DOCSLIB.ORG

Lighting Technologies: a Guide to Energy-Efficient Illumination

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lighting Technologies: a Guide to Energy-Efficient Illumination LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES: A GUIDE TO ENERGY-EFFICIENT ILLUMINATION Lighting accounts for nearly 20 percent of the average home’s electricity use. It pays to know which types of lighting are most energy efficient and some of the pros and cons of each. Though this guide is not exhaustive, it may serve as a reference point when choosing between the more common home lighting technologies. LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) have been available for residential use for about 30 years, with recent advances increasing their quality and popularity. They are the most energy-efficient choice readily available on the market for homes today. CFLs use gases and phosphor inside the lamp to create light. CFLs come in screw-in or pin-based configurations, in many sizes and shapes. Screw-in lamps fit into almost any fixture that accepts standard bulbs. Pin-based CFLs plug directly into a dedicated energy-efficient fixture. All indoor and most outdoor ENERGY STAR® qualified light fixtures are designed to accept only pin-based CFLs. CFLs last longer and use fewer watts than incandescent and halogen lamps to provide the same amount of light. They operate at a low temperature and come in ‘warm’ and ‘cool’ colors. Most CFLs do not operate well on remote or dimmer switches, though specialty dimmer-compatible and 3-way switch CFLs are beginning to appear on store shelves. Because CFLs contain a small amount of mercury, they should always be disposed of responsibly, ideally recycled. Initial Cost: Medium – Low Color Rendering Ability: Medium-High Energy Consumption: Low Operating Temperature: Low Lifetime: High Incandescent Lamps are “standard” electric light bulbs that were introduced for residential use more than 125 years ago by Thomas Edison. They have the lowest initial cost and good color rendering. They typically have short life spans and use significantly more watts than CFLs and halogen lamps do to produce the same lumens, or light output. Incandescent technology produces light by heating up a metal filament enclosed within the lamp’s glass. More than ninety percent of the energy used by an incandescent light bulb escapes as heat, with less than 10% producing light. Incandescents are the most commonly found bulbs in American homes. Initial Cost: Low Color Rendering Ability: High Energy Consumption: High Operating Temperature: High Lifetime: Low Halogen Lamps are somewhat more efficient than incandescent lamps, but operate at an even higher lamp temperature. These high operating temperatures can present a safety concern in some fixtures, such as torchiere fixtures which consume as much as 500 watts. Halogens are often used for recessed, accent, and flood lighting. Initial Cost: Medium Color Rendering Ability: High Energy Consumption: High Operating Temperature: High Lifetime: Medium Linear Fluorescent Lamps are most often used in residential garages and basements for general lighting. They are highly efficient and long-lasting. More stylish fixtures that use this technology can be found for use indoors, such as for kitchen ceiling lights. Initial Cost: Low-Medium Color Rendering Ability: Medium-High Energy Consumption: Low Operating Temperature: Low Lifetime: High Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have recently become commercially available as a lighting source. They have extremely long life spans, are energy efficient, and come in a variety of colors. As research continues, LEDs continue to improve and be used in new applications. An increasingly popular residential use is decorative light strings, or holiday lights. Colored LEDs are now commonly used commercially in exit signs and traffic signals, which can significantly reduce maintenance costs. While LED technology is being explored for common residential use, technical and cost barriers remain. However, the ENERGY STAR program is adding decorative light strings to the list of product types that can earn the label and is exploring bulbs and fixtures for the future. Initial Cost: Medium - High Color Rendering Ability: Low - Medium Energy Consumption: Low - Medium Operating Temperature: Low Lifetime: High WHAT IS A BALLAST? A ballast is a device that serves to control the flow of power to a fluorescent lamp. Advanced electronic ballasts have replaced many magnetic ballasts of the past in new CFL bulbs and fixtures. Electronic ballasts improve fluorescent energy efficiency even further, eliminate the “hum” and visible flickering found in older fluorescent technology, and some are compatible with dimming and daylight controls. COMPARING DIFFERENT LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES The table below summarizes some key criteria for evaluating different lighting technologies. Technology CRI Efficacy (lumen/W) Lifetime (hrs) Color Temperature (K) Compact Fluorescent 80-90 60-70 6,000-10,000 2700-6500 Incandescent 100 12-18 750-1,500 2400-2900 Linear Fluorescent 70 - 90 80-100+ 20,000 2700-6500 Halogen 100 16-29 2,000-4,000 2850-3200 White LED 65-90 20-50 Up to 100,000 2700-6500 + Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a comparison of a light source's ability to accurately render the color of an object to that of a standard reference light source. The CRI scale is from 0 to 100, with a value of 100 indicating excellent color rendering. Sunlight and most incandescent lamps have CRI values of 100. Only compare the CRI values of light sources of roughly the same color temperature. + Color Temperature is a way to compare the color of light from different types of lamps. It is often referenced as cool (slightly blue) or warm light (slightly orange). Incandescent lamps and candles give off warm color temperatures, while sunlight and some fluorescent lamps emit cool color temperatures. + Efficacy is a measure of light output (lumens) per watt of electrical power needed by the lamp. Lumens measure how much light is emitted. Watts indicate how much electrical power is consumed. Sources: National Lighting Product Information Program, Lighting Research Center, 1999-2004 Technology Atlas Series: Vol. 1 Lighting, Jeanne Travisono, 1997 The Lighting Pattern Handbook, Lighting Research Center, 1996 IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition, 2000 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs
    Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs What is a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) bulb? A CFL bulb is a type of fluorescent bulb that screws into a standard light socket, such as a lamp or ceiling light fixture. CFLs use much less energy and last up to 10 times longer than standard light bulbs. What is in a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) bulb? A CFL bulb is made of glass, a ceramic and metal base, a luminous powder called phosphor, and a small amount of mercury. How much mercury is contained in a CFL bulb? Manufacturers report that the amount of mercury contained in a CFL bulb is five milligrams, which is less than two ten-thousandths of an ounce. The mercury could be in the form of an invisible vapor or in a bead the size of the period at the end of this sentence. A mercury fever thermometer contains about 100 times more mercury than a CFL bulb. Is it harmful is it to be in the room where a CFL bulb has broken? The amount of mercury vapor that is released from one broken bulb is not enough to make anyone sick. However, it is best to avoid any exposure to mercury. We recommend that you ventilate the room air to the outdoors by opening a window or a door and leave the room for a few hours before cleaning up the broken bulb. How should I clean up a broken CFL bulb? It is not necessary to hire a professional to clean up the bulb. By following the directions below, you can safely clean up a broken CFL bulb.
    [Show full text]
  • Induction in Alocasia Macrorrhiza' Received for Publication December 8, 1987 and in Revised Form March 18, 1988
    Plant Physiol. (1988) 87, 818-821 0032-0889/88/87/081 8/04/$0 1.00/0 Gas Exchange Analysis of the Fast Phase of Photosynthetic Induction in Alocasia macrorrhiza' Received for publication December 8, 1987 and in revised form March 18, 1988 MIKO U. F. KIRSCHBAUM2 AND ROBERT W. PEARCY* Department ofBotany, University ofCalifornia, Davis, California 95616 ABSTRACT and Pearcy (10) used gas exchange techniques to investigate the slow phase of induction from about 1 to 45 min. These studies When leaves ofAlocasia macrorrhiza that had been preconditioned in indicated that there might also be a fast phase of induction that 10 micromoles photons per square meter per second for at least 2 hours is complete within the first minute after an increase in PFD. This were suddenly exposed to 500 micromoles photons per square meter per fast induction phase is difficult to analyze with gas exchange second, there was an almost instantaneous increase in assimilation rate. techniques because instrument response times are typically so After this initial increase, there was a secondary increase over the next slow as to obscure the underlying plant response. In the present minute. This secondary increase was more pronounced in high CO2 (1400 study, measurements of the induction response were made in a microbars), where assimilation rate was assumed to be limited by the gas-exchange system modified to resolve very fast responses. This rate of regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). It was absent investigation of the fast induction phase extends our work done in low CO2 (75 microbars), where RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rub- previously on the dynamics of photosynthesis of the Australian isco) was assumed to be limiting.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U
    Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U. ban on light bulbs Maarten Afman Energy & Industry section Infrastructure Systems & Services Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U. ban on light bulbs M.Sc. Thesis ‘Final version d.d. 4th February 2010’ Maarten Afman Graduation committee: Prof.dr.ir. M.P.C. Weijnen (chair; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section ) Dr.ir. G.P.J. Dijkema (first supervisor; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section) Dr.ir. C. van Daalen (second supervisor; TU Delft, Policy Analysis section) ir. E.J.L. Chappin (daily supervisor; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section) dr. W. Jager (external supervisor; University of Groningen, Marketing department) Programme SEPAM – Systems Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management Graduation Delft, 18th February 2010 Address M.R. Afman, v.d. Heimstr. 55, 2613EA Delft, The Netherlands E-mail addr. [email protected] Student no. 9006424 Energy & Industry section Infrastructure Systems & Services Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Summary The need for a ban on bulbs? Energy consumption of the residential lighting sector is high: 3.8 TWh per year for the Netherlands alone, approximately the production of a power plant of 800 MW. Consequently, if 40% of the energy consumption for consumer lighting could be saved, a 320 MW power plant could be taken off the grid. Such a saving would be realistic if consumers would not rely so much on outdated and inefficient lighting technology, i.e. the standard incandescent light bulb and halogen lighting.
