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Eskişehir'deki Jipsli Ve Marnlı Toprakların Flora Ve Vejetasyonu

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Eskişehir'deki Jipsli Ve Marnlı Toprakların Flora Ve Vejetasyonu Eskişehir’deki Jipsli ve Marnlı Toprakların Flora ve Vejetasyonu Derviş Öztürk DOKTORA TEZİ Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Haziran 2016 Eskişehir On Gypsum And Marl Soil Flora And Vegetation Derviş Öztürk DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Department of Biology June 2016 Eskişehir’deki Jipsli ve Marnlı Toprakların Flora ve Vejetasyonu Derviş Öztürk Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Lisansüstü Yönetmeliği Uyarınca Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Botanik Bilim Dalında DOKTORA TEZİ Olarak Hazırlanmıştır Danışman: Prof. Dr. Atila Ocak Haziran 2016 ONAY Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı öğrencisi Derviş ÖZTÜRK’ün DOKTORA tezi olarak hazırladığı “Eskişehir’deki Jipsli ve Marnlı Toprakların Flora ve Vejetasyonu” başlıklı bu çalışma, jürimizce lisansüstü yönetmeliğin ilgili maddeleri uyarınca değerlendirilerek oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir. Danışman : Prof. Dr. Atila OCAK İkinci Danışman : - Doktora Tez Savunma Jürisi: Üye : Prof. Dr. Atila OCAK Üye : Prof. Dr. Ersin YÜCEL Üye : Prof. Dr. İsmuhan POTOĞLU ERKARA Üye : Prof. Dr. Latif KURT Üye : Prof. Dr. Gürcan GÜLERYÜZ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulu’nun ............................. tarih ve ........................ sayılı kararıyla onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Hürriyet ERŞAHAN Enstitü Müdürü ETİK BEYAN Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü tez yazm klavuzuna göre, Prof. Dr. Atila Ocak danışmanlığında hazırlamış olduğum " Eskişehir’deki Jipsli ve Marnlı Toprakların Flora ve Vejetasyonu" başlıklı doktora tezimin özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; tez çalışmamın tüm aşamalarında bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallara uygun davrandığımı; tezimde verdiğim bilgileri, verileri akademik ve bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallara uygun olarak elde ettiğimi; tez çalışmamda yararlandığım eserlerin tümüne atıf yaptığımı ve kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bilgi, belge ve sonuçları bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallara göre sunduğumu beyan ederim. 21/06/2016 Derviş ÖZTÜRK İmza vi ÖZET Araştırma alanı Eskişehir sınırları içerisinde yer alan jipsli ve marnlı toprakların bulunduğu alanları kapsamaktadır. Davis’in kareleme sistemine göre araştırma alanının büyük bir bölümü B3 karesinde yer almaktadır. Floranın belirlenmesi için 2012-2015 yılları arasında araştırma alanından 1750 örnek toplanmıştır. Floristik liste hazırlanırken APG III sistemi izlenmiştir. Yapılan teşhisler sonucunda; 72 familyaya ait 354 cins, 673 tür ve toplam 738 takson tespit edilmiştir. Teşhisi yapılan bitki örneklerinden 738 takson Spermatophyta divizyosuna aittir. Alandaki toplam taksonların 42’si (% 5.6) Akdeniz elementi, 152’si (% 20.6) İran-Turan elementi, 38’i (% 5.1) Avrupa-Sibirya elementi, 1,’i (% 0.1) Karadeniz elementi, 27’si (% 3.6) D. Akdeniz elementi ve 478’i (% 64.7) çok bölgeli veya fitocoğrafik bölgesi bilinmeyen taksonlardır. Araştırma alanında 129 (% 17.5) endemik takson bulunmuştur. Vejetasyon Braun-Blanquet (1932) metoduna göre araştırılmış olup 7 bitki birliği tanımlanmıştır. Tespit edilen birlik bilim dünyası