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By Jack Simpson Christine Stone and Robert Eldridge

S TAT E FORESTS EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - CROP Loss STUDY

by

JACK SIMPSON CHRISTINE STONE ROBERT ELDRIDGE

FOREST RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES SYDNEY 1997 Research Paper No. 35 December, 1997

The Authors:

Jack Simpson, Forest Pathologist, Plantation Technology, Forest and Wood Products, Forest Research and Development Division, State Forests of New South Wales Christine Stone, Research Scientist-Forest Entomology, Plantation Technology, Forest and Wood Products, Forest Research and Development Division, State Forests of New South Wales Robert Eldridge, Program Manager, Plantation Technology, Fprest and Wood Products, Forest Research and Development Division, State Forests of New South Wales.

Published by:

Forest Research and Development Division, State Forests of New South Wales, 121-131 Oratava Avenue, West Pennant Hills, 2125 p.a. Box 100, Beecroft. 2119 Australia.

Copyright © 1997 by State Forests of~ew South Wales

DDC 634.9609944/SIM, ISSN 1324-3829 ISBN 07310 91051 CONTENTS

SUMMARY Hi INTRODUCI'ION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 1. SITE DESCRIPTIONS 2 2. SITE PREPARATION AND PLANTINGS 3 3. PLANT MATERIAL 4 4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 4 5. TREATMENTS 5 6. MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 5 7. DATA ANALYSES 6 RESULTS 7 1. RAINFALL 7 2. COMPARISONS OF SPECIES AND PROVENANCES 7 (a) Tree growth 7 (b) Disease and insect damage 10 3. IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI AND INSECI'S 13 (a) Insects 13 (b) Fungi 14 4. RESPONSE TO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS 14 (a) General comparisons 14 (b) Seasonality offungal and insect damage scores 17 (c) Specific response to chemical treatments 24 DISCUSSION 25 1. SYMPHYOMYRTUS VERSUS MONOCALYPTUS 27 2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE PEST AND DISEASE STUDIES 28 IN NORTHERN NEW SOUTH WALES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 30 REFERENCES 31 TABLES Table 1. Summary description of pest and disease eucalypt trial sites 3 . Table 2. Symphyomyrtus species/provenance rankings according to mean tree 8 height (m), 27 months after planting, at three sites (pooling treatments) Table 3. Monocalyptus and Corymbia species/provenance rankings according to mean 9 tree height (m), 27 months after planting, at three sites (pooling treatments) Table 4. Summation of fungal and insect foliar damage scores (pooling treatments) for 11 Symphyomyrtus species/provenances at three sites, assessed in December and June

STA TB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY F

Table 5. Summation of fungal and insect foliar damage scores (POOling treatments) for 12 Monocalyptus and Corymbia species/provenances at three sites, assessed in December and June . . Table 6A. Summary of the chemical treatment effects on tree growth and relative foliar 16 damage scores for the Symphyomyrtus species from each site, assessee in June, 27 monthS after planting Table 6B. Summary of the chemical treatment effects on tree growth and relative 16 foliar damage scores for the Monocalyptus species from each site, assessed in June, 27 months after planting Table 6C. Summary of the chemical treatment effects on tree growth and relative foliar 17 damage scores for the Corymbia species from each site, assessed in June, 27 months after planting FIGURES Figure 1. Location of the three trial sites used in the eucalypt plantation pest and disease 2 crop loss study Figure 2A. Fungal damage scores - Symphyomyrtus 18 Figure 2B. Fungal damage scores - Monocalyptus 19 Figure 2C. Fungal damage scores - Coryinbia 20 Figure 2D. Insect damage scores - Symphyomyrtus 21 Figure 2E. Insect damage scores - Monocalyptus 22 Figure 2F. Insect damage scores - Corymbia 23 Figure 3. Summary of some of the interactions prevailing in eucalypt plantations that 26 influence species/provenance selection (in red) and possible research options (in blue) APPENDICES Appendix 1. Selected species/provenances and their origin 34 Appendix 2. Eucalypt plantation trials - pest and disease monitoring sheet 37 Appendix 3. Disease and insect damage assessment codes associated with monitoring sheets 39 Appendix 4. List of potential insect pests sampled from each of the three trial sites 41 Appendix 5. List of potential fungal pathogens sampled from each of the three trial sites 44

EUCALYPT PLANT AnoN PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES ii CROP LOSS STIJDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 SUMMARY

1. In 1993 the Biology Section at the Research Division initiated a research program in northern New South Wales designed principally to compare tree growth losses due to infectious diseases and insect pest attack on a range of eucalypt species and provenances during the plantation establishment phase. Plantations were established at three sites, namely Fridays Creek and Kennaicle Creek near Coffs Harbour and Cussacks Section near Walcha .and were regularly monitored for a period of27 months. The experiment involved regular application of fungicide and insecticide treatments to replicated plots.

2. Numerous fungal pathogens (eg Aulographina eucalypti, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Hainesia lythrii, Harknessia spp., Macrophomina phaseolina, Mycosphaerella cryptica, Phomopsis sp., Pestalosphaeria sp., Ramularia pitareka, Seimatosporium!alcatum) and insect pest species, including Christmas beetles, chrysomelids, psyllids, autumn gum moth larvae and tip-feeding stink bugs, were sampled from the sites during this study. All these species are capable of causing considerable defoliation of young eucalypt plantations. It was not until the second summer, however, that trees were significantly attacked and many of the biological agents sampled ceased to be a problem after canopy closure (eg Christmas beetles). In general, trees on the ex-forested site at Fridays Creek, on average, grew faster than the trees at the Kennaicle Creek (ex-pasture) site and at Cussacks Section (Tablelands) site, and hence were exposed to these damaging pests and diseases for a shorter period of time.

3. At each site there was significant variation between species within the Symphyomyrtus ,Monocalyptus and Corymbia groupings in their susceptibility to damage from these biological agents. This variable specific response, in turn, was reflected in the relative benefits, in terms of height increment gained, from the chemical treatments.

4. Our results confirm that, in general, the Monocalyptus species suffered less leaf damage from insects and fungal diseases than the Symphyomyrtus. At27 months of age both the mean heights and diameters of untreated monocalypts exceeded that of the untreated Symphyomyrtus. However, when insecticide and fungicide treatments were applied, the average growth of the Symphyomyrtus species were equal to or, in some cases, better than the Monocalyptus species. At Kennaicle Creek, the Symphyomyrtus trees treated with insecticides were, on average, 25% taller than the control trees of the same species.

5. A phenomenon that requires further investigation was the presence ofelevated fungal damage on some of the insecticide-treated trees compared to the untreated controls. It occurred for several months at all three sites during both hot and colder times of the year and more commonly during periods of high levels offungal damage. Itwas more often associated with species ofSymphyomyrtusthanMonocalyptus or Corymbia. This phenomenon was not repeated when a fungicide was applied with the insecticide. It highlights the need to monitor both insect and fungal damage and, in future field trials, the need for water controls when applying foliar insecticide treatments.

6. The major insect pest problem in the study arose from the high levels of Christmas beetles present on the ex-pastural site at Kennaicle Creek. The eucalypt species most susceptible to attack from Christmas beetle were C. maculata, Eucalyptus amplifolia, E. botryoides, E. dunnii and E. grandis. The species which appeared most resistant to Christmas beetle attack were E. badjensis, E. cloeziana, E. agglomerata and E. g/oboidea. Hence the possibility of attempting to hybridize E. grandis with E. badjensis or E. pilularis with E. cloeziana may be worthy of consideration.

STA TB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY iii -

7. The significant fungal pathogens varied between locations. All species of Corymbia were infected with Ramularia pitareka which caused dieback of leaders and shoots and a proliferation of apical branches. The pathogen was not recorded from any species of Eucalyptus. If plantations of species of Corymbia are to be commercially successful methods of managing this pathogen will be needed. Species of Monocalyptus at Cussacks were commonly infected with Aulographina eucalypti which caused premature leaf fall. This pathogen may be important in the long tem,: management of plantations of monocalypts on Tablelands sites. Mycosphaerella cryptica was recOrded from species of Symphyomyrtus (including E. globulus, E. nitens, E. sa/igna) at Cussacks but damage was not severe. The root rotpathogenMacrophomina phaseolina was present on species of Eucalyptus at both coastal sites. It is known to be able to infect roots during periods of drought stress. Species such as E. globulus, E. nitens, E. sieberi and some other monoc'llypts seemed especially susceptible. This requires further study.

.8. Ifone only compared the untreated control trees, the best growth perfOImers at Cuss;tcks Section were: E. nitens (all three provenances),E.jastigata (Roberston), andE.jraxinoides (Nimmitabel). At Fridays Creek, the best performers wereE. badjensis (MtDromedary) and E. pilularis (Orarii East State Forest) while at the Kennaicle Creek site the best growing monoealypts were E. sieberi (Nullica), E. pilularis (OraraEast State Forest) andE.laevopinea (Tenterfield). The two Symphyomyrtus species atKennaic1e Creek with the tallest mean heights in the controls were E. badjensis and E. sa/igna (40 km west of Coffs Harbour).

9. At the two coastal sites, replicates of the routine provenance of E. pilularis (Orara East State Forest) grew consistently well. The two southern C. maculata provenances were among the fastest growing provenances at Fridays Creek. However, all the Corymbia species/provenances achieved only moderate height rankings on the ex-pastoral site at Kennaicle Creek. Damage from Ramularia and Christmas beetles were both more severe at Kennaic1e Creek.

10. Seedling/sapling mortality was significantly higher amongst the monocalypts than theSymphyomyrtus or Corymbia species. The level of survival was not correlated to either fungal or insect foliar damage. It may be possible to compensate for the higher monocalypt mortality through adoption of various planting density strategies.

11. A major sOurce of tip dieback on the tablelands site was frost damage, with several species of Symphyomyrtus (eg E. globulus bicostata, E. globulus maidenii, E. quadrangulata, E. smithii and E. viminalis) and monocalypts (eg E. andrewsii, E.jastigata, E. laevopinea, E.obUqua and E. sieberi) affected. Selection for frost and snow tolerance will have to be given greater priority if plantations of eucalypts are to be successful on the Tablelands.

12. Unfortunately this trial did not identify a species or provenance of eucalypt which had all of the following attributes: is suited to all of the wide range of sites available on the north coast, is capable of sustained rapid growth, is suitable for both solid wood products and pulp and can achieve these desirable outcomes with minimal intervention in terms of pest and disease management. Research options addressing this and other issues are discussed at the conclusion of the Discussion Section. However, on coastal sites of medium to high site quality E. pilularis seems to be a fast growing multiple use species with minimal pathogen and invertebrate pest problems. Some species of Symphyomyrtus (eg E. dunnii and E. grandis) offer potential for faster growth but only ifpests and diseases are managed and kept below economic threshold levels. For Tableland sites the two most promising species are E. nitens and E. jastigata.

13. At present there is insufficient information available on growth rates, crop values, pest and pathogen impacts, and costs of pest and disease management strategies to engage in integated pest management programs.

EUCALYPT PLANT AnON PESTS AND DISEASES - STA TB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES iv CROP LOSS S11JDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 INTRODUCTION

State Forests of New South Wales (SFNSW) currently owns approximately 26 500 ha of eucalypt plantation, most which is planted on the north coast As a result of recent State Government policy decisions (eg New South Wales Interim Forest Assessment Report, October 1996), State Forests of New South Wales has embarked on an ambitious expansion of its eucalypt plantation estate, with the goal of establishing 100 000 ha by the year 2010. A major process to achieving this goal is to enhance the existing sharefarming program through State Forests' Eucalypt Plantation Joint Ventures. Participation in this program has greatly increased the diversity of people requiring specific infonnation on plantation health.

A principle aim of successful plantation establishment is the rapid growth and increase in canopy leaf area and early canopy closure (fumbull et al. 1988). This can be directly challenged by fungal pathogens an.d insects. In other regions of Australia young eucalypt plantations, have sometimes been severely defoliated by arangeofleafpathogens and insect pests (egCamegie etal.I994,Farrow et al. 1994,Floydetal. 1994). The high establishment costs (approx. $1,000 - $2,000/ha) and management costs of eucalypt plantations also raises the economic status of any destructive agents. It has also been suggested that the artificial dynamics ofmono specific even-aged plantations may enable some fungal and insect species, not currently a problem in native forests, to achieve pest status in the expanding plantation estate ( Elliott et al. 1990, Ohmart 1990).

Although the role of insects and fungi in rural tree decline in northern New South Wales has been studied extensively (eg Mackay et al. 1984, Landsberg and Wylie 1988', Lowman and Heatwole 1992) much less is known of the leaf-damaging agents present in eucalypt plantations in this region. The few studies that have been done were on an ad hoc basis (eg Came et al. 1974, Stone 1993). Our limited knowledge is exacerbated by diverse local temporill and spacial climatic conditions and site characteristics. In addition, the tendency for many eucalypt species to have specific sit~ requirements for optimal growth and the variable host specificity of insects and fungi can produce a range of potential outcomes, in tenns of pest! host tree interactions, that are difficult to predict.

In response to the obvious lack of knowledge offungal pathogens and insect pests in eucalypt plantations in northern New South Wales, a series of field trials were initiated in 1993 as part of a comprehensive research strategy of eucalypt plantation and regrowthforests (Stanton 1992). The specific aims of the study were:-

(i) To compare tree growth losses due to infectious diseases and insect pest attack on a range of species and provenances during the plantation establishment phase, prior to canopy "closure.

(ii) To identify what fungal pathogens and insect pests were present on the various species and provenances.

(iii) To examine possible interactions 'between tree genotype, fungal disease, insect pests, chemical treatments and sites.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. SITE DESCRIPTIONS

Trials were established at three sites. Two were low elevation coastal sites located near Fridays Creek in Cpt. 136 of Orara West State Forest, 11 km west of Coffs Harbour and near Kennaicle Creek, on an ex­ pasture site ofGlad stone State Forest, 12km south-westofBelligen. The third site was on the New England Tablelands in Cussacks Section in Nowendock State Forest, located 50 km south-east of Walcha (Figure 1). A summary description of the sites is provided in Table 1.

FC. COFFS HARBOUR KC. WALCHA .... . "-CS

Figure 1. Location of the three trial sites used in the eucalypt plantation pest and disease' crop loss study.

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 2 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 3S Table 1. Summary description of pest and disease eucalypt trial sites.

Fridays Creek Kennaicle Creek Cussacks Section

Forestry District Urunga Urunga Walcha

Location Lat. 30019' Long. 152°59' Lal 30033' Long. 152"49' Lat.31"27' Long. 151°35'

Elevation 200 m lOOm 1200 m

Mean annual rainfall 1600 mm 1250 mm 1400 mm

Rainfall distribution Predominately summer Predominately summer \ Predominantly summet maximum maximum maximum, possibility of spring droughts

Temperaiure Av. 27"C in January. Av.of3~inJanuary. Av. max. of25"Cin January. av. min. of 7°C in July. ay. min. of 5"C in July. av. min. of 2"C in July

Frosts Approx.1O/year Rare Frequentin winter, snowfalls on ay. 3 - 4 times per year

Soils High quality site. fertile. Good quality site. Moderate site quality • soils well structured reddish moderately fertile, .\ .... are pale loams over light soils based on sediments . on deep alluvial; ../\ clays of brown to red in well structured, reddish colour on sedimentarY soils and loams rocks

Topography Undulating. mostly north­ Lower slope. relatively Uniform moderate slope east aspect, straddles level with shallow drainage fallirig to flat, with eaSterly northerly running ridges line; mostly with a northerly ... aspect aspect

Recent history Originally tall wet .....•..... opginally taq~~t ·..: .... ·· Qnginally Moist TaI>.leIan~ scletophyll forest, (m~tl.y sclerophyU fore$tJ~~r- }. .. Hardwood fotest (mostly ········ E. grandis but E. pilulatis E, gratldis). Cteared;used} ) E.obliquaandE. vilni1idlis)~ on ridges) then cleared for to grow soya beanS,s~wn C Area surrounded by . banana growing and ...• to improved pasture .•.... . E. tUtellS plantations grazing; heavy weed cover and native forest . at time of site preparation

2. SITE PREPARATION AND PlANTINGS

1) Fridays Creek - In early February 1993 a bulldozer pushed the burnt windrows out of the trial area. spread the ash beds and scalped the heavy weed cover. The most prevalent weeds were tobacco bush (Nicotiana sp.), cobbler's pegs (Bidens spp.) , inkberry (Phyto/acca octandra). lantana(Lantana sp.). wattle (Acacia melaloxylon) and Paddy's lucerne (Sida rhombifolia). A herbicide application was not required on this ex-forested site. The site was planted on 1st- 2nd March 1993 with adequate moisture at planting depth (>3 cm). Follow up rain was experienced although less than average for this time of year. Hand­ planting was carried out with a rabbit hoe. Preliminary inspections indicated a high survival rate and good early growth. Each tree was fertilised one month later with 150 g of StarterfosR (aj. = 10.0% N : 21.9% P : 2.3% K, Incitec), applied in a slit trench made 15 cm from the base of the plant.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES EUCALYPT PLANT AnON PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS S11JDY 3 1 2) Kennaicle Creek - The site was sprayed with Roundup R (a.i. = 360 gL -I, Monsanto) at 6 L ha· in early February 1993. This resulted in an almost complete kill of existing pasture and weed species. In early March a winged ripper was used to rip planting lines 30-50 cm deep across the contours at 3 m intervals producing excellent soil tilt in the planting rips. The site was then sprayed with SimazineR (a.i. = 500 gL-I ,Nufann) at 6 kg ha .1. The seedlings were planted, relatively late in the season, on 20th - 22nd April 1993 under warm moist conditions. Planting and fertilisation was done in the same manner as at the Fridays Creek site.

