7.5 X 11 Threelines.P65

Home , Hoggar Mountains, Llanos Basin

Cambridge University Press 0521781582 - The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History, Second Edition K. E. Peters, C. C. Walters and J. M. Moldowan Index More information

Index

abietane 543, 600 Akata Formation, Niger Delta 573, alkyl esters 974 abietene 547 949–50, 951 alkylnaphthalenes 599, 670 abietic acid 552, 596 Akilia Island, Greenland 712 alkylphenols 670 abiogenic methane see methane akinete 796 2-alkylsteranes 532–3 abiotic origin of life 709 Akkas Formation, Iraq 791 3-alkylsteranes 532–3 abiotic oxidation 653 Akkas well, Iraq 791 alkyl-substitued alkanes 493–6 abiotic synthesis 601 Alagamar Formation, Brazil 846, 849 alkyltoluenes 600 abnormal pressure see overpressure Alagoas stage 835 Allen Hills meteorite (ALH84001), Abo Formation, USA 813 Alaska National Wildlife Refuge Antarctica 602, 980 Abu Durba seep, Gulf of Suez 915 (ANWR) 896 Allgau¨ Formation, Germany 591 accessory pigment see carotenoid Alberta Basin 968 Allison Guyot, Mid-Paciﬁc Mountains accommodation 837–8 Alberta tar sands 658, 700 921 accretion disk hypothesis 709 Alberta Trough, Canada 832 alloxanthin (see carotenoid) acenaphthene 644 albertite 478 alluvial facies 924 acetate 646, 656, 657 Albinia Formation, Australia 770 Alpine Field, Alaska 826, 883 acetogenic bacteria (acetogens) 656 Albion-Scipio Field, Michigan 722 Alps, Europe 737, 741 acetyl-CoA (acetyl-coenzyme A) 650, 654, Alcaligenes 652 Al Shomou Formation (see Athel 711 Alcanar Formation, Spain 947, 948 silicilyte) acid gases (H2S and CO2) 649 Alexander the Great 934 Altamont-Bluebell Field, Utah 479, 925, acidic catalysis 630 algae 524, 716, 725, 777 927 acidic clay minerals 533 algaenan 520, 777, 780, 928 Alum Shale (Alunskieffer), Sweden 540, acidophilic alginite 923, 928, 936 720, 774, 777, 778 acid rain 746, 748 Aliambata Well, Indonesia 529, 544 Alunskieffer (see Alum Shale) Acinetobacter 652 alkadienes 517 Amadeus Basin, Australia 770, 783 acritarchs 531, 588, 714, 716, 785 alkaline facies 923 Amal well, Gulf of Suez 915 actinomycete 716 alkaline hydrolysis 539 Amazon Basin, South America 732, 802 Actinpterygii 724 alkalinity 533 Amborella 739 activating hydrocarbons 650 alkane Amino acids 711, 726 activation energy 814, 966 alkyl-substituted 493–6 Ammonifex 497 active source rock 976 branched (see isoalkane) ammonites 740 acyclic isoprenoids see isoprenoids degradation 651, 653, 659, 666, ammonoids 724, 732, 745 adamantanes 699–700 669 amphibians 724, 731, 744 Adiyaman region, Turkey 915, 917 macrocyclic 520–1 Amposta Field, Spain 507, 520, 947 Adriatic Basin 527, 535, 559, 613, 705, normal (see normal alkane) amyrin 547 977 alkatriene 517 amyrone 547 Adriatic Sea 630 alkylated benzenes 665, 670–2 Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma 604, 700, 806, aerobic biodegradation 651, 652, 658 alkylated monocyclic alkanes 667–8 808, 809, 810 aerobic degradation rate 650 alkylation 582 anaerobic aerobic respiration 713 alkylbenzenes 599, 653, 654, 670, activation 654 Agathis 550 672 biodegradation 653–6, 658, 667–8 Agbada Formation, Niger Delta 949–51 alkylbenzthiophenes 798 degradation rate 650 Agelas 495 alkylbiphenyls 665, 672 methane oxidation 507, 509, 511, age-related biomarkers 490–1, 493, 526, alkylcyclohexanes 668, 669, 767 656–7 541, 573, 588, 979, 980 alkyldibenzothiophenes 485, 798 Ancestral Rocky Mountains 731, 809 Aglaophyton 727 alkyldiphenylmethanes 665, 672 Andes, South America 735 Agrio Formation, Argentina 894–5 alk-1-enylbenzenes 599 Andic cycle 894–5

1132

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521781582 - The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History, Second Edition K. E. Peters, C. C. Walters and J. M. Moldowan Index More information

Index 1133

angiosperms 491, 493, 547, 572–3, 577, archaeocyathid 720, 747, 749 asymmetric carbon atom 556 597, 617, 697, 699, 724, 729, 730, Archaeoglobus 648 Athabasca heavy oil, Canada 475, 645 736, 737, 738–9, 741, 942 Archaeopteris 728 Athabasca tar sand 544, 678 Angola Basin, Africa 850, 935 archaeopyle 714 Athel silicilyte (Al Shomou Formation) Anguille Formation, Gabon Basin 850 Archean Eon 711–14, 763 771, 772 anhydrite 487, 584, 946 Archean petroleum systems 755–64 atisane 490, 543, 551 animals 716–19, 744 archenteron 717 atisene 550 air-breathing 723 archeols 510, 511, 957, 961 Atlantic Ocean 736, 737, 738 anoxia 499, 500, 561, 725, 744, 748, 749, archosaurs 733 atmospheric pressure chemical ionization 750, 774, 814, 892 Ardennes 723 (APCI) 603, 605 anoxic see anoxia Ardjuna Basin, Indonesia 931 Atoka limestone, USA 732 anoxic carbonate 569 Ardmore Basin, Oklahoma 604, 700 atomic H/C 777 Antarctica 740, 742 Åre (Hitra) Formation, Norway 827–8 atomic H/C vs. O/C see van Krevelen Antares Field, Alaska 826, 827 argon 749, 750 diagram anteisoalkanes 493 Arkoma Basin, USA 809 atomic S/C 563 Antelope Shale, California 679 armored fish 721 Austin Chalk, USA 882 Antes Shale see Utica Shale Aroh well, Niger Delta 950 Austral Basin, Argentina 894 Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) 726 aromatic derivatives of the fernane/ authigenic carbonate 510 anthracene 834 arborane series 592–3 automated data inquiry for oil spills see oil anthrasteroids 586 aromatic dinosteroids 490 spills anthraxolite 478 aromatic hopanoids 580 autoscale preprocessing 480 antioxidant 500 aromatic hydrocarbon UCM see autotroph 711 Antofagasta Province, Chile 688 unresolved complex mixture Avalonia 722 Antrim Shale, USA 803 aromatic hydrocarbons (aromatics) 477, Avile´ Member, Argentina 895 ANWR see Alaska National Wildlife 594, 596 Azerbaijan 932 Refuge aromatic pseudo-reactions 975 Azile Formation, Gabon 849, 852 apatite 712 aromatic steroids 665, 698–9, 798 apatite fission track 686, 752 aromatization 582, 586, 612 Bachaquero Field, Venezuela 911 Apex Chert, Australia 712 aromatization-isomerization (AI) diagram Bach Ho Field, Vietnam 648, 939, 940 API gravity 619, 631, 641, 658, 659, 660, 968 Bachu Uplift, China 785 662, 663, 666, 706, 707 aromatized C31 8(14)-secohopanoid 588 Bacillus 649, 652 see also American Petroleum Institute Arrhenius constants (see rate constants) bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) 815, Appalachian Basin, USA 803, 805 Arrhenius equation 968 946 Appalachian Mountains, USA 731 Arrhenius plot 967 bacteriochlorophyll Apsheron Peninsula, South Caspian 648 Arthrobacter 681 a and b 499 Apulian Block, Mediterranean 830, 831 Arthropleura 731 d 605, 606 Apure Basin, South America 907, 908 Arthur Creek Formation, Australia 774, bacteriohopanepolyols 552, 588 aquifer 702 777 bacteriohopanetetrol 552, 566 Aquifex 497 aryl isoprenoids (trimethylbenzenes) 485, bacterivorous ciliates 576 Aquinet Ouernine (see Tanezzuft Shale) 593, 780, 781, 798, 801, 811 Baghewala well, India 500, 530, 566, 567, Arab D, Saudi Arabia 860, 864 Ashgill mass extinction 743, 749 772 Arabian Basin 855, 859 Asmari Limestone, Iran 929 Bahamas Basin, Florida 879 Arabian Plate 855 Aspen Shale, USA 900 Bahia Sul Basin, Brazil 847 Arabian Platform 859, 860, 861, 862 asphalt Baikalian tectonic event 768 Ara Group, Oman 526, 771 Madagascar 680 Bakken Shale, USA 477, 803–5 Aramachay Formation, Peru 825 Malagasy 675, 685 Bakr Field, Saudi Arabia 864, 865 Arang Formation, Natuna Sea 941 asphaltenes 477, 479, 658 Baku, South Caspian 934, 935 Araripe Basin, South America 834 asphaltite 907 balanced-fill lake 817, 837, 838, 840, 844, Araucariaceae 550, 551, 596, 600 Asri Basin, Sumatra 939 845, 846, 858, 923 arborinone 577 assemblage A 779, 780, 783, 784, 788 Balcones Shale, Peru 930 archaea 497, 498, 499, 511, 599, 647, 656 assemblage B 779, 780, 788 Balikpapan Formation, Mahakam Delta lipids 503, 504–5, 506 Assiniboine Member, Favel Formation, 950–7 archaeal acids 505–6 Canada 903 Balingian Delta, Borneo 942 archaeal alcohols 505–6 Asteroxylon 727 Baltica 715, 719, 720, 722, 723, 730 archaeal lipids 928 Astrosclera 495 Bambui Formation, Brazil 768 archaebacteria see archaea Asuka-881458 see carbonaceous Banded Iron Formation (BIF) 712, 714 Archaefructus 572, 739 chondrite Banff Formation, Canada 803