için yenidir. Birlikler ve bağlı oldukları üst birimler aşağıdaki gibidir: Sınıf: Astragalo-Brometea (Quezel, 1973) Ordo: Onobrychido armenae-Thymetalia leucostomi Akman, Ketenoglu, Quézel Alyans: Artragalo karamasici- Gypsophilion eriocalycis Quézel et Demirörs 1984 1.Birlik: Saponario kotschyii-Aethionemetum dumani ass. nova 2.Birlik: Salvio wiedemannii-Artemidetum campestrii ass. nova 3.Birlik: Anthemido gypsicolae-Centauredetum niveae ass. nova 4.Birlik: Hedysario pestalozzae- Convolvuletum phrygiae ass. nova 5.Birlik: Paronychio caricae- Convolvuletum pulvinatii ass. nova 6.Birlik: Lino cariensae- Fumanetum paphlagonicae ass. nova 7.Birlik: Gypsophilo viscosae-Thymetum longicaulii ass. nova Anahtar Kelimeler: Jips, Marn, Flora, Vejetasyon, Eskişehir, Türkiye vii SUMMARY The investigation area covers gypsum and marl soils reside in the border of Eskisehir. It occurs in the B3 square according to the grid system of P.H. Davis. To investigate the flora, 1750 specimens have been collected during the field seasons of 2012- 2015. The specimens have been prepared according to the relevant herbarium techniques. The floristic list follows the APG III. At the end of identifications of the specimens 738 taxa belonging to 354 genera (72 family) have been determined. Phytogeographical distribution of the taxa are Irano- Turanian (20.6 %), Mediterranean (5.36 %), East Mediterranean (3.6 %) and Euro- Siberian (5.1 %) with their percentage of. Pluriregional or phytogeographically unknown taxa is 64.7 %. The endemism ratio of the areas is 17.5 %. One taxa are new record for the B3 square. The vegetation of the area was studied according to Braun-Blanquet approach and classified into 7 associations. All associations are new for science. Associations and their higher units are as follows: Class: Astragalo-Brometea (Quezel, 1973) Order: Onobrychido armenae-Thymetalia leucostomi Akman, Ketenoglu, Quézel Alliance: Artragalo karamasici- Gypsophilion eriocalycis Quézel et Demirörs 1984 1.Association: Saponario kotschyii-Aethionemetum dumani ass. nova 2. Association: Salvio wiedemannii-Artemidetum campestrii ass. nova 3. Association: Anthemido gypsicolae-Centauredetum niveae ass. nova 4. Association: Hedysario pestalozzae- Convolvuletum phrygiae ass. nova 5. Association: Paronychio caricae- Convolvuletum pulvinatii ass. nova 6. Association: Lino cariensae- Fumanetum paphlagonicae ass. nova 7. Association: Gypsophilo viscosae-Thymetum longicaulii ass. nova Keywords: Gypsum, Marl, Flora, Vegetation, Eskişehir, Turkey viii TEŞEKKÜR Arazi çalışmalarında, gerek derslerimde ve gerekse tez çalışmalarında, bana danışmanlık ederek, beni yönlendiren ve her türlü olanağı sağlayan değerli hocam danışmanım Sayın Prof. Dr. Atila Ocak’a sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Çalışmalarım süresinde bana her konuda yardımcı olan sevgili eşim Dr. Betül YILMAZ Öztürk’e sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Çalışmalarım süresince bilgi ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen tecrübeleriyle bana yol gösteren değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Ersin Yücel teşekkür ederim. Çalışmalarım süresince vejetasyon çalışmalarında bilgi ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen tecrübeleriyle bana yol gösteren değerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Latif Kurt’a teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Yine çalışmalarım esnasındaki her türlü yardımlarından dolayı sevgili hocalarım Prof. Dr. İsmuhan Potoğlu Erkara, Prof. Dr. Gürcan Güleryüz ve Doç. Dr. Onur Koyuncu’ ya çok teşekkür ederim. Öğrenim hayatım boyunca benden desteklerini esirgemeyen aileme ve desteklerinden dolayı Okan Sezer, Dr. Ö. Koray Yaylacı, Kurtuluş Özgişi ve Dr. Ebru Özdeniz’ e teşekkür ederim. Çalışmalarımda her zaman yanımda olan sevgili kuzenlerim İlhan Öztürk, Çetin Öztürk’e ve canım aileme teşekkürlerimi bir borç bilirim. ix İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET…….