3) Cussacks Section - The clearing, windrowing and mounding of this site had taken place in the 1992/ 93 summer. In February 1993 it was sprayed with a Roundup R (6 Lha-I) and Simazine R (14 Lha -I) weedicide mixture and Sulphate of Ammonia. A follow up weedicide treatment of Glyphosate (6 Lha -I) was carried out in January 1994. The site was planted on 8th - 9th February 1994 in favourable conditions. The seedlings were hand-planted using a rabbit hoe. Each tree was fertilised with a Greenleaf Tree Tab R 20 g pill (aj. = 20.0% N : 4.4% P : 6.2% K , Langley Tree Tablets) at the time of planting.

3. PLANT MATERIAL

Appendix 1 lists the species and provenances selected for this study and the origin of each seedlot purchased from the Australian Seed Centre (CSIRO Division of Forestry Canberra). The plants for the Fridays Creek and Kennaicle Creek sites were grown by Australian Paper Manufacturers at Morwell, Victoria and then delivered to State Forest's Coffs Harbour nursery. TIle Cussacks Section plants were raised at the Coffs Harbour nursery. No Corymbia (Hill and Johnson 1995) species were planted at the colder Cussacks Section site.

Due to difficulties experienced by the nursery, some of the provenances originally intended for inclusion are not represented in the trials and were replaced with routine material. For example, at the Fridays Creek site a replication ofE. badjensis was replaced with routineE. grandis while at Kennaicle Creek a replication of E. microcorys was replaced with E. grandis. At Cussacks Section, E. sieberi was not fully replicated and replaced with E.fastigata. In general, the seedling failure rate was higher within the Monocalyptus and Corymbia groups than for the Symphyomyrtus species. The plants were hardened offin the open before planting. Most plot trees were 250-400 mm high and ofhealthy appearance except for some E. microcorys and E. globoidea (Fridays Creek) and E. microcorys, E. globoidea and E. laevopinea (Kennaicle Creek). A total of20 species and 30 provenances of Symphyomyrtus, 15 species and 30 provenances ofM onocalyptus and three species of the genus Corymbia were planted across the three sites.

4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

At each site two adjacent trials were established, one of species of Eucalyptus informal Symphyomyrtus and the other of species from the informal subgenus M onocalyptus and the genus Corymbia (blood woods ) (Hill and Jotulson 1995). The design of each trial was two replications of a 2 x 2 factorial for fungicide and insecticide spray treatments in randomised blocks in which each whole-plot had 25 sub-plots of species (or provenances) arranged in lattice squares (see Appendix 1 for identification of each sub-plot). The treatment plots consisted of25 sub-plots arranged in five rows and five columns, forming a 15 m x 75 m rectangle. Each species/provenance sub-plot contained five trees in a row planted at 3.0 m x 3.0 m spacing. Thus after establishment, there were two trials (comprising of either Symphyomyrtus or Monocalyptus and Corymbia species/provenances) x two replications of four treatment plots (C, I, F, I+F) x 25 sub-plots (species/provenances) x five subplot trees making a total of 2000 experimental trees at each site. In addition, at each site, a single tree buffer surrounded each of the 16 treatment plots/site. The layout of plots was arranged so as to minimise within site variation.

EUCALYPT PLANT AnON PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 4 CROP LOSS S11JDY RESEARCH PAPER NO_35 5. TReATMENTS

The chemical treatments were randomly assigned to each of the four whole plots per replicate. The treatment specifications were as follows: '

i) Control (C) Nil treatment ii) Fungicide (F) Applications of the fungicide chlorothalonil in water + wetting agent (0.27%' Bravo 500 scR or 0.27% Daconil flowableR + 0.1 % Agml 6OQR) iii) Insecticide (n Applications of the insecticide mixture of dimethoate and carbaryl in water + wetting agent (0.1 % Rogor 400 ecR + 0.2% Carbene 500 scR + 0.1 % Agrol6OQR) iv) Fungicide + Insecticide (IF) Applications ofboth the fungicide and insecticide treatments, each treatment applied separately.

The treatments were applied using a four wheel drive mounted unit incorporating a 200 L spray tank, petrol powered pump and reeled hose. Foliage was sprayed until dripping. The Fridays Creek site was treated 18 times, the first in April1993 and the last in June 1995. Similarly at Kennaicle Creek the chemical treatments were applied 18 times from May 1993 to July 1995. The trial at Cussacks Section was first treated in April 1995 and then a further 10 times, until June 1996. The treatments were usually applied on a monthly basis during the warmer periods but less frequently during the cooler months. Physical and financial constraints prevented the treatments being applied every month.

6. MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT

Every plot tree was assessed at the time of each treatment application. The results and observations were recorded on copies of the assessment sheet presented in Appendix 2, using the scoring systems described in Appendix 3. For each tree, height and crown diameter was measured, with stem diameters (DBHOB at 1.3 m) measured at the conclusion of the study at each site. The overall general appearance of the tree was visually assessed (e.g. dead, stunted, epicormic regrowth etc.) along with the identification of any damage-causing agents (e.g. wallaby grazing, frost, lack of moisture etc.). In order to obtain a relatively comprehensive description of the fungal diseases and insect pests present (and to force the observers to examine the foliage closely), the foliage was categorised into the following leaf age classes: bud/growing tips; immature foliage; mature foliage and old foliage. Definitions of these leaf age classes are provided on the Assessment Code Sheets (Appendix 3). A distinction between juvenile foliage and true adult foliage was also requested. '

Each leaf age class was assessed separately for disease and insect damage. For the disease assessment, both severity and intensity of the diseases were estimated using a scoring system provided on the Assessment Code Sheets (Appendix 3). A series of damage assessment diagrams were'prepared to assist with the visual scoring of fungal leaf pathogens (similar to those prepared by Carnegie et al. 1994). For the insect damage each leaf age class was assessed for the type of insect damage (eg edge scalloping, necrosis by psyllids, leaf mining etc.); estimates of the amount of foliage actually damaged and the abundance of any insects present (Appendices 2 and 3). Samples ofdamaged or diseased foliage and any suspected damaging insects , were collected in labelled containers and forwarded to the State Forests Research Division, Sydney for identification. The collection of nocturnal insects was not attempted.

STATE FORFSTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 5 7. DATA ANALYSES

At the completion of each monthly assessment the record sheets were sent to the Research Division, Sydney, for collation into a database (DBASE IV). From the llu'ee sites a total of 47 months worth of data were collected, with each monthly data set from each site consisting of 2000 records from 2000 trees.

All analyses were done using procedures in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) for Windows, Release 6.10(1994). Level of significance was set at ~ 5 .0%. The lattice square design (row and column allocation) of species/provenances in the treatment whole plots, allowed for the testing of significant site variation within the whole plots. This was done using the LATTICE procedure on tree heights for a subsample of months from each site. In all analyses, the "Blocks within Replications" term was insignificant. This allowed the design to revert to a standard split-plot design. The following outlines the form of the split­ plot analysis of variance used in the GLM procedure to test for differences between tree heights and stem diameters (DBHOB) at each site for any particular month. .

Source of Variation d.f. Replication 1 Treatments (= whole plots) 3 Rep * Treatment (= Error a) 3 Species (= subplots) 24 Treatment * Species (interaction) 72 Rep (treatment * species) (= Error b) 96

Significant differences between treatments were tested using the Error' a' term while Species/provenances and the Treatment * Species interaction were tested using the Error 'b' term. Species /provenance and treatment means were compared using Fisher's LSD t-tests.

The ordinal score data obtained from the damage assessments were examined initially using the LOGISTIC procedure (SAS 1990). This procedure fits linear logistic regression models for ordinal response data by the method of maximum likelihood. Difficulties in the analysis arose as a consequence of the high frequency of zeros (= nil damage) for some species and treatments. To improve the distribution of the foliage damage scores, the scores from each of the three age classes (refer to Appendices 2 and 3) were subjectively given equal weighting and summed to provide three values per tree. That is, a summary insect damage score, a disease severity score and a disease intensity score. The disease severity and intensity scores were then averaged to produce a summary fungal damage score. These summary damage scores were then used for relative comparisons between species and treatments. Because of their derivation it was not appropriate to attempt to transform the scores back into absolute values ofleaf area loss nor was the scoring system designed accurately to determine actual amounts of damaged foliage. Treatmentmeans derived from these damage scores and percent mortality were compared using non-parametric procedures (Kruskal-Wallis tests or pair-wise comparisons using the Mann-Whitney U-tests in the NPARIWAY procedure (SAS 1990).

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 6 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 RESULTS

1. RAINFALL

During 1993 and 1994 much of northern New South Wales experienced very dry conditions. At all three sites the winter and spring rainfall of 1994 was less than half the average rainfall for those districts. The drought ended in 1995 with above average rainfall in February and March 1995.

2. COMPARISONS OF SPECIES AND PROVENANCES

(a) Tree growth

The comparative rankings (after pooling the four treatments per site) of the species/provenances, based on mean tree heights 27 months after planting, are provided in Tables 2 and 3. At each site there was significant variation between species within both theSymphyomyrtus (Table 2) and the Monocalyptus and Corymbia (Table 3) groupings. Significant mean height differences also occurred between some provenances of the same species such as E. ovata, E. jraxinoides and E. regnans at Cussacks Section; E. meullerana andE.laevopineaatFridays Creek; and E.laevopinea andE. globoidea at Kennaicle Creek. At both coastal sites, the Coffs Harbour Seed Orchard provenance ofE. grandis produced taller trees than the Atherton provenance. At Fridays Creek, the southern provenances of Corymbia had better height rankings than the provenances from Queensland, however, this pattern was not repeated at Kennaicle Creek.

The species with the best mean tree heights and stem diameters ofthe entire study was the Symphyomyrtus species, E. badjensis growing on the ex-forested site at Fridays Creek (overall mean height after 27 months = 10.9 m, no. of trees =33) (Table 2). Eucalyptus badjensis also grew well on the ex-pastoral site at the Kennaicle Creek. The tallest provenance at the Kennaicle site was E. nitens (Majors Point) (mean height = 9.2) while the Mt Toorongo provenance was the fastest growing species at Cussacks Section (mean height = 6.1 m). In fact, all three provenances of E. nitens had significantly better mean heights and diameters than any other species at Cussacks Section. The untreated trees of E. smithii (Mt Dromedary) grew very well at Fridays' Creek but were sUIpassed by several species such as E. grandis, E. sa/igna and E. dunnii when the insecticide treatments were applied. AlthoughE. grandis (Coffs Harbour Seed Orchard) and E. dunnii were ranked slightly below the fastest growing trees they both achieved very high establishment sUlvival rates. The only species that completely failed was the Symphyomyrtus species E. rummeryi at Cussacks Section.

The bes~mean height and stem diameter within the Monocalyptus species at Cussacks Section was attained by E. jraxinoides (Nimmitabel) (overall mean height after 27 months = 5.4 m), with E. fastigata (Roberston) and E. regnans (Strzelecki Range) also growing well in the colder conditions (Table 3). At the two coastal sites, all the replicates of the routine E. pilularis provenance from Orara East State Forest grew consistently well, achieving the largest mean stem diameters, whileE. sieberi (Nullica) (overall mean . height = 9.0 m) was the tallest provenance at Kennaicle Creek.

The two southern C. maculata provenances were among the faster growing provenances at Fridays Creek. However, all the Corymbia species/provenances achieved only moderate height rankings on the ex­ pastoral site at Kennaicle Creek. The relative rankings for the Corymbia species at Kennaicle Creek were C. citriodora, C. maculata and C. variegata, with C. variegata (Warwick) having a mean height 32% lower than the bestmonocalypt(E. sieberi) at that site. In general, the Corymbia species had small stem diameters when compared to other species of similar mean tree heights.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES EUCALYPT PLANTA nON PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 7 00

Table 2. Symphyomyrtus species/provenance rankings according to mean tree height (m), 27 months after planting, at three sites (pooling treatments). ~g "tI> Cussacks Section Frid Creek Kennaicle Creek ~§ Mean Species I Provenance n Mean Species / Provenance n Mean Species / Provenance n a 6.07 E. nitens Mt Tooronqo 38 a 10.93 E. badiensis Cathcart SF 33 a 9.17 E. nitens Majors Point 40 ~§ b a 5.49 E. nitens Majors Point 40 b 9.90 E. smithii Mt Dromedary 30 b a 9.00 E. badjensis Glenbog SF 32 ><> b a 5.48 E. nit ens Majors Point 40 c b 9.38 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 40 b a 8.95 E. smithii Mt Dromedary 39 g b a 5.43 E. nit ens Majors Point 39 c b d 9.32 E. glob.maidenii Yurammie S.F. 34 b a 8.94 E.grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 40 z b 5.16 E. nitens Macalister 37 c b d 9.29 E. arandis Coffs Seed Orchard 39 b a c 8.86 E. glob.maidenii Yurammie S.F: 37 ril c 3.95 E. viminalis Apollo Bay 35 c e b d 9.10 E. dunnii Clouds Creek 40 b d a c 8.82 E. saligna 40 km W of Coffs 39 d c 3.92 E. badjensis Glenboq SF 39 c e d 9.08 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 37 b d a c 8.80 E. dunnii Clouds Creek 40 ~ d c 3.92 E. glob.globu/us Otway SF 32 c e d 9.04 E. g/ob.bicostata Rylestone 35 b d a c 8.65 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 40 d c 3.84 E. ovata Port Huon 34 c e d 8.99 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 38 b d a c 8.56 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 40 ~ d c e 3.80 E. smithii Tallaganda SF 40 c e d 8.97 E. nitens Majors Point 28 b d a c 8.53 E. saligna Armidale 40 ~ d c e 3.75 E. glob.g/obulus Flinders Is. 28 c e f d 8.94 E. saligna Armidale 38 b d a c 8.50 E. botryoides Orbost 39 30 8.92 40 b d a c 8.43 31 ~ d c e 3.68 E. glob.maidenii Yurammie SF c e f d E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard E. g/ob.globulus Flinders Is f}l 9 d c e 3.34 E. smithii Mt. Domedary 22 c e f d 8.75 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 39 b d a c 8.41 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 40 9 d e 3.18 E. glob.maidenii Eden 34 9 e f d 8.52 E. saligna 40 km W of Coffs 36 b d e c 8.20 E. botryoides Milton 38 9 h e 3.09 E. glob.bicostata Ryestone 37 9 e f 8.35 E. orooinaua Woolgoolga 39 d e c 8.10 E. grandis Atherton 37 9 h 3.05 E. glob.bicostata Mt Strathbogie 34 9 8.21 E. botrvoides Milton 39 d e 8.00 E. quadrangu/ata Clouds Creek 39 9 h 2.93 E. cvpellocarpa Nimmitabel 31 9 7.88 E. botrvoides Orbost 39 e 7.43 E. glob.bicostata Mt Strathbogie 34 9 h 2.87 E. ovata Bombala 31 9 7.74 E. grandis Artherton 40 9 7.15 E. deanei Watagan 39 9 h 2.74 E. dalrv.heptantha Mt Gibbo 33 9 7.73 E. deanei Wataqan 37 9 7.08 E. glob.bicostata Rylestone 40 9 h 2.70 E. viminalis Kaputar NP 35 9 6.67 E. deanei Boonoo 36 h 9 6.56 E. propinqua Woolgoolga 37 h 2.35 E. cvpellocarpa Bonanq 28 h 6.54 E. microcorvs Kempsey 35 h 6.17 E. amplifolia Moleton 37 1.66 E. saligna Armidale 18 h 6.25 E. amplifo/ia Moleton 34 j 5.52 E. microcorys Kempsey 35 en 1.66 E. dunnii Clouds Creek 12 h 6.10 E. microcorvs Kenilworth 35 j 5.32 E. microcorys Kenilworth 28 ~ 1.63 15 6.00 E. viminalis Kaputar NP 30 j 5.11 E. amplifolia Nerriga 37 @ E. quadrangulata Clouds Creek h 5.20 E. amplifolia Nerriqa 36 j 5.02 E. viminalis Kaputar NP 32

~ Mean heights in each column with the same letter are not significantly different (using Fisher's LSD test), n = number of surviving trees where max. = 40.