1134 Index

bangiophyte 716 benzo(e)pyrene 746 biomarker maturation index (BMAI) Bangladesh Basin 920, 922 benzo[g,h,i]perylene 746 629–30 Banuwati Shale, Sumatra 939 benzohopanes 588, 798 biomarkers (biological markers, molecular Baragwanathia 727 benzoic acids 702 or chemical fossils) 476 Baram Delta, Borneo 942 benzoperylene 602, 750 age-related 490–3, 980 Barents Sea, Norway 483, 648 benzopyrene 750 extraterrestrial 980–2 Barentsia 722 benzothiophenes 485, 562, 672 oldest indigenous 714 Barinas Basin, Peru 908 benzothiophenic acids 653 Proterozoic rocks 765 Barnett Shale, USA 813 benzoyl-CoA (benzoyl-coenzyme A) source-dependent 476 Barney Creek Formation, Australia 765, 654 taxon-speciﬁc 491 766, 767 benzylsuccinate 654 biomass 504–5, 725, 729, 730, 749, 764 Barreirinha Formation, South America benzylsuccinic acids 702 biomineralization 716 725, 802 Bering Land Bridge 743 biopolymer 517, 548 Barreirinhas Basin, South America 837 Beryl Complex, North Sea 884 bioremediation 662 barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) 756–7 Beta Field, California 563 biosphere 647 Barrow Arch, Alaska 826 betulinic acid 580 biosurfactant 646 Barrow-Dampier Basin, Australia 874 betulins 572, 580 biotic see biogenic Barrow-Prudhoe oil family 826 beyerane 490, 543–51 biphenyl cyclization 975 Barrow-Prudhoe oils 898 beyerene 550 biphenyls 593, 673, 816, 817 Barrow Sub-basin, Australia 563, 875 bicadinane maturity index (BMI) 626 biphytane (bisphytane) 498, 504, 506, basement rocks 939 BMI-1 621, 622, 624, 627 507 basin and range, USA 929 BMI-2 621, 624 biphytanediol 506 Baston Field, Texas 687 BMI-3 621–2, 624 biphytanol 506 Bata Formation, Jordan 791 bicadinanes 485, 547, 548, 549, 620, 621, birds 736 Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico 878, 622, 624, 739 Birdhead Formation, Australia 736 879 bicadinanes/hopane 549 Birkhead Formation, Australia 873, 874, Baykit High, eastern Siberia 767 bicadinane T/(bicadinane T + hopane) 895 Bazhenov Formation, western Siberia 549 bisabolene 582 619, 681, 736, 888 bicyclic diterpanes 541–7 25,30-bisnorhopane 675, 677, 678, 680, Bazhenov-Neocomian(!) 755 bicyclic sesquiterpanes 540–1, 542 689 Beatrice Oil, North Sea 477, 522, 523, bicyclic terpanes 668–70 28,30-bisnorhopane (BNH, 28,30- 525, 526, 527, 528, 561, 583, 584, BIF see Banded Iron Formation dinorhopane) 485, 561–3, 581, 794, 795, 884 Big Horn Basin, Wyoming 815 611, 618–19, 678, 686, 945, Beaufort–Mackenzie Basin, Canada 580, Bighorn Group, North America 805 960 959–60 biocide 649 29,30-bisnorhop-17α-hopane 562, 691 Bedo Formation, Africa 791 biodegradation 535, 645–705 24,28-bisnorlupane 581, 699 Be’eri Sulfur Mine, Israel 571, 572 aerobic 658 bisnorlupane/hopane 580 Beggiatoa 562, 715, 945 bitumen 702 23,28-bisnorlupanes 485 Bek´ es´ Basin, Hungary 947 branched alkanes 665, 666–7 28,30-bisnorlupanes 580 Belait Formation, Brunei 943 coal 702 bisphytane see biphytane belemnites 740, 745 anaerobic 658, 669 Bitter Springs, Australia 716, 770 Belle Fourche Formation, USA 901 effects on petroleum composition bitumen 477, 608 Belluno Trough, Italy 830, 831 658–64 bituminites 816 Belut Formation, Natuna Sea 941 kerogen 702 bivalves 733 Bemidji, Minnesota 669 methane 656–7 Biyang Basin, China 575 Benakat Shale, Sumatra 939 oil seeps 704–5 Blaa Mountain Group, Canada 825 Benin Formation, Nigeria 949 parameters 664–705 Black Band Unit, UK 738 Ben Nevis Field, Newfoundland 888 quasi-sequential 661, 664 Black Rock Member, Falkland Islands Ben Nevis Formation, Jeanne d’Arc Basin scale 660, 661, 672, 701, 703 812 686 sterane versus hopane 685 Black Sea 508, 519, 594, 657 Benue Trough (Basin), Nigeria 579, bioﬁlm 982 black shale 770 837 biogenic CO2 664 black shale facies see Green River benzene 650, 658 biological marker see biomarkers Formation biodegradation 652, 654, 659 biological oxygen demand (BOD) 725 Black Warrior Basin, USA 809 benzo(a)pyrene 602 biomarker biodegradation scale 661–2, Blake Nose, DSDP Site 390, North benzocarbazole ratio 966 664, 666, 670, 674 Atlantic 890 benzocarbazoles 966 biomarker kinetics 966 Blanca Lila Formation, Argentina 946

Index 1135

Blankenship Member, Alaska 883 Brown Limestone, Gulf of Suez 738, 915, camphene 981 Blueberry Debolt oils, Western Canada 916 camphor 981 Basin 610 Brown Shale see Pematang Brown Shale Campins Basin, Spain 945 Blue Hill Shale, USA 901 Brunei oils 624 Campos Basin, South America 835, Blue Mountain Shale, Canada 788 Brushy Canyon Formation, USA 813, 842–3, 846, 847, 852 Buller Coal, New Zealand 573 814 Candeias Field, Brazil 842 BNH see 28, 30-Bisnorhopane Bryophyta (mosses) 724, 725, 726, 727 Canning Basin, Australia 511 (BNH + TNH)/hopanes 618–19 bryophyte see Bryophyta Canol Shale, Canada 725 boat conformation 564, 569 bryozoans 720, 733 canonical variable (CV) 499, 500, 569, BOD see biological oxygen demand BSR see bacterial sulfate reduction or 939 BOE see barrels of oil equivalent bottom-simulating reﬂector Canyon Formation, USA 813 boghead coal 517, 597 Buah Formation, Oman 771, 772 Carapita Formation, Venezuela 942 Bohai Basin, China 538, 540, 772, 926, Buckner Anhydrite, Gulf of Mexico Caravaca, Spain 746 928, 965 877 carbocation 583 Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic 764 Bucomazi Formation, West Africa 575, carbohydrates 725 bolide 764 604, 841–2, 843, 844, 845, 853, carbonaceous chondrite 601, 711, 746, impact 745–7, 749, 750 858 750, 981 Bolivar Coastal Fields, Venezuela 695 Bunte Breccia, Germany 830 carbonate Bombay Basin, India 741 Buracica Stage, 835 anhydrite 569 Bonaparte Gulf Basin 809 Burgan Formation, Arabian Platform clay ramp 861 Bonarelli Horizon, Europe 738 867 evaporite 555, 808 Bone Spring Formation, USA 813 Burgan Rumaila High, Kuwait 863, 864 oils 915 Bonny Light oil 653 burial history chart 751, 753 carbonate ramp intershelf system 861, Boreal Ocean 899, 901 butane 664 862 Borglum Formation, North Sea 885 butanoyloxyfucoxanthin see carotenoid carbonate rock 487, 499, 613, 629 Borsk (Pilsk) Formation, Russia 941–2 carbonate source rock see source rock Boscan Field, Venezuela 603, 605 C27–C28–C29 distribution see ternary carbon cycle 724 botryals 495 diagram carbon dioxide (CO2) 919 botryococcanes 484, 487, 490, 507, C30 ent-isocopalane see Carboniferous coals 729 516–18, 812, 930, 937 tricyclohexaprenane Carboniferous (Early) paleo-plate botryococcenes 516, 517, 812 C30-sterane index 527–30 reconstruction 730 Botryococcus 487, 493, 516–18, 520, 600, C30 tetracyclic polyprenoids see Carboniferous (Late) paleo-plate 721, 780, 784, 810, 812, 844, 853, tetracyclic polyprenoids reconstruction 731 895, 926, 936, 939, 945, 948 Caballos Formation, Colombia 908 Carboniferous Period 730–2 race A 496 Caballos Formation, South America 738 Carboniferous source rocks 776, 807–12 race B 812 Cabinda, Angola 853 carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) 510, 657, 749, race L 519 Cache Creek Formation, USA 733 750 rubber 518 cadalene (1, 6-dimethyl-4- carbonium ion see carbocation Boundary Creek Formation, Canada 959 isopropylnaphthalene) 582, 596, carbon preference index (CPI) 490, 493, Bowen Basin, Australia 702 597, 624, 981 641–2, 781, 783 brachiopods 724, 733, 747 cadinanes 490, 547–9 carboxylic acids 701 brackish 488, 489, 838 cadinene 548, 582 carcinogen 602 Brainard Formation, USA 788 cadinol Cariaco Trench, Caribbean Sea 508, 518 branched alkane 666–7 calamenene 981 Carlile Shale, USA 901 BraNobel 935 calamites see sphenopsid Carnarvon Basin, Australia 595, 597, Brazilian oils 856 Calcaires en Palquettes Formation, Jura, 875 breccia 523, 527, 529, 574, 668, 830 France 495 Carneros oil, California 585, 616 Brent Formation, North Sea 885 calcite 479, 533 β-carotane (perhydro-β-carotene) 483, Bridge Creek Limestone, USA 901, spurs 816 485, 487, 521–4, 527, 593, 594, 903 Caledonian Mountains 723 796, 817, 818, 921 Bright Angel Shale, Arizona 771 Cambay Basin, India 920 carotene 483, 522, 523, 593, 594, 726 Brookian Sequence, Canada 959–60 Cambay Shale, India 920 carotenoid 521–4 Brooks Range, Alaska 812 Cambrian explosion 718, 747 Carpathian Mountains, Europe 947 Brora Beach, Scotland 523, 527, 529, 561, Cambrian paleo-plate reconstruction Carpentaria Basin, Australia 905 574, 668 719 Carrizo Field, Peru 930, 932, 933 Brora Coal, Scotland 574 Cambrian Period 719–20, 771 Casablanca Field, Spain 947, 948 Browne Formation, Australia 770 Cambrian source rocks 774–7 casbene 541

