Here, Wouldn’T This Approach Be Useful for Us Too?

Founder of the Ankara University Observatory and a Volunteer of Education

Prof. Dr. Egbert Adriaan KREIKEN

C. Güner OMAY

with contributions by Juus KREIKEN

Editor of Turkish Edition: Prof. Dr. Selim O. SELAM English translation by Ender ARKUN

Identity Page of Turkish Edition

Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Vakfı

Ankara Üniversitesi Gözelemevi’nin Kurucusu Ve Eğitim Gönüllüsü Prof. Dr. Egbert Adriaan KREIKEN

ISBN : 978-605-87419-0-4

Birinci Basım : Kasım 2011 (500 adet) Yeni Reform Matbaacılık Ltd. Şti. 0312 341 20 92 Ankara

Kapak Zemin Resmi NASA Lunar Topographic Ortophotomap – Apollo 15 Photography, 1st Edition, 1972, Sheet LTO81C1(250), The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center, Washington D.C.

BİTAV Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Vakfı Turgut Reis caddesi No: 33/1 06570, Maltepe / Ankara Tel: 0312 229 01 65 • Faks: 0312 229 01 63

PRESENTATION

The Turkish community is unfortunately one that is not much given to letters. To publish a book for the purpose of informing the community in a certain matter is not a case that is frequently encountered in this country. Mr. Güner Omay has achieved an important exception in this case and has written a book to fill an important gap by presenting us the cherished memory of Prof. Egbert Adriaan Kreiken, a personality who has been of great assistance to the science of Astronomy and Astronomy education in this country. I regard this book as a rarely encountered example of appreciative commemoration in our society.

Prof. Kreiken was professor of Astronomy in the Faculty of Sciences of the Ankara University, instructor first to Mr. Omay and subsequently to me. Mr. Omay in his book dwells on the following contributions that Prof. Kreiken has achieved in the Astronomy education a) he established the Ankara University Observatory; b) to be able to raise the necessary scientific brains for upholding the Observatory and the department, he obtained scholarships abroad to his selected students from the NATO funds that was made available to him and c) he managed transferring the existing compulsory employment requirements of the Education Faculty students to the Ministry of Education to the Ankara University thus pioneered an important educational breakthrough. This led the way for many other students in different scientific disciplines or humanities to attain the possibility of remaining in the University and becoming future scientists or educationalists of the country.

I would also like to add a memory: it was in the year 1961 or 1962, Prof Kreiken sent the newly returning students from America, Güner Omay and Zeki Tüfekçi, to the Astronomy class to recount their achievements and experiences in America. That was the first time that I saw the 80 column computer punch‐card in that lesson. I have always seen it as an example of Prof. Kreiken’s novelty seeking approach that he wanted to impose on us, to lead us shape our outlook on life while planning our future. Another heartening example was his employing the senior class students to teach in junior classes, which made us feel very important.

This sentence by Omay emphasises another educative side of Prof. Kreiken: When he was working in Liberia “on seeing the low knowledge level of the students coming to the university, he decided to intervene in the secondary school science teaching curricula to raise its standard and to achieve this he was effective in renewal of the curricula, conducted courses for secondary school science teachers and wrote books to guide them.” Today in the face of the increasing number of students drawing nil in the university entrance examinations here, wouldn’t this approach be useful for us too?

iii

Quoting Mr. Omay: “Prof. Kreiken was a professor we were not used to seeing …. in spite of the load of work he was under he still found time to write his students abroad hand written letters that guided them and proposed remedies for their problems”. I was one of the students who benefited from his guidance through letters. He sent me, by making use of a NATO scholarship, in the end of 1963 to the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England. He was constantly guiding me through letters he wrote. He wanted me to write back to him as to my activities there, this way he was in constant control of my progress there. In one of his letters he wrote: “Try gaining experience by working in different sections of the Observatory, next year I will try to find a scholarship that would enable you to enrol in the doctoral programme of one of the universities”. Unfortunately he did not live long enough to see it happen, however I was able to obtain a PhD degree in a university there through his influence and ever since I thankfully remember this and his many other contributions to the positive direction that my education had taken.

Finally I would like to thank Mr. Omay for this book and the opportunity he presented for me to express the gratitude I have for Prof. Kreiken. I will always remember Prof. Kreiken with the pipe he constantly kept between his lips, seemingly an instrument that contributed to phis dee conjecture.

Zeki Aslan Istanbul Kültür University

FOREWORD

Prof. Egbert Adriaan Kreiken was my professor of astronomy at the Ankara University Faculty of Sciences. In 1954, he did not only save the Astronomy Department from the possibility of being shut down but also managed to transfer to this Department four successful students from the military and another five or six outstanding students from the Education Institute, by employing a method hitherto unused. Furthermore he was also able to transfer the duration of Education Institute students’ compulsory services owed to the Ministry of Education to the University itself. Especially this achievement of transferring to the University the compulsory services of the astronomy students that originally belonged to the Education Institute, was a major breakthrough that subsequently also influenced the future of successful students of physics and mathematics to become in the future prominent scientific figures.

Through his personal contacts with the forthcoming astronomy departments of the world, he was able to acquire by exchange their publications at no cost to the Department, thus enabling establishment of a sizable documentation collection. Most important of all he was able to provide the possibility of education abroad to about 10 Turkish students or assistants in his department, thus enabling them to become valuable assets to the Turkish world of astronomy.

Additionally, through positive contacts he established with the Military, he was able to acquire the land at Ahlatlıbel in Ankara and all the equipment necessary for an observatory to be established there, which was inaugurated with a ceremonial meeting in 1963.

Although having departed from the profession of astronomy following decease of my Professor, I firmly believe that all the achievements I was able to realize in my profession were results of the education that I received through possibilities presented by him and the path opened up before me on account of that. It is for this reason that to be able to pay my personal debt to my Professor, I decided to write his life story. To try to write a biography of a person, after forty seven years following his death, who spent the greater part of his professional life in several underdeveloped countries, presents another difficulty in regard of the deficiencies in such countries of keeping records of past events. I also encountered such difficulties however did not give up but at the end I had to do with whatever bits of information I could obtain. It is my sincere hope and wish that someone in the future may be able to reach the information that escaped me and be able to bring to light all the works of this extraordinary personality who was of great service to the Turkish education and science.

v Receiving his doctoral degree in 1923 at the Groningen University, Prof. Kreiken began working in 1928 at the Bosscha Observatory in the Island of Java in Indonesia, then under Dutch rule. However he was able to stay there for only two years. Of the total of twenty three years that he spent in Indonesia, barring the one year he spent in the Mount Wilson Observatory and the five years he spent at the Japanese concentration camp, during all the remaining time he was administrator or teacher at secondary schools belonging to the Indonesian Government or Founding Rector of universities, and even according to some sources “Minister of Education” of that country, however the truth was that he was the senior counsellor to the ministry in the capacity of especially improvement of the university education in that country. Returning to his country in 1951, Prof. E. A. Kreiken was able to stay there only for a short time and was soon sent to Liberia on duty from UNESCO in the capacity of Professor of Mathematics and Physics. He worked in Liberia between 1952 and 1954 and subsequently he was sent to Turkey also by UNESCO in 1954.