~~ ttj'TJ

~~ ::t:en ~~ ril5:j

:;.tI~ ~> ;.,~ ""en Table 3. Monocalyptus and Corymbia species/provenance rankings according to mean tree height (m), 27 months after planting, at three sites ~~ tIl> (pooling treatments). ~tTl ~~ :;;~ Cussacks Section ... _- - -.-- .. Kennaicle Creek ~~ Mean Species I Provenance nl Mean S~eciesI Provenance n Mean ~~eciesI Provenance n ~o z't'l a 5.36 E. fraxinoides Nimmitabel 37 I a 9.57 E. pilularis Orara East SF 39 a 8.96 E. sieberi Nullica 32 b a 4.91 E. fastigata Roberston 31 ! b a 9.27 E. pilularis Orara East SF . 37 b a 8.42 E. pilularis Orara East SF 35 ~~ b a c 4.74 E. regnans Strzelecki Range 29 ' b a 9.23 E. pilularis Orara East SF 37 b a c 8.38 E. pilularis Orara East SF 39 tIl b d c 4.51 E. fastigata Roberston 35 b a 9.22 E. pilularis Orara East SF 36 b a c 8.38 E. pilularis Orara East SF 35 bed c 4.41 E. fastiqata Roberston 34 b a 9.20 E. maculata Moleton 37 b a c 8.38 E. pilularis Orara East SF 36 ~ bed c .4.36 E. fastigata Oberon 39 b a c 9.18 E. pilularis Orara East SF 39 b a c 8.36 E. pilularis Orara East SF 39

E. ! b d a c C. d c ~ 9 e d c 4.13 delegatensis Mt Gibbo 33 9.13 maculata Batemans Bay 39 b 8.09 E. pilularis Orara East SF 39 9 e d 4.11 E. regnans Forester, Tas 17 ! b d a c 9.06 E. pilularis Grafton 32 b d c 8.03 E. pilularis Orara East SF 36 ~ 9 e d 4.04 E. fastigata Roberston 38 b d a c 9.05 E. pilularis Orara East SF 38 bed c 7.90 E. laevQpinea Tenterfield 36 9 e d 4.01 E. oreades Newnes 32 e b d a c 8.87 E. pilularis Orara East SF 37 bed c 7.59 E. globoidea Nowa Nowa 38 9 e d 4.01 E. fastigata Tallaganda SF 33 e b d c 8.76 E. meullerana Narooma 34 e d c 7.57 E. pilularis Orara East SF 38 9 e 3.79 E. fraxinoides Pikes Saddle 32 ebdfcg 8.56 E. pilularis Orara East SF 38 9 e d 7.28 C. citriodora Irvine Bank 31 9 3.77 E. oreades Newnes SF 34 e h d f c 9 8.40 E. sieberi Nullica 12 9 e d 7.28 E. meullerana Cann River 38 9 3.73 E. obliqua Lavers Hill 29 e h d f 9 8.38 C. citriodora Irvine Bank 39 9 e h 7.10 E. pilularis Grafton 37 9 3.72 E. sieberi Nullicasf SF 14 e h f 9 8.25 C. variegata Warwick 34 9 h 7.01 E. meullerana Narooma 34 h 3.02 E. and.campanulata Njangala 34 e h 9 8.20 E. meullerana Cann River 34 9 h 6.75 E. meullerana Orbost 37 h 2.93 E. laevopinea Tenterfield 29 e h f 9 8.14 E. laevopinea Tenterfield 29 9 j h 6.69 C. citriodora Mareeba 35 trl h 2.89 E. and.campanulata Diehappy SF 19 h j f 8.04 C. citriodora Mareeba 36 h 6.55 E. cloeziana Blackdown C 9 9 j 40 h j 2.70 E. muellerana Narooma 10 h j k 7.81 E. globoidea Nowa Nowa 31 9 j h 6.48 C. maculata Bateman's Bay 39 ~ 9 h j 2.64 E. laevopinea Walcha 38 h j k 7.67 E. meullerana Orbost 33 9 j h 6.44 C. maculata Moleton 37 ~ h j 2.63 E. laevopinea New England 40 j k 7.48 E. agglomerata Batemans Bay 31 j h 6.37 E. laevopinea New EnQland 37 ~ k h j 2.47 E. sieberi NE Tasmania 16 j k 7.24 E. cloeziana Blackdown 32 j 6.23 E. agglomerata Bateman's Bay 38 k j 2.27 E. andrewsii Krombit 20 k 7.21 E. laevopinea New England 35 j 6.10 C. variegata Warwick 35 k j 2.22 E. globoidea NE of Bega 17 6.97 E. globoidea Barcoongere 22 j k 5.91 E. globoidea Barcoongere 35 k 1.98 E. andrewsii Winterbourne 15 n 4.69 E. globoidea Bega 25 k 5.21 E. qloboidea Bega 24 ~

~ Mean heights in each column with the same letter are not significantly ditTerent (using Fisher's L~Dtest), n=number of surviving trees where max. = 40.

~~

~~ ~~ tIltrl Cl~ ><:,om

\0 The overall relative species/provenances height rankings at the conclusion of the study differed little from the relative mean heights measured in December (six months earlier, at the commencement of the second summer), at Cussacks Section. At the Coastal sites there was more variation in tenns of relative height rankings amongst the Symphyomyrtus but not significantly so. For example, at Fridays Creek, E. nitens dropped six places over the six month period while at Kennaicle Creek E. badjensis improved from sixth to second position and E. globulus var. globulus dropped from first to twelfth. Amongst the monocalypts at Fridays Creek, there was a general improvement amongst the E.pilularis provenances, while the Corymbia provenance, C. maculata (Batemans Bay) fell from first to seventh position in relative height rankings. At Kennaicle Creek, E. sieberi maintained its height superiority and the E. pilularis provenances overtook the well ranked E. globoidea (Nowa Nowa).

(b) Disease and insect damage

Tables 4 and 5 present the summary fungal and insect damage scores (pooling data from all four treatments) recorded in December and six months later in June of all the species/provenances assessed at each site. There was no obvious overall correlation or pattern between the mean height rankings of the species! provenances and their fungal and insect foliar damage scores (Tables 4 and 5). Variability in susceptibility to either fungi or insect attack was high at the species level compared to,possible overall differences at the subgenus level. The species specificity to fungal susceptibility is demonstrated in the differences in fungal damage scores between the monocalypt species, E. regnans and E.fastigata at Cussacks Section. Notable differences also occurred between provenances of a species eg E. nitens (Symphyomyrtus) andE.laevopin'ea (Monocalyptus) at Cussacks Section. However, within Eucalyptus series Transversaria (E. saligna group) all the species recorded relatively low levels of fungal infection at Fridays Creek (but higher levels in June at Kennaicle) while they all appeared to be relatively susceptible to insect attack.

Other Symphyomyrtus species with relatively low fungal attack were E. microcorys and E. dunnii. The poorly performing species, E. viminalis, suffered high levels of fungal leaf damage at all three sites. At Cussacks Section, the best provenance of E. nitens, Mt Toorongo, appeared to be more susceptible to fungal attack than the Majors Point Provenance. TheSymphyomyrtus species with the lowest insect damage scores at all three sites was E. badjensis. Eucalyptus badjensis, however, was susceptible to fungal attack at Cussacks Section but not at the two coastal sites. AlthoughE. grandis provenances and E. dunnii (Clouds Creek) tended to have relatively high insect damage scores they attained better than average tree heights. Two Symphyomyrtus species with only moderate to poor growth rates and high levels of insect damage were E. botryoides and E. ampliJolia.

Both the faster growing successful monocalypt species, E.fastigata at Cussacks Section and E. pilularis at Fridays Creek recorded relatively low fungal damage scores. At Cussacks Section, however, several monocalypt species recorded high damage scores, including E. delegatensis (Mt Gibbo) and E. obliqua (Lavers Hill) in June and E. oreades in December. Although E. regnans (Sn-zelecki Range) at Cussacks Section and E. sieberi (Nullica) at Kennaicle Creek had high levels offoliardisease they both reached good mean heights (Table 4). This is in contrast to the slow growing E. cloeziana which had low levels of both fungal and insect attack. In general, none of the monocalypt species suffered very high levels of insect attack, the only possible exceptions being E. regnans (Forester) in December at Cussacks andE. meullerana (Orbost) at Kennaicle Creek. Both provenances of E.fastigata at Cussacks Section consistently had low levels of insect attack.

Of the Corymbia species, the C. citriodora provenances appeared to be more susceptible to fungal attack than the C. maculata provenances, especially at Kennaicle Creek. At Fridays Creek, the Corymbia species had relatively low levels of insect damage but much higher levels were recorded in June at Kennaicle Creek.

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STA TB FORESTS OF NEW SOU'TIl WALES 10 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 Table 4. Summation of fungal and insect foliar damage scores (pooling treatments) for Symphyomyrtus species/provenances at three sites, assessed in December (1994 for F.C. and K.c., 1995 for C.S.) and then June (1995 for F.C. and K.C., 1996 for C.S.). Species are ranked according ~~ to mean height in June (1995 for F.K. and K.C., 1996 for C.S.), 27 months after planting. §i ?;~ ~o z'T.I Cussacks Section ••• - .... y ..... _.- ...... '" Kennaicle Creek Fungal Insect Fungal Insect Fungal Insect 9~ ~~ Species I Provenance Dec. June Dec. June Species I Provenance Dec. June Dec: June Species / Provenance Dec. June Dec. June en E. nilens Mt Tooronqo 16.4 25.9 6.8 5.3 E. badjensis Cathcart SF 1.9 3.6 1.8 0.3 E. nil ens Majors Point 8.9 14.4 4.7 21.2 E. nilens Majors Point 2.1 11.8 6.0 4.0 E. smithii Mt Dromedarv 9.6 5.0 6.8 3.6 E. badjensis Glenboq SF 6.5 12.8 1.8 1.9 ~ E. nilens Majors Point 12.0 6.8 4.3 3.3 E. qrandis Coffs Seed Orchard 2.0 0.7 15.5 14.0 E. smilhii Mt Dromedary 10.1 8.8 5.6 13.8 E. nilens Majors Point 8.3 10.1 2.8 4.4 E. qlob.maidenii Yurammie sF" 12.2 5.3 6.1 12.9 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 5.4 33.9 17.2 22.2 ~ E. nil ens Macalister 12.0 18.2 2.2 4.3 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 3.8 0.3 20.0 19.0 E. g/ob.maidenii Yurammie SF 15.0 18.4 19.2 22.7 ~ E. viminalis Apollo Bay 22.3 110 21.4 8.0 E. dunnii Clouds Creek 9.2· 4.7 20.5 25.0 E. sa/igna 40 km W of Coffs 6.3 18.7 11.5 16.5 E. badjensis Glenboq SF 14.8 53.2 1.8 1.0 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 0.0 1.6 12.3 10.3 E. dunnii Clouds Creek 5.4 3.4 26.4 26.5 E. qlob.qlobulus Otway SF 25.3 42.0 4.7 6.3 E. glob.bicoslala Rylestone 20.0 16.4 5.4 16.0 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 6.5 24.2 20.5 29.7 E. ovala Port Huon 1.6 38.9 9.1 11.5 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 5.4 4.5 18.2 20.0 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 9.7 27.0 21.5 29.5 E. smilhii Tallaganda SF 17.7 67.5 8.5 3.3 E. nilens Maiors Point 11.2 6.1 2.1 6.8 E. sa/iqna Armldale 8.4 25.9 16.7 21.3 E. glob.qlobulus Flinders Is. 37.4 49.1 2.0 3.2 E. saliqna Armidale 4.5 0.5 14.5 20.8 E. bolryoides Orbost 6.7 25.5 12.2 28.5 E. glob.maidenii Yurammie SF 32.8 19.1 4.0 10.0 E. qrandis Coffs Seed Orchard 3.3 5.7 17.1 14.0 E. g/ob.g/obu/us Flinders Is 36.9 23.7 11.3 20.6 E. smilhii Mt. Domedarv 14.4 78.2 2.8 3.6 E. qrandis Coffs Seed Orchard 3.2 7.4 7.4 15.4 E. grandis Coffs Seed Orchard 4.8 34.0 22.3 22.7 E. qlob.maidenii Eden 25.0 11.9 3.2 7.9 E. saligna 40 km W of Coffs 3.9 6.9 17.5 17.2 E. botryoides Milton 2.5 30.0 29.2 29.2 E. qlob.bicoslala Rylestone 27.6 12.6 3.3 6.7 E. propinaua Wooloooloa 1.8 0.7 11.5 12.0 E. grandis Atherton 19.4 32.6 17.4 31.1 E. glob.bicoslata Mt Strathbooie 24.3 35.1 0.6 5.6 E. bolrvoides Milton 11.5 4.6 23.3 27.4 E. quadrangu/ala Clouds Creek 8.3 7.6 24.6 25.4 ~ E. cypellocarpa Nimmitabel 18.5 26.3 4.2 5.2 E. bolrvoides Orbost 4.8 7.4 17.9 22.6 E. g/ob.bicostata Mt Strathbogie 38.2 2.6 8.7 5.5 § E. ovala Bombala 1.3 23.4 2.9 3.9 E. grandis Artherton 7.0 2.5 15.7 15.5 E. deanei Wataqan 4.9 10.9 15.9 23.3 E. darlY.heplanlha Mt Gibbo 4.3 32.7 3.8 7.6 E. deanei Wataoan 3.5 4.8 9.2 11.3 E. g/ob.bicoslala Rylestone 26.7 22.6 3.3 8.0 E. viminalis Kaputar NP 35.7 108 5.8 5.1 E. deanei Boonoo 10.0 4.7 12.7 15.8 E. propinqua Woolgoolga 9.6 9.7 19.7 19.7 ~ E. cypellocarpa Bonano 15.9 42.6 1.8 9.3 E. microcorvs Kempsey 8.3 4.0 13.9 22.0 E. amp/ifo/ia Moleton 11.0 10.6 28.7 48.1 > E. saligna Armidale 5.6 30.8 0.4 2.8 E. amp/ifo/ia Moleton 12.4 5.9 26.7 24.7 E. microcorys Kempsey 2.5 5.8 25.7 16.3 g E. dunnii" Clouds Creek 5.8 12.5 1.5 6.7 E. microcorvs Kenilworth 1.3 1.1 13.2 15.4 E. microcorys Kenilworth 2.1 1.8 13.2 18.6 Z '"d E. quadrangulala Clouds Creek 15.9 36.7 5.4 12.7 E. vimina/is Kaputar NP 32.0 28.0 4.8 12.3 E. amp/ifo/ia Nerriqa 4.3 4.8 17.6 37.6 f;] E. amplifo/ia Nerriga 3.5 6.1 16.5 19.1 E. vimina/is Kaputar NP . 13.6 21.1 14.3 12.5 fJ~ Fungal and Insect foHar damage scores = total sum of individual tree fungal and insect damage scores/number of trees. 5~~ ~~ en tIl d~ of;] t-<: •

...... IV

Table 5. Summation of fungal and insect foliar damage scores (pooling treatments) for Monocalyptus and Corymbia species/provenances at three ~~'tl> sites, assessed in December (1994 for F.e. and K.C., 1995 for C.S.) and then June (1995 for F.C. and K.C., 1996 for C.s.). Species are ranked according to mean height in June (1995 for F.K. and K.c., 1996 for C.S.), 27 months after planting. ~§

