Télécom Paris (ENST) Institut Eurécom THESE Souad Guemghar

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Télécom Paris (ENST) Institut Eurécom THESE Souad Guemghar T´el´ecom Paris (ENST) Institut Eur´ecom THESE Pr´esent´ee pour Obtenir le Grade de Docteur de l'Ecole Nationale Sup´erieure des T´el´ecommunications Sp´ecialit´e: Communication et Electronique Souad Guemghar Techniques de Codage Avanc´ees et Applications au CDMA Pr´esident P. Sol´e, I3S (Sophia Antipolis, France) Rapporteurs E. Biglieri, Politecnico de Torino (Turin, Italie) J. Boutros, ENST (Paris, France) Examinateurs A. Glavieux, ENST Bretagne (Brest, France) A. Roumy, IRISA (Rennes, France) Directeur de th`ese G. Caire, Institut Eur´ecom (Sophia Antipolis, France) 29 Janvier 2004 T´el´ecom Paris (ENST) Institut Eur´ecom THESIS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Ecole Nationale Sup´erieure des T´el´ecommunications Specializing: Communication and Electronics Souad Guemghar Advanced Coding Techniques and Applications to CDMA President P. Sol´e, I3S (Sophia Antipolis, France) Readers E. Biglieri, Politecnico de Torino (Torino, Italy) J. Boutros, ENST (Paris, France) Examiners A. Glavieux, ENST Bretagne (Brest, France) A. Roumy, IRISA (Rennes, France) Thesis supervisor G. Caire, Institut Eur´ecom (Sophia Antipolis, France) January 29th 2004 A mes parents, ma soeur et mon mari Remerciements Mon travail de th`ese est maintenant presque arriv´e a` sa fin et c'est le moment d'exprimer ma gratitude et mes remerciements envers certaines personnes. Tout d'abord, je remercie mon directeur de th`ese Giuseppe Caire de m'avoir donn´e l'occasion de faire cette th`ese qui constitue une exp´erience extr^emement enrichissante sur plusieurs plans. Il a souvent eu de brillantes id´ees de recherche, ce qui m'a fait explorer plusieurs domaines diff´erents. Je remercie l'ensemble des membres de mon jury qui m'ont fait l'honneur de si´eger a` ma soutenance. En particulier, je tiens a` remercier les deux rapporteurs de ma th`ese, Professeur Ezio Biglieri et Docteur Joseph Boutros. Leur lecture attentive et leurs suggestions ont contribu´e a` l'am´elioration de la qualit´e de ce rapport. Je remercie aussi Professeur Alain Glavieux et Professeur Patrick Sol´e d'avoir si´eg´e en tant qu'examinateur et pr´esident, respectivement, a` ma sou- tenance publique et d'avoir apport´e une contribution critique a` ce travail. Ma collaboration avec Aline Roumy a ´et´e d'une grande importance. Elle m'a beaucoup apport´e dans ma recherche. J'ai beacoup appr´eci´e les ´echanges d'id´ees qu'on a eus, ainsi que sa modestie et son amabilit´e. Je veux aussi remercier Professeur Sergio Verdu´ pour son apport a` ce travail qui a grandement contribu´e a` sa qualit´e scientifique. Ensuite, je veux remercier la r´egion PACA qui m'a financi`erement permis de r´ealiser ce travail de th`ese en m'octroyant une bourse de recherche, avec le soutien d’Infineon Technologies Sophia. Que dire d'Eur´ecom? Merci au personnel qui a ´et´e efficace et solidaire a` plusieurs ´etapes de ma th`ese. Merci aux doctorants. Venant des quatre coins du monde, ils apportent un r´eel enrichissement et une si grande ouverture d'esprit que j'aimerais bien que le monde soit a` leur image. Je veux remercier mes amis. Ils m'ont soutenue a` des moments difficiles et m'ont apport´e beaucoup de joie de vivre. Je pense en particulier a` (par i ii Acknowledgements ordre alphab´etique) Carine, Farouk, Kader, Maxime, Mari et Navid. Je veux aussi remercier Daniela qui m'a apport´e son soutien a` des moments difficiles. Ma soeur, qui va bient^ot conna^ıtre les joies de finir sa th`ese, m'a toujours soutenue. Elle a toujours cru en moi et m'a donn´e le courage et la volont´e d'aller au bout de moi-m^eme. Jan, la rencontre majeure de ma vie, merci pour ton amour, ta confiance, ton soutien et ta pr´esence. Je d´edie ce travail a` mes parents. J'arrive au point ou` je ne sais plus com- ment exprimer ma gratitude ´eternelle a` mes parents ch´eris. Ils ont consenti a` beaucoup de sacrifices pour que ma soeur et moi ayons une bonne ´education, et ils croient tr`es fort en nous. Souad Guemghar-Exner Sophia Antipolis, le 18 f´evrier 2004 Abstract In this work, we propose low-complexity coding/decoding schemes to ap- proach the capacity of binary-input symmetric-output channels and code division multiple access channels. In the first part of this thesis, we consider systematic random-like irregular repeat accumulate code ensembles of infinite block length, assuming trans- mission over a binary-input symmetric-output channel. The code ensemble is described by a Tanner graph, and is decoded by the message-passing belief propagation algorithm. Density evolution describes the evolution of mes- sage distributions that are passed on the Tanner graph of the code