The Turkey episode of his life story depends on information received especially from his past students and what is provided by the Faculty of Sciences of the Ankara University. In this context, a copy of the application form of the Professor sent by UNESCO that was kept in his personal file, provided by Prof. Muammer Canel, present Dean of the Ankara University Faculty of Sciences, was a great help in establishing the milestones of his life story, I thank him heartily. For the Liberian episode of his life no information could be reached through any person or institution therefore for this part of his life his personal report to UNESCO was made use of. For his professional life in the Netherlands, information received from the Astronomy Departments of the Universities of Groningen and Amsterdam was used.

Maximum effort was employed to gather information concerning his activities in Indonesia, where he spent more than half of his professional life of forty one years. To achieve this, the Cultural Attaché of the Indonesian Embassy in Ankara was contacted, former and present Directors of the Bosscha Observatory were reached, information in the Dutch State Archives were sought by means of the Dutch Embassy in Ankara, however none of these contacts was able to provide satisfactory results. Through my communication with the Bosscha Observatory Director Dr. H. Malasam over the medium of “Facebook” his nephew Juus Kreiken became aware of my efforts and contacted me. He was very effective in reaching some information that existed in Dutch sources.

The life story of the Professor before he came to Ankara is mostly built up on information provided by Juus Kreiken. Juus Kreiken is a corporate physician and son of the older brother of the Professor. Due to his fathers presence in Indonesia following 1950’s he still has many friends there, however even he was not able to receive satisfactory information from the Indonesians concerning the Professor’s life there.

vi I would like to thank Prof. Selim O. Selam who encouraged me to write this book and to Hülya Yay who read the text beginning from the preliminary draft until the final version and who made the necessary corrections. As I mentioned before, the Professor dedicated his whole professional life in Turkey to the Ankara University. It is for this reason that application was made naturally to the same University for publication of this book that is in memory of his services here; however the Publications Committee of the University unfortunately did not find this work worth publishing. After this rejection the book was published as a publication of the Scientific and Technical Research Foundation (BİTAV). I would therefore like to extend by thanks to the BİTAV Administrative Board for their kind support.

C. Güner OMAY, Ankara 2011

vii

FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH EDITION

Prof. A. E. Kreiken had spent the final years of his life in Turkey. During his time in Turkey he was able to establish and operate an observatory and was able to secure scholarships for about ten young astronomers to continue their education at institutions abroad. Therefore his contributions to the science of astronomy and its development in Turkey is beyond denial and this is a fact accepted by everyone involved in astronomy in this country. To be able to refresh the memory of Prof. Kreiken in the minds of the scientific community here, I wrote his life story in Turkish and had it printed.

Although having spent a great deal of his time in Indonesia and having served the establishment and development of all kinds of educational institutions there, he was born and received all his education in his native country The Netherlands therefore he is a well known figure there and also in the rest of the world with his notable contributions to the science of astronomy. It is for this reason that his life story (not as complete as to be called a biography) is translated into English also for them to be informed. As its printing in English is not possible for the time being it is put in the web page of BİTAV (Scientific and Technical Research Foundation of Turkey) www.bitav.org.tr I hope to get the English edition also printed one day.

I would like to extend my thanks to my friend Ender Arkun, who translated this document into English, which version I am sure is better than the Turkish one due to his kind efforts.

C. Güner Omay – March 2012

viii LIFE STORY

Life story of Prof. Egbert Adriaan Kreiken will be recounted in two parts:

- Pre‐Ankara years (1896 – 1954)

- Ankara years (1954 – 1964)

Pre‐Ankara years amount to eighty five percent of his life and seventy five percent of his professional life. His childhood, education and a short period of work was spent in the Netherlands, more than half of his professional life was spent in Indonesia and a short period of two years was spent in Liberia. For durations in Indonesia and Liberia despite all efforts sufficient information could not be reached. As mentioned previously, information pertaining to these durations amount to what could be obtained through the Internet and what was provided in the form of information or documents by his nephew Juus Kreiken through his personal efforts.

Pre‐Ankara Years (1896 – 1954)

Prof. E. A Kreiken was born on the 1st of November 1896 in the township of Barneveld in Holland. His father was Willem Rudolph and mother was Ada Ilcken. His father owned the boarding school by the name of “Benno” and the family had three children. Julius François (b. 1892), Margaretha Wilhelmina Martina (b. 1894) and Egbert Adriaan. Following father’s death in 1898 the family moved to The Hague in 1902. Although the exact dates are unknown, E. A. Kreiken finished the primary school in Gironde in France and secondary school in The Netherlands.

Egbert A. Kreiken (right) with older sister Margaretha and older brother Julius

Prof Kreiken’s father Willem Rudolph Kreiken (1853‐1898)

Prof. Kreiken’s mother Ada Ilcken‐Kreiken (1858‐1941)

View of Kapteyn Astronomical Laboratory at Broerstadt‐Groningen in 1920’s

Prof. Kreiken majored in mathematics and physics at the Groningen University in Leiden and began his PhD studies under Prof. Jacobus C. Kapteyn. But following death of Prof. Kapteyn in June 1922, Prof. Pieter J. van Rhijn became his advisor and under him he was able to complete his PhD shortly after, in February 21st 1923. He worked as an assistant Prof. Kapteyn and Prof. van Rhijn between the years of 1921 and 1923 at the Astronomy Laboratory of the Groningen University. His PhD dissertation was titled “On the Colour of the Faint Stars in the Milky Way and the Distance of the Scutum‐ Group”. During his PhD studies he was able to examine photographic plates taken by Prof. E. Hertzsprung by the 60 inch reflector telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory and succeeded to measure colour, brightness and position of around 4000 stars. A copy of his PhD thesis is being kept by his nephew J. Kreiken.