~§ >-<> Cussacks Section . -- ~- - --- Kennaicle Creek ~ Fungal Insect Fungal Insect Fungal Insect Dec. June Dec. June Dec. June Dec. June Dec. June Dec. June ~ I Species I Provenance Species I Provenance \ Sp'ecies I Provenance 18.7 8.4 3.2 E. pilularis Orara East SF 3.3 1.4 15.4 3.1 E. sieberi Nullica 47.0 22.6 2.1 18.7 tE E. fraxinoides Nimmitabel 5.5 E. fastigata Roberston 1.5 4.2 1.6 2.9 E. pilularis Orara East SF 3.9 1.4 11.6 2.7 E. pilularis Orara East SF 4.3 4.8 1.7 16.5 ~ E. regnans Strzelecki Ranoe 20.6 52.6 15.0 7.2 E. pilularis Orara East SF 4.8 0.5 10.3 2.4 E. pilularis Orara East SF 9.6 10.5 2.2 16.9 E. fastiqata Roberston 7.4 5.7 2.0 3.4 E. pilularis Orara East SF 5.0 2.8 14.7 3.9 E. pilularis Orara East SF 5.0 13.4 1.8 13.7 ~ E. fastiqata Roberston 4.5 3.1 3.0 2.3 C. maculata Moleton 8.2 1.9 6.7 4.6 E. pilularis Orara East SF 4.8 10.8 1.6 15.0 ~ en E. fastiqata Oberon 3.2 3.4 6.4 7.4 E. pilularis Orara East SF 9.0 2.6 9.5 1.3 E. pilularis Orara East SF 4.3 13.7 2.6 15.6 E. deleqatensis Mt Gibbo 12.5 68.3 10.3 4.5 C. maculata Batemans Bay 2.6 2.3 5.1 2.8 E. pilularis Orara East SF 4.2 9.6 4.0 14.1 ~ el E. regnans Forester, Tas 28.1 44.7 20.0 7.6 E. pilularis Grafton 8.3 3.4 4.8 5.6 E. pilularis Orara East SF 6.5 4.4 1.8 12.5 E. fasUqata Roberston 7.3 10.4 3.8 4.7 E. pilularis Orara East SF 2.4 0.6 19.2 2.6 E. laevopinea Tenterfield 10.8 6.5 0.5 14.1 E. oreades Newnes 36.4 29.2 4.6 5.0 E. pilularis Orara East SF 8.5 3.5 11.4 6.7 E. globoidea Nowa Nowa 9.5 8.5 2.8 7.4 E. fastigata Taliaganda SF 1.1 9.4 3.6 3.0 E. meu/lerana Narooma 12.8 4.7 10.9 4.7 Epilularis Orara East SF 3.1 9.6 4.4 12.4 E. fraxinoides Pikes Saddle 1.7 10.1 4.5 7.2 E. pilularis Orara East SF 5.6 3.9 15.8 3.1 C. citriodora Irvine Bank 18.3 10.8 0.3 10.3 E. oreades Newnes SF 50.3 30.7 5.9 3.8 E. sieberi Nullica 53.2 12.5 2.3 0.8 E. meu/lerana Cann River 10.9 17.1 5.7 13.6 E. obliqua Lavers Hill 31.5 67.9 17.0 6.2 C. citriodora Irvine Bank 11.4 5.6 1.5 2.8 E. pilularis Grafton 14.8 21.7 3.0 12.1 E. sieberi Nullica SF 33.7 45.0 2.5 5.0 C. variegata Warwick 10.0 8.5 2.8 0.9 E. meullerana Narooma 6.3 16.6 7.1 10.0 E. and.campanulata Njanqala 16.3 25.6 10.6 9.7 E. meu/lerana Cann River 27.0 7.6 7.3 6.2 E. meu/lerana Orbost 8.1 11.2 8.4 22.7 E. laevopinea Tenterfield 9.0 7.6 4.0 8.3 E. laevopinea T enterfield 7.9 1.4 3.4 5.9 C. citriodora Mareeba 15.1 12.3 1.1 9.4 en E. and.campanulata Diehappy SF 32.7 30.5 5.5 9.5 C. citriodora Mareeba 4.2 1.7 0.0 0.8 E. c/oeziana Blacdown 6.5 3.3 0.0 1.2 E. mue/lerana Narooma 9.5 37.0 11.8 3.0 E. globoidea Nowa Nowa 8.8 7.2 3.3: 2.3 C. maculata Bateman's Bay 4.0 5.9 13 42.5 ~ E. laevopinea Walcha 19.3 29.8 5.0 7.4 E. meu/lerana Orbost 13.2 6.4 9.7 3.9 C. maculata Moleton 7.1 8.5 12.1 40.8 E. laevopinea New Enqland 3.6 5.3 5.5 8.5 E. agglomerata Bcitemans Bay 13.1 4.2 2.8 1.0 E. laevopinea New England 5.4 18.8 0.3 11.9 E. sieberi NE Tasmania 41.7 40.3 9.4 2.5 E. cloeziana Blacdown \ 2.3 3.1 2.1 0.0 E. agglomerata Bateman's Bay 6.5 4.7 0.5 2.4 ~ E. andrewsii Krombit 17.6 17.0 9.6 9.5 E. laevopinea New Enoland 10.7 6.5 6.5 2.3 C. variegata Warwick 10.0 16.7 7.5 28.3 ~~ E. globoidea NE of Bega 37.9 28.2 2.3 7.6 E. globoidea Barcoonoere 4.1 0.4 1.3 3.1 E. globoidea Barcoongere 8.3 9.0 1.4 3.7 tI'l'Il ~. 11.6 11.8 andre~slivvlrlterbourne__ _ 6.0 ..~ ~."L ~ globoidea Bega 0.3 0.0 E.globoidea .. l3.ega .- 15.6 20.2 , 0.0 4.6 ~~ (')~ ::t::en Fungal and Insect foliar damage scores = total sum of individual tree fungal and insect damage scores/number of trees. >5'tlO tE3 ~~ ~> ;.,t;; Ulen The results from the numbers of trees present at the conclusion of the study, indicate that seedling/sapling swvival was independent of the levels of either fungal or insect foliar damage for all three groups of eu~alypts.

Nutrient deficiency symptoms were not observed in any of the crop-loss pla,ntings at Kennaicle Creek or Fridays Creek nor in the Symphomyrtus plantings at" Cussacks. However, in the Monocalyptus trial at Cussacks a mild chlorosis of young leaves was widespread. Eucalyptus oreades appeared to be the most severely affected .species but the problem was widespread. Foliar analysis indicated the problem was caused by a marginal iron deficiency probably induced by the high base levels and neutral pH of the sedimentary rock underlying the soil.

A major source of tip dieback on the Tablelands site was frost damage with several species of Symphyomyrtus (eg E. globulus bicostata, E. globulus maidennii, E. quadrangulata, E. smitlJ.ii and E. viminalis) and Monocalyptus (eg E. andrewsii, E,fastigata, E. laevopinea, E. obliqua and E. sieberi) affected.

3. IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI AND INSECTS

(a) Insects

A list of the potential insect pests sampled from individual eucalypt species is presented in Appendix 4. Many of the common insect defoliators of young eucalypts in south eastern Australia were also recorded during this study, although the actual species composition differed somewhat between sites. The most ubiquitous group of insect herbivores were the chrysomelids. Chrysomelid larvae tend to defoliate tenninal shoots in the upper canopies while the adults characteristically cause scalloping of the leaf margins on older leaves. They were the most common group recorded at Cussacks Section, responsible for the relatively high levels of damage on E. viminalis (Apollo Bay) and both provenances of E. regnans and E. obliqua. Although no single species or group of insects were considered to be at outbreak levels at the Cussacks Section site, autumn gum moth larvae (M nesampela privata) were frequently recorded on species with glaucous juvenile foliage, for example the Symphyomyrtus species of E. viminalis, E. nitens, E. globulus maidenii and the monocalypt E. delegatensis. Two sap-sucking insects common on the E. globulus subspecies were the tip-feeding bug (Amorbus rubiginosus) and the tip-feeding bluegum psyllid (Ctenarytaina eucalypt1.), which was also common on E. nitens.

Both the general incidence of insect damage and the levels of insect damage recorded at the two coastal sites were higher than that at the colder site of Cussacks Section. At Fridays Creek several groups ofknown insect pests were present, including chrysomelid beetles (eg Chrysophtharta cloelia and Paropsis atomana), Christmas beetles (Anoplognathus chloropyrus and A. porosus), autumn gum moth larvae,leaf blister sawfly larvae (Phylacteophaga froggatn) and cupmoths (Doratifera spp.) but these insects were not in high populations duririg this study. The most obvious group of insects at this site were the psyllids, in particular the Cardiaspina species.. High levels of Cardiaspina damage were recorded on many .of the closely related Salignae group of eucalypts. Appendix 4 reveals that E. grandis and E. sa/igna were hosts to three defoliating species of Cardiaspina, that is,. C. fiscella, C. maniformis, C. albitextura. Although E. dunnii recorded lower levels of infestation by Cardiaspina maniformis it was prone to higher levels of attack from the Christmas beetle (A. chloropyrus). No psyllids were recorded on E. badjensis. At Fridays Creek both the abundance and diversity of insects sampled on both the Monocalyptus and Corymbia species were lower than on the Symphyomyrtus species (Appendix 4).

Although the diversity of pest insects was less on the ex-pastoral site at Kennaicle Creek compared with Fridays Creek, the trials at Kennaicle Creek recorded the highest levels ofleaf damage. This was due to the presence oflarge numbers of Christml;lS beetles (Anoplognathus chloropyrus and A. porosus) during the summer months. Feeding by Christmas beetles characteristically produces partially eaten leaves with

STA TB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTA nON PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 3S CROP LOSS STUDY 13 irregular edges along the remaining midrib. Species of Symphyomyrtus that were susceptible to Christmas beetleherbivory includedE. ampli/olia, E. botryoides. E. dunnii, E. grandis, and Kquadrangulata. Several of the Monocalyptus species were also attacked by Christmas beetles, including E. pilularis, but to a lesser extent. Surprisingly, the eucalypts which Suffered the highest levels of Christmas beetle defoliation were the two provenances of C. maculata. The species which appeared most resistant to the Christmas beetles were E. badjensis, E. cloeziana, E. agglomerata and E. globoidea.

(b) Fungi

A list of the potential fungal pathogens sampled from individual eucalypt spe9ies is presented in Appendix 5. No species ofArmillaria or Phytophthora was recorded from any of these trials. No root rots caused by species ofbasidiomycetes were recorded. Macrophomina phaseoli infected roots and caused death of plants ofE. globulus, E. nitens and E. sieberi during periods of dry weather. These are tree species that some foresters considered would be off-site on the north coast of New South Wales.

The communities offoliarpathogens present at Cussacks Section were different to those at the two lowland sites (Appendix 5). Species of Monocalyptus at Cussacks were commonly infected with the ascomycete Aulographina eucalypti and its anamorph Thyrinula eucalypti. Eucalyptus delegatensis (Mt Gibbo), E. obliqua, E. oreades, E.' regnans and E. sieberi had the highest incidence of infection. Eucalyptus jastigata in general showed only low levels ofAulographina leaf disease. Aulographina eucalypti was also recorded from species of Monocalyptus at Fridays Creek and Kennaicle Creek but only at very low levels. The fungus was recorded from the adjacent native forest on foliage of mature E. obUqua at Cussacks and E. pilularis at both lowland sites. Inthe Symphyomyrtus planting at CussacksA. eucalypti was rarely recorded. Mycosphaerella cryptica was present on E. nitens and E. globulus but rarely at high levels. Frost injury was widespread in the Monocalyptus trial and appeared to increase susceptibility to M. cryptica.

All species and provenances of Corymbia at Fridays Creek and Kennaicle Creek were infected with the ~yphomycete Ramularia pitareka which infected young shoots, leaves and petioles causing shoot dieback. Only immature tissues were susceptible. The fungus was not observed on any species ofEucalyptus. Infection occured iillate spring each year and persisted through to winter. Thus there was repeated infection of new shoots causing a significant loss of height increment and stem form and an increase in apical branching. This fungus appears to pose a significant threat to successful establishment of plantations of species of Corymbia and requires further study. Mature foliage of species of Corymbia at both sites was subject to spotting

Species of Symphomyrtus at the lowland sites were subject to infection by a range of foliar pathogens including Fairmaniella leprosa, Hainesia lythrii, and species of Harknessia, Seimatosporium, and Vennisporium. There is little published information on the impacts on tree growth of any of these fungi. Hainesia lythrii is not uncommon on seedlings in forest nurseries in New South Wales, and persisted on trees throughout the duration of the study.

4. RESPONSE TO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

(a) General comparisons

Tables 6A, B and C summarise the overall chemical treatment effects on tree growth and the relative foliar damage sCores for the Symphyomyrtus, Monocalyptus and Corymbia groupings at each of the three sites. In general, the fungicide and insecticide treatments applied during this study were only partially successful at suppressing the levels of fungal and insect foliar damage. The cost and labour required for total control would have been prohibitive. Nevertheless, the treatment application regime undertaken did achieve, in most cases, a significant reduction in the overall levels of foliar damage by both fungi and insects. In general the greatest stem volumes were in trees at the Fridays Creek site; this site also had lower overall

EUCALYPT PLANT AnON PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 14 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 fungal damage scores than either of the other sites and less insect damage than that observed on both the untreated and treated trees at Kennaicle Creek. Thus, not unexpectedly, the response to the chemical treatments was less at Fridays Creek than at Kennaicle Creek.

At the two coastal sites, the greatest response to the chemical applications, in terms of height and diameter increments, was achieved by the Symphyomyrtus species (Tables 6A, B and C). A significant response was not detected amongst trees at Cussacks Section where the trees were much slower growing. At Kennaicle Creek the insecticide-treated trees were on average 25 % taller than the untreated trees. This corresponded to a significant overall reduction in the insect damage scores for the insecticide-treated trees. The level of insect damage in the Symphyomyrtus at the colder Cussacks Section site was relatively very low, even in the untreated trees. The mortality level at Cussacks Section, however, was noticeably higher than at either of the two coastal sites. In addition, there was a significant reduction in percent mortality amongst those Symphyomyrtus trees sprayed with both the fungicide and insecticide. This was in contrast to trees at the two coastal sites where establishment survival appeared to be independent of foliar damage by fungi and insects at the levels recorded.

When compared to Symphyomyrtus, the monocalypt species gave a lesser response to either the fungicide or the insecticide treatments. At the two coastal sites, the mean heights and diameters of the untreated Monocalyptus trees were greater than for the Symphyomyrtus species. In fact, the mean diameters of the Monocalyptus trees in all treatments were greater than those of the Symphyomyrtus trees after 27 months. The monocalypts however, suffered much higher establishment mortalities, especially at Cussacks Section. This higher level of mortality was not improved by any of the pesticide treatments. Although the trend in site differences in terms of amounts of fungal and insect damage was parallel to that of the Symphyomyrtus group, overall levels were noticeably less for each treatment.

The Corymbia provenances achieved similar mean heights to the Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus at Fridays Creek but were slightly smaller trees at Kennaicle Creek; the diameter of the Corymbia trees was noticeably smaller at both coastal sites. The levels of establishment mortality were similar to those recorded for the Symphyomyrtus at Fridays Creek, but higher at Kennaicle Creek for those trees not treated with an insecticide. The overall levels of foliar damage by fungi resembled that of the Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus species. Although insect damage was similar to that recorded on the monocal ypts at Fridays Creek it was noticeably higher for the non insecticide-treated trees at Kennaicle Creek. Height increment gained was therefore highest with the insecticide-treated trees but of a level intermediate between that gained by the Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOU1ll WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PFSTS AND DISEASFS - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 15 Table 6A. Summary of the chemical treatment effects on tree growth and relative foliar damage scores for the Symphyomyrtus species from each site, assessed in June (1995 for F.C. and K.C.; 1996 for C.S.) 27 months after planting.

Table 68. Summary chemical treatment effects on tree growth and relative foliar damage scores for the Monocalyptus from each site, assessed in June, 27 months after planting.

EUCALYPT PLANT AnON PESTS AND DISEASES - STA TB FORESTS OF NEW SOU1ll WALES 16 CROP LOSS S1UDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 3S Table 6C. Summary of the chemical treatment effects on tree growth and relative foHar damage scores for the Corymbia species from each site, assessed in June (1995 for F.C and K.c., 1996 for C.S.), 27 months afierplanting.