1136 Index

Caspian basins 742 chemometric analysis 479–82 coal 551, 811, 837, 870, 950, 955 Cassipore´ Basin, Brazil 847 Cherokee Shale, USA 732 coalbed methane 902 castaprenols 589 Cherry Canyon Formation, USA 813 coal/resin source rock 499, 500 catabolism 661, 670 chert 712, 716, 727, 771, 796, 909, 917 coccolithophorid (coccolithophore) 526 catagenesis 580, 608 Chiapas-Tabasco Basin 878 co-elution 613 Catalan oil shale, Spain 945–6 Chicxulub Impact Crater, Yucatan 738, coenzyme Q see ubiquinone catalase 713 745, 747, 883 Coetivy Island, Seychelles 873 Catatumbo Basin, Venezuela 907 Chimney Rock Shale, Paradox Basin 810 Cold Lake heavy oil, Canada 645, 667 Cat Canyon Field, California 945, 946 Chira Formation, Peru 930, 932 cold seep 497, 509, 510, 511 catechol 650, 652 Chloranthaceae 739 Colechaetales 726 Catlin oil shale plant 931 Chlorella 777 Collingwood Member, Lindsey Cavone Field, Italy 824 chlorite 479 Formation, Canada 779, 785 CDT (see Canyon Diablo Troilite) chlorobactane 593 collision-activated decomposition (CAD) Ceara˜ Basin, South America 837, 846, Chlorobactene 593 612 847, 849 Chlorobiaceae (green sulfur bacteria) 496, Colorado Shale, USA 900 cell-surface hydrophobicity 653 593, 603, 604, 605, 606, 797, 801 Colpachucho Formation 801 cellulose 725, 726 chlorococcalean algae 561 Columbus Basin, Venezuela 907 cembranoid diterpanes 538–40, 541, chlorophycean algae 716, 928 Colville Basin, Alaska 812 542 chlorophyll Colville Delta, Alaska 826 cembrene 541, 542 chlorophyll a 499, 606, 726 comets 709 Cenomanian-Turonian transgression and chlorophyll b 726 compound-speciﬁc isotope analysis oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) 890, chlorophyll c 603 (CSIA) 908, 909, 911 chlorophyll d 603, 604 correlation 476 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province 748 Chlorophyta 561, 725 meteorites 981 Central Atlantic Ocean 734, 735 chloroplast 716 porphyrins 603 Central Basin Platform, USA 812 5α-cholestanol 535 condensates 478 Central Brooks Range, Alaska 826 5α-cholest-5-en-3β-ol see cholesterol Condor Oil Shale, Hillsborough Basin, Central Colorado Trough, USA 810 cholest-5-en-3β-ol 525 Australia 518 Central Graben, North Sea 884 cholesterol (5α-Cholest-5-en-3β-ol) 713 conﬁgurational isomerization see Centralian Superbasin, Australia 774 Chonta Formation, Peru 561, 738, 907, stereoisomerization Centralian Supergroup, Australia 770 908 conformation 556, 564, 569 Central Saudi Arabian oils 631 C35 hopane index see hopanes Congo Basin, Africa 841, 935 centroid clustering 480 chordate 717 Congo Delta 850 cephalopod 724, 736 Chorhat Sandstone, India 718 congressane see diamantane Cerdanya Basin, Spain 945 Chromatiaceae (purple sulfur bacteria) conifers (Gymnosperms) 539, 544, 547, Cerro Negro, Venezuela 668 593 551, 577, 592, 596, 597, 600, 728, certainty of correlation 751 chromatography see gas or liquid 729, 730, 731, 733, 736, 739 Chacra Group, Peru 930 chromatography coniferophytes 578 chain elongation 655 chromium isotope ratio 745 conifer resins 547 Chainman Shale, USA 732, 807 chronostratigraphic unit 951 conodont 744, 747 chair conformation 564, 569 chrysenes 479 contamination 599 Chaishiling Formation, China 871 chrysophyte algae 527, 561 bitumen and oil 964 chalcocite 815 Chuar Group, Arizona 530, 540, 576, 771 meteorite 602, 981–2 chamaecydin 546 cigarette smoke 602 rock 764 Charales 724, 726 Cimmeria 735 continental crust 709 Charco Bayo Field, Argentina 895, 896 cladoxylate 728 conversion factors 762 charcoal 750 cladoxylophyte 728 Cook Inlet, Alaska 833–4 charge 475 Clara Group, UK 720, 774 Cooksonia 724, 727 charophytes 724, 725–6 Clarkia Formation, Idaho 547, 579 Cooper Basin, Australia 596, 702, 820, Chattanooga Shale, USA 725, 803, 805 clay 562, 629 821, 822, 874 Chaunlinggou Formation, China 714 Clearfork Formation, USA 813 coorongite 517 cheilanthanes see tricyclic terpanes Cleopatra 915 Copacabana Formation, South America Chela Formation, Africa 841, 845 climate 837, 841 811 chemical fossil see biomarker Clinograptus 722 copper 814, 816 chemical ionization (CI) see ionization Clinograptus Shale, Europe 777 Coquinas Sequence 843 chemoautotroph 562 cluster distance 481 coral 539 chemocline 594, 749 Cnidaria 717 cordaites see gymnosperms