He married Baukje Hartog in November the 16th 1923 and to make a living started to teach physics in secondary

schools in Amsterdam. Dr. Kreiken operating the micrometer microscope with which he measured the photographic plates.

Cover and first page of Prof. Kreiken’s PhD dissertation

He was appointed associate professor at the Amsterdam University in January the 19th 1926 and kept this position until 1928. During his associate professorship at the university the title of his lecture that was open to the public was “De Melkweg” (The Milky Way). This lecture was also printed in the form of a booklet a copy of which is still being kept by his nephew Juus Kreiken.

Booklet covering notes of the first lesson entitled De Melkweg (The Milky Way) delivered by Prof. Kreiken on his appointment as associate professor

4 In this lecture, Prof. Kreiken dwelled on the natural phenomena that controlled the motions of the planets in the Solar System that was discovered by Newton, and discussed the possibility of its applicability to other stars in the universe, which was an important question in astronomy at that time. This lecture was a summary of the views nurtured by his first PhD advisor Prof. Kapteyn in his work entitled Galactic Astronomy. It explained how the structure and dynamics of the Milky Way Galaxy could be attained through statistical evaluation of the individual stars’ position, brightness and space velocity.

At those times, the Dutch‐Indies Astronomical Society decided to build an observatory in Indonesia which was under the rule of the Dutch East Indies Company. On donation to the Astronomical Society of the six hectare land of a tea plantation that was owned by a certain Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha, in the western part of the Java Island, at Lembang, construction of the oldest observatory in Indonesia began in 1923 and was completed in 1928. The first director of this observatory, Dr. J. Voute who acted between the years of 1923 and 1940, offered Prof. Kreiken a long term contract which made him to take a position at the Bosscha Observatory in 1928. He stayed there until the end of 1930 but as a result of a dispute with Dr. J. Voute, he abandoned his post on his request1. During his incumbency at the Observatory he published many scientific articles mainly on the dynamics and galactic distribution of visual double stars. He examined the visual double stars’ various brightness intervals, brightness differences between their components and their distributions in relation to their different galactic longitude intervals from data obtained from the astrographic catalogues of the Potsdam, Vatican and the Greenwich Observatories.

Bosscha Observatory in the beginning of 1930’s

1 Lewis Pyenson, 1989, “Empire of Reason. Exact Science in Indonesia 1840‐1940”, E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands

5 We can follow his employment record in Indonesia throughout roughly the 20 years he spent there from the application form and CV of Prof. Kreiken that was sent to the Ankara University Faculty of Science by means of UNESCO and which is currently present in his personal file at the Faculty (Addendum 1). According to this document his work history there is as follows:

- Bosscha Observatory, 1928 ‐ 1930 - Teaching at the secondary school, Bandung, Java, 1930 ‐ 1936 - Guest researcher at the Mt. Wilson Observatory in the USA, 1936 ‐ 1937 - Secondary school Principal in Surabaya, Java, 1938 ‐ 1940 - Japanese concentration camp, 1941‐1945, (23 March 1942 – 18 May 1945) - Founding Rector of the University of Indonesia, 1946‐1947 - On duty in Mexico and Washington, 1947 ‐ 1948 - Head of the University Education Department at the Ministry of Education, 1948‐1950 - Senior Adviser to they Ministr of Education, 1950‐1951

The original document indicating schools where Prof. Kreiken worked during 1932 and 1942 within the territories of the Dutch East Indies Company, is presented below in its original form, as received by Juus Kreiken from the Dutch National Archives:

Bron: Regeerings Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indie (jaargetal) Nationaal Archief Den Haag 21 April 2011 1932: Leeraar HBS Bandoeng 1933: Hoogere Burgerschool en Algemeene Middelbare School (afd. B) te Semarang H.B.S. commissie 1934: Hoogere Burgerschool en Algemeene Middelbare School (afd. B) te Semarang 1935: Leeraar Semarang 1936: Leeraar Semarang 1937: Hoogere Burgerschool en Algemeene Middelbare School (afd. B) te Semarang Plaatsvervangend Directeur 1938: Leraar H.B.S. te Medan, 2 juli 1937 Departement van Onderwijs en Eeredienst 1939: Leeraar Hoogere Burgerschool te Medan H.B.S. commissie 1940: ontbrak 1941: Directeur Gouv. A.M.S. Soerabaya (B.Hartog) 1942: Directeur Algemene Middelbare School (afb. B) te Soerabaya A.M.S. commissie Na 1949 (vanaf de Japanse bezetting), is het uitgeven van de Regeerings Almanak gestaakt.

As can be seen, outside of two years spent in the U.S.A and the roughly five years spent in the Japanese concentration camp, all his time was devoted to education or activities that are closely related to it. One can easily say that he dedicated all his efforts to improvement of the education system in Indonesia. We can also understand this from entries in his diary that is being kept at the Ahlatlıbel

6 Observatory Museum of the Ankara University. Some of the entries in his diary are in handwriting and Dutch, but others are typewritten and in English. Of the information obtained by Juus Kreiken from the Dutch authorities we can understand that those were records of radio bulletins pertaining to educational institutions that were aired by the related units of the “Dutch East Indies” administration then at exile in Australia. A page of the diaries is being supplied as attached (Addendum 2). Following withdrawal of the Dutch from Indonesia he left his active administrative duty at the ministry but on request from the Indonesian Government he kept on working for about two more years in the capacity of adviser to the Minister of Education. All the time the Professor spent in Indonesia following his resignation from the Bosscha Observatory, was devoted to teaching of physics and mathematics or administrative duties at all levels of schools. Details of his work places could be seen from the entries received from the Dutch National Archives. The highest position he attained there was the position of Founding Rector at the University that is known today as the “University of Indonesia”. Not being successful in contacting the University authorities against all efforts we were not able to receive a formal confirmation of this position. However the document that we are supplying as attached (Addendum 3) was signed by the Professor in his capacity of “Founding Rector”. Furthermore in a document reached through the existing literature2 he is designated as the Rector of the University of Indonesia. We learn from the forms in his personal file that he had written physics and astronomy textbooks during his work in the secondary schools. We have been able to reach two of these books. One of these was a textbook printed in 1941 that was devoted to general astronomy3. The other was a textbook of elementary physics that covered the subjects of “space‐time matter and energy”4.

