. The following section examines the examines section following Theperiod. . However, the historical connotations of connotations historical the However, s
is of particular use particular of is vie for dominance. dominance. for vie gly explicit incorporation of religion of incorporation explicit gly . It has gained prominence in the the in prominence gained has It .
the subject of Chapter 2 Chapter of subject the 62
ecifically Neo
in Turkish politics Turkish in - In this regard, the the regard, this In
Ottomanism for - 87. Turkish nations with a a nations with
.
Islam, In the the In The . 34 . ,
CEU eTD Collection 63 political international important most the 1980s. the of watershed of role the example, for underscoring, by revolvearound still incentives external that discuss will 2 Chapter not; has essence its changed, indubitably has to exposed it around world the with relationship to Turkey for need the influenced problem. Powers. Great the of another or one socio of templates competing between balance to had thus and independence military and political declining of problem wasfacedPorte wi Empire.Sublime TheOttoman the adherenceconflictedin political its progress to relation in in itself found nei Empire Ottoman the predicament the to testament of culmin the was today, observed be can that transformation Ottoman the like much and, the Empire without and within both developments diverse from arose transformation 19 the in politics and society Ottoman of transformation the the that say to Empire Ottoman imp be would It of 1.3.1: AContinuity
Finkel, longue hor, ahr hn nraie ttmn. oe hn n tlooia nto or notion teleological any than More statement. normative a than rather ghbours, Thus, similarly to the Ottoman case, political developments have significantly significantly have developments political case, Ottoman the to similarly Thus, the to referring Importantly, Osman’s Dream Osman’s , the , -
durée Tanzimat Tanzimat
developments ratherdevelopments a reform single concerted package. than sil t d te ltoa f coasi on scholarship of plethora the do to ossible that is that , p. 423. p. ,
, especially after 1856, was a period in which competing projects of projects competing which in period a was 1856, after especially , Transformation
the period was one of an encompassing modernisation project aimed at at aimed project modernisation encompassing an of one was period In the last de last the In Tanzimat
-
political development, each of which would bring it closer to closer it bring would which of each development, political economic opportunity opportunity economic Tanzimat
. While the nature of the political pressure Ankara is Ankara pressure political the of nature the While . T justice in the space of a few short paragraphs. Suffice Suffice paragraphs. short few a of space the in justice cade of the Cold War, War, Cold the of cade eiw o js is oetc aep bt lo its also but makeup, domestic its just not review he
Eastern Question Eastern
period
as on of competing modernisations is a is modernisations competing of on as and security
revolved aro revolved Turkey’s relationship with the with relationship Turkey’s th the
century. The need for this this for need The century. .
This can be demonstrated demonstrated be can This particular period of the the of period particular und precisely this this precisely und 63
th the th ation 35
CEU eTD Collection inEisenstadt 65 267 p. 1997), Oxford Press: 64 of development the to due part in ‘modern what of perceptions competing accommodate to ability and heterogeneity of context following of role the and developments. of criteria important themost of fulfils one it manner in this cir foreign changed changed. this War, environment. policy foreign stable relatively a in issues domestic Is Political frameworks. such in addressed explicitly counter of prominence the Despite extent. drove and Turkey forcefully theWestern into ofsecurity camp terms in and political adherence. War Cold the in neutrality Turkish of question the decided effectively 1979 pattern. distinct a followed superpowers opposing
An observation originally implied by Göle Göle by implied originally observation An Hale, William al entv modernities ternative One effect of this adherence was to channel poli channel to was adherence this of effect One A further theoretical point must be made in the context of context the in made be must point theoretical further A
, ’ political enviro political
is a feature of feature a is while this is generally not associated with a normative notion of of notion normative a with associated not generally is this while c , oiia Ilm Tre’ pltcl oiin ittd h ise ta wud be would that issues the dictated position political Turkey’s Islam, political umstances by way of (a)historical reference and selective appropriation. Indeed, appropriation. selective and reference (a)historical of way by umstances “Alternative Modernities,” p. 24. 24. p. Modernities,” “Alternative Neo “Turkey,” in Yezid Sayigh/Avi Shlaim (eds), Shlaim Sayigh/Avi Yezid in “Turkey,” 65
-
Ottomanism Neo Neo -
Ottomanism Ottomanism - 270. - nment Ottomanism alternative modernities alternative
ter blt t tasom n egg wt unprecedented with engage and transform to ability their : . The versatility of these projects is predicated on their their on predicated is projects these of versatility The .
–
it combines, comments on, and transforms domestic and and domestic transforms and on, comments combines, it as
in her analysis of Islamic Modernities and eloquently formulated formulated eloquently and Modernities Islamic of analysis her in is the articulation of articulation the is the
alternative alternative
lam thus became a vehicle for the articulation of articulation the for vehicle a became thus lam riuain f a of articulation - salsmn movements establishment
generally and will become apparent in the in apparent become will and generally
modernities as a reaction reaction a as modernities T The Cold War and the Middle East East Middle the and War Cold The e S he tical and social debates to a certain a to debates social and tical of Eisenstadt’s original framework framework original of Eisenstadt’s ve ivso o Agaitn in Afghanistan of invasion oviet transformations transformations transformational After the end of the Cold Cold the of end the After alternative modernities alternative ht srbd o an to ascribed that progress
in a profoundly a in it means to be be to means it pro to (Clarendon (Clarendon ject. . and an an and
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Hobsbawm, “Introduction,” p. 1 p. “Introduction,” Hobsbawm, Certeau, De Michel Secor, Anna - xx.