Index 1137

Corg see total organic carbon cycloalkane (naphthene, cycloparaffin) demethylated hopanes see 25-norhopanes, Cormorant Field, Australia 540 650 28,30-bisnorhopane, 25, 28, Cormorant Field, UK 886 cycloalkanoporphyrin (CAP) 604–5 30-trisnorhopane Cornbrash Formation, UK 875 cyclohexane 651, 668 demethylated tricyclic terpanes 694, coronene 602, 746, 750 cyclohexyl alkane 485 695 Corynebacterium 652 cycloparaffin see cycloalkane dendrogram, HCA 480, 481 cosmic rays 745 cyclopentadecane 521 Dengying Formation, China 772 cotyledon (seed leaf) 738 cyclothem 731, 736 Denver Basin, Colorado 478, 810 CPI (see carbon preference index) p-cymene 582 deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin cracking reactions 612 Cymric Field, California 646, 679, 680, (DPEP) 602 Crenarchaeota 503, 505 682, 683, 684 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 711, 715, Cretaceous mass extinction see Cytochrome 714 726 Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary Cytophaga 652 Derdere Formation, Turkey 915 Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events 889–93 des-A-triene 593 Cretaceous Period 736–8 Dacrydium 550 des-E-hopane 559 Cretaceous paleo-plate reconstruction Dadas Formation, Turkey 791 16-desmethylbotryococcane 484, 516 737 Daekhurin Formation see Pilenga 10-desmethylhopanes see 25-norhopanes Cretaceous source rocks 823, 907 Formation desmethylhopanes 561 Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary Dagong Field, China 628 desmethylsteranes 527 602, 740–1, 745, 746, 747, 749, Damar Field, Sumatra 517 desmethylsterols 764, 883 Damborice Well, Czech Republic 538, Desulfosarcina 657 Cretaceous-Tertiary paleo-plate 566, 586, 636, 637 Desulfosarcinales 657 reconstruction 737 Dameigou Formation, China 871, Desulfotomaculum 647 C-ring monoaromatic steroids see 872 Desulfovibrio 648 monoaromatic steroids dammar resin 548, 622 deuterostomes 717 crinoids 721 Daqing Field, China 904, 905 Devonian–Carboniferous boundary see critical moment 753, 754, 789 Dead Sea, Eastern Mediterranean 503, Devonian–Mississppian crocetane 484, 502, 507–10, 511, 512 boundary 657 Dead Sea asphalt 672, 917 Devonian mass extinction 743, 746 crocetene 509 Deadwood Sandstone, Williston Basin Devonian-Mississippian boundary 747, crocodiles 736 789 797–8, 799, 803 crustal stretching (β) 967 dealkylation 582 Devonian paleo-plate reconstruction 723 β-cryptoxanthin see carotenoid Dean Formation, USA 813 Devonian Period 723–5 Crytograptus Shale, Europe 723 de-A-steroidal tricyclic terpanes 696 Devonian source rocks 776, 794–807 CSIA (see compound-specific isotope Debolt Formation, Canada 807 Dezful Embayment, Iran 741, 855, 867, analysis) decarboxylation 582, 700 928, 929 C27Ts see Ts Deccan Traps, India 748, 920 Dhahaban Formation, Oman 526, 772, C29Ts 552, 564, 565, 581, 617 Decorah Formation, USA 540, 765, 780, 775, 966 C29Ts/(C29 hopane + C29Ts) 617 781, 783 Dhruma Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, C30Ts 581, 613 Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP; later 864 Cunaloo Member, Australia 875 called Ocean Drilling Program, Diacholestanes 537 Cupressaceae 547, 550, 551, 600 ODP) 889, 921 dia/(dia + regular) C-ring monoaromatic curcumene 981 Deer-Boar(.) hypothetical petroleum steroids 584 Curima˜ Field, Brazil 846, 849 system 753, 754, 961–3 diadinoxanthin see carotenoid Curtis Sea, Utah 834 degraded aromatic diterpanes 596 diagenesis 580, 603, 608 Curtisite 479 degradation index 909 diahopanes (C29*–C34*) 564, 565, Curua´ Group, Amazonas Basin 802 dehydration 582 696 cuticle 724, 725 6,7-dehyroferruginol 546, 547 17α-diahopane/18α-30-norneohopane cutin 725, 727 dehydrogenation 582 (C30*/C29Ts) 563 Cuu Long Basin, Vietnam 938, 939 Delaware Basin, Texas 809, 810, 812, diamantane (Congressane) 700 Cuyo Basin, Argentina 893 813 diaminopimelic acid (DAP) 720 cyanobacteria 494, 569, 712–14, 725, 781, Delaware Mountain Group, USA 813 diamond anvil 649 784 Delle Phosphatic Member, Nevada 807 diamondoids 611 cyanobacterial mats 493 delta log R 755 biodegradation 699 cycads 730, 733 demetallation 602 diaromatic bicadinane ratios 624, 626 cyclicity of extinctions 747 demethylated D-ring aromatized 8, diaromatic carotenoid 801 cyclization 582 14-secohopanes 693–5, 798 diaromatic secobicadinane 620

1138 Index

diaromatic secobicadinane ratio (DSR) dinoﬂagellates 491, 526, 531, 561, 588, drilling mud 479, 649, 671 622, 623, 627 843, 859, 926 drimane 540–1, 542, 552, 597, 670 diaromatic 8(14)-secohopane 589 bloom 483, 487 Dry Piney Field, Wyoming 814 diaromatic secotricadinane 620 cysts (hystrichospheres) 491, 588, 714, Duchesne River Formation, USA 479 diaromatic tricadinane ratio (DTR-1, 919 Dukham Formation, United Arab DTR-2) 623, 627 28,30-dinorhopane (DNH) see 28, Emirates 863, 864 diaryl isoprenoids 593 30-bisnorhopane Dunaliella 522 diasterane index see diasteranes/steranes dinorlupanes 697 Dun Caan Shale, Scotland 970 diasteranes (rearranged steranes) 485, 24,25-dinorpentene 593 Dunlin Formation, UK 885 500, 662 dinosaurs 736, 737, 740, 744, 745 Duri Field, Sumatra 518, 519, 520, 936 biodegradation 665, 675, 676 dinostanol 531 Duvernay Formation, Canada 725, 801, C27 diasteranes 500 dinosteranes 483, 485, 490, 491, 528, 802, 970 C30 diasteranes 561 531–2, 588, 859 Duwi Member, Middle East 915 20S/(20S + 20R) 631 dinosteranes/(dinosteranes + dysoxic see suboxic diasteranes/steranes 483, 533–6, 617, 3β-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes) 630–1, 856 787 Eagleford Formation, USA 881 diasterenes 533, 535, 630 dinosteroid 491 Eagle Mills Formation, Gulf of Mexico diatomaceous 742, 942 dinosteroids/(dinosteroids + 877 Diatomaceous Zone, South Caspian 932, 3-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes) Early Proterozoic petroleum systems 764 934 787 Early Toarcian anoxic event 829–30 diatomite 958 dinosterol 483, 531, 588 East Africian interior rift basins 853 diatoms 491, 492, 512, 513–16, 526, 538, dipentene see limonene East Berlin Formation, Connecticut 616 607, 725, 859, 917, 943 diphenylmethane 673 Eastern Drava Depression, Croatia 947 dibenzo[a,h]ﬂuorene 479 diphenylethane 673 East Greenland 810–11 dibenzofuran 816 diploid see sporphyte East Shetland Basin, UK 886 dibenzothiophenes 651, 672 diploptene 509, 552 East Texas Basin 880 Dicellograptus 722 diplopterol 552, 957, 960 East Texas Field 881 Dicellograptus Shale, Scandanavia 777 Dipterocarpaceae 547, 620, 621, 624, 942 east Texas oil boom 688 dicot see angiosperm discriminant analysis 487, 983 East-Zeit well, Gulf of Suez 915 Dicroidium 578, 733 disproportionation 582 EASY%Ro 611 Dictyonema Shale, Estonia 777 diterpanes 543, 544 echinoderms 717 diesel 668 Diyab Formation, United Arab Emirates ectothermic (cold-blooded) 733 diether lipids 497, 503–5, 506 863, 864, 866 Ediacara fauna 717, 718, 719, 747 dihydro-ar-curcumene 582, 596, 670–1 DNA see deoxyribonucleic acid Ediacara Hills, Australia 716 dihydrophytol 499 Doba Basin, Chad 837 Eel River Basin, California 587, 618, 634 Dillinger Ranch Field, Wyoming 814 dodecane 654 effective source rock 608 dimer 547 dodecylsuccinic acids 654 Egret Member, Rankin Formation, dimethylalkane 493, 494 Doig Formation, Canada 735, 825 Newfoundland 686, 736, 887, dimethylbiphenyls 672, 973 dolichols 498 888–9 23,24-dimethylcholestane 485 Dolni Lomna well, Czech Republic 538, Egyhazaskesz´ o¨ Crater, Hungary 948 17α, 18-dimethyl-des-E-hopane 572 541, 566, 586, 636, 637 Eh 533, 604, 617, 630 2,6-Dimethylheptane 497 dolomite 575, 772, 783, 788, 794, 824 eigenvector 480 dimethylnaphthalene ratio (DNR, DMN, Domanik Basin, Russia 725 analysis see principal component DBR, DPI) 625, 643–4, 671, 672, Domanik Shale, Russia 798, 799–800 analysis 974 Dong Ho, Vietnam 939 Elko Formation, Nevada 526, 576, 929–30 dimethylnaphthalenes 643, 670, 973, 974 Dongying Depression, China 926 Elk Point Basin, Canada 796–7 1,6-dimethylnaphthalene 596, 624 Dotternhausen Quarry, Germany 500, Ellesmerian(!) 825, 883 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene 644 829 electron 12,17-dimethyloctacosane 497 Douala Basin, Cameroon 502, 851 acceptor 646, 655 13,16-dimethyloctacosane 494, 497 Douglas Creek Formation, Uinta Basin donor (food) 646 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene (DMP) 582, 923 impact (EI) see ionization 596 DPEP see Elenburger Formation, USA 813 dimethylxanthones 673 deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin Elika Formation, Iran 861 Dinaric Alps, Europe 947 DPEP/etio 635 embryo 726 Dingo Claystone, Australia 736, 821, 874, Drake, Colonel Edwin L. 934 Emeishan-Panjal Volcanics 748 875 Draupne Shale, North Sea 736, 827, 885 endosymbiotic hypothesis 715 Dingo Gas Field, Australia 770 drepanophyte 727 endothermic 735