Initial pages of Prof. Kreiken’s two published textbooks when he was teaching in Indonesia

2 “General Notes”, 1948, PASP, Vol:60, 138 3 Dr. E. A. Kreiken, 1941, “Inleiding Tot De Cosmografie”, J.B. Wolters Uitgevers–Maatschappij N.V., Groningen‐Batavia 4 Dr. E. A. Kreiken, 1950, “Capita Selecta Der Natuurkunde, Ruimte‐Tijd, Materie en Energie”, W. Versluys (N. V.), Amsterdam‐Djakarta

7 Life of the Professor in Indonesia had not been one that was totally pleasurable. Shortly after invasion of the Japanese of Indonesia during the Second World War, Prof. Kreiken was arrested in March the 23rd 1942 and was sent to a Japanese Concentration Camp in Indonesia, where he stayed until 19th of May 1945. Due to men, women and children being kept at different camps he had to be separated from his wife. Although he designated his stay at the Japanese concentration camp as from 1941 to 1945 in his application form (Addendum 1), in a letter he wrote to his elder brother on November the 12th 1945, he indicated the beginning date of his conviction as 23rd of March 1942. It is not possible that the Professor could have made such a mistake. We understand from the above mentioned letter that against the possibility of Japanese aggression against Indonesia, resistance was being organized and in this context the Professor volunteered to act in the combatant troops but was assigned the duty of “Commander of City Observation Battalion”. Therefore he assumed this time also to be inclusive of the duration of Japanese occupation of Indonesia and therefore his conviction. He also wrote in this letter the hygienic and nutritive conditions prevailing during his captivity (he was reduced from 82 ),kg to 38 that he was not allowed to contact anybody, that he did not know where and in which camp his wife was and he had never been able to learn that even after the end of his captivity. Dr Kreiken also recounts in the same letter that in September 1945 he first received the happy news through a letter and from a telegram he received the following day he was told to urgently proceed to Semarang where he found his wife in a state of coma and that she died on the following day (on 17 September 1945).

Also in a news item appearing in the Science Magazine5 that made reference to a letter he wrote to Dr. Bart J. Bok it was stated that of the total of seven Dutch Astronomers that were being kept at a Japanese Concentration Camp in the Java Island, only himself and Dr. J.G.E.G. Voute survived. Also from the same news item we learn that Prof. Kreiken’s house at the City of Soerabaja was ruined and his personal library was totally destroyed.

Front of Prof. Kreiken’s personal register at the Japanese concentration camp

5 “International News”, 1946, Science, Vol:103, no.2675, 427

Rear face of Prof. Kreiken’s personal register at the Japanese concentration camp

Subsequently he was employed by the Ministry of Education of the Dutch East Indies Government and filled the positions of Director of the Department of Education and especially the Department of Higher Education, between the years of 1945 and 1950. While he was occupying this post he attended the Second General Assembly of UNESCO held in Mexico in 1947 representing the government. His title at the Ministry at that time was General Director of Higher Education. As a result of his efforts during this meeting, UNESCO agreed to supply the missing parts of the Schmidt telescope at the Bosscha Observatory6. While on the subject I would also like to mention that Prof. Kreiken met during this meeting his second wife Frances, who was a UNESCO Prof. Kreiken with his second wife Frances employee and they were married in California on March 11th 1949.

Leaving Indonesia in 1951, Prof. Kreiken after having spent a short time in his country he received an offer from UNESCO to help reorganize the Liberian University and left for this country on the 1st of December 1952.

6 E. van Alba‐van Dien, 1995, in “The Future Utilisation of Schmidt Telescopes”, (eds. J.M. Chapman, R.D. Cannon, S.J. Harrison and B. Hidayat), ASPCS, vol 84, p.15

9 Information or documentation regarding his activities in Liberia could not be reached against all efforts and had to be satisfied as the only source in this context with his reports to UNESCO. As can be perceived from these reports he was effective in establishing the Faculty of Sciences there but realizing that this was not sufficient by itself he dedicated his efforts to reorganization of the whole university system. Also seeing that the level of knowledge of the students arriving before the university was insufficient, he started to work on the educational system of the secondary schools and to improve that he endeavoured training of the secondary school science section teachers and to this end he organized meetings and courses. He also wrote two books to be used in the general science and physics classes of secondary schools7,8. Prof Kreiken and his wife Frances drove from The Hague to Liberia overland in their own car. The notes taken by Frances Kreiken concerning this journey is being kept by Juus Kreiken, and we understand from them that the journey took a long time and was very arduous. According to the plan they made on maps received before the trip they assumed the trip would take ten days but the journey that began on the 4th of December 1952 from The Hague, could only end at Monrovia (Liberia) on the 1st of January of the same year. They only realized duringe th trip that some of the roads that appeared on the map were in reality non existent. This 8700 km journey that began from The Netherlands and extended through France, Spain, Gibraltar, Morocco, Algiers, The Sahara Desert, Upper Volta, French Guinea and Liberia took a total of 28 days. Frances Kreiken jokingly made reference to this arduous journey as the “trip of the astronomy nomads”.9

1946 Pontiac in which Prof. Kreiken and wife drove to Liberia 9

7 Dr. E. A. Kreiken, 1952, “General Science for Liberian High Schools”, Verslyus Verlog, Amsterdam 8 Dr. E. A. Kreiken, 1952, “Physics for Liberian High Schools”, Verslyus Verlog, Amstedam 9 Kreiken‐Pape F. A. L., 1953, Autokampioen , no.43, p.1634

10 Ankara Years (1954 – 1964)

The Professor, possibly having seen that he could not be of further assistance to the Liberian Government, applied to UNESCO for a change of his place of work and in 1954 was assigned to the Faculty of Science of the Ankara University.

The “Institute of Astronomy” as it was called then at the Faculty of Science of the Ankara University had been opened in 1944. Prof. Tevfik Okyay Kabakçıoğlu and his assistant Belka Yurtsever were appointed to this Institute in the same year. Subsequently Dilhan Ege joined the team first in the capacity of laboratory worker and later as assistant to the group. Astronomy education that could be given only to a very small group of students was kept up until departure from the Institute of Prof. Kabakçıoğlu and the Institute faced the possibility of being closed down following this turn of affairs, however it was not10.

Prof. Kreiken started work in such a climate. Despite such unfavourable conditions, developments in the world and their reflection on Turkey were effective in creating a positive environment for scientific research. Prof Kreiken’s experience allowed him to make proper use of such opportunities and he set out on a programme of raising researchers in the field of Astronomy at the Ankara University and subsequently establishment of an observatory.