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CEU eTD Collection Essays of Collection A One. Volume 135. p. 2003), Leiden/Boston Modernities. Multiple & Civilizations 84 be should and can analyses secondary even that remembered be also should it However, because sources primary appropriate investigation further for departure of point literature review to lucrative analytically been has it that sense the in thesis following part what makes the in is interaction Their aspects. aforementioned the between relationship close especially an artificial. extent separat analytically in these with deal will former. the of component intellectual the as understood being categories: distinct the that contention the following be will thesis the of arguments main the sources, of terms In A1.4: Note the on Use ofSources analyse viaa question this selection o the of essence the is This order. social particular a legitimate or overlap to order social for quests groups’ different individu surmount to meant judgements value engrained individual. the of orientation “egotistical,” yet basic, that observes Eisenstadt constituents. individual its and order betw relationship the tangible make thereby and order social about assumptions that argued be can
hul . iesat “oe bevtos n h Dnmc o Taiin, i his in Traditions,” of Dynamics the on Observations “Some Eisenstadt, N. Shmuel Generally, secondary literature has proven proven has literature secondary Generally, Neo narratives of legitimation of narratives co - rcie of practices Ottomanism
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m the literature itself. itself. literature the m modernity
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CEU eTD Collection narrativeand hasinfluenced the transformation profoundly ofTurkish policy. foreign Position]. International Türkiye’ Derinlik: Stratejik sources developments political on commentary and accounts scholarly to refer also will chapter This politics. and society of permeation features important society a of elements infrastructural of transformation a entails encomp and forays primarily using point a as Turkey. in sphere political foreign and domestic the both encompasses focus political this extension, departure. proverbial sourc of term the which in way the from sources. the then and literature the rec to order In blurred. is literature and sources, secondary primary, between line the Thus literature. secondary legitimation seekin project a in sources as treated , Neo se tasomtos ht nops te niey of entirety the encompass that transformations asses
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an authoritarian to an increasingly democratic one, one, democratic increasingly an to authoritarian an that, while a number of publications find it useful to to useful it find publications of number a while that,
. [Justice and Development Party] Party] Development and[Justice the label of label the elow are part of a larger Turkish Turkish larger a of part are elow T i catr rus ht h frin policy foreign the that argues chapter his do discontinuity with the Ottoman Empire Ottoman the with discontinuity
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CEU eTD Collection passim. Turkey in Identity National and Modernity Rethinking 86 lend to seeks past, Ottoman glorious Turkey’s of image romanticised the rehabilitating by and system political changes geopolitical concrete to aspirations T position. transformations ac political Developments 2 contributed have and chapter following the in transformation tothecurrent ofsignificantly Turkey. scrutiny under period the in real been primarily have These spaces. opportunity political up opened second the while Chapter, next the of subject the be will which developments, ideational entailed junta. military the by system democratic fledgling the of imposed ‘supervisions’ plurality and uncertainty political unprecedented of age an Union, the understanding forwarded by Eisenstadt. external between transformations. relationship domestic and progressive a as perceived developments of sense the in case Turkish the to applicability of speak transformation to useful more is it as possible, wherever thesis this throughout avoided
.1: Turkish Foreign Policy Forays Re ş at Kasaba, “Kemalist Certainties and Modern Ambiguities,” in Sibel Bozdoğan/Reşat Kasaba (eds.), (eds.), Kasaba Bozdoğan/Reşat Sibel in Ambiguities,” Modern and Certainties “Kemalist Kasaba, at
Since the end the Since Turkey engaged transformation. has in been ee s o nu fsiain ih h Otmn past Ottoman the with fascination undue no is here tors
cnmc pltcl ad utrl hegemony cultural and political, economic, in Turkey’s foreign relations foreign Turkey’s in
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s el as well as ideational narrative of of narrative ideational
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CEU eTD Collection 90 Ibid. adıydı.” ideolojinin bir isteyen kucaklamak tebayı bütün gayrımüslim “Yeni Kırmızı, paylaşıyor.” 89 yüzünü iki yanılsamanın Neo [The Yanılması Osmanlıcılık aynı yaftalayanlar olarak kayması eksen politikaları t adlandırmak olarak 88 writes understood of discussion the surrounding issues the of part historical the thus present; the in rooted politics domestic and policy foreign focused from primarily stems to referred ‘trend’ the However, past. Ottoman the to reference a as it sees the roleIslam of of issue the with conflated are policy foreign AKP of discussions on, early very that, seen era embraci Tanzimat at aimed which the during developed ideology an of name the [originally] was ‘new,’ of seek Simultaneously, earlier. mentioned Turkey of doctrine policy foreign new the to principles Atatürk’s linking missive ministry foreign the by implied continuity the refere above The
Danforth, “Shut Up about Neo about “Shut Up Danforth, Ack o ylad dh ekn i dş oiia üümsne kyalnn vei Yeni ivmeyi kaynaklanan güdülmesinden politika dış bir etkin daha yıllarda son “Ancak Öüe yn’ aıı kee “salclk klmsnn eds bl Tnia’a eie, müslim gelişen, Tanzimat’la bile kendisi kelimesinin “Osmanlıcılık” eklenen takısı ‘yeni’ “Önüne s to dispel the alarmism ofan thes todispel alarmism alleged neo that: Later in the text, Kırmızı states that “Ottomanism, which has now acquired the label the acquired now has which “Ottomanism, that states Kırmızı text, the in Later politics as deviation a from norm the revisionists are new these parody who those and conquest of dreams as this label who Those Ottomanism. misunderstand the present. … East Middle anti defined vaguely some to ‘neo nostalgia used, currently is it As The author implicitly acknowledg implicitly author The
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CEU eTD Collection 93 http://www.economist.com/node/17276420 92 91 these naming by Republic Turkish the and polity imperial the between connection historical Empire. Ottoman the of part point some at werethat regions polic foreign Turkish structure: policy foreign overarching crucially perhaps of direction the shaped long” so for backyard its ignoring by mistake a made “Turkey the and Policy, Foreign Ottomanist Turkish Davutoğlu, between connection the up sums that he istheprimaryforeign ‘architect’ of Turkey’snew policyactivism. debate, the with associated been has Davutoğlu, incorporates. it policies the legitimate that the in connected relevant Ottomanism as opposedto components contextual. are which of all denials, and appropriations varying the of manifestation popular of type This time. the at thought of trends prevalent the to according
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Ibid. Effect.” “TheDavutoğlu “CV of Ahmet Davutoğlu,” on the Turkish Foreign Ministry Website. Website. Ministry Foreign Turkish the on Davutoğlu,” Ahmet of “CV y advisor to the Prime Minister. Prime the to advisor y
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105 etr. H century.
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contested ofOttoman Studies. subjects (Oxford University (Oxford itical science at the University of Utah researching researching Utah of University the at science itical 108 narrative of legitimation narrativeof , 16. footnote 210, , p.
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[Historical Heritage and Turkey’s International International Turkey’s and Heritage [Historical such as its multiculturalism and minority and multiculturalism its as such
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th “ Ahmet Davutoğlu: “Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007,” in: 2007,” of Assessment An Vision: Policy Foreign “Turkey’s Davutoğlu: Ahmet p. 15. Policies,” East “Turkey’sMiddle ÖmerTaspinar,
Soğuk Savaş döneminde uluslararası sistemin temel özellığı olan iki kutuplu yapın kutuplu iki olan özellığı temel sistemin uluslararası döneminde Savaş Soğuk
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Stephen F. Stephen Aydın, Philip Robins Philip F. Stephen : A 112 Ahmet Davutoğlu has been been has Davutoğlu Ahmet
Departure from Previous Foreign Policy International Affairs Affairs International “TwentyY
and sought closer ties to neighbours from whom from neighbours to ties closer sought and artv o a oatc itrcl eay s ovnet n em o ideational of terms in convenient is legacy historical romantic a of narrative - . 114.
diversification of foreign poli foreign of diversification T Larrabee, “Turkey’s New Geopolitics,” in Geopolitics,” New “Turkey’s Larrabee, Larrabee, here are significant continuities in t in continuities significant are here uky a increasingly has Turkey
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but the process tapered off considerably in the following two years. two following the in considerably off tapered process the but 167 ears Before, Twenty After Years Before, ears - 171
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as well as the Caucasus regions. Caucasus the as well as ediscovers the Middle East,” in East,” Middle the ediscovers
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Survival: Global Politics and Strategy and Politics Global Survival: he issues facing the AKP in the realm of of realm the in AKP the facing issues he - 24 and pas and 24
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especially when contrasted to contrasted when especially Pragmatist Rationale 114 historical events of recent recent of events historical
Simultaneously, Turkey’s Turkey’s Simultaneously, Turkish Turkish , Vol. 86, No. 4, Jul. 4, No. 86, Vol. , of of t geographical its Te following The . Republic. The The Republic. (Vol 115 . 52, No. 52, . .