    [Show full text]
  • Indoor Lighting Design Guide
    CSU Office of the Chancellor Indoor Lighting Design Guide Indoor Lighting Design Guide Rev: 12/12/18 CSU Office of the Chancellor Indoor Lighting Design Guide ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The California State University (CSU) gratefully acknowledges the effort and work of Jai Agaram, John Andary, Douglas Effenberger, Kent Peterson, Steven Strauss, and Steve Taylor. Comments or inquiries may be directed to: The California State University Office of the Chancellor Capital Planning Design and Construction Long Beach, California Attention: Thomas Kennedy, Chief Architecture and Engineering Telephone: (562) 951-4129 E-mail: [email protected] CSU Office of the Chancellor Indoor Lighting Design Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 2 CSU POLICY .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 UTILITY INCENTIVES .......................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 2: Ohm's Law with Light Bulbs and Leds
    NNIN Nanotechnology Education Teacher’s Preparatory Guide Lesson 2: Ohm’s Law with Light Bulbs and LEDs Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to illustrate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in a simple series circuit. This activity will introduce semiconductors as diodes so that future activities may build upon this idea to conclude with micro/nano-circuits. Time required: 45 – 55 minutes Level: High School Physics Teacher Background: Ohm’s Law. Georg Simon Ohm discovered that materials have an ohmic, or linear, region. His equation (Eqn 1) explains that as the potential Figure 1. Photograph of LEDs. difference (V) increases, so does the current (I), and the (www.ohgizmo.com/wp- content/uploads/2007/10/led_of_l relationship is linear to a point. The slope of a voltage vs. ed_1%20(Custom).jpg) current plot yields the resistance (R). Temperature affects the resistance. If a resistor heats up, the value of its resistance increases, and the resistor is now considered non-ohmic. Non-ohmic materials have a non-linear relationship between voltage and current. ∆V = IR Eqn 1 Resistivity Resistivity () is an electrical property of a material. Its relation to resistance (R) is shown in Equation 2. The equations that relate resistivity to temperature, and resistance to temperature, are shown below in Equation 3 & 4. The temperature coefficient of resistance is alpha () and it is a material constant. T0, 0, and R0 represent the known temperature, resistivity, and resistance, respectively. L R = ρ Eqn 2 A ρ = ρ0 [1+ α(T − T0 )] Eqn 3 R = R0 [1+ α(T − T0 )] Eqn 4 Diodes & LEDs Figure 1 shows typical LEDs used in electrical circuits.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluorescent Lighting About the Guide
    RESPONSIBLE PURCHASING GUIDE fluorescent lighting About the Guide The Responsible Purchasing Guide for Lighting is published by the Responsible Purchasing Network in print, as a PDF file, and on the web. Print and PDF copies are available to the public for purchase. The online edi- tion includes additional resources available to members of the Responsible Purchasing Network, including: searchable product listings, multiple policy and specification samples, comparisons of standards, and related documents. Visit www.ResponsiblePurchasing.org to purchase a copy or to access the members-only web- based edition of the Guide. Responsible Purchasing Network © 2007 About the Responsible Purchasing Network The Responsible Purchasing Network (RPN) was founded in 2005 as the first national network of procurement-related professionals dedicated to socially and environmentally responsible purchasing. RPN is a program of the Center for a New American Dream (www.newdream.org) and guided by a volunteer Steering Committee of leading procurement stakeholders from government, industry, educational institutions, standards setting organizations, and non-profit advocacy organizations. Acknowledgements The Responsible Purchasing Network (RPN) would like to thank the following people for assisting with the development of this Guide. Their expertise helped to ensure quality and accuracy, though RPN alone accepts responsibility for any errors or omissions. Affiliations listed below were current when input was provided to RPN and are listed for identification purposes
    [Show full text]
  • Skylighter™ Brand Fluorescent Strobe Lighting
