THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY

BLACK LEADERS IN JANUARY 1989

FEMINISM, FREEDOM, AND COMMUNITY: CHARLOTTE FORTEN AND WOMEN ACTIVISTS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILADELPHIA Emma Jones Lapsansky 3

"ONE GREAT BUNDLE OF HUMANITY": FRANCES ELLEN WATKINS HARPER (1825-1911) Margaret Hope Bacon 21

THE BLACK "BETTER CLASS" POLITICAL DILEMMA: PHILADELPHIA PROTOTYPE ISAIAH C. WEARS Harry C. Silcox 45

THE EARNEST PASTOR'S HEATED TERM: ROBERT J. WILLIAMS'S PASTORATE AT "MOTHER" BETHEL, 1916-1920 Robert S. Gregg 67 ESSAY REVIEW Thomas P. Slaughter 89

BOOK REVIEWS 95

PUBLISHED SINCE 1877 BY THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA

VOLUME CXIII NUMBER 1 BOOK REVIEWS KULIKOFF, Tobacco and Slaves The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680 1800, NASH, Forging Freedom. The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community, 1720-1840, by Thomas P. Slaughter. 89 WlNCH, Philadelphia's Black Elite Activism, Accommodation, and the Struggle for Au- tonomy, 1787-1848, by Roy E. Finkenbine. 95 BAUMAN, Public Housing, Race, and Renewal. Urban Planning in Philadelphia, 1920- 1974, by Jon C. Teaford. 96 ANDERSON & HEVENOR, Burning Down the House: MOVE and the Tragedy of Phil- adelphia, by Dennis Clark. 97 LEWIS, Black Coal Miners in America. Race, Class, and Community Conflict 1780 1980, by Ian M. Taplin. 99 GOTTLIEB, Making Their Own Way Southern Blacks' Migration to Pittsburgh, 1916- 1930, by Charles Hardy, III. 101 RUCK, Sandlot Seasons Sport in Black Pittsburgh, by Donald Spivey. 103 TUSHNET, The NAACP's Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925-1950, by David W. Southern. 105 SOUTHERN, Gunnar Myrdal and Black-White Relations: The Use and Abuse of An American Dilemma, 1944-1969, by Stephen Steinberg. 106 LEMAY, The Canon of Benjamin Franklin, 1722-1776: New Attributions and Reconsi- derations, by David M. Larson. 108 MORRIS, The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789, by Peter Charles Hoffer. 109 WATTS, The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820, by Richard Buel, Jr. 112 CUNNINGHAM, In Pursuit of Reason The Life of Thomas Jefferson, by Robert F. Jones. 114 LlNDERMAN, Embattled Courage. The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War, by Joseph T. Glatthaar. 115 FOSTER, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865 to 1913, SMITH, An Old Creed for the New South Proslavery Ideology and Historiography, 1865- 1918, by Barton C. Shaw. 116 BANNISTER, Sociology and Scientism The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880-1940, by Howard P. Segal. 119 PEELER, Hope Among Us Yet Social Criticism and Social Solace in Depression America, by Peter J. Kuznick. 120 COOPER, Once a Cigar Maker Men, Women, and Work Culture in American Cigar Factories, 1900-1919, by George E. Pozzetta. 122 JAMES, A Time for Giants: Politics of the American High Command in World War II, by Peter Maslowski. 124 ROGIN, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology, by Allen Woll. 125 GREIFF, Independence. The Creation of a National Park, by Doris Devine Fanelli. 126 JACOBY, The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe, by Robert C. Bannister. 128 ISSERMAN, If I Had A Hammer The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left, by William L. O'Neill. 130 MARQUIS, Hopes and Ashes. The Birth of Modern Times, 1929-1939, by Robert M. Crunden. 131 (continued on back inside cover) THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY

VOLUME CXIII

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA 1300 LOCUST STREET, PHILADELPHIA 19107 1989

CONTENTS

ARTICLES Page Feminism, Freedom, and Community: Charlotte Forten and Women Activists in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia Emma Jones Lapsansky 3 "One Great Bundle of Humanity": Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825- 1911) Margaret Hope Bacon 21 The Black "Better Class" Political Dilemma: Philadelphia Prototype Isaiah C. Wears Harry C. Silcox 45 The Earnest Pastorh Heated Term: Robert J. Williams's Pastorate at "Mother" Bethel, 1916-1920 Robert S. Gregg 67 Felony Law Reform in the Early Republic Bradley Chapin 163 The Society for Political Inquiries: The Limits of Republican Discourse in Philadelphia on the Eve of the Constitutional Convention Michael Vinson 185 Unsung Partner Against Crime: Harry J. Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 1930-1962 John C. McWilliams 207 American Catholics and the First Amendment: 1776-1840 Patrick W. Carey 323 Economic Change and Political Realignment in Antebellum Pennsylvania James L. Huston 347 Popular Justice in Pennsylvania: The Nutt-Dukes Tragedy Robert M. Ireland 397 Whitefield in America: A Two Hundred Fiftieth Commemoration Jon Butler 515 The "Myth of the Middle Colonies" Reconsidered: The Process of Regionalization in Early America Wayne Bodle 527 "The Friendly Glass": Drink and Gentility in Colonial Philadelphia Peter Thompson 549