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CEU eTD Collection 2010), Tauris (London: I.B. 119 118 in: Challenges,” 117 116 Ottomanism of poli context the in opportunism economic this on extensively written has Rashid Ahmed 1990s. the in Asia Central in groups radical of agitation narrative. political its and Islam, specifically more and Religion, ends. economic to resources as well as people mobilising of en an fostered development this Republics. Asian Central and Caucasus independent newly the with networks political and economic develop to opportunities created Union Soviet the of processes. ensuing the and events tangible re the from arising themes overarching foredominated its that bipolarity global the to contrast in especially Turkey, of position geopolitical changing the by necessitated part in is it that suggested been has it but unclear is manifest become suggestion a emerged has there diversification this of context the In 2 enumerate West. the in interest waning .2.1: Themes of Turkish Foreign Policy Diversification .2.1: TurkishForeignThemes PolicyDiversification of
Oğuzlu, Ayd A tr broe from borrowed term A tical mobilisation and the emergence of militant Islamist movements. movements. Islamist militant of emergence the and mobilisation tical term borrowed from A from borrowed term ın The role of role The two by dominated been has policy domestic and foreign Turkish of activism The , “Twenty Years Before, Twenty Years After,” op. cit. cit. op. Twenty After,” Years Before, “Twenty Years
“Middle Easternization of Turkey’s Foreign Policy Foreign ofTurkey’s Easternization “Middle
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ht vrtbe prdg s ‘paradigm veritable a that
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Ahmet passim. hmed Rashid, hmed - economic expedience are an integral part of the the of part integral an are expedience economic
( Vol
116 Sözen
. 11, No. 1, March 2010 No.1, 11, .
vironment in which religion became an overarching means means overarching an became religion which in vironment
T i i nt rcsl true precisely not is his
: “A Paradigm Shift in Turkish Foreign Policy: Transition and and Transition Policy: Foreign Turkish in Shift Paradigm “A : Taliban, - hift’ ordering of the regional political landscape by two two by landscape political regional the of ordering
T The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond and Afghanistan in Islam Militant of Power The 117 he he
a tkn lc. o eaty hs hf has shift this exactly How place. taken has end of the Cold War and the disintegration disintegration the and War Cold the of end ) , p. 103 , , ” p. 3 p. ”
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ie there hile esod hog a ielgcl es r eue to reduced or lens ideological an through derstood For a general introduction to these dynamics see Ahmed Rashid, Rashid, Ahmed see these dynamics to generalintroduction a For :
the utility of religion as a means of economic mobilisation was generally realised generally was mobilisation economic of means a as religion of utility the Turkey’s Regional Role: The second overarching theme dominating Turkish politics under scrutiny here is is here scrutiny under politics Turkish dominating theme overarching second The These two themes have had direct and indirect impact on Turkish politics under politics Turkish on impact indirect and direct had have themes two These
as a serious ideological re ideological serious a as s h ms iprat eemnn o AP oiis Te icus of discourse The politics. AKP of determinant important most the is was an important economic incentive economic important an was is a discernible agenda behind the AKP’s political activism it cannot be be cannot it activism political AKP’s the behind agenda discernible a
economic opportunity s till
eas i ipne drcl o Tre’ rltosi wt the with relationship Turkey’s on directly impinged it because
. The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center Center Trade World the on attacks terrorist The .
Afghanistan were the beginning of new military activism in activism military new of beginning the were Afghanistan NATO presence in the region of the former Soviet Union Soviet former the of region the in presence NATO
Cui Bono? Bono? Cui and Turkey’s war on the Kurdish terrorist threat emanating emanating threat terrorist Kurdish the on war Turkey’s and - orientation of Turkey is thus discred thus is Turkey of orientation . 120 somewhat.
The pluralisation of politically independent independent politically of pluralisation The
for Turkey to seek a diversification of its its of diversification a seek to Turkey for
neo T Taliban he invasion of Iraq in 2003 was of was 2003 in Iraq of invasion he - imperialism. imperialism. architect , passim. ,
Ahmet Ahmet t is It ited.
licy under the the under licy Davutoğlu as as Davutoğlu derived from from derived in 2001 in B efore we we efore Neo
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The term first appears in ibid., p. 8. p. in ibid., first appears Theterm Ibid., ClashofInterests,” “The Davutoğlu: intrinsically – h ‘ulm World’ ‘Muslim the
passim. In h atce ecie Turkey’s describes article The perhaps due to Davutoğlu’s own education in Internat in education own Davutoğlu’s to due perhaps
of the AKP, elements of which are presently subsumed in the narrative of of narrative the in subsumed presently are which of elements AKP, the of a
Turkish 1997 article published in the journal journal the in published article 1997 .
political opportunity eoe aig p i psto a Frin iitr A Minister Foreign as position his up taking Before
onal and cultural v cultural and onal self Turkish –
however, what is important is not whether Davutoğlu adheres to the the to adheres Davutoğlu whether not is important is what however,
- history; contemporary issues are explained are issues contemporary history;
referential 121
The Clash Clash The
This is steeped in the questionable cultural rhetoric of Huntington Huntington of rhetoric cultural questionable the in steeped is This
his
123 basis of AKP politics by utilis by politics AKP of basis oia peoeo. The phenomenon. torical
122
as a consequence of the end of the bipolar system and the the and system bipolar the of end the of consequence a as a major factor in this multipolar system, especially in the the in especially system, multipolar this in factor major a .
While there is no theoretical discussion of the terminology the of discussion theoretical no is there While This p. 2. p. Islamic f Civilizations of acuum left by left acuum
afforded changes. by geopolitical
self p -
refer ltcl economy olitical heritage is apparent also in also apparent is heritage ential
Perceptions the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Union Soviet the of disintegration the
or
quality is reflected in the the in reflected is quality h Ed f History of End The
primacy of the Turkey’s Ottoman Ottoman Turkey’s the of primacy
ing the political and intellectual intellectual and political the ing s aig evolved having as ,
ional Relations Relations ional Davutoğlu and commented by reference reference by commented and
Davutoğlu’s Davutoğlu’s argues for the need need the for argues
mt Davutoğlu hmet u te implicit the but – Neo
it seems that seems it rm being from - Ottoman Ottoman dwelling Neo 58 -
CEU eTD Collection 128 127 126 125 124 impetus important most single the perhaps and relations Ottoman the of further A influence. of sphere former Empire’s history the to history Turkish and Ottoman connects rhetorically This “succe [sic “center position advantageous increasing policy. foreign proactive a evolve Union. – defined which War, Cold the of straightjacket ideological the from freed being after politics pos country’s the on reflection invite to meant is Turkey for history O imagined or real a to return the advocate not does this activism political for justification ascited is Turkey valenceof historical the When aforementioned the of context the ‘depth’ Davutoğlu’s The of environment. component geopolitical changed a to adapt to need the especially themes, these political rhetoric and ov control of context
in broad strokes broad in Davutoğlu, “The Clash ofInterests Clash “The Davutoğlu, Ibid. 79. p. Ibid., 77 p. Vision,” Policy Foreign “Turkey’s Davutoğlu, 4. p. Doctrine,” Davutoğlu “The Grigoriadis,
ssful nation ssful
125 In his 2001 treatise 2001 his In In a 2008 article Davutoğlu reiterates his claims as well as the need for Turkey to to Turkey for need the as well as claims his reiterates Davutoğlu article 2008 a In
–
Turkey’s regional role stems from the from stems role regional Turkey’s that has been interpreted to advocate a return to imperial po imperial to return a advocate to interpretedbeen has that
]
f attraction.” of - building process building –
the fo the illustrates the utility of er resources. er
fr xml a a eeg corridor, energy an as example for , reign policy of the Turkish Republic until the end of the Soviet Soviet the of end the until Republic Turkish the of policy reign Stratejik Derinlik Stratejik 127
taei Depth Strategic ,
” It is worthy of note that Davutoğlu here refers to the the to refers here Davutoğlu that note of worthy is It p. 8 p. 124 126 -
[ 12. This also foreshadows the role the foreshadows also This self of Turkey of
h psiiiy f eeoig ewrs f influence of networks developing of possibility The
- referential Islam as a political means mobilisation. of
- [Strategic Depth] [Strategic 96 and passim. 96
] justification for developing Turkey’s fo Turkey’s developing for justification – in the aftermath of the Ottoman Empire.” Ottoman the of aftermath the in ttoman imperialism. Instead the valence of of valence the Instead imperialism. ttoman
compri combination
quality sing
for
of
these is the year 2023 when when 2023 year the is these and her historical role as a a as role historical her and
egahcl n historical and geographical
, Davutoğlu , Turkish of Turkey’s geographically Turkey’s of Islam to i international in ition litics must be seen in in seenbe must litics oiia economy political is to lay to is retains some of some retains in AKP AKP in reign reign
59 128 .