During his initial years at the Faculty of Science with his 1954 Pontiac

Following the end of the Second World War, on the 4th of April 1949 NATO was established. At that time Dr. Theodore von Kármán then the Director of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratories at the California Institute of Technology proposed a programme that would be supportive of scientific collaboration of countries uniting under the NATO defence umbrella and presented a report in this

10 “Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Tarihi”, 2007, Hazırlayanlar: Prof. Dr. Cemal Aydın ve Ahmet Karataş, Ankara Üniv. Basımevi, Ankara (ISBN 978‐975‐482‐751‐4)

11 respect to the NATO officials. On the 24th of January 1952 the first scientific organization in the auspices of NATO shortly referred as AGARD (Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development) came to existence. Dr. von Kármán became the first chief of this organization. For success of such collaboration it was deemed that the NATO member countries, in place of full dependence on the U.S.A, should develop their own defence capabilities and to be able to achieve this Dr. von Kármán began looking for funds. At that time the U.S. Congress approved a programme comprising a fund of a few billion dollars, by the name of the “Marshall Plan”r put up fo the purpose of aiding the war stricken NATO countries. Dr von Kármán, following gruelling efforts was able to include in this Plan, funds for a programme to support initiation and improvement of research and development activities in the member countries called “The Mutual Weapons Development Programme” (MWDP)11.

Turkey entered NATO on the 15th of January 1954, a date roughly coinciding with the establishment of AGARD. During the first meeting of the Ministers of Defence of the NATO Countries that the Turkish Minister participated, Dr von Kármán proposed in that meeting the Turkish Minister of Defence to join in the AGARD programme. However the Minister rejected on the grounds that Turkey was not of the level to be able to contribute to NATO’s defence research activities. To this, Dr. von Kármán replied that this made it all the more plausible for Turkey joining AGARD, as AGARD was not established to aid countries already proficient in scientific research but those which are at the beginning of developing their capabilities. As a result of this exchange it was decided that Air Force Lieut. Colonel, Eng. Fuat Uluğ participate at the First Meeting of AGARD’s “National Delegates Council” to be held in Paris between 19 and 21 May, 1952. Having established warm relations with him, F. Uluğ, invited Dr. von Kármán to visit the Turkish General Staff, which visit was realized in 1954. As an outcome of this visit, on the 19th of August 1954, the first Military R&D unit was established within the General Staff by the name of the “Directorate of Scientific Advisory Council” which was headed by the then promoted Col. Fuat Uluğ12. Promoted once more to Brig. Gen. in 1957, he remained the head of this unit whose name was changed to ARGE, until 1960, on which date he retired from the military and throughout his incumbency in the armed forces continued to hold the position of the National Delegate of AGARD.

Prof. Kreiken having established warm relations with Brig. Gen. Uluğ, jointly worked up a project that comprised building of an observatory at Ahlatlıbel in Ankara and for training of the personnel to be employed there in auspices of the Turkish Military, to be presented for support to AGARD and the U.S. MWDP Agencies. On approval of the project that went through several stages, developments that will be detailed in the following pages were initiated. Four lieutenants; Ali Gökgöz, Güner Omay, İşmen Kendir and Zeki Tüfekçioğlu who were the students of Prof. Kreiken, were appointed in 1960 to ARGE, to participate in

11 The AGARD History 1952‐1987, Aralık 1988 12 C. G. Omay, 2009, “Anılarla Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinde Araştırma Faaliyetleri”, Gnkur. ATSE yayınları

12 this project. Following retirement of Gen. Uluğ in 1960, relations with the military although slowed down somewhat, were not broken. After his retirement Brig. Gen. F. Uluğ was appointed representative for Turkey of the Conference of National Armament Directors (CNAD) attached to the military branch of NATO, in Paris. Panel 1 under Land Forces Armament Group of CNAD was established to support R&D activities of the member countries. With efforts from Gen. Uluğ, funds were supplied from this Panel in support of training of the observatory research personnel in Ankara.

To be able to fully appraise the activities of Prof. Kreiken during his ten year stay in the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Ankara, contacts have been established with the Faculty Administration, the Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences and his former students and all effort has been employed to collect first hand memories and documentation. However the most important document attained during these activities was a document supplied by Prof. Selim O. Selam which was a 20 page small booklet in English compiled by Mrs. Frances Kreiken in 1965 entitled “The Observatory of Ankara”. On the title page of the booklet were the names of all persons who were involved in the project, including mine. I don’t have this booklet and I don’t remember its existence, a few of my friends have a copy of it, although nobody remembers how it was distributed. However one can see that this booklet was not widely distributed. This document is important not only because it was written by Mrs. Kreiken and also after Professor’s death, however because Mrs. Kreiken was deeply involved in the project in the capacity of his private secretary and participated in all matters related to the project especially regarding all correspondence. This document, especially due to its special relevance to the Turkish History of Science, is important and is provided in attachment, as Addendum 4. In the historical section of the document it is explained that from the point of view of the necessity of an observatory for the Astronomy Institute, the primary step was selection of an appropriate site for the observatory and subsequently all the complementary issues such as the building, equipment and training of the personnel were considered as costly items that needed sizable funding for the realization of the project. As explained above, the greatest chance the project had of fulfilment was the facts that Ministry of Defence’s R&D (ARGE) department had already been established then and Gen. F. Uluğ was At the Observatory in 1962

13 at its head. Gen. Uluğ was also the national delegate to NATO‐AGARD and a close friend of Dr von Kármán, then chief of AGARD. Another, point of luck was the assignment of funds from the Marshall Plan to be utilized by AGARD in support of the U.S MWDP organization.

Prof. ,Kreiken in collaboration with Gen. Uluğ had submitted to AGARD a project for the establishment of an observatory to serve the joint needs of the universities and the military. In the booklet, all the steps are explained in detail by giving names and dates, starting from submittal of the project to AGARD and its subsequent approval by MWDP. The agreement leading to realization of the project was signed on the 18th of February 1959 jointly on the Turkish side by the Commander of the Army Gen. Cemal Gürsel and Lieut. Gen. T.B. Larkin, chief of the U.S. MWDP. After signing of the project document, four Lieutenants were appointed to the Ministry of Defence’s R&D Department to be employed in the project, and work started for acquisition of the necessary equipment. In the booklet detailed information is supplied concerning allocation of the land for the observatory, construction of the buildings especially one with a dome to house the telescope, properties of the equipment to be installed and scholarships for training of the personnel to be employed in the project.