Index 1139

Ene Basin, South America 812, 813 exploratory data analysis (EDA) 480 Forties Field, North Sea 884 Ene Formation, Peru 812, 813 Exshaw Formation, Alberta 477, 725, Fort Kent Thermal Project, Alberta 667 enhanced oil recovery 647 803–5, 808 Fort Worth Basin, Texas 809 Enteromorpha 513 extended hopanes (see homohopanes) Frasnian–Famennian boundary 743, 748, Enterophysalis 779 extended tricyclic terpane ratio (ETR) see 801 Eocene–Oligocene boundary 747 tricyclic terpanes free-base porphyrins 603 Eocene paleo-plate reconstruction 740 extraterrestrial biomarkers 980–2 free radical scavengers 713 eoembryophytic 727 Exuma Sound, Bahamas 713 frequency factor 966 eotracheophytic 724, 727 freshwater 488, 489 epicuticular wax 493 Fahud Salt Basin, Oman 855, 859, 867 fritschiella 725 Epiya well, Nigeria 855 Fairport Chalk Member, USA 901 Frontier Shale, USA 738, 901 Equaluik oil, West Greenland 692 Falciferum zone 828, 829, 891 Fruitland Formation, USA 900, 902–4 equilibrium reactions 610 Falkland Plateau, South America 837 frustule 492 Equisetum (horsetail) 728, 736 Farewell Formation, New Zealand 918 fucoxanthin see carotenoid Eromanga Basin, Australia 596, 820, 821, farnesane 606 Fulin Basin, China 522 873, 874, 895, 905 farthest neighbor clustering 480 fullerenes 745, 746, 749, 750, 764 Escabana Trough, Gorda Ridge, Pacific fatty acids fumarate 654–5 Ocean 964 C4–C14 701 addition 654–5 Escherichia 720 fermentation 498 fungal hyphae 716 Esp´ırito Santo Basin, South America 835 fernanes 577–8 fungus 595, 645 ester decomposition 974, 975 fernenes 577–8, 592, 593 fusulinids estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) 736, fernenol 577 738, 955 Fernie Formation, Canada 830, 832 Gabon Basin, Africa 835, 841, 847, 849 Estonian oil shale 520 ferns 579, 724, 728, 729, 731, 733 Gadvan Formation, Khuzestan 866 ethane 664 Ferrar Province, Gondwana 829 Galembo Member, Colombia 909 ether bond 504 ferrocenecarboxylic acid 670 Galena Group, USA 783, 788 ether-bound lipids 496 ferruginol 546, 547 Gama well, Gulf of Suez 915 ether-bound methylated alkanes 496–7 ficaprenols 589 gametophyte 726 ethylbiphenyls 672 fichtelite 543–7 gamma-ray response 905 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol 525 field ionization (FI) see ionization gamma-ray zone, Alaska (GRZ) 826, 885, ethylnaphthalene isomer ratio (ENR) Filicopsida 728 895–8 643–4 Filletino oil, Italy 568 gammacerane 485, 554, 578, 591, 665, 10-ethyl-2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosane fingerprint 483 697, 780, 801, 814, 818, 820, 885, 511 m/z 191 551–5 921, 923 etioporphyrin 602 m/z 239 586 gammacerane index 501, 575–7 ETR (extended tricyclic terpane ratio) see First White Speckled Shale, Canada 902 gammacer-2-ene 575, 591 tricycylic terpanes fish 724, 731 gammacer-3β-ol see tetrahymanol eudesmane 485, 540–1 Fish River Shale, Canada 960 Garau Formation, Lurestan 860, 865 eukarya see eukaryote Fish Scales Zone, Canada 900 Garden Banks well, Gulf of Mexico 878, eukaryote 713–6 fission tracks see apatite fission tracks 879 oldest multicellular fossils 716 flat spot 705 Garoupa Field, Brazil 843, 847 Eumeralla Formation, Australia 904–5 fluid inclusions 580, 599, 650, 755, 763 gas chromatography/atomic emission Euphorbiaceae 577 Flavobacterium 652 detection 670 euphotic zone see photic zone flood basalt 735, 747, 748, 749, 829, 889, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry euphylloophytes 724 891, 919, 920 see GCMS Euramerica see Laurussia Florina Basin, Greece 551 gas chromatography/mass Eurasia 734, 735, 811 flowering plants see angiosperms spectrometry/mass spectrometry Europa 716 flowers 738, 739 see GCMS/MS eustatic sea level rise 774 fluorenes 702 gas hydrate 657, 749, 919, 960 eutracheophyte 724, 727 fluvial deltaic oils 549 gas/liquid chromatography see gas euxinic 892 fluvial-lacustrine lithofacies 838, 844, 846 chromatography evaporite 744, 845 Foinaven Complex, UK 574 gas–oil ratio (GOR) 976 even-carbon preference see carbon foraminifera (forams) 725, 731, 732, 921, gas petroleum systems 756–7 preference index 922, 957, 960 gas–source rock correlation 752 events chart (timing-risk chart) 752, 754 forecasting efficiency 475, 476 gastropod 737 Excello Shale, USA 732 formation water 649 Gautier Formation, Venezuela 907 exopolymer 713 Fortescue Group, Australia 714, 755 GC see gas chromatography

1140 Index

GC/FID see gas chromatography Gloeocapsomorpha 492, 599, 721, 779–83, Guelph-Salina Interval, Michigan Basin GC × GC see gas chromatography 784, 785, 788 794 GCMS 476 glossopterid 730 Gulf of Mexico 875–83, 899 GCMS/MS 476, 612, 613, 617, 626, 629, Glossopteris 733 Gulf of Suez, Egypt 915, 916 630 glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers Gulf Stream 742 GDGT see gylcerol dialkyl glycerol (GDGTs) 503, 504 Gulf of Thailand 939–41 tetraethers Glyptostrobus 546, 547 Gullfaks Field, North Sea 674 Gebel Zeit, Gulf of Suez 915 gnetales 739 Gumai Formation, South Sumatra Basin Geiseltal lignites, Germany 547 Golden Trend Field, USA 806, 808 627 gene 717 Goldwyrn Formation, Canning Basin 765 Gunflint Banded Iron Formation, generation-accumulation efficiency Gomo Member, Candeias Formation, Ontario, Canada 714 (GAE) 789, 809 Brazil 840, 841, 842 Gurpi Formation, Khuzestan 867 generation (conversion) parameters Gondwana 715, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, Guttenberg Member, Decorah Formation 608–9 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 737, 765, 780, 781, 783 generative basins 751 739, 747, 811, 872 gymnosperm see conifers geochemical fossil see biomarker GOR see gas–oil ratio Gymnospermopsida 578 geochemical log 840, 844, 846, 849, 853, Gothic Shale, Paradox Basin 810 855, 872, 936, 950 Gotland, Sweden 777, 778 Hadean Eon 709–11 geochromatography 629, 964–6 Gotlandien Shale see Tanezzuft Shale hafnium 711 geographic extent 754 Gotnia Basin, Middle East 855, 859, 863, halite 503, 771 geoporphyrin see porphyrin 864, 865 halobacteria 483, 499 geopressure 649–50 gracilicutes see Gram-negative bacteria halophile 647 Georgina Basin, Australia 770, 774, 777 grahamite 478 halophilic archaea 503 geranylgeranyl diphosphate 539, 541 grain size 646 halophilic bacteria see halobacteria geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) Graminaeae (grasses) 577, 741 Halsea 514 550 Gram-negative bacteria 652 Haltenbanken Area, Norway 827–8 Ghaba Salt Basin, Oman 526, 771, 772 Gram-positive bacteria 652 Hamelin Pool, Australia 713 Ghadames Basin, North Africa 790, 791, Grand Canyon, Arizona 576 Hamersley Group, Australia 714 798 Grande Coupure (Big Break) 740 Hamilton Dome, Wyoming 532, 566, 814, Ghakum Formation, Iran 861 Graneros Shale, USA 900, 901, 902 815 Ghareb Formation, Jordan 917–18 graphite 608, 712 Hangenberg Event 797 Gharif Formation, Oman 772 graptolites 721, 748 Hanifa Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864, Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia 645 graptolitic shale 722, 790–1 865 gibbane 550 grasses see graminaeae haploid see gametophyte gibberellins 550 Great Basin, Nevada 807 Hartford Basin, Connecticut 616, 824 Gigante Field, Colombia 913 Greater Green River Basin, USA 921 Hartland Shale, USA 901, 902 gigantopterids 572, 739 Greater Pangea 732, 733, 735, 825 Hassi Messaoud Field, Algeria 792 gilsonite 478, 479, 522, 523, 577, 604 Greenhorn Cyclothem 900–1, 902 Haupdolomit Formation, Northern Alps gilsonite dikes 479 Greenhorn Shale, USA 738, 901, 902, 824 ginkophyte (ginkos) 730, 733 903 Haushi Sandstone, Oman 771 Gippsland Basin, Australia 540, 547, 551, greenhouse 723, 749, 889, 891 Hawtah Well, Saudi Arabia 631 580, 613, 670, 672, 753, 916–17, greenhouse gases 714 HBI see highly branched isoprenoids 918 Greenland–Scotland Ridge 740 H/C see atomic H/C GK well, South Sumatra Basin 626, 627 Green River(!) 926 HCA see hierarchical cluster analysis glaciation 716, 732, 740, 744, 747–8, 768, Green River Formation, USA 479, 502, head-to-head isoprenoids 484, 498 777 522, 523, 555, 575, 741, 921–5, Heathfield Well, Australia 906 glaciers 720, 731 927, 946, 978, 979 Heather Formation, North Sea 828, Glamo oil, Yugoslavia 568 greenschist facies (memorphism) 764 885 Glenwood Formation, USA 765, 783, Green sulfur bacteria see Chlorobiaceae Heath Formation, USA 809 788 Green well, Iowa 783 Heath Formation, Peru 742, 930, 932, global oceanic anoxic event see oceanic greigite 980 933 anoxic event Grenzbitumenzone Formation, Southern Heath-Tyler(!) 809 global plume 770 Alps 824 heating rate 969, 970, 971, 975 global sea level 744, 890 Grypania 714 heat of formation 566 global temperature 744 GRZ see gamma-ray zone Hebron Field, Newfoundland 686 global warming 748, 749, 889–93, 919 Guadalupian Series, Permian Basin 813 helium 745, 746, 749, 750 Gloeocapso 779 Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California 964 Helmsdale Fault, Scotland 574