CEU eTD Collection 129 of Turkish inthe politics parties Islamist of ‘tradition’ lengthy the past emanci the in Islam political radical of experience posit and state Turkish secular the and politics contemporary in Non socio Turkish of content the formulating in part important an plays resur religious this of dimension ideational politics Turkish A 2 rise ofthe unprecedented tothe negativeconnotations and gives Republic’s Turkish the of light in is, received Republic the to connected inward outward the policy foreign AKP’s underlyingthe rupture. b 100 its celebrate will Turkey gnig f h Rpbia ea u epaie i as it emphasises but era Republican the of eginning .3 n important n
Davutoğlu, “Turke Davutoğlu, : - Turkish interpretations of interpretations Turkish Muslim - patory tool of political mobilis political of tool patory h above The
facing one facing
- facing political activism of activism political facing aspect of the of aspect Components of This . y’s Foreign Policy Vision,” p. 96. p. Vision,” Policy y’sForeign
–
et b Ahmet by texts it
will will is Neo pragmatism and and Neo also - th
Ottoman the Ottoman Empire Ottoman the
Neo - anniversary, Ottoman be
Neo t s agru. This dangerous. as it N -
Ottomanism . the subject of the next chapter, which deals with the the with deals which chapter, next the of subject the eo While t While
ation. This section argues that argues section This ation.
rather than foreign policy foreign than rather -
context since at Ottoman - auol demonstrate Davutoğlu Turkey in its region and region its in Turkey Ottomanism in Turkish politics and that religion has been a part part a been has religion that and politics Turkish in
narrative gence in the context of the of context the in gence 129 here is a hereis
a date that makes a direct connection to the to connection direct a makes that date a controversial
contrast this contrast narrative narrative
, although the attention that the latter has has latter the that attention the although , is the resurgence of Islam of resurgence the discernible two least the1980s least
in AKPin Politics n event an viewpoint with the perception of a strictly strictly a of perception the with decade
prevalence of Islamic rhe Islamic of prevalence stance to its its to stance Neo doctrine
political agenda informing agendainforming political beyond, h pamts rationale pragmatist the f contin of s -
political transformation political - this alarmism this
Ottoman and and Gülen Movement Gülen . is
nlecd by influenced .
t utilit its this agenda is an an is agenda this I
imperial t is t uity rather than than rather uity
and its role in in role its and narrative also
discounts y
history, equally equally s an as , . toric
and and
the the 60 .
CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 130 element administration couple significant, was 1980s late the in politics important Paritisi integ to government the of readiness movement militant or radical a d followed. that law martial of years the and takeover Islam 1980. of coup imperialism. Islampolitical discredits present development peaceful its of light in this Acknowledging period. War Cold late the of Islam political emancipatory the with origin common a shares politics the However, Talib the like movements Islamist radical into evolved eventually that This politics. AKP of context the in “post of writes Robins Islamism iscourse of political legitimation political of iscourse
White, “Islam and Politics,” p. 367. p. Politics,” “Islam and White, 365 p. Ibid., 357 p. Politics,” “Islam and White, passim. 2002,” since Policy “TurkishForeign Robins, mre as emerged It should be noted at the outset that the negative connotations adhering to the label of label adheringoutset that of the negativeconnotations tothe atIt the noted be should Jenny White traces White Jenny s Mteln Pry o Tu of Party] [Motherland
that had led to the militancy of Islamist movements throughout the region the throughout movements Islamist of militancy the to led had that . tm o get xet from extent great a to stem 132
- Thus, w Thus, 370.
, iscain s riiil th artificial; is dissociation 131 as cause for undue concern or even aconcern even to undue or connectingelement for as cause
any radicalis any
Although the conflation between the ideational components of components ideational the between conflation the
mas f political of means a hile the hile
- Islamism” this this religion always played a role in Turkish Republican politics, politics, Republican Turkish in role a played always religion ing momentum momentum ing dissemination of dissemination
, mainly , - role
380, passim. 380,
130 it never acquired the momentum required to coalesce into into coalesce to required momentum the acquired never it gt zl o te lcin o 1983 of elections the won Özal rgut
of Islam in Islam of in order to fo to order in signals differentiation signals rate
neiie terminology indefinite due to its limited domestic reach. domestic limited its to due e political Islam now at the forefront of Turkish of forefront the at now Islam political e
Islam oiiain s cneune of consequence a as mobilisation that religious rhetoric as a component of Turkish of component a as rhetoric religious
Turkish politics Turkish t no offi into it had gathered had d with d rgo the neg the rgo W the open economic policies of the the of policies economic open the ie t vle a a al an as evolved it hile from the brand of Political Islam Political of brand the from cial politics politics cial ative associations of associations ative
n pltcl otx. Philip context. political a in was tempered was
back to back fro Neo te 90 t the to 1980s the m at least at fe the after In this respect this In
an imagined neo - n r Al or an Ottomanism was even more more even was . 133
h military the
the m the T he crucial he
Anatav t ternative his - Qaeda. – ilitary
most most term
and and the 61 an an -
CEU eTD Collection 136 p. 82. 2009), March 135 134 mobilis of means a behind therhetoric use ofreligious administration. by thecurrent motivation primary the is expedience political that show rule AKP of years early the and fr arose Islam identity religious has AKP the that years part of theAKP. the on use political its of knowledge the reflects that process gradual a was politics Turkish politics agendas.” domestic concrete quite have “Islamists out points Fuller Graham as one; dynamic a is ascendency AKP the with coincided has administration Co legitimation political mat a as also but personnel AKP of part politics of part a as religion endorsed openly level personnel the the Soviet Union,disintegrated of at the1990s. the beginning the prominently
Graham Fuller, “The Future of Political Islam,” in in Islam,” ofPolitical Future “The GrahamFuller, in Security,” Council Cooperation Gulf and “Turkey Martin, G. Leonore 370 p. Politics,” “Islam and White, - operation Council in the context of regional security. regional of context the in Council operation A Further, use differentiated The meitl fol immediately continuity of of continuity politics om the need to find alter find to need the om ,
Islam serves Islam in the in
Mujahideen
o h frfot of forefront the to ing economic capital economic ing
. This can be seen as a consequence of the aforementioned continuity in continuity aforementioned the of consequence a as seen be can This . s aiu pris oe n fl udr h asie o idvdas that individuals of auspices the under fell and rose parties various as
has paid the AKP dividends for example in negotiations with the Gulf the with negotiations in example for dividends AKP the paid has
1990s political Islam political oig h cag o gvrmn; t government; of change the lowing become ter of expedience. The politicis The expedience. of ter the the influx of Islam into Turkish society Turkish into Islam of influx the of Afghanis of
f eiiu reoi as rfet ta i ws ny n recent in only was it that reflects also rhetoric religious of -
380. purpose of political mobilis political of purpose eueeog politically enough secure
natives to strictly secular rule strictly secular to natives in Turkish politics can be traced through the 1990s at 1990s the through traced be can politics Turkish in ulc debate public , a lesson taken from the open economic policies of of policies economic open the from taken lesson a , tan Foreign Affairs Foreign – ,
134 and the main antagonist of these movements, these of antagonist main the and
and religious rhetoric religious and 136 . While the Turkish brand of political political of brand Turkish the While .