………………………………………………………………………………..vi SUMMARY….………………………………………………………………………… vii TEŞEKKÜR….………………………………………………………………………….viii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ….…………………………………………………………………...ix ÇİZEGELER DİZİNİ….…………………………………………………………….xxviii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ…………………………………….…...xxxii 1.GİRİŞ……………...…………………………….……………………………………….1 1.1 İç Anadolu Stebinin Ekolojik Özellikleri…………………………….……...….......8 1.1.1.Orta Anadolu’nun genel jeolojisi………………………….………………....8 1.1.2 İç Anadolu bölgesinin floristik ve sintaksonomik özellikleri……….……….9 1.1.3 İç Anadolu steplerinin geleceği……………………………………..…..…...9 1.1.4 İç Anadolu stepinin sintaksonomik özellikleri……………………......……..9 2. LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI………………………………………………….……13 3. TEMEL BİLGİLER……………………………………………………………….…..21 3. 1. Araştırma Alanın Tanımı .............................................................................. ….21 3.2. Jeoloji ve Stratigrafi………………………………………………….….….…..27 3.3. Metamorfizma ve Mağmatizma……………………………………..……….....28 3.3.1. Metamorfik seri (Cr, Mr)………………………………..…………..….…28 3.3.2. Paleozoik (pM)……………………………………………………...….…..29 3.3.3. Mesozoik ofiyolitik seri (Mof)……………………………..……....……...29 3.3.4. Eosen flis (ef)……………………………………………………....………30 3.3.5. Pliyosen karasal (pl)………………………………………….…..….……..30 3.3.6. Neojen volkanik fasiyes (nv)…………………………………...…….…....30 3.3.7. Neojen (n)…………………………………………………………...…......30 3.3.8. Kuaterner (Q)………………………………………………...……….........31 3.4.Magmatizma ve Volkanizma…………………………………………….....….....31 3.5. Toprak……………………………………………………………………..….….32 3.5.1. Araştırma alanının toprak grupları …………………………….…..…...….32 3.5.1.1. Kahverengi orman toprakları (M)…………………………...……...33 x İÇİNDEKİLER (devam) Sayfa 3.5.1.2. Kestanerengi topraklar (C)………………………………...……..…33 3.5.1.3. Kırmızı kahverengi topraklar………………………….....................33 3.5.1.4. Vertisiller (V) ….……………………………………......................34 3.6. Toprak Analizlerinin Bitki Birliklerine Göre Karşılaştırılması…..…….…….....34 3.6.1 Fiziksel analizler…………………………………………………….........34 3.6.2 Kimyasal analizler……………………………………………….....……..36 3.6.2.1 Topraklarda tuzluluk ………………………………………………...41 3.6.2.2 Toprakların kireç içeriği ve etkileri………………………………..…42 3.6.2.3 Toprağın organik madde içeriği ve önemi……………….…….…......43 3.6.2.4 Toprak organik maddesinin toprağın özellik ve verimliliği üzerine etkileri…………………………………………………..…....44 3.6.2.5 Organik maddenin toprağın biyolojik özelliklerine etkileri…….…….45 3.6.2.6 Fosforun bitki beslemedeki önemi……………………………....…….46 3.6.2.7 Potasyumun bitki beslemedeki önemi…………………………………46 3.7.İklim ..................................................................................................................... 47 3.7.1.İklimsel Veriler……………………………………………………………48 3.7.1.1. Sıcaklık……………………………………………………………….48 3.7.1.2.Yağış…………………………………………………………………..49 3.7.1.3. Nispi nem (= Bağıl nem)……………………………………………..50 3.7.1.4.
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