,Corymbla Tree trait Site Control Fungicide Insecticide Insecticide & Fungicide

Height (m) Fridays Ck. 8.3' (46) 8.4' (45) 9.0· (49) 8.6 '(45) Kennaicle Ck. 6.4' (42) 6.5' (48) 6.9· (41) 6.5 ·(46) Diameter Fridays Ck. 7.0' (46) 7.8' (45) 8.1· (49) 8.0 &(45) (DOBBH,cm) Kennaic1e Ck. 5.6' (42) 5.6' (48) 5.9' (41) 6.1 '(46) % Mortality Fridays Ck. 8.0 • (5) 10.0' (5) 2.0· (5) 10.0 & (5) Kennaicle Ck. 16.0 • (5) 10.0 • (5) 8.0' (5) 8.0' (5) l: Fungal scores 1 Fridays Ck. 0.9 • (5) 4.2 • (5) 5.8 • (5) 2.6 ' (5) Kennaicle Ck. 20.7 • (5) 6.0 b (5) 18.1 • (5) 9.0 b (5)'" t Insect scores 1 Fridays Ck' 4.6 • (5) 4.4' (5) 0.20 b (5) 0.44 b(5)'" Kennaicle Ck. 38.1 • (5) 33.5 ' (5) 19.0 • (5) 14.9' (5) % Incremental Ht. ,. differences Fridays Ck. 1.3 • (5) 7.5 ' (5) 2.9' (5) with controls Kennaicle Ck. 3.6 • (5) 10.4 • (5) 4.6· (5)

1 Fungal and insect scores obtained from the pooled mean sum of damage assessment scores of ten trees per specieslprovenance. Means in each row followed by different letters are significantly different (P S 0.05). Nwnbers in parentheses is the nwnber of trees for height and DOBBH (means compared using Fisher lsd t tests) and nwnber of specieslprovenances for the other variables (means compared using stepwise Mann-Whitney U test comparisons).

(b) Seasonality offungal and insect damage scores

The graphs in Figures 2 (a) to f) illustrate the relative seasonal patterns of fungal (a to c) and insect (d to f) attack on the Symphyomyrtus, M onocalyptus and C orymbia eucalypt groupings at all three sites. They also illustrate the effects of the chemical treatments on these relative damage scores. The graphs confirm the relatively high level of fungal attack at Cussacks Section. They also illustrate that at the two coastal sites, for both the Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus species, a seasonal fungal peak occurred in September during the second year. This peak then declined over the summer months, whereas at Cussacks Section the level of fungal damage steadily increased through the second summer and autumn. Figure 2c shows that the levels of fungal damage on the Corymbia species at Fridays Creek was relatively low throughout the study period. However, noticeably higher levels were recorded during the cooler months in the second season at Kennaicle Creek.

Figures 2A-2F graphs show seasonality of the relative levels of fungal and insect foliar damage for the Symphyomyrtus, M onocalyptus and Corymbia eucalypt groupings, for each treatment, at each of the three trial sites.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES EUCALYPT PLANTA nON PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 17 Friday's Creek

1100 o control 1000 • fungicide 900 A insecticide • 800 a> x fung & insect en 700 C1l E C1l 600 0 500 Cii en A c: 400 0 A ::J U. A 300 A A 0 0 200 A 0 ~ X o ~ A 100 x a A ~ i ~ ~ . • 0 • May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

Kennaicle Creek

1100 o control 1000 • fungicide 900 A insecticide • 800 a> X fung & insect A en 700 C1l E 0 C1l 600 0 0 500 Cii en ~ A c: 400 ::J A x u. 300 A i x i • 200 A i • • 100 I • 0 • May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

Cussacks Section

1100 o control A 1000 • fungicide A 900 A insecticide 0 • 800 A a> X fung&insect en i A A C1l 700 0 0 E 0 C1l 600 X 0 0 x 500 A 0 ~ Cii A X en A c: 400 0 ~ ~ ~ u.::J 300 A 0 • ~ x • 200 x • • 100 ~ • 0 • • May-94 Aug-94 Nov-94 Feb-95 Jun-95 Sep-95 Oec-95 Mar-96 Jul-96

l Figure 2A. Fungal damage scores - Symphyomyrtus •

EUCALYPT PLANT A nON PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 18 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 Friday's Creek

1100 o control 1000 • fungicide 900 A insecticide iI 800 Q) x fung & insect g> 700 ~ 600 A :: 500 C'tl g> 400 :J 0 LL 300 X A 200 .. •x x x • 100 ~ • .. 0 a'l e • • MaY-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 JUI-95

Kennaicle Creek

1100 o control 1000 • fungicide 900 A insecticide iI 800 Q) x fung & insect 0> 0 C'tl 700 E C'tl 600 )[ 0 500 Ci5 0> c: 400 • 0 :J )[ LL 300 0 lK 200 I ~ 0 )[ ~ I • • 100 • • 0 e May-93 ,Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 ' Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

Cussacks Section 1100 o Control 1000 • fungicide 900 A insecticide iI 800 x fung & insect Q) 0> 0 C'tl 700 E o A 0 0 C'tl 600 0 0 0 A 500 Ci5 0 A A A 0> A c: 400 0 • i :J A • LL 300 x l • I !i • • x 200 • x x x x 100 ~ " I 0 May-94 Aug-94 Nov-94 Feb-95 Jun-95 Sep-95 Oec-95 Mar-96 JUI-96

1 Figure 2B. Fungal damage scores - Monoca/yptus •

STA TB FORESTS ,OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 3S CROP LOSS STUDY 19 Friday's Creek

1100 o control 1000 • fungicide 900 A insecticide it 800 Cl> x fung & insect Clro 700 E ro 600 0 co 500 Cl c: 400 ::l u.. 300 ~ A 200 A • A ~ A III 100 •R •X i x 0 A • ! • • 0 0 • "I!l~ • 0 • • • ! I I • I I I May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

Kennaicle Creek

1100 o control 1000 • fungicide 900 A insecticide it 800 0 Cl> x fung & insect Clro 700 E 0 A ro 600 0 0 0 500 0 • co 0 Cl c: 400 I A A u..::l • x 300 • I ID .t. 200 0 J x x x 100 ~ • •x 0 May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

1 Figure 2e. Fungal damage scores - Corymbia •

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STA TB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 20 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 Friday's Creek 900 o control 800 • fungicide 700 A insect ~ 600 fung & insect co x E 500 co o 0 o 400 0 • o 1:5 0 0 0 • ~ 300 11 • • c: 0 • • 200 0 x ~ I • • A A 100 i. ~ e I x A A X ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ X 0~~~~~~~r---=-~----_+------~-----r-----4----~ MaY-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

Kennaicle Creek 900 o control 800 0 • fungicide 700 0 ... A insecticide • ~ 600 x fung & insect co E 500' co • 0 0 0 400 0 1:5 Q) • (/) 300 x 0 c: • :.: A o ~ • 200 0 I ~ • x 100 .~ ~ • ~ A 0 :.: * May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

Cussacks Section

900 o control 800 • fungicide ' 700 ... A insecticide ~ 600 x fung&insect co E 500 co o 400 1:5 300 c:~ o 200 i • i 100 8 i ~ j * * O+------+------r-----~~--_+~~~~----_r----~--~~I • • ~ * ~ ~ May-94 Aug-94 Nov-94 Feb-95 Jun-95 Sep-95 Dec-95 Mar-96 Jul-96

Figure 2D. Insect damage scores - Symphyomyrtus1•

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTA nON PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 21 Friday's Creek

900 o control 800 • fungicide 700 ~ insecticide • x fung & insect Q) 600 0> Cil E 500 Cil o 400 t5 ~c:: 300 200 •0 11 0 ~ 100 #I • •.. 0 ~ o +4~~~~~-A~~~~~------~-----+------~------+-~~~ May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

Kennaicle Creek

900 o control 800 • fungicide 700 A insecticide ~ 600 fung & insect Cil x E 500 Cil o 400 t5 0 ~ 300 • c:: 0 200 0 0 0 ~ • • x 100 i • 0 • • ~ i 11 o ~ ~ i JIt: lI( lI( Ill( lI( ;- 3£1 Ill( * t o I I * * • 1* I I I May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

Cussacks Section 900 800 o control 700 • fungicide A insecticide ~ 600 Cil x fung&insect E 500 Cil o 400 t5 Q) o 0 IF) 300 0 c:: 0 I o 0 El 200 i • 0 • • • • • 100 • ~ ~ x JIt: 0 * May-94 Aug-94 Nov-94 Feb-95 Jun-95 Sep-95 Oec-95* * Mar-96 Jul-96

1 Figure 2E. Insect damage scores - Monoca/yptus •

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 22 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 Friday's Creek

900 o control 800 • fungicide 700 .& insecticide ~ 600 x fung &insect C1l E 500 C1l o 400 t5 300 ~c:: 200 • o 0 •0 i 100 ~ 0 • 0 •0 IS i!iI • I • O+~~-.i~.~'I~I~~·~·~*~~~*~~~*~---~----~~~----~--~~I~ 1* ~ 1 1 :.: 1 Ma~93 Au~93 No~93 Ma~94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 JUI-95

Kennaicle Creek

900 o control 800 o • fungicide 700 .& insecticide • ~ 600 x fung & insect C1l E 500 C1l 0 o 400 t5 i Q) (/) 300 x • c:: ~ • 0 • .& ~ • X 200 .& 0 0 .& • X 100 x 0 ~ .& ~ .& )I( III __ ,. .li .. ~ .& .& X 0 - -,- May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94= Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95

1 Figure 2F. Insect damage scores - Corymbia •

1 Calculation of fungal and insect damage =initially a summary damage score, adjusted for tree mortality, was calculated for each species/provenance at each assessment per eucalypt subgrouping and site. The species/provenance values were then pooled for each treatment before weighting these monthly treatment summary scores for differences in numbers of species/provenance within each eucalypt grouping (for Symphyomyrtus n =25, Monocalyptus n = 20, and Corymbia n =5). .

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 23 Highlighted in these graphs (Figures 2A to 2C) is the presence of elevated fungal damage on the insecticide-treated trees compared to the untreated controls (ie the triangles above'the open circles). This effect was not detected when comparing the pooled monthly mean scores in Tables 6A, B and C. In fact, it occurred for several months at all three sites during both hot and colder times of the year thus reducing the likelihood of chemical leaf burn of being a possible explanation. In addition, it did not occur on those trees treated with both the insecticide and fungicide. It most commonly occurred during periods of high levels of fungal damage and more often on the Symphyomyrtus species than either the monocalypt or Corymbia species. At the two coastal sites the final spraying took place in December. This correlated with a relative drop in the fungal damage on the insecticide-treated Symphyomyrtus at Fridays Creek during the final foliage assessment in the following June. At Cussacks Section the overall fungal damage scores remained higher than on the control trees right to the conclusion ofthe study. However, the period between the fmal spraying and final assessment was only two months, compared to five months for the two coastal sites.

The graphs illustrating the seasonality of the insect damage (Figures 2D to F) affirms the higher damage levels at the two coastal sites amongst the Symphyomyrtus compared to the Monocalyptus. At Fridays Creek there is a generally sustained high level ofherb ivory from the commencement ofthe second summer, with no seasonal peaks. At Kennaic1e Creek there were two distinct summer peaks confirming the consecutive seasons ofhigh Christmas beetle populations. These peaks did not occur in theMonocalyptus species. The seasonal pattern offoliarinsect damage at Fridays Creek for the C orymbia species was similar , to that of the monocalypts. However, at Kennaicle Creek the pattern was more similar to that of the Symphyomyrtus in response to the high Christmas beetle populations.

(c) Specific response to chemical treatments

When the effects ofthe chemical treatments were examined on individual species it was revealed that some eucalypts were more prone to the phenomenon of elevated fungal damage on the insecticide-treated trees than other species. Of the Symphyomyrtus, it was most prevalent on the E. viminalis, E. nitens, E. deanei andE. glob. globulus at Fridays Creek and the three E. globulussubspecies andE. viminalis at the Kennaicle Creek site. This trend, although present when examining the overall levels of foliage damage, was less distinct at the species level at the Cussacks Section site. At Cussacks Section it appeared to occur on E. viminalis,E. ovata andE. glob. globulus. It was much less extensive on the Corymbia and monocalypts, with the most affected being E. sieberi and E. meullerana (Cann River) at Fridays Creek.

At Cussacks Section, the monocalypt E. regnans (both provenances) had relatively high levels of fungal and insect damage and responded well when sprayed with both the insecticide and fungicide. Eucalyptus delegatensis also had relatively high fungal damage levels but its relative mean height ranking did not improve when sprayed with the fungicide treatment. There was a general improvement in the relative height rankings amongst the provenances of E. grandis at Fridays Creek but this trend was less clear at Kennaic1e Creek. The untreated E. smithii had the tallest mean heights at Fridays Creek but was surpassed by several species including E. grandis, E. glob. bicostata, E. dunnii and E. saligna when both chemical treatments were applied. The good height performance of E. badjensis appeared to be independent of chemical treatment. .

At Kennaic1e Creek, the Symphyomyrtus species E. nitens (Majors Point) responded well to the insecticide treatment while E. glob. globulus (Flinders Is.) responded well to both treatments. Most noticeably both the Southern provenances of E. maculata significantly improved their relative mean height rankings when the insecticide treatment was applied, especially E. maculata (Batemans Bay), whose mean height ranking improved from 24th to 7th.

EUCALYPT PLANTAnON PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES 24 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 DISCUSSION

In general, the trees on the ex -forested site at Fridays Creek tended to be taller than trees of the same species planted on the ex-pastoral site at Kennaicle Creek. This was due, in part. to the later planting of the Kennaicle Creek site (in April) compared to Fridays Creek (early March) and the superior site quality at Fridays Creek. Although comparisons between the two coastal sites and the Tablelands site at Cussacks Section have to be treated cautiously, as the Cussacks section site was planted in the following season, the final mean heights showed that trees on the cooler Cussacks Section site grew much more slowly than trees on the warmer coastal sites. Many of the insects sampled during this study cease to be a significant problem after canopy closure (eg Christmas beetles, Came et al. 1974). Thus the faster growing trees at Fridays Creek would have achieved canopy closure more rapidly than trees at the other two sites and hence been exposed to defOliating insects for a shorter period of time.

The results from this study agree with those obtained from many other species field trials in demonstrating the wide range of growth rates between species and often between provenances of some species during the pre-canopy phase of plantation development (eg Griffm et al. 1982, Cotterill et al. 1985, Amold et al. 1996). 'There was also significant variation in the relative susceptibility to the local fungal pathogens and insect pests. More importantly, the chemical treatments applied during this study demonstrated that the impact of these pests and diseases in terms of relative tree heights differed significantly between eucalypt species. For many species the level of foliar damage and loss of growth increment appeared correlated (eg ChrisUIlas beetle attack on C. maculata (Batemans Bay)) while other species appeared much more able to tolerate a certain level of damage without losing their relative tree height ranking (eg fungal attack on E. nitens (Mt Toorongo Plt.)). This study also identified species which appeared to suffer minimal foliar damage, even in the presence of relativel y high population levels of certain defoliating insects or diseases (eg E. badjensis (Glenbog State Forest) or E. c/oeziana (Blacdown) exposed to Christmas beetle attack). This variable specific response, in turn, was reflected in the relative benefits, in terms of height increment, obtained from the chemical treatments. For example, the chemically-treated E. grandis (Coffs Harbour S.O.) at Fridays Creek significantly improved its relative height ranking whereas although the overall mean height of E. smithii (Mt Dromedary) improved with the insecticide application, its relative height ranking worsened.

'The relative height rankings are the outcome of an array of complex interactions including inherent growth rates and host resistance to specific pests and diseases, the suite oflocal pests and diseases, their population levels, and host preferences (Ohmart 1991, Raymond 1995). Superimposed on the growth dynamics of the trees and defoliating pests are the local climatic and site conditions (DeLinle 1991, see Figure 3 for summary of interactions). Hence extensive local knowledge must be acquired before any predictions can be made on the potential impact of the pests and diseases on specific eucalypt species. There is, however, a generiU entomological tenet that rapidly growing healthy trees are better able to quickly out-grow the effects of partial defoliation and thereby minimise its overall impact. Other factors which impede growth such as poor site quality, drought, frost or weed competition will only accentuate the impact and delay the recovery from insect pests and diseases.