Isla m was not at the forefront of forefront the at not was m 135 (Vol. 81, No. Mar. No. 2, 81, (Vol. ation of ation
Thus, in Thus, ation. The reason its resurgence resurgence its reason The ation. o bring to
e rmnne f eiin in religion of prominence he Turkish Studies Studies Turkish
religion religion ,
the context of the AKP the of context the was institutionalised as as institutionalised was the period of the 1990s the of period the eaeo Islamic on debate
has become a staple staple a become has - in a in Apr. 2002), p. p. 54. 2002), Apr. (Vol. 10, No. 1, No. 10, (Vol. narrative of of narrative AKP AKP and and 62
CEU eTD Collection 139 138 Turkey,” in 137 discredit to worked This 1990s. the of governments coalition the of failure the to attesting the West. to relationship frustrated Turkey’s from stemming incentives as well as Bloc Soviet the of demise the from arising diversification economic of possibility the is perspective historical of failings the to era due part isin electorate the of segments backgro discussed is 2000/1 of crises economic abroad policy diversification compo important An 2 Davutoğ of foreground the Islam “economic an of period gestation discounted supra potential the businesses local in originated association the structure cohesive a was (MÜSİAD) 1980s the .4
Ibid., 118. p. Ibid., Ibid. Keyman/Berri Fuat E. : Economic
h fnnil rss f ae 00 n ery 01 served 2001 early and 2000 late of crisis financial The n o eooi ad oiia trol ht h AP ee be to able were AKP the that turmoil political and economic of und lu hadargued
Review of International Political Economy Economy Political International of Review . In 1990 the the 1990 In .
n h ognsto’ on publications own organisation’s the in
competing competing founded. This association of economic actors explicitly referred to Islam as as Islam to referred explicitly actors economic of association This founded. Components of
- processes of financialglobalis processes
ainl hrce o using of character national politics and identity and n Koyuncu, “Globalization, Alternative Modernities and the Political Economy of of Economy Political the and Modernities Alternative “Globalization, Koyuncu, n
et of nent
in his 1997article.in his
towards their initial victory initial their towards
soito o Idpnet nutilss n Businessmen and Industrialists Independent of Association oiia pris t h end the at parties political y nertn i it the into it integrating by that
the .
137 entails domestic economic integration. integration. economic domestic entails non pltcl ucs o te K i is economic its is AKP the of success political ongoing
This was aimed at aimed was This Neo ,
” in the following section following the in 139
-
Ottomanism but only the AKP era has allowed it to come to to come to it allowed has era AKP the only but (Vol. 12, No. 1, Feb 2005), 117. p. Feb 2005), No.1, 12, (Vol.
and pursued its primary interests primary its pursued and
sa a a as Islam ati . on and the party’s own capital on and own theparty’s 138
. The economic activism of the AKP the of activism economic The . h 1990s The Central and Eastern Anatolia where where Anatolia Eastern and Central oiia economy political f h 1990s. the of
in AKPin Politics means ,
because it is against this against is it because a tu b se as seen be thus can s tnil watershed tangible a as
f mobilis of I T prat fro mportant
he impact of the the of impact he
of Turkey, as as Turkey, of mobilise
to i not is ation . However . is ation on
large a m the the 63 ,
CEU eTD Collection 145 in Era,” the AKP During Turkey 144 pol 143 142 141 181. p. 140 the example, For economy. Turkish the co sphere. political the with associated economy of role deep commit the with negotiations ascension of opening formal the until 2002 of elections the following immediately period the in Indeed, AKP. the of program electoral the into integrated was EU the subsequently and IMF the of involvement measure fiscal necessary the undertake to coup 1997 the followed that system political fractured severely the of inability sensitivity of financial hegemony. parties political the for in bythe financialmarkets domestic globalis governance; legitimacy political of deficit the fore the to 2002. of election the preceding climate political the in them
- While the table in Keyman/Öniş, “Turkish Politics,” p. 106 provides as an instructive overview, internal internal overview, instructive an as provides 106 p. Politics,” “Turkish Keyman/Öniş, in table the While 106. p. Ibid., 107. p. “Globalization,” Keyman/Koyuncu, Öniş, Keyman/Ziya Fuat E. Keyman/Öniş, “Turkish Politics “Turkish Keyman/Öniş, ia nşŞna Yla, Bten uoenzto ad Euro and Europeanization “Between Yılmaz, Öniş/Şunhaz Ziya 110 p. on perused problemsare itical opted by economic organis economic by opted
One of the consequences of this program this of consequences the of One economy domestic Turkish the of vulnerability the exposed also crisis The ation” business .