Index 1141

hematite 714 hopane isomerization [22S/(22S + 22R)] hydrothermal silicification 755 hepatophyta (liverworts) 726 613–14, 626, 627, 635, 683, 684, hydrothermal vent 711 herbaceous 733, 739, 814, 828, 845 966, 967, 968, 970 hydrous pyrolysis 615, 630, 966, 969, 970, Hercynides Mountains, Europe 731 hopanes 552, 566, 567, 570, 572, 573, 581, 971, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979 Hermosa Group, USA 809–10 613, 662, 692, 797, 927 hydroxyarcheols 510 heterosporous 728 biodegradation 665, 681, 682, 683 hydroxyl radicals 713 heterotroph 711 C27 hopane II see Ts hydroxytriterpenoids 547 hexacyclic polyprenoids 591 C29/C30 571 hypercarnia 748 hexadecane 656 C30 hopane 621, 663, 666 hypersaline 489, 499, 501, 503, 512, 575, hexahydrobenzohopanes (hexacyclic C31/C30 hopane 559, 569 576, 615, 628, 629, 808, 810, 812, hopanoids) 485, 569, 570 C35 hopanes 485, 814 814, 817, 820, 845, 850, 917, 923 hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin see carotenoid C35 homohopane index (C35 hopane source rock 616, 641, 923 HI see hydrogen index index) 500, 573, 574, 684, 781, 952 hyperthermophile 648 Hibernia Field, Newfoundland 887, 888, C35S/C34S 571 hyperthermophilic archaea 649 889 distributions 566, 568, 615, 687, 691 hypothetical(.) 752 hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) 480 17α,21α(H)-hopanes (αα-hopanes) hystrichospheres see dinoflagellate cysts higher-plant fingerprint (HPF) 597 552, 553 higher-plant input 594, 596, 599 17α,21β(H)-hopanes (αα-hopanes) Iabe-Landana Source Rock, Angola 850, higher-plant input (HPI) parameter 555, 614 853, 854, 936 596–7 17β,21α(H)-hopanes (βα-hopanes) see Iapetus Ocean 719, 721, 722, 774 higher-plant parameter (HPP) 596–7 moretanes Ice Age 720, 748 higher plants 524, 596, 725, 728 17β,21β(H)-hopanes (ββ-hopanes) Icebox Member, Williston Basin 765 highly branched isoprenoids (HBI) 484, 614, 688 ichnofossil see trace fossil 512–16 22S and 22R 565, 613 Icypachi Member, Peru 825 C25 HBI 513, 514, 515, 516, 917, 945, stability 614 ichthyosaurs 737, 740 958 C-10 hopanoic (hopanoid) acids 678, 689 Ichtyol Shales, Swiss Alps 824 highly branched isoprenoid thiophenes hopanoic (hopanoid) acids 688, 702, 703 Illinois Basin, USA 788–9, 798 (HBIT) 515 hop-17(21)-enes 614 Illizi Basin, North Africa 798 highly radioactive zone (HRZ) see hopenes 830 illite 533 gamma-ray zone 2-hopenepolyol 571 immature 608 high-performance liquid chromatography Horneiophyton 727 Imperial Shale, Canada 725 (HPLC) 605 Horn Valley Siltstone, Australia 779, 783 independent petroliferous systems 751 highstand systems tract (HST) 481, 482, hornworts see Anthocerophyta India 737, 740 484, 862, 909, 910, 953, 955, 956 horses 741 influx of sediment, water 837–8 high-temperature gas chromatography/ horsetail see Equisetum inner ramp 861 electron-impact mass hot shale 790, 791 Inoceramus Shale, South America 738 spectrometry (HTGC/EIMS) HPLC see high-performance liquid insects 724, 731, 733, 737 603 chromatography Interior Basin, Gabon 898 high-temperature gas Huab Formation, South Africa 812 Internal Zone, Betic Cordillera, Spain chromatography/field ionization Hue Shale, Alaska 825, 826, 896–8 957 mass spectrometry Hue-Thompson(!) 896 intershelf basins 861 (HTGC/FIMS) 603 Humble, Texas 688 Ionian Basin, Greece 830, 831 Himalayan Mountains 742, 743 huminite 953 ionization Himalayan orogenic collision 868 hump see unresolved complex mixture chemical ionization (CI) 587, 603 Hoggar Mountains, Algeria 834 Huqf Formation, Oman 530, 771–2, 773 field ionization (FI) 587 Hollin Formation, Colombia 908 2-hydroarchaeol 511 ionizing chamber see source hominid 742 hydrocarbon activation 654 iosene see phyllocladane Homo 743 hydrocarbon machine 751 Iquiri Formation, Bolivia 801 homodrimane 542, 670 hydrogen exchange 630 Irati Formation, Brazil 812, 819–20 homohopanes see hopanes hydrogen index (HI) 567 Iremeken Formation, eastern Siberia 768, homohopanoic acids 568 hydrogen index vs. oxygen index see van 769 homolog 476 Krevelen diagram, modified iridium 745, 746, 750 homologous series see homolog hydrogen iodide (HI) 504, 506 Irkutsk region, eastern Sibera 767 homolytic scission 632 hydrogen peroxide 713 iron–nickel sulfides 711 C(14a)-homo-26-Nor-17a-hopanes 692 hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 604, 646, 649, 815 iron-reducing bacteria 654, 655 homopregnane 485, 674, 676 hydrolysis isoalkane 493, 650 Hongyanchi Formation, China 818, 820 alkaline 539 isoarborinol 577, 592, 593