NOTES AND DOCUMENTS The Precarious Freedom of Blacks in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Excerpts from the Pennsylvania Gazette, 1728-1776 Billy G. Smith Richard Wojtowicz 237 's Proprietorship in Danger: The View from James Logan in 1705 Craig W. Horle 419 John Henry Goetschius and The Unknown God: Eighteenth-Century Pietism in the Middle Colonies Randall Balmer 575 Musical Commerce in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia: The Letters of Michael Hillegas JoAnn Taricani 609 ESSAY REVIEWS Thomas P. Slaughter 89 Paul A. Cimbala 265 Thomas G. Dyer 439 David Brody 627 BOOK REVIEWS 95, 277, 447, 635 INDEX 673

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA

OFFICERS

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Councilors CAROL SOFFA BALDRIDGE CARL L. NEILSON MURIEL BERMAN FRANK E. REED GERALD T. BRAWNER CHARLES W. SOLTIS DREW G. FAUST F. JOSEPH STOKES, JR. EDWARD D. GRIFFITH JAMES A. UNRUH RAGAN HENRY WILLIAM G. WARDEN, III CAROL E. HEVNER RUSSELL F. WEIGLEY STANLEY N. KATZ HARRISON M. WRIGHT ROSEMARY LAPHEN BERTRAM L. O'NEILL, Emeritus JULIA LEISENRING CAROLINE ROBBINS, Emerita FRANK P. LOUCHHEIM W. THACHER LONGSTRETH, EX officio

STAFF RANDALL M. MILLER, Editor CARLA MULFORD, Associate Editor MELISSA J. GREENWALD, Managing Editor ELIZABETH SMITH, Assistant Editor PETER J. PARKER, Director MlCHELE F. VOGE, Assistant to the Director

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THE PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY

VOLUME CXIII January 1989 NO. 1

Publications Committee Chairman RUSSELL F. WEIGLEY

THOMAS C. COCHRAN Emeritus DIANE LINDSTROM Historical Society of University of Wisconsin Pennsylvania JOHN J. MC CUSKER RICHARD S. DUNN University of Maryland University of Pennsylvania GARY B. NASH DREW GILPIN FAUST University of California, University of Pennsylvania Los Angeles J. WILLIAM FROST CAROLINE ROBBINS Emerita Historical Society of Pennsylvania STANLEY N. KATZ MORRIS J. VOGEL Princeton University Temple University EMMA LAPSANSKY STEPHANIE GRAUMAN WOLF Temple University Philadelphia Center for J. A. LEO LEMAY Early American Studies University of Delaware

Editor RANDALL M. MILLER Associate Editor CARLA MULFORD Managing Editor MELISSA J. GREENWALD Editorial Assistant ELIZABETH A. SMITH Editorial Intern DAVID H. SERLIN Contributors

EMMA JONES LAPSANSKY is Associate Professor of History at Temple University. Her published work has been on the topics of Afro-Amer- icans in popular culture and on the development of community values and community discipline in the nineteenth-century Philadelphia Afro- American community. She is currently completing a monograph on this subject.

MARGARET HOPE BACON is a Philadelphia author and lecturer who has written frequently on historical subjects. One of her books is Valiant Friend: The Life of (1980).

HARRY C. SILCOX received his doctorate from Temple University in 1972 and is Principal of Lincoln High School in Philadelphia. A previous contributor to the PMHB, he has published articles on politics and nineteenth-century black Philadelphia. In his forthcoming book, Politics from the Bottom Up, on Irish ward leader William McMullen, Irish- black confrontations are a recurring theme. His article on Isaiah Wears is an outgrowth of that work. ROBERT S. GREGG is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Pennsylvania. He is completing a dissertation on Philadelphia's African Methodists during the Great Migration.

THOMAS P. SLAUGHTER is Associate Professor of History at Rutgers Uni- versity. He is the author of The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (1986), and is now writing books about inter- racial violence in rural Pennsylvania, ca. 1750-1860, and the history of the American law of treason, ca. 1607 to the present. Publication of the January 1989 issue of PMHB was assisted by a grant from BEREAN SAVINGS ASSOCIATION.

THE PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY is published each quarter in January, April, July, and October by THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Yearly Subscription, $25; single numbers, $7.50. Back issues of the PMHB are also available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. All communications should be addressed to the Editor. Articles submitted for publication should be sent to the Editor in duplicate and should conform to the University of Chicago Press Manual of Style. The Editor does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or of opinion made by the contributors. Copyright 1989, by The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Second Class Postage paid at Philadelphia, PA and additional mailing offices. (ISSN 0031-4587) Postmaster: please send changes of address to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107.