hs contrib This to ment toaprogram of“Europeanis
141 external 142
t were e eaie fet o “ukys prematur “Turkey’s of effects negative he - ae cvl organisations civil based
only factors
ut
of a Turkey sensitive to foreign involvement, especially in the form form the in especially involvement, foreign to sensitive Turkey a of d o h pltcl legitimacy political the to ed Turkish Politics in a Changing World World Changing a in Politics Turkish tempered by the involve the by tempered Turkish Studies Studies Turkish ,” p. 40 p. ,”
s such as the as such ations in order to strengthen their position and contribute to contribute and position their strengthen to order in ations
eurd for required - 111. 111. - 41. 41. flux of foreign capital. foreign of flux
145
Simultaneo (Vol. 1, No. 1, March 2009), 7. p. No.2009), March 1, 1, (Vol. financial crises in Russia in crises financial
of a state based on a particu a on based state a of stabilisation n a re a and ation.” soito o Trih nutilss and Industrialists Turkish of Association me EU in 2005 the AKP persisted with their with persisted AKP the 2005 in EU sy rhetoric usly, ment of the IMF and the stabilis the and IMF the of ment
was the strengthening of strengthening the was 144 -
reig f h Trih domest Turkish the of ordering
f AKP of . - 143
Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in in Activism Policy Foreign Asianism: (Islanbul: Bilgi University Press 2007), 2007), Press University Bilgi (Islanbul: This turned out to be detrimental detrimental be to out turned This 140 In
The economic crisis brought crisis economic The ih o tee alrs t failures, these of light s epsr t financial to exposure e
hl nt en directly being not while f Europeanis of
and Asia as well as Asia and
lar form of clientele of form lar the domestic the ation ation of ation and
as the as were
64 its its he ic
CEU eTD Collection 150 149 148 147 146 being this formulates Davutoğlu consumers. to producers from resources of flow the a an it affords location geographical Turkey’s West. the co economic estra formerly to connections impetus important East the to connections political posited he when Davutoğlu byforeshadowed was Bloc Soviet former the gradually from its jeopardy potential guidelines. member EU the with tension increasing the to connected is development This sentiments. religious to appealing of widening the been has these among important most the policy foreign of view of point the From well. membership full of requirements the fulfil such and as German France prominent EU members event. single to back traced Turkey onthe basis ofin Businessmen
Keyman/Koyuncu, “Globalization,” p. 113 p. “Globalization,” Keyman/Koyuncu, Davutoğlu, “Turkey’s Foreign “Turkey’s Davutoğlu, 9Davutoğlu, and p. Ibid., 15. p. Ibid., Euro and Europeanization “Between Öniș/Yılmaz, a “central country.”
This frustration and the consequent search for economic net economic for search consequent the and frustration This The loss of enthusiasm for EU integration in the years following 2005 cannot be be cannot 2005 following years the in integration EU for enthusiasm of loss The
- because of because (TÜSİAD), originally founded in 1971, lobbied for lobbied 1971, in founded originally (TÜSİAD), operation and can be framed in the context of increasing energy demands by by demands energy increasing of context the in framed be can and operation the the arguments K electoral AKP
148 for Europeanis to commitment its by
T
hus, the AKP administration saw administration AKP the hus, Stratejik Derinlik Stratejik the clear limitations imposed on parties with close religious ties by by ties religious close with parties on imposed limitations clear the creasingeconomic 2002. ties after Turkey 150
147 Policy Vision,” p. 78. p. Vision,” Policy
for
gd egbus i neighbours; nged Suffice to say that in addition to the scepticism espoused by by espoused scepticism the to addition in that say to Suffice integration. o diversify to would work work would ba se, -
116. [
Strategic Depth], p. p. StrategicDepth], seily n h Aaoin at o Tre by Turkey of parts Anatolian the in especially
,
there
- Asianism,” p. 13 p. Asianism,”
as leverage over the EU. the over leverage as t eooy y a by economy its were n some cases this this cases some n y as to whether Turkey would be able to wouldbe ywhether Turkey as to
important internal Turkish factors as as factors Turkish internal important dvantageous position in facilitating in position dvantageous 551 ation and consequently departed departed consequently and ation one of its tools of legitimation of tools its of one 146 - 16. - 553.
the tvl seig political seeking ctively full EU membership of of membership EU full works in the region of region the in works has taken taken has 149 that
This has been an an been has This economic and economic the form of of form the as Turkey Turkey 65
in
CEU eTD Collection 155 154 in Article), 153 152 151 mentioned intheforegone section. imperialism in agenda political Turkish the g policy Islamis the from disassociation of indication an neither is Bloc the part own its on networks energy contender. energysupplies 2005 in byDavutoğlu. to alluded leverage Turkeythe afforded has corridors energy for search EU’s The agenda. c and manipulation systembipolar the of disintegration betwee connection goa political domestic eopolitical processes. eopolitical
Rashid, Rashid, Euro and Europeanization “Between Öniș/Yılmaz, Ibid. Larabee, “EU Williams, A. Tekin/Paul Ali administration.
of the AKP but also AKP butalso of the ation of Turkish politics. Turkish of ation he Rsi dsrbd h co the described Rashid Ahmed ukys ciim n h Mdl Es ad t rltosi wt th with relationship its and East Middle the in activism Turkey’s , in which Russia cut of cut Russia which in , Taliban Europe “Turkey Rediscovers the Middle East,” p. 103. p. East,” the Middle Rediscovers “Turkey
This provided important incentives for Turkey to seek diversification of its its of diversification seek to Turkey for incentives important provided This i is it ; , - , p. 143 ,
Asia Stud Asia led the EU to seek alternative seek to EU the led
eooi ad oiia mobilis political and economic n o p - ragmatism option of economic and energy networks serves a domestic political domestic a serves networks energy and economic of option
- 155 182. 182. s s “e Get Game.” Great “New a as ls ies
It is thus wrong to construe the prominence of the Middle East on East Middle the of prominence the construe to wrong thus is It
(Vol. 61, No. 2, March 2009), p. 337 March 2009), No.2, 61, (Vol. a reaction to
- Russian Relations and Turkey’s Role as an Energy Corridor (Discussion (Discussion Corridor Energy an as Role Turkey’s and Relations Russian f
154
. potenti and Ukraine the to supplies gas n lrey cons a largely and Such
It is a consequence of the variegated nature of the of nature variegated the of consequence a is It an
of the Cold War Cold the of
alarmist
economic ventures contributed to the legitimation of legitimation the to contributed ventures economic opportunities and - pin f “ of option - Asianism,” p. 10. p. Asianism,”
providers, providers, interpretation to secure to
. The case of Turkey explicates how the how explicates Turkey of case The . ieie politics pipeline 152 qec o te oiia watersheds political the of equence ation that has developed since the the since developed has that ation
hs s ueu tr t tae the trace to term useful a is This
153 - the flow of fossil fuels fossil of flow the p 338. For example, t example, For West West ragmatism stemming from stemming larger ragmatism
and Turkey was considered as a a as considered was Turkey and
of n Neo r cneune of consequence a or ” - 151 Ottomanism ally endangered EU EU endangered ally
in order to further further to order in he Gazprom he e former Soviet Soviet former e to Europe Europe to
r neo or foreign foreign - affair the the 66 -
CEU eTD Collection 159 158 157 Saudi New Alliances: and Friends 156 Sy from territory factors other of host a to due also is shift this Although movement. resistance the of support open and T Hussein. Saddam of regime controversial the by border southern Turkey’s along provided stability relative the of loss the after especially Nationalism, Kurdish containing in interest the guided interests mutual example, for pro created ally. foreign estrange 2003 in soil Turkish as a consequence oft policy foreign Turkey’s describe and decades past the in changed has environment Turkey’s security which in ways important most the of some review will section following The constitute 2003 in Iraq of Turkey literature. political contemporary in evident is matters security in theMiddle East foreign groupsin interest this with Concurrently dramatically. changed East Middle the with relationship States’ United the War Cold the of end the With decades. has environment security Turkey’s 2 .5 he recent Civil War in Syria has Syriain War Civil recent he
Although much of this is generalizing and simplistic, for example Stephen Kinzer: Kinzer: Stephen example for simplistic, and generalizing is this of much Although Larrabee, “Turkey Rediscovers the Middle East,” p. 105 p. East,” the Middle Rediscovers “Turkey Larrabee, Euro and Europeanization “Between Öniş/Yılmaz, 103 p. East,” the Middle Rediscovers “Turkey Larabee, : Security , Following the decision not to allow the US to stage combat missions into Iraq from from Iraq into missions combat stage to US the allow to not decision the Following
d neighbours, perhaps to counterbalance its relianceon its counterbalance to perhaps neighbours, d the security environment of the post the of environment security the - Turkish sympathy among the Arab States in the region. the in States Arab the among sympathy Turkish
– hs s n at u t te yblc au o te frmnind decision aforementioned the of value symbolic the to due part in is This
and is further complicated by the by complicated further is and - Based ria ria – hese concretehese changes.