At least a dozen insect species capable of causing considerable defoliation of young eucalypt plantations were sampled from the three sites during this study. Many other insect and fungi species were present on the foliage but their pest status at this stage is unknown. It is anticipated that some species not currently considered pests may well become of economic importance when exposed to the artificial dynamics of large eucalypt plantations (Elliott et al. 1990). Each insect and fungal species has its own individual attributes in terms of eucalypt host preferences. They also differ in their seasonality, generational synchrony and mode offeeding (damage symptoms). All these factors influence the overall impact on their

STATE FORESTS OF NEW sOlrrn WALES EUCALYPT PLANTA nON PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 3S CROP LOSS STUDY 25 host Because of the varying degrees of host specificity and climate/site requirements. the pest and disease species profile differed somewhat between sites and between the three eucalypt subgroupings. At the cooler Tablelands site foliar damage from insects was less severe than that incurred from the fungal pathogens. Potentially important insects included Mnesampela privata (autumn gum moth). Perga spp. (black sawfly larvae). Paropsis spp. and Chrysophtharta spp. (chrysomelid leaf beetles). Gonipterus spp. (eucalypt weevil) and Amorbus spp. (tip-feeding bugs). PsyUids and chrysomelids were the most common insect pests at Fridays Creek. The overall level of insect damage at Fridays Creek was not as high as that obtained on the ex-pastoral site at Kennaic1e Creek although seedling mortality was slightly higher.

The major insect pest problem in the study arose from the high levels of Ouistmas beetles present at the Kennaic1e Creek site. It was at Kennaic1e Creek that the best response to the insecticide treatments were obtained. The eucalypt species which appeared most susceptible to Christmas beetle anack were C. maculata, E. amplifolia, E. botryoides. E. dunnii and E. grandis. In general, the monocalypts were much more resistant to Ouistmas beetle attack. The species with the lowest levels of damage from the Ouistmas beetles were the relatively fast growing E. badjensis and the slow growing E. cloeziana. A significant finding arising from this study was the apparent susceptibility of C. maculata to Ouistmas beetle attack. The C. maculata grew much better at Fridays Creek in the absence of high numbers of Christmas beetles than they did at Kennaic1e Creek.

local local fungal insect pathogens pests

genetic selection intensive and improvement / monitoring susceptibility to cost insect!fungal benefit damage /analyses market requirements ~ chemical intervention

overall quantity & economic ------. quality of growth • • return 1 rate product site quality local climate ~

Figure 3. Summary of some of the interactions prevailing in eucalypt plantations that influence species/provenance selection (in red) and possible research options (in blue).

EUCALYPT PLANT AnON PESTS AND DISEASES . STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTIl WALES 26 CROP LOSS STIJOY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 If one only compared the untreated control trees, the best growth perfonners at Cussacks Section were: E. nitens (all three provenances), E.jastigata (Robertson), and E.jraxinoides (Nimmitabel). At Fridays Creek, the best perfonners were E. badjensis (Mt Dromedary) and E. pilularis (Orara East State Forest) while at the Kennaicle Creek site the best growing monocalypts were E. sieberi (Nullica), E. pilularis (Orara East State Forest) and E.laevopinea (Tenterfield). The two Symphyomyrtus species at Kennaicle Creek with the tallest mean heights in the controls were E. badjensis and E. sa/igna (40 km west of Coffs Harbour).

Not unexpectedly, survival rates were higher amongst the Symphyomyrtus species than the monocalypts at the two coastal sites (see discussion by Noble 1989 and Turnbull et al. 1993) while tree deaths were much higher in both eucalypt groupings on the colder Tablelands site. Our results support earlier field observations, in that sapling mortality by defoliation is rare (eg Candy et al. 1992). Hence tree mortality was not influenced by the chemical treatments, except amongst the Symphyomyrtus species when sprayed with both the insecticide and fungicide treatments at Cussacks Section, thus suggesting a possible interaction between frost damage and injury from fungi and insects (especially tip sap-sucking insects such as Amorbus spp.). It may be possible to compensate for the higher mortality of monocalypt: saplings through various planting density strategies.

This study also demonstrated the advantage ofmultiple assessments over several seasons in order to obtain a more complete picture of canopy damage by insect pests and fungal diseases (Recher et al. 1996). Our results compliment the observations of Pryor and Clarlce (1964) and Came et al. (1974) in that, it was not until the second summer that trees were significantly attacked. Figure 2D also illustrates the consecutive attack from Christmas beetles at Kennaicle Creek during the second and third summers. Several authors have repOrted that repetitive low-intensity defoliation of eucalypt saplings has a greater impact on growth than a lower frequency of high-intensity defoliations (eg Candy et al. 1992, Abbott et al. 1993). The final important feature illustrated in the graphs of Figure 2 was the apparent susceptibility of certain eucalypt species to elevated fungal attack after being sprayed with the insecticide treatment. A possible explanation for this was that all treatments were sprayed as an aqueous solution to the point of"nm-off' over the entire canopy of treated trees. The control trees were left completely untreated. The regularly applied film of moisture to the leaves may have resulted in more favourable conditions for fungal spore gennination compared to untreated foliage. This phenomenon was not repeated when a fungicide was applied with the insecticide. Conditions were very dry during the 1993 and 1994 seasons in northern New South Wales.

An alternative explanation is that the insecticide treatment may have killed any invertebrate fungal feeders that were feeding on the surfaces of the leaves. More work is required to validate these conjectures. They do however, highlight the need to monitor both insect and fungal damage and in future research field trials, the need for water controls when applying foliar insecticide treatments.

1. SYMPHYOMYRTUS VERSUS MONOCALYPTUS

Several 'earlier publications have claimed that the Symphyomyrtus species tend to establish more rapidly than Monocalyptus species (Davidson and Reid 1980, Duff et a11983, Noble 1989, Turnbull et al. 1993). When young, they have higher initial growth rates, however, as the trees mature the Monocalyptus species eventually gain dominance. A primary mechanism for this changeover in dominance has been suggested to be the greater susceptibility of Symphyomyrtus species to foliar damage from fungi and insects (Burdon . and Chilvers 1974, Duff et al. 1983, Woinarski and Cullen 1984, Noble 1989). Our field trials have been one of the few studies designed to test this hypothesis.

Our results confinn that, in general, the Monocalyptus species suffered less leaf damage from insects and fungal diseases than the Symphyomyrtus. At 27 months of age both the height and diameter growth of the untreated Monocalyptus exceeded that of the Symphyomyrtus. However, when insecticide and fungicide treatments were applied the average mean heights and diameters of the Symphyomyrtus were equal to or,

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 27 in some cases, better than the Monocalyptus species. These mean'results need to interpreted cautiously because examination of individual species/provenance results reveal that the variation in heights and diameters between species oftheSymphyomyrtus was much greater that ofthe Monocalyptus in the untreated controls at all three sites (not withstanding the differences in numbers of species/provenances used in each eucalypt grouping). In addition, at Fridays Creek where the pressure from insects' and diseases was lower than at Kennaicle Creek, the tallest species were Symphyomyrtus species (ie E. smithii (Mt Dromedary) and E. badjensis (Cathcart State Forest)). At Kennaicle Creek, where there was a high defoliation pressure from the Christmas beetles and fungi, the tallest species were E. sieberi (Nullica) and E. pilularis (Orara East State Forest), both monocalypt species. When this high defoliation pressure was alleviated through application of pesticides then the average height of the Symphyomyrtus significantly exceeded that of the Monocalyptus species (8.4 ± 0.14 m verses 7.5 ± 0.14 m, Table 6A and 6B).

The field studies undertaken by Turnbull et al. (1988) in Tasmania showed that in stands receiving regUlar applications of both fertiliser and insecticides during the first four growing seasons the standing volumes of the Symphyomyrtus eucalypts (E. globulus and E. nitens) were consistently greater at several sites than those of the Monocalyptus eucalypts (E. regnans and E. delegatensis). They concluded it was the larger size of the photosynthetic canopy that resulted in the faster volume growth of the Symphyomyrtus compared to the Monocalyptus species.

A possible explanation as to why Symphyomyrtus species tend to suffer higher levels of damage than species ofMonocalyptus is because many 'pest' insect species and fungal pathogens tend to be opportunistic and respond quickly to the presence of vigorous host tree canopies (aark and Dall witz 1975, Ohmart 1991 but see White 1969). Frequent or prolonged presence of large areas of susceptible foliage facilitates generational success of insect herbivores and production and carryover of fungal spore inoculum. Thus a possible evolutionary mechanism driving this ecological divergence is the association between insect species and foliar pathogens capable of exploiting and inflicting damage to the larger canopy leaf areas of the Symphyomyrtus (relative to Monocalyptus) (see Landsberg and Cork 1997 for review of supporting hypotheses).

2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE PEST AND DISEASE STUDIES IN NORTHERN NEW SOUTH WALES

This study has identified an array of insect pests and fungal pathogens capable of preventing optimal growth rates in plantation eucalypts grown on ~e north coast of New South Wales. Unfortunately, at present, there does not appear to be ,a eucalypt that has the following attributes: is well suited to most available sites on the north coast of New South Wales, is capable of sustained rapid growth, is suitable for both solid wood products and pulping and can achieve these desirable outcomes with minimal inteIVention.

We have identified a number of pathogens and insect pests that need further study. For example, studies of infection biology, epidemiology of the pathogens and feeding and oviposition preference studies of the insects and their economic impacts are required. The crop-loss trials involved a mosaic of species and provenances planted in small plots. It is likely that when larger monoculture plantations are established ' the impacts of some pathogens and insects will be greater. There is evidence of this happening in plantations of species of Corymbia where R. pitareka is a destructive pathogen, though in native forests it appears to be oflittle significance. Similarly species ofMycosphaerella are now recognised as growth limiting pathogens in plantations of E. globulus and E. nitens in parts of southern Australia and overseas. Pathogens in this category identified as significant from the crop-loss trials includeAulographina eucalyptii on species of Monocalyptus, Ramularia pitareka on species of Corymbia, species of Seimatosporium and Vermisporium on species of Symphyomyrtus and Hainesia lythrii on Eucalyptus spp.

We suggest that there exists two broad options for the future direction of pest and disease management on the north coast. To be successful, both options will require committed long-term research programmes (Figure 3). The first option is a classical integrated pest management strategy. This would be based on EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 28 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 thoroughknow1edgeofthebio10giesofthekeypestsandandpathogensandcost/benefitanalysesofimpact of damage on tree growth and effective control measures. It also depends on regular accurate monitoring and rapid implementation of any necessary controls. The pros and cons of this approach are discussed by Elliott et al. (1992) and Clarke (1995). This is the approach undertaken by the Tasmanian forest industry. The situation in Tasmania, however, differs significantly from that in northern New South Wales, in that they have selected three commercial species (E. nitens, E. globulus and E. regnans) for the pulpwood industry and they have a good knowledge of their (relatively few) key pests, an effective monitoring program in place and knowledge of the cost benefits associated with chemical control. For a cost benefit approach to be successful there would need to be changes in approach and greater availability of economic parameters. At present joint venture plantations are being established primarily for pole, veneer and sawlog production. The aim is to produce a merchantable product at age 30 years. However, if the aim was to produce logs of particular dimensions in the shortest time the approach to pest and disease management would necessarily be different With an emphasis on maximizing the rate of production it would become more economically viable to actively minimize damage from insect pests and fungal diseases (possibly through the development and application of environmentally acceptable but often relatively expensive novel biotic insecticides/fungicides).

The second option is based principally on tree breeding and/or a clonal forestry approach using vegetative1y propagated planting stock selected for having desirable attributes in all three traits, ie growth, wood propei:tie~ and pest and disease resistance. The most common approach is the field screening for natural growth traits and resistance amongst a wide range of selected species and provenances (eg Farrow et al. 1994, Floyd et al. 1994, Floyd and Farrow 1994, Rayrnond 1995). For example, the selection of provenances which switch early from glaucous juvenile foliage and hence escape the build-up of autumn gum moth populations (Farrow et al. 1994). The pest and disease crop loss study is the very early stage ofsuch a process. Other studies have demonstrated that the extent ofdefoliation was correlated with levels of the essential oil, 1,8-cineole and this can vary significantly between species and provenances (Edwards et al. 1993, Stone and Bacon 1994, Li and Madden 1995). It is likely each attribute will be independently inherit~. Thus it will be necessary to identify resistance factors for each economically significant pathogen or pest An alternative procedure would be through the development and screening of species hybrids. The crop-loss trials indicate, for example, the hybrid of E. grandis withE. badjensis or E. pilularis with E. cloeziana might have considerable potential for the north coast.

Notwithstanding the progress that has been made with modern vegetative propagation and tissue culture techniques, it would be very desirable to start any research programs in this area as soon as possible because of the generational times associated with eucalypts. There is a third approach which is being used in high value agricultural crops and that is gene engineering. However, much more high-technology research is required before the genes controlling the physical and chemical traits which confer resistance to specific insects and fungal pathogens are identified in commercial eucalypt species. The inclusion of the genes for toxin -production from Bacillus thuringiensis to confer resistence to insect herbivores, or genes for tolerence to glyphosate herbicide is often mentioned. -

-Finally, although rapid establishment and early growth is very important the trend towards meeting Plultiple end-use requirements means that the final sawlog crop will be harvested 30 to 40 years after planting. In eucalypt plantations the profIle of economically important pests and diseases shiftS from defOliating agents to those causing stem defect with increasing length of rotation (eg Wylie and Peters 1993). We currently have very little knowledge of the species complex causing stem defect or of the variability in eucalypt species/provenance resistance to this form of stem degrade.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES- RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 29 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This large field study would not have been possible without the participation and sheer effort from the following technical field staff: Darrel Johnstone, Desmond Gibbons, James C'Hara, Ken Craig, Gary Hardcastle, Adrian Thompson and Bob Christensen, all from t:(Ie Coffs Harbour Research Centre. We would like to thank Spencer Bruskin who was Manager ofNorth~m Research during the time of this study and Richard Stanton who was responsible for the early development of the overall plantation research strategy. Also the Biology Section staff (Forest Research and Development Division, West Pennant Hills) who were involved in the laborious task of data entry, Kerrie Bacon; Helen Smith and Grahame Price. Chris Ann Urquhart identified insects sampled from the plantations and Debbie Kent provided assistance with the figures. The experimental design was provided by Cameron Kirtin (Biometrical Consultant) while statistical advice was obtained from Idris Barchia (Biometrican, NSW Dept Agric.).

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Stone, C. and Bacon, P.E. (1994). Relationships among moisture stress, inSect herbivory, foliar cineole and the growth of river red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis. J. Appl. Eco/. 31: 604-612.

Turnbull, C.R.A., Beadle, C. L., Bird, T. and McLeod, D.E. (1988). Volume production in intensively­ managed eucalypt plantations. Appita 41: 447-450.

Turnbull, C.R.A., McLeod, D.E., Beadle, C.L., Ratkowsky, D.A., Mummery, D.C. and Bird, T. (1993). Comparative early growth ofEucalyptus species ofthe subgeneraMonocalyptus andSymphyomyrtus in intensively-managed plantations in southern Tasmania. Aust. For. 56: 276-285.

White, T.C.R. (1969) An index to measure weather-induced stress of trees associated with outbreaks of psyllids in Australia. Ecology 50: 905-909.

Woinarski, J.C.Z. and Cullen, J.M. (1984) Distribution of invertebrates on foliage in forests of south­ eastern Australia. Aust. J. Eco/. 9: 207-232.

Wylie, F.R. and Peters, B.C. (1993). Insect pest problems of eucalypt plantations in Australia. 1. Queensland. Aust. For. 56: 358-362.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 33 APPENDIX 1

SELECTED SPECIESIPROVENANCES AND THEIR ORIGIN.

Fridays Creek site (Coffs Harbour District), Symphyomyrtus species.