Memory of the Observatory meeting with the Army and MWDP officials (left to right standing: Ali N. Eskioğlu, Bedri Süer, Behram Kurşunoğlu, Hayri Dener, Major Leirmore, Abdullah Kızılırmak, Rümeysa Kızılırmak seated: Dilhan Ege (Eryurt), U.S. Ambassador Fletcher Warren, Hilde Bijl Kallmann‐Korf (MWDP), Egbert A. Kreiken, Fuat Uluğ, Cengiz Uluçay.

On the 26th of August 1963, a “NATO Summer School”, financed by the project had been organized and the observatory was officially opened for service on the same occasion. Titles of presentations made by world renowned 12 scientists invited to the Summer School are also included in the booklet. Proceedings of the Summer School could only be printed many years after the event13.

13 “Summer Institute in Galactic Structure at Ankara University”, 1974, (eds. E. A. Kreiken and Z. Tüfekçioğlu, A.Ü. Fen Fak. Yayınları, Genel: 121, Ast.3, Ankara

The cover and preface pages of the Proceedings of the NATO Summer School

In the booklet written by Mrs. Kreiken, international cooperation programmes to be participated in as planned was also listed. However due to sudden decease of Prof. Kreiken a great number of these programmes were either left incomplete or not started altogether. In the annex to the booklet was a list of articles that appeared in the national or international publications during the ten years.

The following persons sent to institutions abroad by Prof. Kreiken to improve their knowledge, are missing from the list of the people indicated in the booklet as scholarship receiving associates, presumably due to the reason that they left the Astronomy Institute before 1965: - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dilhan Ege (Eryurt) was sent to Canada for two years in 1959 on a scholarship provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency. - Dr. Abdullah Kızılırmak was sent to the Heidelberg Observatory for a period of eighteen months between 1954 and 1956 on the Alexander von Humboldt Scholarship. - Dr. Rümeysa Süslü (Kızılırmak) was sent to the Maryland University for seven months in the end of 1959 on a NATO Scholarship.

In the initial years that Prof. Kreiken had taken position at the University all lectures were delivered by him and were translated by his assistants. The lessons were the following: ‐ Introduction to Spherical Astronomy ‐ Introduction to Statistical Astronomy ‐ Introduction to Celestial Mechanics ‐ Introduction to Astrophysics

To complete this section we can cite the names of the first students of the Professor: Nihat Andaç, Leman Arons, Hilmi Ballıca, Hayriye Özden, Rümeysa Süslü, Ferit Tezel and İsmet Ulusoy. The first assistant to be employed in the Institute was Rümeysa Süslü (Kızılırmak).

Participants of the joint project with Dr. E. Pohl from Nürnberg University on Variable Stars. September 17th, 1962 (left to right rear row: Z. Tüfekçioğlu, A. Kızılırmak, R. Kızılırmak, G. Omay, Dr. E. Pohl, front row: H. Hacısalihoğlu, İ. Yavuz, Z. Aslan, Ş. Bozkurt)

It is also in order to disclose here that the Professor was an extraordinary instructor that we were not used to meeting. To hearten his students, he included the names of some of his students in several articles that he wrote and despite the intensity of his work; he took time to write letters to his students abroad to guide them in their work and to solve the problems encountered by them. As an example, a sample of one of his handwritten letters is provided as attached (Addendum 5).

Although Prof. Kreiken had spent the greater part of his life not actively involved in astronomy, he published many research articles on this subject. A list of his publications, reached through a search by making use of the TÜBİTAK‐ULAKBİM, NASA‐ADS and The Faculty of Sciences Library sources is provided as attached (Addendum 6). His interest in astronomy extends from eth physical properties of visual twin stars to distribution of stars in the Milky Way. In 1950 he was able to asses the value of the Oort Constant and the Potential Energy of the Galactic System14. To honour his contributions to the Science of Astronomy, during the meeting of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Convention in Sydney in 1973, his name was given to one of the craters on the moon15. Subsequently, through a decision of the Managing Board of the Ankara University in 2005, the name of Kreiken was given to the 16″ Meade Telescope and the building that housed it at the Ankara Ahlatlıbel Observatory (Addendum 7). However I believe that it would have been more fitting to name the whole of the Observatory after him.

14 B. Hidayat, 2004, in “Developing Basic Space Science World‐Wide A Decade of UN/ESA Work‐Shop. (eds. W. Wamsteker, R. Albrecht, H.J. Haubold, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p.61 15 "Proceedings of the Fifteenth IAU General Assembly (Sydney 1973)", 1974, (eds. G. Contopoulos and A. Jappel), Transactions of the IAU, Vol: 15B, p.110, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht

16 May 1959 at the Faculty of Science. Prof. Kreiken with students and the Kızılırmaks

The Observatory, 1963; Erol Özgül, Nahide Craig, Oya Ulusoy, Egbert A. Kreiken, Azize Bastıyalı‐Hayfavi, Atilla Kırman

The Observatory, 1963 Atilla Kırman, Ali N. Eskioğlu, Prof. Kreiken, Rümeysa Kızılırmak, Abdullah Kızılırmak

Faculty of Science, March the 5th, 1965; Visit to Ankara of Frances Kreiken, the Professor’s wife following his death: Ali Gökgöz, Dr. Ali Nihat Eskioğlu, Nezihe Kırman, Frances Kreiken, Prof. Wolfgang Gleissberg, Mevlüt Kılıç

17 Prof. E.A. Kreiken during his visit of his country on his way to the International Astronomical Union meeting to be held in Hamburg died, following a sudden attack, on the16th of August 1964 in The Hague. As detailed in the letter written by his wife to the Dean of The Faculty of Sciences (Addendum 8) to announce his loss, his coffin was covered with red and white carnations arranged in the form of the Turkish flag and the Turkish National Anthem was played during the funeral. An obituary was announced by Sir. Prof. Richard Wooley, Director of the Greenwich Observatory and The British Royal Astronomer following his funeral16. In the final sentence of the obituary, Prof. Wooley mentions that he was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society since 1929, as also mentioned in the application document he presented to the Faculty.

His second wife Frances Kreiken died in The Hague on September the 2nd, 1979. The “farewell letter” she wrote before her death and distributed to her near circle of friends and acquaintances is presented as Addendum 9.