, it illustrate it
uky a icesnl suh t mn rltos o previously to relations mend to sought increasingly has Turkey Component more Arabia, Israel, Turkey, Iran Turkey, Israel, Arabia,
s important turning points than the end of the Cold War. Cold the of end the than points turning important
caused estrangement from the regime of Bashar Al Bashar of regime the from estrangement caused that Turkey is is Turkey that changed s
of of waned
Neo - rappr Asiamism,” p. 10. p. Asiamism,” - World Trade Center attacks and the invasion the and attacks Center Trade World substantially ,
- - and the increasing independence of Turkey ofTurkey theincreasingand independence 104. - the status of Turkey as an accessory to to accessory an as Turkey of status the not alleged recent alleged 106. 106. Ottomanism ochement , London/NY: I.B. Tauris 2010. 2010. Tauris London/NY: , I.B.
following a constant, even ideological, ideological, even constant, a following
Bt cutis a a vested a had countries Both .
n h cus o te at two past the of course the in
the United States as its main its as States United the shelling of Turkish national Turkish of shelling
156 in AKP Politics
F 158 rom the perspective of of perspective the rom
In the case of Syria, Syria, of case the In Reset Middle East. Old Old East. Middle Reset
- Assad Assad ; 67
159 157 it
CEU eTD Collection passim. 2005), 164 163 162 161 160 West. allowed has sympathy curry 2003 to Turkey in Terror on War the of declaration the how related Mango Andrew study 2005 a In debate. security global, wider, a of context the in problems terrorist own its enables agenda. security domestic Turkish the of part distinct a as formulated out pointed factor political a as Islam of affirmation Islam include to crises as they emerged. Isr with between dialogues hosted Turkey 2007, AfghanistanI butalsothe Palestinian and and Pakistan, In policy. foreign of terms in pose assertive an striking and dialogue facilitating between balancing increasingly is Turkey program. However, countries both within groups separatist from emanating Minister. diplomacy” “rhythmic the of reflective is This emerge. they foreignline withits securityand allegiances tocrisesshifting policiesas butinstead reacting
Larrabee, “Turkey Rediscovers the Middle East,” p. 107 p. East,” the Middle Rediscovers “Turkey Larrabee, Da Andrew Mango, AndrewMango, 80. p. Security,” Council Cooperation Gulf and “Turkey Martin, Euro and Europeanization “Between Öniş/Yılmaz, vutoğlu, “Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision,” p. 82. p. Vision,” Policy Foreign “Turkey’s vutoğlu, 164
A similar rationale has guided Turkish rapprochement with Iran. The shared threat threat shared The Iran. with rapprochement Turkish guided has rationale similar A The context of security also shows how the extension of extension the how shows also security of context The a
Turkey to partake in the extendedthe in partake Turkeyto
e
l declined in the wake of Gaza Freedom Flotilla raid. Flotilla Freedom Gaza of wake the in declined l the
above above
relationship with Iran has led to an increase in increasean to led Iranhas with relationship and religious rhetoric is a pragmatic, rather than an ideological, choice. The The choice. ideological, an than rather pragmatic, a is rhetoric religious and Turkey and the War on Terror. For Forty Years We Fought Alone Alone WeFought Years Forty the Terror.For War on and Turkey –
and
also f or its own fight against against fight own its or
loe te het mntn fro emanating threat the allowed has debate on debate -
Asiamism,” p. 19. p. Asiamism,” allowed it to be used as a cohesive element cohesive a as used be to it allowed
- 108.
the P the radical Islamist t Islamistradical
sraeli presidents.sraeli
KK and separatist terrorists separatist and KK has
cont
encouraged diplomatic ties. diplomatic encouraged 160 Again, Turkey was adapting adapting was Turkey Again,
rud o by for argued roversy official rdcl sait to Islamists radical m errorism and formulateand errorism 163 (Routledge: London/NY (Routledge:London/NY 162
This inclusion This over Iran’s nuclear Iran’s over Turkish
In 2010, relations th politics politics e Foreign Foreign e
in the the in
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CEU eTD Collection Studies Turkish 166 p. 1042 2007), 5, 165 reflect these accommodate processes to order in economy political Turkey’s in Changes policy. foreign that changes geopolitical effected have also but 2001, of attacks Center Trade World the and order political War Cold the of disintegration the following those as such processes and Changes environment. fore Turkish 2 against pre the between t politics. Turkish and threats of perception the between relationship close a is there that posited has Guida Michelangelo in scrutinized be must ideological, choice. transformation Isl with engagement and incorporation fundamentalism Islamic from emanating threat the in pluralism Islamic of accommodation Bule scholars relations international and science political article, 2007 a In Terror. on War the to related specifically as interpreted erritorial integrity erritorial .6
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Ibid., Turke Secular in Religion Studying Islam: “Taming Shively, Kim Shively, “Taming Islam,” p. 686. p. “TamingIslam,” Shively, apt an In
p. 683 p. While this regulation of of regulation this While Consequently, throughout Republican history, religion remained on the agenda of of agenda the on remained religion history, Republican throughout Consequently, that characterisation
would be measured. ht the that I - t is important to remember that the marginalisation of religious expression by expression religious of marginalisation the that remember to important is t 688. the
secular üe Movement Gülen Tur 174
hs Trih euaim represents secularism Turkish Thus, of the fusion of secular politics and Islamic identity in Turkey, Jenny White coins coins White Jenny Turkey, in identity Islamic and politics secular of fusion the of ih tt impinges state kish
its expression. its . It also expresses sensitivity towards the towards sensitivity expresses also It .
sphere e – .