    Skylighter™ Brand Fluorescent Strobe Lighting Operator’s Manual Skylighter CFF2 Skylighter CFF4 Skylighter CFF8 OPERATOR MANUAL FOR SKYLIGHTER Skylighter CFF2 Skylighter CFF4 Skylighter CFF8 Thank you for selecting the Photogenic Professional Skylighter CFF series. The CFF series incorporates the newest electronic components, lamps, reflectors, and diffusion panels providing improved lighting distribution and control. These products are built for the demanding operational needs of the professional photographer and it is our expectation that your Skylighter CFF will provide you with years of dependable service. INTRODUCTION The Skylighter CFF series are an extremely diffused light head and require an external power supply. They have one, two, or four professional, plug-in, linear flashtubes, and one, two, or four non-adjustable, linear, fluorescent modeling lamps. The Skylighter CFF series are stand mounted on a strong, rotating yoke, but may be ceiling hung, as required. Before using your new Skylighter CFF for the first time, please read this manual carefully and acquaint yourself with the controls and features. In this way, you can quickly get the greatest benefit from your new unit and maintain an efficient and safe operation. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Despite the measures that have been taken to make electronic flash equipment safe, it must be recognized that high voltages and high temperatures do exist within the power supply / lighting unit. Certain precautions must be observed in handling the unit. Contact with internal high voltage may result in severe injury or death. 1. Before installing or removing the flashtubes and modeling lamps, be sure this appliance is turned off, cooled and unplugged from AC power source and external power supply.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluorescent Lamp
    FLUORESCENT LAMP SELECTION GUIDE FEBRUARY 2015 Keystone presents the easiest solution for high performance, high efficiency lamps. With long life and exceptional reliability, Keystone energy efficient lamps provide the same high quality you have come to expect from Keystone. When installing Keystone lamps and ballasts together, you experience the industry’s best warranty program and a lighting system that is guaranteed to perform. FEATURES AND BENEFITS • High Color Rendering Index • Lumen Maintenance of Up to 94% • Eco-Friendly and TCLP Compliant • Energy Efficient • Long Life: Up to 36,000 Hours • Reduced Maintenance and Disposal Costs KEYSTONE FLUORESCENT SYSTEM WARRANTY Keystone Standard Lamp Warranty Period Keystone Fluorescent System Warranty Period 24 months 36 months (Lamp Portion) We proudly stand behind all of our products. By pairing a Keystone lamp with a Keystone ballast, customers are eligible for a 36-month Keystone Fluorescent System Warranty. The Keystone Fluorescent System Warranty extends the standard 24-month warranty included with our lamps by an additional 12 months. In the event that you need to utilize our warranty, we’ll work with you to make it easy and hassle-free. Visit www.keystonelamp.com for more details. LIGHTING COLOR GUIDE Warm Light Neutral Light Cool Light Warm White Color, Warm Tones Neutral to Bright White Color, Neutral or Cooler Tones Cool White Color, Cooler Daylight Tones 2600K 3500K 4100K 5000K 6500K ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS T5 Linear Rated Average Life3 Nominal Base Nominal Case Color Temp. Initial
    [Show full text]
  • Flashlight Ebook
    FLASHLIGHT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Lizi Boyd | 40 pages | 12 Aug 2014 | CHRONICLE BOOKS | 9781452118949 | English | California, United States Flashlight PDF Book App Store Preview. The source of the light often used to be an incandescent light bulb lamp but has been gradually replaced by light-emitting diodes LEDs since the mids. Some models of flashlight include an acceleration sensor to allow them to respond to shaking, or to select modes based on what direction the light is held when switched on. LED flashlights were made in the early s. Perf Power. This was the first battery suitable for portable electrical devices, as it did not spill or break easily and worked in any orientation. CS1 maint: archived copy as title link U. Water resistance, if specified, is evaluated after impact testing; no water is to be visible inside the unit and it must remain functional. The standard described only incandescent lamp flashlights and was withdrawn in Colored light is occasionally useful for hunters tracking wounded game after dusk, or for forensic examination of an area. Solar powered flashlights use energy from a solar cell to charge an on-board battery for later use. Remove All. Don't feel overwhelmed with our surplus of options. Retailer Walmart. Anodized Aluminum. A flashlight may have a red LED intended to preserve dark adaptation of vision. Price Free. And it even goes with a compass, giving you the direction in the darkness. Lanterns Lanterns. The working distance is from the point of view of the user of the flashlight. An IP X8 rating by FL1 does not imply that the lamp is suitable for use as a diver's light since the test protocol examines function of the light only after immersion, not during immersion.
