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Learning Goal: Describe carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Warm-up: Please identify the main types of biomolecules in the foods pictured below Pancake butter syrup bacon orange juice BIOMOLECULES ® Biological molecules, or biomolecules, are built by joining atoms through covalent bonds. ® These smaller units are called monomers. ® MACROMOLECULES (large molecules) ® made by polymerization -large compounds built by joining smaller ones together. ® 4 key macromolecules, critical for life. ® carbohydrates, lipids,nucleic acids and proteins. CHONPS: The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life ® Most biological molecules are made from covalent combinations of six important elements, whose chemical symbols are CHNOPS. ® Although more than 25 types of elements can be found in biomolecules, six elements are most common. These are called the CHNOPS elements; the letters stand for the chemical abbreviations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. CARBOHYDRATES ® Structure: 1:2:1 RATIO of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. ® Monomer: monosaccharide examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose ® Disaccharide, polysaccharide ® “saccharide” means sugar ® Function: ® Main source of energy for living things ® structural purpose for living things. 1. Plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose 2. Animal cells store excess sugars as glycogen Carbohydrates Carbohydrates- Glycogen LIPIDS ® Function: ® store energy ® part of the cell membrane ® Structure: Made of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen. NOT soluble in water. ® Saturated-Solid at room temperature. No double bonds ® Unsaturated-liquid at room temperature. Double bonds between carbons. ® Monomers: fatty acids plus glycerol à triglyceride or diglyceride LIPIDS- Cell Membrane PROTEINS ® Function: cell processes ‘workers of the cell’ ® Control rate of reactions ® function in transport ® formation of bone and muscle cells. ® Monomers: are called amino acids ® Structure: Composed of Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. ® Folded shape of protein determines the function of the protein Basic structure of one amino acid. “R” group – 20 different “R” groups, therefore, 20 different amino acids! Put these in ANY order Proteins NUCLEIC ACIDS ® Function: Store and transmit hereditary information. ® Monomers: are called nucleotides. ® Composed of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorus. ® ex. DNA , RNA à the only two examples! Polymer: DNA ONE nucleotide Nucleic Acids Practice Questions Which statement is true A. Monosaccharides are formed from polysaccharides B. Proteins are polymers of amino acids C. Nucleotides consist of fats, oils, and waxes D. Lipids are generally soluble in water Match the Biomolecule (Polymer) with the correct subunit (monomer) Polymer Monomer Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Monomer Polymer Fatty acid Diglyceride, triglyceride Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Amino acid Polypeptide (protein) Nucleotide Nucleic Acid List two functions of proteins .

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