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STATE of OREGON DEPARTMENT of Geology and Mineral INDUSTRIES the Ore Bin

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STATE of OREGON DEPARTMENT of Geology and Mineral INDUSTRIES the Ore Bin VOLUME 40, No. 10 OCTOBER 1978 SUBSCRIPTION RENEWAL ISSUE: ~NOTE SUBSCRIPTION EXPIRATION DATE ON BACK COVER; ~SEE RATE CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENT IN CENTERFOLD ORDER FORM, STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOlOGY AND MINERAl INDUSTRIES The Ore Bin Published Monthly by STATE OF OREGON OEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ANO MINERAL INOUSTRIES Head Office: 1069 State Office Bldg., Portland 97201 Telephone: [503] 229-5580 FIELD OFFICES 2033 First Street 521 N.E. liE" Street Baker 97814 Grants Pass 97526 MINED LAND RECLAMATION DIVISION 1129 S.E. Santiam Road Albany 97321 Subscription Rates 1 year, $3.00; 3 years, $8 .00 Available back issues: $.25 at counter, $. 50 mailed Second class postage paid at Portland, Oregon GOVERNING BOARD Leeanne Maceo'l. Portland Robert W. Doty. Talent John l. Schwabe. Portl and STATE GEOLOGIST Donald A. Hull GEOLOGISTS IN CHARGE OF FIELD OFFICES Howard C. BroQks, Baker len Ramp. Grants Pass EDITOR Beverly F. Vogt Pennission to reprint information contained herein is granted. Credit given tile State of Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries will be appreciated. State of Oregon Oepa rtment of Geo logy The ORE BIN and Mineral Industries Volume 40, No. 10 1069 State Office Bldg. Port 1and, Oregon 97201 October 1978 PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE LATE PLEISTOCENE GEOMORPHOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE HARNEY BASIN, OREGON Keith D. Gehr and Thomas M. Newman Department of Anthropology, Portland State University Portland, Oregon The geology and water resources of the Harney Basin (Figure 1) in southeastern Oregon have been studied by Russell (1903, 1905), Waring (1909), Piper and others (1939), Walker and Swanson (1968), and others. The most detailed and definitive work is that of Piper and his team of investigators from the U.S. Geological Sur­ vey, who worked in the Basin from 1930 to 1932. They recognized a prominent abandoned beach ridge along Harney Lake at an eleva­ tion of 1,249.7 m (4,100 ft) and commented: "No higher shore features are known to exist in the central area of the Harney Basin, although most other desert basins in eastern Oregon have prominent shore features at least laO ft higher than their playas" (Piper and others, 1939, p. 14). These writers left unresolved the question as to whether pluvial Lake Malheur had ever reached and overflowed the basalt dam, estimated to be 1,254 m (4,114 ft) high, across Mal heur Gap. On Burn~ the basis of the native fish fauna in the Harney Malheur Lk. Basin, Hubbs and Miller Voltae Harney Lk. • (1948) concluded that cross section~ Refuge I there had been a direct Headquarte connection with the Co­ lumbia via the South 6 Frenchglen Fork of the Malheur n River and the Snake River. Probably because HARNEY COUNTY their primary concern was with other matters, all of the previous in­ vestigators apparently Figure 1. Map showing Zocation of Harney failed to notice two Lake. See cross section, page 168. clear wave-cut terraces, 165 Figure 2. Wave -aut terrace on northwest side of butte adjacent to Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Headquarters. Elevation of terTace is 1, 255 m (4, 118 ft) . each at an elevation of about 1,255 m (4,118 ft), which corre­ sponds acceptably well with the elevation of the spillway across the Voltage lava flow, which blocked Malheur Gap. One terrace is on the northwest side of the low butte adjacent to the Malheur Na­ tional Wildlife Refuge headquarters (Figure 2); the other, located mainly in sec. 24, T. 27 S., R. 29-1/2 E., contains a deposit of fossil shoreline molluscs that, by augering, were found up to an elevation of 1,255.1 m (4,111.7 ft). Ninety-eight percent or more of this population is comprised of a snail tentatively identified as Lymnea utahensis. Minority species include another snail tenta­ tively identified as ParapapoZyx effusa. In 1975, two artifacts were found in the wall of a drainage ditch running roughly parallel to the terrace in sec. 34. The ditch is nearly 1,600 m (5,250 ft) long and averages 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft) in depth. The provenance of the artifacts was ques­ tionable, but for several reasons it seemed worthwhile to search for a possible early site. Later finds, both on and below pluvial lake gravels, have proved the presence of man in the Basin before the end of the pluvial period. Along with the artifacts, the gravels in the ditch wall have preserved an excellent record of three pluvial lake stillstands. Two of these have been dated, as has the terrace, from carbon-14 determinations on fossil snails. Because measurements on outer fractions of samples indicated significant contamination with younger carbon in even the younger samples, ages were determined from the inner fractions of samples. Figure 3 shows locations of the wave-cut terrace and various beach ridges at the southern part of Harney Lake. The oldest beach ridge (1), at 1,251.1 m (4,107.7 ft), has a preliminary date of about 32,000 B.P. (USGS-459). The mollusc population there is essentially reversed from that on the terrace, being 98 percent or greater ParapapoZyx effusa, with the Lymnaeids being a minority species. This ridge is covered with younger gravels culminating in a shoreline (2) at 1,252.1 m (4,107.9 ft), now dated at approx­ imately 9,600 B.P. (USGS-460). The lake bottom associated with this shoreline is covered with a prominent deposit of fossil Lymnaeid snails similar to those on the terrace. This line of tiny molluscs can be traced for almost 700 m (2,300 ft) in the side of the ditch. Two new species, tentatlve1y identified as Lymnea paZustris and HeZisoma anceps, are plentiful in the last 100 m (300 ft) before the beach ridge. Their presence suggests a marshy ecozone that may have been seasonally dry. A younger, undated shoreline (3) overlies the preceding one at an elevation of 1,253.4 m (4,112.2 ft). Artifacts have been found in almost unquestionable primary context both on the gravel surface of this deposit and immediately underlying it. The stratigraphically lower artifact appears to be a punch-struck obsidian blade, a tool little known in Oregon but fairly common in a surface site whi.ch overlies part of this beach ridge by about 1 m (3 ft) (Dumond, 1962). 167 -_-....-.:.. _-,- .... --_. - --------1, - -~..:.-- --',:-- • - '.-­_- - --,._-.- N_ J. ,",""H .....1"".' _,,,, .... _ ~! ""- ~ .~ .t.._ n- ....4 ..... ~: _ ..... , ........ ...d ..... "'• • . lho ...,1 ... 1) dl."" •• '.rr". (.) .t I .ISI • (• • 111 ' tJ 11 tM _" dotod ........ lt> ....11 "dl ... 01100 .,. Of 8,100 '.'. (~·"1). It 10 ....., .1. II flO, •• 1,.. t . ... ' rut "'''., fo. tIM ~j"'AI " ..... 'uta...... 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