Following decease of Prof. Kreiken, in a sense, the collaboration between the Turkish Military and the project had ended. The military personnel participating in the project had been called back. Military students who had been abroad on scholarship at several universities had to return before none of them completing their respective terms. The observatory had not yet been made fully operational and some of the cooperation projects that were envisaged with other countries could not be started. The observatory and the students were in a sense orphaned and dejected. The Astronomical Institute could not overcome this shock that it received for a very long time afterwards.

A panorama from the initial years of the Ahlatlıbel Observatory, Prof. Kreiken’s achievement (1962)

16 R. Woolley, 1965, “Obituary Notices: Egbert Adriaan Kreiken”, QJRAS, 6, 85

Prof. Egbert Adriaan Kreiken the great volunteer of education at his desk at the Ahlatlıbel Observatory (1964)

The house where Kreikens lived at the 2nd Avenue (No.: 3/6) at the District of Bahçelievler in Ankara.

Frances Kreiken in her house in Bahçelievler, Ankara

Seeing off at the Ankara Airport of Frances Kreiken after her visit to Ankara following Prof. Kreiken’s death (1965) (left to right, standing: Rüstem, Osman, Recep Yiğit, Mevlüt Kılıç, Kâmil, Ünver Özkan, A. Gökgöz, Zeki Tüfekçioğlu, Kemal Çevik seated: Yıldız Omay, Necla Kendir, Zühal Şumnulu, Frances Kreiken, Nezihe Kırman)

ADDENDA

21 Add.1: Personal work history that Prof. Kreiken had submitted through UNESCO to the Faculty of Science of the Ankara University (From his personal file kept at the archives of the Faculty of Science)

24 Add.2: A page from Prof. Kreiken’s personal diary

25 Add.3: The document signed by Prof. Kreiken in his capacity as the Founding Rector of the University of Indonesia

26 Add.4: “History of the Observatory of Ankara”, a treatise written by Frances Kreiken in 1965

48 Add.5: A sample of the handwritten letters that Prof. Kreiken wrote to his students.

51 Add.6: A list of published scientific articles by Prof. Kreiken

[1] E.A. KREIKEN, 1964, 'On the structural constants of our galactic system', Obs, 84, 115 [2] E.A. KREIKEN, N. YILMAZ, 1964, 'The velocity of P II stars as a function of age', AnAp, 27, 672 [3] E.A. KREIKEN, 1964, 'The red variables in the period interval 150 ≤ P ≤ 200 days', AnAp, 27, 1 [4] E.A. KREIKEN, 1964, 'The possible residual rotation of the system of globular clusters', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome XIII, Fasc. 1, p.1 [5] E.A. KREIKEN, 1964, 'The distribution of the tangential velocities with PII stars', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome XIII, Fasc. 1, p.7 [6] E.A. KREIKEN, 1963, 'Some dynamical properties of the spherical system', AnAp, 26, 68 [7] E.A. KREIKEN, 1962, 'Representation of stellar systems by polytropic gas spheres II', AnAp, 25, 271 [8] E.A. KREIKEN, 1961, 'Representation of stellar systems by polytropic gas‐spheres', AnAp, 24, 219 [9] E.A. KREIKEN, 1961, 'A discussion of the light curve of the RV Tauri variable AC Herculis', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome XI, Fasc. 1, p.82 [10] E.A. KREIKEN, 1961, 'Note on the zero point correction of galactic Cepheids', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome XI, Fasc. 1, p.98 [11] E.A. KREIKEN, A.N. ESKIOGLU, 1961, 'A study of the light curves of M‐type variables', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome XI, Fasc. 1, p.61 [12] E.A. KREIKEN, B. SÜER, 1960, 'Note on the HR‐diagram of binary stars', AnAp, 23, 528 [13] E.A. KREIKEN, 1959, 'The fall‐out of meteoric iron particles', P&SS, 2, 39 [14] E.A. KREIKEN, 1959, 'Outline of a method for determining the absorption in the surroundings of the Sun', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome X, Fasc. 1, p.1 [15] E.A. KREIKEN, 1959, 'Some remarks on the motions of the stars in the Perseus group', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome X, Fasc. 1, p.34 [16] E.A. KREIKEN, 1959, 'The interpretation of the colour magnitude diagram of galactic star clouds', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome X, Fasc. 1, p.56 [17] E.A. KREIKEN, 1957, 'Note on the autocorrelation analysis of the light curve of the RV Tau variable R Sct', AJ, 62, 367 [18] E.A. KREIKEN, D. EGE, 1957, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars', MNRAS, 117, 72

52 [19] E.A. KREIKEN, 1957, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (the variables in special lists)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome IX, Fasc. 1, p.49 [20] E.A. KREIKEN, 1957, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (variables in or near the constellation Carina)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome IX, Fasc. 1, p.77 [21] E.A. KREIKEN, 1957, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (variables in the Magellanic Clouds)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome IX, Fasc. 1, p.83 [22] E.A. KREIKEN, N. ANDAC, I. ULUSOY, 1957, 'A statistical investigation of pulsating stars (variables in the Sagittarius Cloud)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome IX, Fasc. 1, p.64 [23] E.A. KREIKEN, R. SUSLU, 1957, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (An analysis of galactic Cepheids)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A, Tome IX, Fasc. 1, p.93 [24] E.A. KREIKEN, 1956, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (the variable stars in Omega Centauri)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.40 [25] E.A. KREIKEN, 1956, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (the variable stars in Messier 5)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.58 [26] E.A. KREIKEN, 1956, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (the variable stars in Messier 3)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.63 [27] E.A. KREIKEN, 1956, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (the variable stars in M 53 and NGC 3201)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.67 [28] E.A. KREIKEN, 1956, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (the variable stars in miscellaneous clusters)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.72 [29] E.A. KREIKEN, 1956, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (the variable stars in M 2)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.79 [30] E.A. KREIKEN, H. OZDEN, H. BALLICA, 1956, 'A statistical study of pulsating stars (the irregular variable AR Her)', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.53 [31] E.A. KREIKEN, 1955, 'The mean density of Nova Herculis', Obs, 75, 82

[32] E.A. KREIKEN, 1955, 'Some Remarks on the Relation P ρ for Spectroscopic Binaries and Eclipsing Binaries', ZA, 37, 96 [33] E.A. KREIKEN, 1955, 'Some remarks on the analysis of light curves with the autocorrelation methot', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.253 [34] E.A. KREIKEN, 1955, 'Frequency curves of meteorites', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VII, Fasc.1, p.272