1142 Index

isoarborinone 575 Jurassic (Late) paleo-plate reconstruction Kimmeridge Clay (Kimmeridge) isocadalene (1,6-3-isopropylnaphthalene) 735 Formation, North Sea 496, 525, 623, 624 Jurassic Period 735–6 527, 583, 619, 736, 827, 884–8, isocadalene/(isocadalene + cadalene) Jurassic source rocks 823 889 623–4, 626, 627 Jusepin Field, Maturin Basin, Venezuela Bitumen extracts 526, 528, 562, 584, isochamaecydin 546 696 588, 594, 611, 619 isodihydro-ar-curcumene 670–1 Oil 611 isoheptane ratio see K1 K1 (Mango parameter) 667 Kimmeridgian transgressive shales 884–9 isohexyl alkylaromatics 599–600, 601, 602 Kaapvaal Craton, Australia 712, 763–4 kinetic fractionation 977 isomerization 582, 612 Kaimiro Formation, New Zealand 919 kinetic model for biomarker maturation isoparafﬁn see isoalkane Kalavryta Basin, Greece 972 isopentadecane (2-methylpentadecane) Kalol Formation, India 920 kinetic parameters 845, 966 497 Kalubik well, Alaska 883 Kingak-Blankenship Interval, Alaska 826, isopimarane 543, 544, 545, 547 Kamovsk Arch, Eastern Siberia 767 883–4, 898 isoprenoid/n-alkane ratio 641 Kant-LaPlace hypothesis see accretion Kingak Formation, Alaska 557, 825, 826, isoprenoids 764, 816 disk hypothesis 883, 885, 896, 897 acyclic 506–7, 517, 665 Kap Stewart Formation, Greenland 828 Kiowa-Skull Creek cyclothem 900 acyclic (>C20) 498–9 Kapuni coals, New Zealand 918–19 Kisalfold¨ Basin, Hungary 947 C13–C20 regular 502 Karababa Formation, Turkey 915 Kishenehn Formation, North America C21+ regular 503 Karabogaz Formation, Turkey 915 579, 930, 934 C25 regular 508 Karalian shungite, Russia 764 Kissenda Formation, Gabon 844, 848, 3-isopropylalkanes 496 Karamay Black Hill Field, China 819 898–9 24-isopropylcholestanes 490, 491, 530, Karamay Field, China 817, 818 K-nearest neighbor (KNN) 482, 955 749, 771 Karoo Basin, South Africa 812 KNN see K-nearest neighbor 24-isopropylcholestanes/n- Karoo-Ferra basalts 748, 919 known(!) 752 propylcholestanes 787 Karoo Formation, South Africa and Knox Dolomite, USA 788 6-isopropyl-1-isohexyl-2- Madagascar 763, 830 KOH see potassium hydroxide methylnaphthalene (ip-iHMN) Karoo Province, Gondwana 829 Korea Bay Basin, Yellow Sea 635 596, 597 Karun Field, Iran 929 Kossen¨ Marl Formation, Hungary 947 isorenieratane 485, 523, 591, 593–4 Kashaf Formation 861 Koviktinskoye Field, Eastern Siberia 767 13C-rich 593, 903 Katia well, Italy 568, 976, 977 Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle 606 isorenieratene 485, 593, 595, 901, 903 Kattegat, Denmark/Sweden 509 Kreyenhagen Formation, California Isthmus of Panama 742 kaurane 490, 543–51, 820 water 701 Isua, Greenland 712 kaurene 550 Krishna-Goodavari Basin, India 741 Izhara Formation, Qatar 860, 863 Kaveakak Field, Alaska 883 Kugmallit Sequence, Canada 960 Kavearak Point Field, Alaska 883 kukersite 765, 779, 783–4 Jamison Formation 766 Kavearak Well, Milne Field, Alaska 557 Kuma Formation, South Caspian 932 Japan Trench, Paciﬁc Ocean 519 Kawaruppu, Hokkaido, Japan 750 Kuna-Lisburne Interval, Alaska 812 Jatoba´ Basin, South America 834 Kazakhstania 723 Kuparuk Field, Alaska 826, 883 Jeanne d-Arc Basin, Canada 617, 685–6, Kazhdumi Formation, Khuzestan 738, Kupferschiefer Formation, Germany 501, 887, 888 859, 860, 867, 868 566, 577, 593, 605, 733, 811, Jenam Formation, Bangladesh 920 Keel Field, Michigan Basin 786 814–17 Jet Rock, Yorkshire, UK 830, 892 Keg River Formation, Canada 796–7, 798 Kurra Chine Formation, Iran 861 Jianghan Basin, China 531, 946 Kelamayi Field, China 522, 695, 696 Kutei Basin, Kalimantan 742, 950, 953 Jilh Formation, Abu Dhabi 861 kerogen assemblage A and B see Kwagunt Formation, Utah 771 Jingjingzigou (Jingingzigou, assemblage A or B Kwanza Basin, Angola 835, 841, Zingjingzigou) Formation, China kerogen 499, 500, 502, 539, 608, 713, 749, 854 817, 818, 819, 820, 946 764, 777, 819, 972 Kyalla Member, Australia 766 Jiquia Stage 835 see also type I, II, IIS, II/III, III, Jubaila Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864 IV LaClede Bed (Lower Laney Member), Junggar (Zhungeer) Basin, China 522, Khazdumi Formation see Kazhdumi Wyoming 923, 924 674, 695, 696, 732, 817, 819, 820, Formation labdane 543, 544, 550, 600 870, 871, 946 Khmer Trough, Gulf of Thailand 941 labyrinthodont see amphibian Jura-Bresse Basin, Europe 735 Khuzestan, Iran 855, 859, 863, 928 lacustrine 487, 521, 560, 577, 837–45 Jurassic-Cretaceous highstand 774 Khuzestan Basin see Dezful Embayment oils 561, 578, 856, 904 Jurassic (Early) paleo-plate Kimberlella 718 Laffan Formation, Southern Gulf Basin reconstruction 734 Kimmeridge Bay Field, UK 875 860, 867

Index 1143

Lagoa Feia Formation, Brazil 842–3, 846, Liaohoe Basin, China 634 lup-20(29)-ene 580 847, 853 Liaoning Province, China 739 lupeol 580 Lahat (Lemat) Formation, Sumatra 939 Lias Shale, Europe 968 lurestan, Iran 855, 859, 863, 865, 928 Lake Gosiute, USA 921 Libros Basin, Spain 945 lutein see carotenoid Lake Nyos, Cameroon 748 lichens 726 lycopadiene 517, 520 lakes 487 light hydrocarbons Lycopodium (club moss) 579 Lake Songliao, China 528 C2–C6 664 lycopa-14(E), 18(E)-diene see Lake Thetis, Australia 720 light oils 478 lycopadiene Lake Turkana, Kenya 853 lignin 725, 727 lycopane 498, 507, 518–20, 524 Lake Uinta, USA 921 lignite 547, 613, 926 lycopene 519, 520, 524 Lake Valencia, Venezuela 577 limestone 495 lycophyte (club mosses) see lycopsids Lake Vostok, Antarctica 716 limnic (lacustrine) coal 551 lycopsids (lycopsida) 724, 727, 728, 729, Lakhanda Group, Siberia 716 limonene 582 731, 733, 811 Lalla Rookh Formation, Australia 755 limonite 479 La Luna Formation, Venezuela 529, 549, Lincoln Shale, USA 901, 902 Maceio´ Formation, Brazil 846 643, 738, 907–11, 942 Lindsey Formation, Canada 785 Machareti Formation, South America 796 La Luna-Misoa(!) 909–11 Linyi Basin, China 616, 968 Mackenzie Delta, Canada 580, 742 lamalginite 864 lipids 725 Mackenzie Mountains, Canada 716 Lameignere´ Quarry, Orthez, France 590 Locker Shale, Australia 821–2, 875 Mackeral Field, Australia 918 laminae 713 liquid chromatography/mass Macrocyclic alkanes 485, 520–1 lamination 488 spectrometry (LCMS) 603 Macroseeps 704 Landana Formation see Iabe-Landana lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) 504, Madbi Formation, Yemen 863 source rock 506 Madison Group, USA 805 land plants 578, 721, 723, 724, 725–30 lithology 646 Madre de Dios Basin, Bolivia 801, 811, lanosterol 14α-demethylase 714 Little Plains Basin, Hungary 947 813 Laramide Uplift 921 littoral facies 924 Madrin Formation, east Siberia 768 Late Ashgill event see Ashgill mass liverwort see non-vascular plant Mae Sot Basin, Thailand 959 extinction Llanos Basin, South America 907 Magwa Field, Kuwait 863, 864 Late Paleocene thermal maximum 919 loadings plot 482 magnetite 980, 981 Late Proterozoic (Neoproterozoic) Lodgepole Formation, USA 803, 804 magnoliidae 739 petroleum systems 768–72 Logbaba Gas Field, Cameroon 851 Mahakam Delta, Borneo 481, 482, 613, Late Proterozoic paleo-plate Loma Chimico Shale, Costa Rica 516, 942, 953, 955 reconstruction 715 917, 919 Mahogany Member see Green River latex 547 Loma Montosa Formation, Argentina 894 Formation laticifers 547 Lombardy Basin, Italy 831 Majaer Depression, China 785 Latrobe Formation, Australia 738, Lorca Basin, Spain 957–8 Makassar Slope, Kalimantan 481, 482, 916–17, 918 Los Angeles Basin, California 563 953 Laurasia 735 Los Molles Formation, Argentina 893 malabaricatrienes 556 Laurentia 715, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, Los Monos Shale, South America 796 Malay-Tho Chu Basin, Vietnam 938, 939 725, 730 Louanne Salt, Gulf of Mexico 735, 877 maleimides 485, 605–6 Laurineae 739 Louﬁka outcrop, Congo 675, 691 Malembo Formation, West Africa 853, Laurussia 723, 730 Louise well, Mahakam Delta 950, 953 935, 936 Lava Basin, Greece 551 Lower Congo Basin, West Africa 841, Malm carbonates, Bavaria 501, 518 leaching see solubilization 850 Malongo West Field, Congo Basin 843 lead ore 825 Lower Kittanning coal, USA 970 Malossa Field, Italy 824 leaves see megaphylla Lower Magdalena Basin, Colombia 907 MA(I)/MA(I + II) see monoaromatic Leduc Reef, Canada 801 lowstand systems tract 481, 482, 574, 749, steroids legumes 726 862, 909, 953, 955, 956 mammals 736, 737, 741 Leigh Creek Coalﬁeld, Australia 578 Lubna well, Czech Republic 538, 541, Mancos Shale, USA 901 Lemmaphyllum 579 566, 586, 636, 637 Mandal Formation, North Sea 885 lemurs 741 Lucaogou Formation, China 817, 818, Mandan, North Dakota 668 Leonard Shale, USA 733, 813 820 Mangahewa Formation, New Zealand 919 Leonard-Wolfcamp units, USA 812, 813 Lucina Formation, Gabon 898 manganese 655 Lepidodendron 579, 729 Luman Tongue, Washakie Basin 921, 923, Manicouagan impact crater, Quebec 746, lexane 523 924 747 Leyte oil, Philippines 622 lupane 574, 575, 580, 581, 582, 697, 960 Maniguin Island, Visayan Sea, LiAlH4 see lithium aluminum hydride lupanoid ketones 697 Philippines 518, 519