ensemble. Applying density evolution under the belief propagation decoder results in a dynamic system on the set of symmetric distributions. We formulate a general framework to approximate the exact density evolution with a one- dimensional dynamic system on the ensemble of real numbers. Based on this general framework, we propose four low-complexity methods to design ir- regular repeat accumulate code ensembles. These optimization methods are based on Gaussian approximation, reciprocal (dual) channel approximation and extrinsic mutual information transfer function, among other recently- developed tools. These methods allow us to design irregular repeat accu- mulate codes, of various rates, with vanishing bit error rate guaranteed by a local stability condition of the fixed-point of the exact density evolution recursions. Using the exact density evolution, the thresholds of the designed codes are evaluated, and are found to be very close to the Shannon limits of the binary input additive white Gaussian noise channel and the binary sym- metric channel. For the binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel, we investigate the performance of finite length irregular repeat accumulate codes, whose graph is conditioned so that either the girth or the minimum stopping set size is maximized. We compare the performances of the re- sulting IRA codes to those of random ensembles under maximum likelihood iii iv Abstract decoding, and to the performances of the best low density parity check codes of comparable graph conditioning. In the second part of this thesis, we develop a low-complexity coding/de- coding scheme, to approach the capacity of the Gaussian multiple access channel, using random-spreading code division multiple access in the large system limit. Our approach is based on the use of quaternary phase shift keying modulation, capacity-achieving binary error-correcting codes, linear minimum mean square error filtering and successive decoding. We optimize the power profile (respectively rate profile) in the case of equal-rate (respec- tively equal-power) users. In the equal-rate setting, it is found that the achievable spectral efficiency, when using low-rate binary error correcting codes, is very close to the optimum. Through simulations, we show that the system optimization carried out in the large-system limit and for infinite block length can be used to dimension finite-size practical systems with no error propagation throughout the successive decoding. R´esum´e Ce travail propose des sch´emas de codage et de d´ecodage a` complexit´e r´eduite, afin d'approcher la capacit´e des canaux a` entr´ee binaire et sortie sym´etrique, ainsi que des canaux d'acc`es multiple par r´epartition de codes. Dans la premi`ere partie de cette th`ese, nous nous attelons a` ´etudier l'ensemble al´eatoire de codes irr´eguliers dits \r´ep´etition-accumulation", de longueur infinie, transmis sur un canal a` entr´ee binaire et sortie sym´etrique, et d´ecod´es par l'algorithme somme-produit. En utilisant la technique de l'´evolution de densit´es, on ´ecrit un syst`eme r´ecursif qui d´ecrit l'´evolution des densit´es des messages qui sont propag´es sur le graphe de Tanner qui repr´esente l'ensemble de codes. Ensuite, on formule un cadre g´en´eral dans lequel l'´evolution des densit´es est approxim´ee par un syst`eme dynamique dont les variables appartiennent a` l'ensemble des nombres r´eels. A partir de ce cadre, on propose quatre m´ethodes de complexit´e r´eduite pour op- timiser des codes r´ep´etition-accumulation. Ces m´ethodes sont bas´ees sur l'approximation Gaussienne, l'approximation r´eciproque (duale), et la fonc- tion de transfert de l'information mutuelle extrins`eque. Ces m´ethodes per- mettent de construire des codes de diff´erents rendements, et dont les taux d'erreur tendent vers z´ero, pour peu que la condition de stabilit´e locale soit satisfaite. Les seuils de d´ecodage, ´evalu´es par la technique d'´evolution de densit´es exacte, sont tr`es proches de la limite de Shannon du canal Gaussien a` entr´ee binaire et du canal binaire sym´etrique. Pour le canal Gaussien a` entr´ee binaire, nous nous int´eressons a` la performance de ces codes dans le cas de la longueur finie, avec un graphe de Tanner conditionn´e pour maximiser les tailles des cycles les plus courts ou de certains ensembles dits bloquants ou stopping sets. La performance de ces codes est compar´ee a` celle de l'ensemble al´eatoire d´ecod´e au maximum de vraisemblance, ainsi qu’`a celle des meilleurs codes de Gallager de m^eme rendement et niveau de conditionnement. La deuxi`eme partie de cette th`ese d´eveloppe un sch´ema de codage/d´ecodage v vi R´esum´e a` complexit´e r´eduite afin d'approcher la capacit´e du canal Gaussien a` acc`es multiple.
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