Altitude Suh-elot No. Seecies Common Name Loca1i~ ATSCNo. Latitude Longitude {m2 1 E. amplifolia Cabbage gum . NW of Mole ton 13323 30°08' 152°53' 47 2 E. amplifolia Cabbage gum Nerriga 15522 35°00' 150°06' 600 3 E. globulus subsp. bicostata Southern blue gum Rylestone 16305 32°43' 150°13' 1100 4 E. botryoides Southern mahogany Milton 16026 35°08' 150~4' 250 5 E. botryoides Southert1 mahogany Orbost 15303 3r39' 148°40' 210 6 E. badjensls Big badja gum Cathcart S.F. 17018 36°50' 149~1' 900 7' E~deanel Round leaved gum Watagan 11174 32°50' 151 °10' 120 8 E. deanei Round leaved gum Boonoo 16897 28°52' 152°07' 1000 9 E.dunnii Dunn's white gum CloudsCeek 17923 30°00' 152°41 ' 320 10 E. grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 11 E.grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 12 E. grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 13 E.grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 14 E.grandis Flooded gum Atherton 16583 17°18' 145°25' 1100 15 E. globulus subsp. Maiden's gum Yurammie S.F. 17769 36°49' 149°45' 250 maidenii 16 E. microcorys Tallowwood Kenilworth 17136 26°41 ' 152°35' 650 17 E. microcorys Tallowwood Kempsey 15609 30°53' 152°55' 30 18 E. nitens Tallowwood Majors Point 16636 30°25' 152°25' 1450 19 E. grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 20 E. propinqua Grey gum Woolgoolga 13321 30°04' 153°06' 200 21 E. grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 22 E. sabgna Sydney blue gum Armidale 13335 30°46' 152°02' 910 23 E. sallgna Sydney blue gum 40 km W of Coffs 13320 30°12' 152°49' 600 24 E. smlthii Gully gum Mt Dromedary 12559 36°22' 149°57' 600 25 E. viminalis Manna gum Kaputar N.P. 12570 30°18' 150°11 ' 1400

Fridays Creek site (Coffs Harbour District), Monocalyptus and Corymbia species

Altitude Suh-elot No. S~ies Common Name Loca1i~ ATSCNo. Latitude Lon~tude {m~ 1 E. agglomerata Blue leaved stringybark Batemans Bay 15284 35°32' 150°10' 160 2 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 3 C. citriodora Lemon scented gum Mareeba 15960 lrOY 145°32' 750 4 C. citriodora Lemon scented gum Irvine Bank 14850 17°26' 145°12' 900 5 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 6 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' lOO 7 E. cloeziana Gympie messmate B1ackdown 12196 23°44' 149°07' 400 8 E. globoidea White stringybark Barcoongere S.F. 10853 29°58' 153°11 ' 60 9 E. globoidea White stringybark NowaNowa 15286 37°47' 148°13' 40 10 E.,globoidea White stringybark NE of Beg a 15927 36~6' 150°03' 50 11 E. laevopinea Silvertop stringybark S New England 14840 31°30' 151°06' . 186 12 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 13 E. laevopinea S{lvertop stringy bark SE ofTenterfield 16000 29°09' 152°07' 1080 14 C. maculata Spotted gum Batemans Bay 16049 35°36' 150°14' 100 15 C. variegata Spotted gum Warwick 16360 28°23' 151°42' 750 16 C. maculata Spotted gum Moleton 16757 30°07' 152°54' 400 17 E. meullerana Yellow stringybark Cann River 15304 3r38' 148°48' 280 18 E. meullerana Yellow stringybark SW ofNarooma 15306 36°17' 149°58' 160 19 E. meullerana Yellow stringybark Orbost 15012 37°23' 148°37' 300 20 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 21 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 22 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' lOO 23 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' lOO 24 E. pilularis Blackbutt Grafton 13901 29°35' 153°15' 20 25 E. sieberi Silvertop ash NullicaS.F. 12127 37°07' 149°53 ' 360

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - 34 STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 Kennaicle Creek site (Urunga District), Symphyomyrtus species.

Altitude Sub-~Iot No. S~ecies Common Name Locali!X ATSCNo. Latitude Lonllitude {m2 1 E. amplifolia Cabbage gum NW of Moleton 13323 30°08' 152°53' 47 2 E. amplifolia Cabbage gum Nerriga 15522 35°00' 150°06' 600 3 E. globulus subsp. Southern blue gum Rylestone 16305 32°43' 150°13' 1100 bicostata 4 E. glob. bicostata Southern blue gum Mt Strathbogie 16370 35°56' 145°57' 700 5 E. botryoides Southern mahogany Milton 16026 35°08' 150°24' 250 6 E. botryoides Southern mahogany Orbost 15303 37"39' 148°40' 210 7 E. badjensis Big badja gum Glenbog S.F. 17774 36°36' 149°26' 1050 8 E. deanei Round leaved gum Watagan 11174 32°50' 151°10' 120 9 E.dunnii Dunn's white gum CloudsCeek 17923 30°00' 152°41 ' 320 10 E. glob. globulus Tasmanian blue gum Flinder's Island 17799 40°06' 148°00' 15 11 E. grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 12 E. grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 13 E. grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 14 E.grandis Flooded gum Coffs Harbour S.O. routine 30°08' 153°07' 100 15 E. grandis Flooded gum Atherton 16583 17"18' 145°25' 1100 16 E. glob. maidenii Maiden's gum Yurammie S.F. 17769 36°49' 149°45' 250 17 E. microcorys Tallowwood Kenilworth 17136 26°41 ' 152°35' 650 18 E. microcorys Tallowwood Kempsey 15609 30°53' 152°55' 30 19 E. nitens Shining gum Majors Point 16636 30°25' 152°25' 1450 20 E.propmqua Grey gum Woolgoolga 13321 30°04' 153°06' 200 21 E. quadrangulata White topped box Clouds Creek S.F. 17581 30°04' 152°38' 650 22 E. saligna Sydney blue gum Armidale 13335 30°46' 152°02' 910 23 E. saligna Sydney blue gum 40 km W of Coffs 13320 30°12' 152°49' 600 24 E. smithii Gully gum Mt Dromedary 12559 36°22' 149°57' 600 25 E. viminalis Manna gum Kaputar N.P. 12570 30°18' 150°11 ' 1400

Kennaicle Creek site (Unmga District), Monocalyptus and Corymbia species

Altitude Sub-~Iot No. S~ies Common Name Locali!X ATSCNo. Latitude Lon!l!tude {m~ 1 E. agglomerata Blue leaved stringybark Batemans Bay 15284 35°32' 150°10' 160 2 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 3 C. citriodora Lemon scented gum Mareeba 15960 17°05' 145°32' 750 4 C. citriodora Lemon scented gum lrvine Bank 14850 17°26' 145°12' 900 5 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 6 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 7 E. cloeziana Gympie messmate B1ackdown 12196 23°44' 149°07' 400 8 E. globoidea White stringybark Barcoongere S.F. 10853 29°58' 153°11 ' 60 9 E. globoidea White stringybark NowaNowa 15286 37°47' 148°13' 40 10 E. globoidea White stringybark NE of Bega 15927 36°36' 150°03' 50 11 E. laevopinea Silvertop stringybark S New England 14840 31°30' 151°06' 186 12 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 13 E. laevopinea Silvertop stringybark SE ofTenterfield 16000 29°09' 152°07' 1080 14 C. maculata Spotted gum Batemans Bay 16049 35°36' 150°14' 100 15 C. variegata Spotted gum Warwick 16360 28°23' 151 °42' 750 16 C. maculata. Spotted gum Moleton 16757 30°07' . 152°54' 400 17 E. meullerana Yellow stringybark Cann River 15304 37°38' 148°48' 280 18 E. meullerana Yellow stringybark SW ofNarooma 15306 36°17' 149°58' 160 19 E., meullerana Yellow stringybark Orbost 15012 37°23' 148°37' 300 20 E. pilularis Blackliutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' ·100 21 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 22 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 23 E. pilularis Blackbutt Orara East S.F. routine 30°10' 153°06' 100 24 E. pilularis Blackbutt Grafton 13901 29°35' 153°15' 20 25 E. sieberi Silverto~ ash NullicaS.F. 12127 37°07' 149°53' 360

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 35 Cussacks Section site (Walcha District), Symphyomyrtus species.

Altitude Sub-2lot No. S2ecies Common Name Locali~ ATSCNo. Latitude Lonllitude ~m~ 1 E. badjensis Big badja gum Glenbog S.F. 17774 36°36' 149°26' 1050 2 E. gIobulus subsp. Southern blue gum Rylestone 16305 32°43' 150°13' llOO bicostata 3 E. glob. bicostata Southern blue gum Mt Strathbogie 16370 36°56' 145°57' 700 4 E. cypellocarpa Mountain grey gum BrownMt 16309 36°39' 149°26' 940 5 E. cypellocarpa Mountain grey gum Bonang 12655 37°12' 148°42' 860 6 E. darympleana subsp. Mountain gum EofWarwick 13348 28°14' 152°22' 900 heptantha 7 E.dunnii Dunn's white gum Clouds Creek 17923 30°00' 152°41 ' 320 8 E. glob. globulus Tasmanian blue gum OtwayS.F. 16851 38°45' 143°26' 160 9 E. glob. globulus Tasmanian blue gum Flinders Island 17799 40°06' 148°00' 15 10 E. glob. maidenii Maidens gum Yurammie S.F. 17769 36°49' 149°45' 250 11 E. glob. maidenii Maidens gum Black Range, Eden 17742 37"10' 149°41 ' 320 12 E. nitens Shining gum Macalister 17758 37"30' 146°26' 1200 13 E. nitens Shining gum Majors Point, Ebor 16636 30°25' 152°25' 1450 14 E. nitens Shining gum Majors point, Ebor 16636 30°25' 152°25' 1450 15 E. nitens Shining gum Majors Point, Ebor 16636 30°25' 152°25' 1450 16 E. nitens Shining gum Mt Toorongo Plat 16352 37"47' 146°16' 900 17 E.ovata Swamp gum 21 km S of Bombala 17285 37°06' 149°18' 750 18 E.ovata Swamp gum Port Huon 18390 43°09' 146°58' 5 19 E. quadrangulata White topped box Clouds Creek S.F. 17581 30°04' 152°38' 650 20 E. rummeryi Steel box Kangaroo S.F. 16829 41°05' 147°46' 200 21 E. saligna Sydney blue gum Armidale 13335 30°46' 152°02' 910 22 E. smllhii Gully gum Tallaganda S.F. 18284 35°26' 149°36' 900 23 E. smithii Gully gum Mt Domedary 12559 36°22' 149°57' 600 24 E. viminalis Manna gum Kaputar N.P. 12570 30°18' 150°11 ' 1400 25 E. viminalis Manna gum Apollo Bay 16094 38°44' 143°26' 100

Cussacks Section site (Walcha District), Monocalyptus and Corymbia species.

Altitude Sub-2lot No. Species Common Name Locali~ ATSCNo. Latitude Longitude Cm) 1 E. andrewsii subsp. andrewsii New England blackbutt Winterbourne 11023 24°26' 150°59' 88 2 E. and. andrewsii New England blackbutt Kroombit S.F, Calliope 13037 24°23' 151°00' 860 3 E. and. campanulata New England blackbutt Njangala District 11652 31 °17' 151 °24' 910 4 E. and. campanulata New England blackbutt Diehappy S.F. 16833 30°29' 152°40' 700 5 E. delegatensis Alpine ash Mt Gibbo, Vic 13110 36°37' 148°01 ' 1310 6 E. fraxinoides White ash Pikes Saddle area 12115 35°59' 149°33' 1250 7 E·fastigata Brown barrel S ofOberon 15110 34°01 ' 149°58' 1060 8 E·fastigata Brown barrel Tallagandra S.F. 16302 35°52' 149°30' 1105 9 E.fastigata· Brown barrel N ofRoberston 16303 34°33' 150°36' 700 10 E. fastigata Brown barrel N ofRoberston 16303 34"33' 150"36' 700 II E. fastigata Brown barrel N ofRoberston 16303 34°33' 150°36' 700 12 E·fastigata Brown Barrel N ofRoberton 16303 34°33' 150°36' 700 13 E. fraxinoides White ash Nimmitabel 15526 36°29·' 149°19' 1100 14 E. globoidea White stringybark NE of Bega 15927 36°36' 150°03' 50 15 E. laevopinea Silvertop stringybark Walcha District ll653 31°11 ' 151°26' 1070 16 E. 'laevopinea Silvertop stringybark 17km SE ofTenterlie1d 16000 29°09' ·152°07' 1080 17 E. muellerana Yellow stringybark 26km SW ofNarooma 15306 36°17' 149°58' 160 18 E. laevopinea Silvertop stringybark S New England 14840 31°30' 151°06' 186 19 E.oblIqua Messmate Lavers Hill 15901 38°40' 143°21 ' 270 20 E. oreades Blue Mountains ash Newnes S.F. 17344 33°24' 150°13' 1000 21 E.oreades Blue Mountains ash near Newnes 12228 33°10' 150°15' 1000 22 E. regnans Mountain ash Strzelecki Ranges 16867 38°35' 146°30' 480 23 E. regnans Mountain ash Forester, Tas. 15178 41 °05' 147°46' 200 24 E. sieberi Silvertop ash NullicaS.F. 12127 37°07' 149°53' 360 25 E. sieberi Silvertop ash NE highlands, Tas. 13155 41°10' 147°45' 200

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 36 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 APPENDIX 2

EUCALYPT PLANTATION TRIALS - PEST AND DISEASE MONITORING SHEET.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTIl WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 37 TRIAL: REPLICATE: TREATMENT: DATE: OBSERVER: RECORDER: LOCATION· DISEASE INSECTS

GENERAL ImmFol Mat.Fol OldFol Bud/Growing Tip ImmFol MatFol

TREE TREE CROWN TREE COMMENTS spp ROW COL NO. HEIGHT DIAM DBH APP SEY. INCID SEV INCID SEV INCID TYPE SCRE ABUN TYPE SCRE ABUN TYPE SCRE ABUN

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3 I 4

I 5

I 1 I

2 i

3 1

4

5

1

2 !

3

·4

, 5

1

2

3

4

5

EUCALYPT PLANTA nON PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 38 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 APPENDIX 3

DISEASE AND INSECT DAMAGE ASSESSMENT CODES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MONITORING SHEETS.

General tree appearance and damage other than that by insects or fungi

Nil Entry Nonnal FL Frost damage, light A Stunted FM Frost damage, moderate B Severely defoliated FS Frost damage, severe C Original foliage replaced by epiconnics FT Frost damage, tips only D Dead G Drought affected E Grazed by vertebrates W Windfall

DISEASE SCORING

For both the disease and the insect damage scoring, use the comments column to indicate whether the specific damage is restricted to the juvenile foliage and not on the true adult foliage.

Disease severity

Scoring for the estimate ofleaf area showing symptoms of disease on immature, mature and old ,leaves. Separate score systems are to be used for either juvenile foliage and true adult foliage. To assist in the assessment of disease severity a series of standard qiagrams depicting 0,3,6, 12,25,50, 75, 87 and 100% of the total leaf areas with disease symptoms can be obtained from Mr Jack Simpson (Forest Pathologist, State Forests of New South Wales).

Juvenilejoliage Adult joliage % leaf area infected Score % leaf area infected Score o 0 o 0 0.1 - 3.0 1 0.1 - 3.0 1 3.1 - 6.0 2 3.1 - 6.0 2 6.1 - 12.0 3 6.1 - 12.0 3 12.1 - 25.0 4 12.1 - 25.0 4 25.1 - 100 5 25.1 - 50.0 5 50.1-75.0 6 75.1 - 87.0 7 87.1 - 100 8 Disease incidence

Scoring for the estimate of the proportion of leaves showing symptoms of disease on immature, mature and old leaves.

% foliage infected Score o o 0.1- 6.0 1 6.1 - 25.0 2 25.1 - 50.0 3 50.1 -75.0 4 75.0 - 90.0 5 90.1 - 100 6

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROPLOSSSTUDY 39 INSECT SCORING

Type of insect damage

Code describing the most common type of insect damage on the bud/growing tips, immature and mature foliage.

Leaves Stems Ibranches A Holes only K Galls B· Edge scalloping only L Cuts or lesions C Both holes and scalloping M Borer holes D Entire removal N Witches broom E Skeletonising F Blistering or mining G Galls H Necrosis (eg by Psyllids) I Wilting J Curling or Webbing

Insect damage scores

Scoring for the estimate of amount of foliage damaged by insects on the Buds/Growing Tips, Imma­ ture and Mature Foliage.

Nil entry None or very little damage (approx. 0% to 5%) I About l/8th damaged (approx. 10%) 2 About l/4th damaged (approx. 25 %) 3 About 1/2th damaged (approx. 50%) 4 About 3/4th damaged (approx. 75%) 5 Nearly all damaged (over 90%)

Insect abundance

Scoring for the estimate of the numbers of the insects present on the buds/growing tips, immature and mature foliage. Use the comments to provide insect names, if known, or identification codes used when labelling sampling jars.

Nil entry None present 1 Present 2 Common 3 Extreme

Definitions of leaf age classes

Bud/growing tip - Terminal end of shoot, leaves folded or just commencing to grow apart. Immature foliage - Leaves not yet fully expanded. Mature foliage - Leaves fully grown, during current season's growth. Old foliage - Leaves fully grown, from previous season's growth.

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 40 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 APPENDIX 4

UST OF POTENTIAL INSECT PESTS SAMPLED FROM EACH OF THE THREE TRIAL SITES.