    [Show full text]
  • Compact Fluorescent Lamps
    Office of Compliance fast facts advancing safety, health, and workplace rights in the legislative branch January 2009 Compact Fluorescent Lamps Environmental issues are a top priority for many Fluorescent lamps contain a organizations. These days, it's hard to watch TV small amount of mercury vapor without hearing how businesses and institutions can - approximately 5 milligrams - help the environment by "going green." One sealed within the glass tubing. increasingly popular way of contributing to the Mercury, at atmospheric pres- green movement is to install compact fluorescent sure, is a silver colored liquid lamps (CFLs), a fluorescent bulb designed to emit that tends to form balls. Mercury as much light as traditional light bulbs while using is a hazardous substance that can less energy. CFLs use about 75 percent less energy be inhaled, absorbed through the Figure 2:Burnt out CFL than standard incandescent bulbs and can last up to skin, and ingested. It is a neurotoxin that can cause - 10 times longer. CFLs also produce about 75 among many additional symptoms - tremors, insom- percent less heat, so they're safer to operate and can nia, lassitude, weight-loss, and emotional distur- cut building cooling bances. Because CFLs contain a small amount of costs. mercury, they should be recycled rather than thrown out in the trash. Fluorescent light bulbs (including compact Mercury is a critical component of CFLs and is the fluorescents) are more substance that allows the lamp to turn on. No mer- energy-efficient than cury is released when the lamps are intact or in use, regular bulbs because and if the lamp is disposed of properly, mercury in Figure 1: Compact Fluorescent Lamp of the different method CFLs shouldn't be an environmental, safety, or they use to produce health hazard.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Light Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    ELECTRIC LIGHT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Seamus Heaney | 96 pages | 19 Mar 2001 | FABER & FABER | 9780571207985 | English | London, United Kingdom Electric Light PDF Book Tour EL: 5 min videos on each light type, followed by a 5 question quiz for each lamp type. Wednesday 17 June In , Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp and on October 14, , Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights". Sunday 27 September Wednesday 29 July Wednesday 16 September View all albums. Saturday 10 October View all similar artists. In colder climates where heating and lighting is required during the cold and dark winter months, the heat byproduct has some value. Saturday 15 August Similar To Jeff Lynne. Tuesday 18 August Monday 25 May Wednesday 22 April Play album Buy Loading. Friday 24 April Wednesday 15 July Main article: Incandescent light bulb. Wednesday 14 October Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Features Exploring the local sounds and scenes at Noise Pop Fest. Due to the importance of this area of engineering we offer a full course of web pages, videos, and educational tools to communicate to you the world of of the electric light and the engineers and inventors who made it possible. Friday 31 July Monday 8 June Friday 21 August Sunday 18 October Friday 26 June The inside of the tubes are coated with phosphors that give off visible light when struck by ultraviolet photons. Friday 4 September Connect to Spotify Dismiss. Thursday 7 May Sunday 31 May Wednesday 1 July Tuesday 20 October The electric arc is struck by touching the rod tips then separating them.
    [Show full text]
  • Incandescent Light Bulb Disposal Halogen Light Bulb Disposal CFL
    What do you do when your light bulbs burn out? Different types of light bulbs require different disposal methods to keep your family, and the planet, safe and healthy. Check out our light bulb disposal guide for information on how you should dispose of or recycle the various bulb types you may have around the house. Incandescent light bulb disposal The old, incandescent light bulbs are on their way out, being replaced by more efficient alternatives. These traditional bulbs are either a vacuum, or have been filled with an inert gas to avoid chemical reactions. Since the materials which make up these bulbs are nontoxic, it is ok to dispose of them with your garbage. Many areas do not accept incandescent light bulbs for recycling, but check with your local provider to make sure. Incandescent bulbs are fragile and can break in your garbage container; avoid accidents by disposing of your incandescent bulbs inside used packaging or another item which can contain the glass if it breaks. Halogen light bulb disposal Halogen light bulbs are typically used as flood lights, and can be found outdoors as well as inside. They contain halogen gas inside the tube which holds their filament. Like incandescent bulbs, recycling programs do not commonly accept halogen bulbs. Halogen bulbs do not contain toxic materials, so it is safe to throw them out with your household garbage if you cannot find a recycling solution. CFL light bulb disposal Unlike incandescent and halogen light bulbs, CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) contain small amounts of mercury. Because of the mercury they contain, CFLs should be recycled for safe light bulb disposal.
    [Show full text]