53 [35] E.A. KREIKEN, 1954, 'On the systematic variations in colour along the surface of spindle nebulae', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VI, Fasc.2, p.152 [36] E.A. KREIKEN, 1954, 'Auto correlation analysis of the light curve of Z Ursa Majoris', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara, Serie A. Tome VI, Fasc.2, p.174 [37] E.A. KREIKEN, 1954, 'The brigtness of scattered star light in different galactic latidudes and longitudes', Communications de la Faculte des Sciences de l'Universite d'Ankara (Comm.) Serie A, Serie A. Tome VI, Fasc.1, p.32 [38] E.A. KREIKEN, 1953, 'The Density of Stars of Different Spectral Types', ZA, 32, 125 [39] E.A. KREIKEN, 1952, 'The Period‐Density Law P&surd;rho = constant for spectroscopic Binaries', ZA, 31, 256 [40] E.A. KREIKEN, 1951, 'On the colour of the faint stars in the Milky‐Way and the distance of the Scutum‐Group.', QB819, K7 [41] E.A. KREIKEN, 1941, 'The Surface Brightness of the Milky way', ApJ, 94, 259 [42] E.A. KREIKEN, 1939, 'On the General Aspect of the Milky‐Way', ZA, 17, 170 [43] E.A. KREIKEN, 1937, 'Note on the colour excess in the early type stars', AN, 261, 201 [44] E.A. KREIKEN, 1937, 'The apparent diameters of clusters and faint nebular objects', ZA, 14, 109 [45] E.A. KREIKEN, 1937, 'The density of the components of eclipsing variables', ZA, 13, 241 [46] E.A. KREIKEN, 1936, 'On the diameters of the stars', AN, 259, 349 [47] E.A. KREIKEN, 1936, 'Some remarks on the apparent surface brightness of the Milky‐ Way', ZA, 12, 340 [48] E.A. KREIKEN, 1936, 'On the fission‐theory of the eclipsing variables', ZA, 11, 323 [49] E.A. KREIKEN, 1935, 'On some irregularities in the distribution of the variables', AN, 254, 97 [50] E.A. KREIKEN, 1935, 'The velocities of axial rotation of the components of spectroscopic binaries', ZA, 10, 199 [51] E.A. KREIKEN, 1934, 'Axial Rotation and Stellar temperatures', ZA, 9, 225 [52] E.A. KREIKEN, 1931, 'A few additional remarks on axial rotation', AN, 243, 149 [53] E.A. KREIKEN, 1931, 'Further remarks on stellar rotation', MNRAS, 91, 757 [54] E.A. KREIKEN, 1931, 'Some further remarks on the rotation of the stars', MNRAS, 91, 501 [55] E.A. KREIKEN, 1930, 'Note on the axial rotation of the stars', MNRAS, 91, 251 [56] E.A. KREIKEN, 1930, 'On the relation between colour and spectral type in the different galactic latitudes', MNRAS, 91, 242 [57] E.A. KREIKEN, 1930, 'On the dwarf nature of spectroscopic binaries: A reply', MNRAS, 90, 760 [58] E.A. KREIKEN, 1930, 'Note on the Mass‐Ratio in Binary Stars and the Hypothesis of the Secular Decrease of Mass', AN, 238, 373

54 [59] E.A. KREIKEN, 1930, 'The frequency of double stars of different spectral types and absolute magnitudes', MNRAS, 90, 306 [60] E.A. KREIKEN, 1930, 'Some remarks on Jeans's theorie on spectroscopic and visual binaries', AnBos, 4, 37 [61] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'The distribution of the double stars along the giant series', MNRAS, 90, 212 [62] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'An attempt to determine the true distribution of the double stars', BAN, 5, 114 [63] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'Preliminary solution of the distribution curve psi(L) of the double stars', BAN, 5, 109 [64] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'On the dwarf nature of double stars in general', MNRAS, 89, 647 [65] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'The distribution of the double Stars in the Southern Double Star Catalogue', BAN, 5, 71 [66] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'Remark on the star Scutum B6 (alpha1900=18h38m0s.3; delta1900=‐6°35'14", m=12.7)', BAN, 5, 66 [67] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'The general distribution of the stars in the Milky Way clouds', BAN, 5, 61 [68] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'On the dwarf nature of the spectroscopic binaries', MNRAS, 89, 589 [69] E.A. KREIKEN, 1929, 'The distribution of the apparent major axes of the binary stars with known orbits (Errata: 5 V)', BAN, 5, 51 [70] E.A. KREIKEN, 1928, 'The general distribution of physical double stars, fifth paper', BAN, 4, 239 [71] E.A. KREIKEN, 1928, 'The double stars in the Greenwich Astrographic Catalogue, fourth paper', BAN, 4, 228 [72] E.A. KREIKEN, 1928, 'The double stars in the Greenwich Astrographic Catalogue, third paper', BAN, 4, 219 [73] E.A. KREIKEN, 1928, 'The double stars of the Vatican Astrographic Catalogue, second paper', BAN, 4, 212 [74] E.A. KREIKEN, 1928, 'The double stars of the Potsdam Astrographic Catalogue, first paper', BAN, 4, 205 [75] E.A. KREIKEN, 1927, 'A statistical study of binary stars', MNRAS, 88, 101 [76] E.A. KREIKEN, 1927, 'On the relation of dcolour an apparent magnitude in some regions of low galactic latitude', MNRAS, 87, 196 [77] E.A. KREIKEN, 1926, 'On the centre of the local star‐system', MNRAS, 86, 665 [78] E.A. KREIKEN, 1925, 'On the distribution of the different spectral types along the Milky Way', MNRAS, 85, 985 [79] E.A. KREIKEN, 1925, 'The density‐function in the Milky Way', MNRAS, 85, 499 [80] E.A. KREIKEN, 1924, 'Proper motions of stars belonging to the Pleiades', BAN, 2, 55 [81] E.A. KREIKEN, 1920, 'On the differential measurement of proper motions', Obs, 43, 255

55 Add.7: Resolution of the Ankara University Managing Board for naming the new 40cm mirror telescope and the building that housed it after Prof. Kreiken

56 Add.8: Letter by Frances Kreiken to the Dean of the Faculty of Science of the Ankara University informing the Faculty of the Professor’s loss

58 Add.9: The “farewell letter” that Frances Kreiken had written and wished to be distributed to relatives and friends after her death