Cussacks Section - Symphyomyrtus species. Host tree Insect pest Insect Family: Order E. cypellocarpa Chrysophtharta sp., Paropsis porosa Erichson (eucalypt leaf beetle) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera Perga sp. (black sawfly larvae) Pergidae : Hymenoptera E. dalrympleana ssp. Eurymelidae sp. (treehopper) Eurymelidae : Hemiptera heptantha E. dunnii Chrysoplztlzarta sp., C. cloelia SUiI (eucalypt leaf beetle) Cluysomelidae: Coleoptera Amorbus rubiginosl/s (Guerin-Meneville) (tip-feeding bug) Coreidae : Hemiptera E. globulus ssp. bicostata Mnesampela privata (Guem\e) (autumn gum month) Geometridae : Lepidoptera E. globulus ssp. maidenii Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (bluegum psyllid) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Amorbus rubiginosus (tip-feeding bug) Coreidae : Hemiptera Mnesampela privata (autumn gum month) Geometridae : Lepidoptera E. nitens Ctenarytaina eucalypti (bluegum psyllid) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Amorbus rubiginosus (tip-feeding bug) Coreidae : Hemiptera Heteronyx sp., Liparetrus sp. (tip-feeding scarabs) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Paropsis porosa (eucalypt leaf beetle) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera Mnesampela privata {autumn gum moth) Geometridae: Lepidoptera E.ovata Paropsis porosa (eucalypt leaf beetle) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera Opodiphthera helena (White) (emperor gum moth larvae) Saturniidae : Lepidoptera E. quadrangulata Paropsis porosa (eucalypt leaf beetle) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera E. smithii Opodiphthera helena (emperor gum moth larvae) Satumiidae : Lepidoptera E. viminalis Eurymelidae sp. (treehopper) Eurymelidae : Hemiptera Chrysoptharta cloelia, Paropsis porosus (eucalypt leaf beetles) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera Gonipterus sp. (eucalypt weevil) Curculionidae : Coleoptera Mnesampela privata (autumn gum month) Geometridae : Lepidoptera Frost tip damage observed on E. glob. bicostata, E. glob. maidenii, E. quadrangulata, E. smithii and E. viminalis.

Cussacks Section - Monocalyptus species Host tree Insect pest .Insect Family: Order E. andrewsii ssp. andrewsii Chrysophtharta sp. (eucalypt leaf beetle) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera E. andrewsii ssp. campanulata Opodiphthera helena (emperor gum moth larvae) Saturniidae : Lepidoptera E. delegatensis Chrysophtharta sp. (eucalypt leaf beetle) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera Mnesampela privata (autumn gum moth) Geometridae : Lepidoptera E. fastigata Glycaspis sp. (sugary lerps) . Psyllidae : Hemiptera E. fraxinoides Chrysophtharta sp., Paropsis atomaria Olivier (eucalypt leaf beetles) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera E. Jaevopinea Amorbus sp. (tip-feeding bug) Coreidae : Hemiptera Chrysophtharta spp., Paropsis porosa (eucalypt leaf beetles) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera Mnesampela privata (autumn gum month) Geometridae : Lepidoptera E. muellerana Chrysoplztharta sp. (eucalypt leaf beetle) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera E.oreades Eriococcus coriaceus Maskell (gumtree scale) Eriococcidae : Hemiptera E. regnans Amorbus sp. (tip-feeding bug) Coreidae : Hemiptera Liparetnls sp. (tip-feeding scarab) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Edusella sp., Paropsis porosa (eucalypt leaf beetles) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera E. sieberi Chrysophtharta sp. (eucalypt leaf beetles) Cluysomelidae : Coleoptera Fros~ tip damage observed on.E. andrewsii, E. fastigata, E. laevopinea, E. obliqua and E. sieberi.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES- RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 41 Fridavs Creek - Sympllyomyrtlls species Host tree Insect pest Insect Family: Order E. amplifolia Cardiaspinafiscella Taylor, C. maniformis Taylor (lace lerps) PsylJidae : Hemiptera Creiis liturata (Froggatt) (lerp) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Anoplognathlls chloropyrus (Drapiez) (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Hyalarcta huebnen· (Westwood) (bagmoth) Psychidae : Lepidoptera E. badjensis Curculionidae sp. (weevil) Curculionidae : Coleoptera E. botryoides Cardiaspinafiscella, C. maniformis (lace lerps) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Phylacteophaga froggatti Riek (leaf blister sawfly) Pergidae : Hymenoptera Anoplognathus poroslls (Dalman) (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. deanei Cardiaspina maniformis (lace lerp) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Chrysoptharta c10elia (eucalypt leaf beetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera E. dunnii Cardiaspina maniformis (lace lerp) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Automolius sp. (tip-feeding scarab) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Chrysophtharta c1oelia, Paropsis van·olosa Marshall (euc.leafbeetles) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera Mnesampela pn·vata (autumn gum month) Geometridae : Lepidoptera E. globulus ssp. bicostata Ctenarytaina eucalypti (bluegum psylJid) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Mnesampela privata (autumn gum month) Geometridae : Lepidoptera E. globulus ssp. maidenii Ctenarytaina eucalypti (bluegum psyllid) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Mnesampela privata (autumn gum moth) Geometridae : Lepidoptera E. grandis Cardiaspinafiscella, C. maniformis, C. albitextura Taylor (lace lerps) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Creiis liturata (lerp) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Ctenarytaina eucalypti (bluegum psyllid) Psyllid : Hemiptera Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Chrysophtharta c1oelia, Paropsis variolosa (eucalypt leaf beetles) Chrysome1idae : Coleoptera Mnesampela privata (autumn gum month) Geometridae : Lepidoptera Doratifera vulnerans (Lewin) (mottled cupmoth) Limacodidae : Lepidoptera Hyalarcta huebneri (bagmoth) Psychidae : Lepidoptera Phylacteophaga froggatti (leaf blister sawfly) Pergidae : Hymenoptera E. nitens Auto~olius sp. (tip-feeding scarab) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. propinqua Cardiaspina maniformis (lace lerp) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Phylacteophaga froggatti (leaf blister sawfly) Pergidae : Hymenoptera E. saligna Cardiaspinafiscella, C. maniformis, C. albitextw:a (lace lerps). Psyllidae : Hemiptera Creiis liturata (lerp) PsylJidae : Hemiptera Eurymela sp. (treehopper) Eurymelidae : Hemiptera Chrysoptharta cloelia, Paropsis variolosa (euc.leafbeetle) Chrysome1idae : Coleoptera Doratifera vulnerans (mottled cupmoth) Limacodidae : Lepidoptera E. viminalis Mnesampela privata (autumn gum month) Geometridae : Lepidoptera

Fridays Creek - Monocaiyptlls and Corymbia species Host tree Insect pest Insect Family: Order C. citriodora Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Chris·tmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera C. maculata Anoplognathus sp. (Christmas beetle) . Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. globoidea Automolius sp. (tip-feeding scarab) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. laevopinea Paropsis atomaria (eucalyptus leaf beetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera E. muellerana Glycaspis sp. (sugary lerps) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Anoplognathlls sp. (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. pilularis Glycaspis sp. (sugary lerps) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Anoplognathus porosus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Paropsis variolosa (eucalypt leaf beetle) Chrysome1idae : Coleoptera E. sieberi Anoplognathus sp. (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera

EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 42 CROP LOSS STUDY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 Kennaicle creek - SympltyomyrtlLv species Host tree Insect pest Insect Family: Order E. ampli/olia Eurymeloides sp (treehoppers) Eurymelidae : Hemiptera Anoplognatltus chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Paropsis sp. (eucalypt leaf beetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera E. botryoides Anoplognathus chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Monolepta australis (Jacoby) (leaf beetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera Hyalarcta huebnerj (bagmoth) Psychidae : Lepidoptera E. deanei Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. dunnii Anoplognathus chioropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Paropsis atomaria, Chrysophtharta cloelia (leaf beetles) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera E. globulus ssp. globulus Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. globulus ssp. maidenii Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. grandis Cardiaspina mani/ormis (lace lerp) Psyllidae : Hemiptera Anoplognathus chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Paropsis variolosa,Chrysophtharta cloelia (euc.leafbeetles) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera Monolepta australis (leaf beetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera E. microcorys Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleopter~ E. nitens Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. propinqua Eurymelidae sp. (treehopper) Eurymelidae : Hemiptera Anoplognathus chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Euops sp. (weevil) . Attelabidae : Coleoptera E. quadrangulata Anoplognatlllls chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. saligna Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Chrysophtharta cloelia (eucalypt leaf beetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera Monolepta australis (leafbeetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera E. smithii Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. viminalis Anoplognathus chloropyrus (Christmas beetle) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera

Kennaicle Creek - MonocalyPtlLv and Corymbia species Host tree Insect pest Insect Family: Order C. citriodora Anoplognatus spp. (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Hyalarcta nigrescens (Doubleday) (bagmoth) Psychidae : Lepidoptera C. maculata Anoplognatus chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Edusella sp. (leaf beetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera Hyalarcta nigrescens (bagmoth) Psychidae : Lepidoptera C. variegata Anoplognathus chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Paropsis variolosa (eucalypt leaf beetle) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera E. meullerana Anoplognatus chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera E. pilularis Anoplognathus chloropyrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera Paropsis variolosa, Paropsistema liturata Marshall (leaf beetles) Chrysomelidae : Coleoptera Teia anartoides Walker (painted apple moth) Lymantriidae : Lepidoptera E. sieberi Anoplognathus chloropYrus, A. porosus (Christmas beetles) Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES EUCALYPT PLANTATION PESTS AND DISEASES - RESEARCH PAPER NO. 35 CROP LOSS STUDY 43 t

0(')Q~ "1:1> APPENDIX 5

~§

~§ liST OF POTENTIAL FUNGAL PATHOGENS SAMPLED FROM EACH OF THE THREE TRIAL SITES. ><> d ~ Cussacks Section

m Symphyomyrtu£ speci(!s yonoc!!bPttts_~ecies Host tree Pathogen Host tree Pa!hogen ~ E. cypel/ocarpa Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. E. andrewsii ssp. andrewsii Botrytis cinerea m~ E. dalrympleana ssp. heptantha Pestalotiopsis sp. E. andrewsii ssp. campanulata Botrytis cinerea >en E. dll1l11ii Macrophomina phaseoli (Tassi) Goidanich E. delegatensis Aulographina eucalypti rn E. globlllus ssp. bicostata Botrytis cinerea E. fastigata Aulographina eucalypti Mycosphaerella cryptica (Cooke) Hansf. E.fraxinoides Armillaria luteobubalina Kile & Watling E. globlllus ssp. globulus Botrytis cinerea Aulographina eucalypti Mycosphaerella cryptica Idiocercus australis (Cooke) H.J. Swart E. globllllls ssp. maidenii Botrytis cinerea E. laevopinea Aulographina eucalypti Mycosphaerella cryptica E. muellerana Aulographina eucalypti E. nitells Botrytis cinerea Phaeothyriolum microthyrioides Harknessia sp. E. obliqua Aulographina eucalypti Mycosphaerella cryptica Idiocercus australis E.ovata Harknessia sp. Coniothyrium sp. Pestalotiopsis sp. E. oreades Armillaria luteobubalina ~ E. quadrangulata Botrytis cinerea Aulographina eucalypti ~ Vemlisporium biseptatum H.J. Swart & M.A. Will. E. regnans Aulographina eucalypti E. saligna Mycosphaerella cryptica E. sieberi Armillaria luteobubalina E. smithii Pestalotiopsis sp. Aulographina eucalypti ~~ E. viminalis Aulographina eucalypyi (Cooke & Massee) Arx & E. MUll. m'r1 Pestalotiopsis sp. ~~ Phaeothyriolum microthyrioides (G. Winter) H.J. Swart ::I: en Vemlisporium biseptatllm ~g ~@

"'~ a>• t""' wmU.en ~~ Fridays Creek

~trl

~<3 Symphyomyrtus species Monocalyptus and Corymbia species ~~ Host tree Patho&en Host tree Pathogen ?;~ E. amplifolia Aulographina eucalypti C. citdodora Pestalosphaeria sp. ~o z"Xl Botrytis cinerea Ramularia piterika Walker & Bertus ~~ Harknessia spp. C. maculata Pestalosphaeria sp. (,I) Vemlisporillm sp. Ramularia piterika E. badjensis Vemlisporillm spp. C. variegata Pestalosphaeria sp. ~ E. botryoides Harknessia spp. Ramularia piterika ~ Sonderhenia eucalypticola (A.R. Davis) H.J. Swart &"I. Walker E. agglomerata Hainesia Iythrii (Desmaz) Hohn. E. deanei Botrytis cinerea E. cloeziana Pestalotiopsis sp. ~ Harknessia spp. E. globoidea Vermisporium spp. E. dunnii Vermisporium spp. E. laevopinea Coniella eucalypticola Nag Raj E. globulus ssp. bicostata Botrytis cinerea E. muellerana Botrytis cinerea Harknessia spp. Vemlisporium spp. Macrophomina phaseoli E. pilularis Conie/la eucalypticola E. globulus ssp. maidenii Botrytis cinerea Hainesia Iythrii Harknessia spp. Vermisporium spp. Macrophomina phaseoli . E. sieberi Aulographina eucalypti

tI1 E. grandis Botrytis cinerea Conie/la eucalypticola Sonderhenia eucalypticola Macrophomina phaseoli 9 E. microcorys Botrytis cinerea § E. nitens Macrophomina phaseoli E. propinqua Botrytis cinerea ;g E. saligna Phomopsis sp. Vermisporium spp. ~ E. viminalis Botrytis cinerea g Vermisporium spp. Z '"t:I t;5 ~~ 00~~ ~F;j (,I)tI1 d~ 0t;5 0-<:

~ """0\

Kennaicle Creek ~~ '1:1> Svmvhvomvrtus soecies Monocalvvtus and Corvmbia soecies

Hos~t;ee Pathogen Host tree Pathogen ~§ E. amplifolia Botrytis cinerea C. citriodora Endothiella gyrosa Sacc. Harknessia spp. Pestalosphaeria sp. ~§ Vemlisporium spp. Ramularia piterika >-<> Vemlisporium spp. C. maculata Pestalosphaeria sp. E. badjellsis Botrytis cinerea Ramularia piterika E. botryoides ~ Vemlisporium spp. C. variegata Cytospora eucalypticofa ~ Phomopsis sp. Pestalosphaeria sp. E. deanei ~ Vemlisporium spp. Ramufaria piterika Hainesia lythrii E. agglomerata Botryosphaeria sp. ~ E. dwmii E. globllllls ssp.bicostata Botrytis cillerea Coniella eucalypti Harknessia spp. Hainesia lythrii ~ >en Macrop/lOmilla phaseoli E. cloeziana Hainesia lythrii f;l Vemlisporium spp. E. globoidea Macrophomina phaseoli E. globulus ssp. globulus Botrytis cinerea Phomopsis sp. Cytospora eucalypticola van der Westh. Vermisporium spp. Hainesia lythrii E. laevopinea Aulographina eucalypti Harkllessia spp. E. muellerana Hainesia fythrii Macrophomina phaseoli Vermisporium spp. Phomopsis sp. E. pilufaris Conielfa eucalypti Vemlisporium spp. Cytospora eucalypti cola E. globulus ssp. maidenii Botrytis cinerea Hainesia lythrii Kirramyces eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) J. Walker, B.C.Sutton E. sieberi Au/ographina eucalypti & Pascoe Macrophomina phaseoli ~ Vermisporium spp. "I1 Phomopsis sp. E. grandis Botrytis cinerea Cytospora eucalypticola Vermisporium spp. ~ Fairmaniella leprosa (Fainn.) Petr. & Syd ~~ Hainesia lythrii tIl"I1 Harknessia spp. ~~ Sonderhenia eucalypticola ::I: en Vemlisporium spp. ~g E. microcorys Botrytis cinerea ~3 Harknessia spp. :;:d~ a> E. lIitens Kirramyces eucalypti .l'wtIl Vemlisporium spp. U\en - .w ---- - l

~~ (I» Kennaicle Creek (cont.) ~@ Symphyomyrtus species Monocalyptus and Corymbia species 8~ Host tree Pathogen Host tree Pathogen ?;Ci3 E. propinqlla Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. ~o z~ Microsphaeropsis sp. p~ Phomopsis sp. ~~ E. qlladrangulata Botrytis cinerea Rhizoctonia solani KUhn E. saligna Fairmaniella leprosa ~ Hainesia lythrii g E. viminalis Hainesia lythn·i (I) Harknessia spp. Vermisporium spp.

~ S; ~ ~

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~Ci3 00~~ ~Cij (l)tIl ;:!f;; ....:,o~ ti \11I1I1I1I~L0000438

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