171
laicism
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ih l ohr ainl religious national other all hich y,” in y,” laicism Anthropological Quarterly Quarterly Anthropological –
as would be implied by implied be would as ability of religion to be be to religion of ability (Princeton University Press: Press: University (Princeton Sgiiaty rather Significantly, . Turkish Islam Turkish s soci a as - minded minded (Vol. (Vol. that 74 al al
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Because both these terms are problematic when used in a normative sense, it should be pointed out that in in that out pointed be should it sense, normative a in used when problematic are terms these both Because
after the coup of 1980 of coup the after
175 of Turkish society; an society; Turkish of
The content and educational activities themselves will recur as an item of interest interest of item an as recur will themselves activities educational and content The of said infrastructur said of - political arena. Initi arena. political identity identity and
lr n tahr f eulh üe, like Gülen, Fetullah of teacher and olar Gülen Movement Gülen
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example of a similar group would be that formed around Said around formed that be would group similar a of example e ally, the community formed against the background of the the of background the against formed community the ally, is o f interest as well as the overarching organisation of the the of organisation overarching the as well as interest f
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Ibid. 50. p. Ibid., 49 p. Ibid., Helen Rose Ebaugh, Ebaugh, Rose Helen
of its its of The n o te ot otoesa apcs f h ognsto o te oeet s its is movement the of organisation the of aspects controversial most the of One respect h waig f hasaf hl tahn a Gülen at teaching while headscarf a of wearing the and the marginalisation of religion of marginalisation the and - h Frt eulc s cneune f h euto of equation the of consequence a as Republic First the
50. 50. Gülen Movement Movement Gülen (Heidelberg/London/NY: Springer 2010), Springer (Heidelberg/London/NY: members
ive ividual members make, be they of they be make, members ividual members. Individual traits such as employment and family status are are status family and employment as such traits Individual members. The Gülen Movement. A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in in Rooted Movement Civic a of Analysis Sociological A Movement. Gülen The
n the in ings. o only not
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p . 47. . 47. 176 a financial nature, in kind, or kind, in nature, financial a 177
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Ibid., 54 p. Ibid., Ebaugh, Maximilian Popp, “Der Pate [The Godfather],” in Godfather],” [The Pate “Der Popp, Maximilian carrying institutions and schools of number exact he oft aware not is himself Gülen Fetullah example, For - like conditions andarch . The structure of the movement and especially the position of its leader as the the as leader its of position the especially and movement the of structure The . T In the 1980s, many of these traits were still in their infancy, and Gülen was the self the was Gülen and infancy, their in still were traits these of many 1980s, the In Muslim promotes movement the that considering when aspect important an is This he mbers when particular services or projects require the raising of funds. Such Such funds. of raising the require projects or services particular when mbers The Gülen Movement Gülen The such as - Gülen Movement Gülen 59. 180
which suggests that the contributions of individual members relate to their their to relate members individual of contributions the that suggests which – Ramadan
indeed, this seems to be one of the most important reciprocal effects of of effects reciprocal important most the of one be to seems this indeed,
. , p 56 p , 181 - Gülen Movement’s Gülen conservative ideals.
relies relies
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u as rvle rud motn Islamic important around revolve also but 182
interpretation of Islam. Through the use of of use the Through Islam. of interpretation 183
ae and t h acstos of accusations the it earned have defined itself against the background of of background the against itself defined
hip , p. 97. 97. p. ,
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n hs hsoia conditions historical these In o h mvmn, h community the movement, the to with other members. Similarly to to Similarly members. other with
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f omnte, tnc n rlgos rus al yn to vying all groups, religious and ethnic communities, of , the inception of the particular doctrines expounded by by expounded doctrines particular the of inception the , Movement th
the Turkish administration. It is also during this time time this during also is It administration. Turkish the n ery 20 early and I t was not until the end of t of end the until not was t
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ducational activities were to become the most most the become to were activities ducational n atr Aaoi ae significant are Anatolia Eastern in – , between 1966 and 1983, religious education religious 1983, and 1966 between ,
especi , p. 180 p. , to the expansion of the movement and its and movement the of expansion the to ternational politicalarena.
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he period of martial law law martialof period he
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Yavuz, Ebaugh, Ibid., Yavuz, Gülen Movement Gülen ooi plce o Tru Özal, Turgut of policies conomic p. 183. p. In the 1980s, as was discussed briefly in the in briefly discussed was as 1980s, the In – Islamic Political Identity Political Islamic Identity Political Islamic
The Gülen Movement Gülen The as outlined above outlined as
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onto the public sphere because they allowed the movement to gain to movement the allowed they because sphere public the onto , in which religion remained an important marker but was was but marker important an remained religion which in , , p. 23 p. , – , p. 183 p. , 181. p ,
politics
187 it was not threatened not was it by - political transformation. - he 1990s
32. 32. For example, much of the support for his transformational his for support the of much example, For The the
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- Ibid. Çetin, Muhammed 50.
, 48, p. In June 1997, military leaders effected the resignation of the elected government of government elected the of resignation the effected leaders military 1997, June In olwn te hs o epnin no h pbi sphere public the into expansion of phase the Following of imprisonment the to led which coup,’ ‘soft This
- hs rally this 49. ea Partisi Refah
The Gülen Movement. Civic Service Without Borders Borders Without Service Civic Movement. Gülen The
he foregone municipal elections and elections municipal foregone he
anti – 189
aie Partisi Fazilet as a social and social a as Gülen Movem Gülen a isiae bcue h mltr sw euaim and secularism saw military the because instigated was -
ins sniet w sentiments Zionist hs uevso le supervision This dl cas the class, iddle
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from spriin o Pie Minister Prime of ‘supervision’
Refah Partisi Refah had had
ae nraig nod into inroads increasing made which emerged the founding founding the emerged which now (NY: Blue Dome Press 2010), p. 2010), Press Dome Blue (NY: 190
Its activities are at once at are activities Its These events, while not while events, These rdnil t mobilise to credentials in provoked the National the provoked
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Filiz Başkan, “The Fetullah Gülen Community: Contribution or Barrier to the Consolidation of Democracy Democracy of Consolidation the to Barrier or Contribution Community: Gülen Fetullah “The Başkan, Filiz Ebaugh, 190 p. Identity, Political Yavuz,Islamic Ibid.,
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Keyder, “ Keyder, Identity,” “IslamicPolitical Yavuz, of traditions the standing as itself sees example, for Ministry, Foreign the that clear was it 2, Chapter In While it is difficult to say what the ultimate ultimate the what say to difficult is it While osed that one of the primarily motivations of education be the be education of motivations primarily the of one that osed Gülen Movement’s Gülen cneune f h sca ad cnmc re economic and social the of consequence a However, before examining how the teachings of Fetullah Gülen relate to a specific a to relate Gülen Fetullah of teachings the how examining before However,
(CEU MA Thesis: Budapest 2009), p. 36 2009), Budapest Thesis: MA (CEU narrative. But .
Kemalist Whiter the Project ofModernity? Project the Whiter T pursues more practical goals that differ from Turkish p Turkish from differ that goals practical more pursues 201 he objective of the movement is the fostering and dissemination of a particular a of dissemination and fostering the is movement the of objective he
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For example Başkan, “The Fetullah Gülen Community,” passim and Yavuz, Yavuz, and passim Community,” Gülen Fetullah “The Başkan, example For Özipek, 59 p. Ibid., Ibid. in Gülen,” Fetullah and Movement Nurcu The Liberalism? Islamic and “Towards Yavuz, Hakan For example, Fetullah Gülen, “The A “The Gülen, Fetullah example, For y2013. - 194. 194.
ih rud 0 privat 300 around With rdae o the of Graduates
“Cultivating” a Generation a “Cultivating” While there are courses in Islam, Islamic values are integrated into the makeup the into integrated are values Islamic Islam, in courses are there While Ilmc nlec o te curriculum the on influence Islamic , (Vol. 53, No. 4, Autumn 1999), p. 597 No. 4, 53, Autumn(Vol. 1999), 8 - 599 and Yavuz, and 599 http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/The 208 t leader. its
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[Leak] (Vol. 7, No. 80, September 1985). 1985). September 80, No. 7, (Vol. [Leak]
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