1144 Index

Manilla Embayment, Gulf of Mexico 877 Meren well, Niger Delta 951 2-methylhopanes 485, 494, 571 Mannville-Grosmont reservoirs, Alberta, Meride Limestones, Italy 822 2α-methylhopanes 569, 714 Canada 477 mesohaline 501, 824 3-methylhopanes 569, 571 Maoming Shale, China 516, 518, 519, Mesoproterozic petroleum systems see 3β-methylhopanes 485, 571 926 Middle Proterozoic petroleum methylnaphthalenes 643, 670 Maqna Formation, Red Sea Basin 946 systems methylnaphthalene isomer ratios (MNR) Maquoketa Shale, USA 779, 788–9 Mesostigma 725 643–4 Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela 907, 911 Mesozoic source rocks 820–918 Methylococcus 531, 571 Maranon˜ Basin, South America 811, 812, Mesozoic source rocks, Arabian Platform methylphenanthrene index (MPI-1) 813, 907, 908 823, 855–68 642–3 Marathon Orogeny 809 jurassic 862–4 MPI-1 vs. Ro 642 Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela 489 Lower Cretaceous 865–7 methylphenanthrene ratio (PP-1) 974 Maranon˜ Basin, Peru 667, 825 Middle Cretaceous 867 methylphenanthrenes 582, 596, 642, 643, Mara well, Canada 685, 686 Upper Cretaceous 867–8 672, 973, 974 Marco Polo 934 Mesozoic source rocks, Gulf of Mexico methylsteranes 534, 674 Mardin Group, Turkey 915 876 2α-methylsteranes 763 marine coal 551 Mesozoic source rocks, South Atlantic 4-methylsteranes 485, 487, 528, 530–2, marine oils 561, 856 margins 834–48, 858, 908 533, 561 marine organic matter 524, 527 lacustrine 837–45, 849 4-methylsterols 531, 927 marine reptiles 736, 740, 744, 745 marine carbonates 847 methylthioacetate 711 Marmoul Field, Oman 771, 773 marine shales 852 4α-methyltriaromatic steroid 591 Marraat oil, west Greenland 581, 582 transitional carbonates 845–7 methyltrimethyltridecylchroman Marrat Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864 Messel Shale, Germany 494, 496, 497, (MTTC) 500–1 Mars 716, 980 504, 518, 577, 589, 590, 591, 593, methylxanthones 673 Marrat Shale, Oman 736 603, 605, 635, 926–8 Metula 695 marsupial see mammal metalloporphyrin see porphyrin Mexia-Talco Fault Zone, Texas 877 Martian bacteria 602, 980 metastable reaction monitoring see Miandoum Field, Chad 542 Marun Field, United Arab Emirates 867, MRM/GCMS Michigan Basin, USA 794, 803, 868 metaxylene see xylene 975 mass extinction 559, 721, 724, 733, 737, metazoa 713, 718, 720 microbial gas 509 743–9, 797, 801, 919 methane 714, 763 microbial mat 494 MA-steroid see monoaromatic steroids biodegradation 656–7, 664 see also cyanobacterial mat mature 608 hydrate 829, 892, 919, 960–1 microfossils 712, 713, 714, 764, 765 Maturin Basin, Venezuela 696, 907, 942 methane monooxygenase 656 microphylla (spines) 727 Mattoon Formation, Illinois 551 methane-oxidizing bacteria 572 microseeps 704 Maui Field, New Zealand 544, 547, 919 methanogen 498, 503, 509, 512, 656 microsphere 711 Mauritanide Mountains, North America methanogenic archaea 507, 508, 509 microtektites 746 731 methanogenic bacteria see methanogen microtubules 726 maximum ﬂooding surface (MFS) 790, methanogenic biomass 504–5 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 647 831, 894, 908, 909, 956 Methanosarcina 508 mid-chain monomethylalkanes Maykop Series, South Caspian 931–5 Methanosarcinales 657 (X-compounds) 484, 493, 767, Mazalij well, Saudi Arabia 631 methanotroph 656, 688, 960 771, 772 McArthur Basin, Australia 719, 765, methanotrophic archaea 509 Mid-Cretaceous anoxic event 749 767 methanotrophic bacteria 571 Middle Green River Formation, Uinta McArthur Group, Australia 765–6, 767 methyladamantane/adamantane 700 Basin 923 McArthur River well, Cook Inlet 834 methyladamantane/nC11 700 Middle Magdalena Basin, Colombia 549, McKittrick Field, California 616 methylalkanes 764 907, 908, 909 McMinn Formation, Australia 765, 766, methylbicadinanes 549, 621, 622 Middle Proterozoic (Mesoproterozoic) 767 methylbiphenyls 672 petroleum systems 764–8 Meade Peak Member, USA 733, 814 methylcyclopentadecane 521 Midland Basin, USA 812, 813 Meganeura 731 methyldiamantanes 700 mid-ramp 861 megaphylla (true leaves) 728 methyldibenzothiophenes 672 Midway Formation, Gulf of Mexico 882 Melania Formation, Gabon 844, 848, methyldiphenylmethanes 672 migrated oil 477 898–9 2-methyldocosane 484 Migration 616, 629 Melke Formation, Norway 828 methylﬂuorenes 702, 973 distance 966 meiosis 726 2α-methylhopane index 571, 781 Mikkelsen Bay State well, Alaska 898 Mereenie Field, Australia 783 methylhopanes 569–71, 781 Milankovitch 824

Index 1145

Miller–Urey experiment 711 Moray Firth, UK 477, 523, 884, 885 Natih Formation, Oman 860, 861, 862, Milligans Formation, Bonaparte Gulf Moreno Formation, California 509 867, 870 Basin 809 moretanes 552, 614, 616, 621 National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska Milne Point Field, Alaska 883 22S/(22S C 22R) 614 (NPRA) 883, 896 Minagish Formation, Gotnia Basin 860, moretanes/hopanes 614–15 Natuna Sea rift basins 939–41 866 mosasaurs 740 Navay Formation, South America 907, Minas Field, Sumatra 517, 518, 519, 520, Moschopotamos Basin, Greece 551 908 936, 937 Mosquito Creek Formation, Australia 755 nC29 alkane 750 Minnelusa Shale, USA 811 Moura coals, Australia 702–4 nearest neighbor clustering 480 Miocene paleo-plate reconstruction 741 Mount Cap Formation, Canada 780 negative correlation 477 Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Period see Mount Holland Shale, UK 738 Neiber Dome, Wyoming 585 carboniferous period Mowry Shale, USA 738, 900, 901 Nemcicky well, Czech Republic 538 Mississippi Canyon Well, Gulf of Mexico MPI see methylphenanthrene index Nematothallus 726 881 MRM/GCMS 476, 528, 530, 612 Nemesis 747 mitosis 726 Msimbati, Tanzania 688 Neogene Period 741–2 mixed oils 561, 685 MTTC see 18-neohopane MNR see methylnaphthalene ratio methyltrimethyltridecylchroman C27 see Ts Moho see Mohorovicic discontinuity mud volcano 497, 933 C29 see C29Ts M-2 oil, Danish North Sea 553 Mukluk well, Alaska 475 C30 see C30Ts Mokattam Shale see Tanezzuft Shale Mulhouse Basin, Alsace, France 604, Neoproterozoic Eon 715–19, 771 Molasse Basin, Europe 699 605 Neoproterozoic petroleum sytems see molecular clock 717 Multidimensional chromatography see Late Proterozoic petroleum molecular dynamics (MD) 966 gas chromatography systems molecular fossil see biological marker multiple ion detection (MID) see selected neoxanthin see carotenoid molecular mechanics 556, 557, 565, 617, ion monitoring Nesson Anticline, Williston Basin 806 629, 684, 695 multivariate statistics 479 Neuquen´ Basin, Argentina 893, 894–5, molybdate 654 Murchison meteorite 602, 981 896 monazite 755 murein 720 neurotoxin 919 monoaromatic hopanoid parameter 634–5 Muribeca Formation, Brazil 846 New Idria, California 479 monoaromatic polyprenoids 589–91 Murta Formation, Australia 874, 895 New Albany-Chesterian(!) 798 monoaromatic steroids (MA-steroids) Murzuq Basin, Libya 791 New Albany Shale, USA 609, 636, 725, 583, 584, 585, 631, 632 Muskeg Member, Keg River Formation, 798 MA(I)/MA(I C II) 632–3 Canada 796 Newark Basin, North America 968 [TA/(MA C TA)] see steroid Myanmar oils 622 Newark Supergroup, North America 824 aromatization Mycobacterium 652 Newporte impact crater, Williston Basin monocot see angiosperm m/z 191 see terpanes 789 monoethylalkane 900 m/z 217 see steranes Niagaran pinnacle-reefs, Michigan Basin monomethylalkane 493, 494–6, 767, 900 794 monooxygenases 650, 651, 652, 653 Nahr Umr Formation, Arabia 738 nickel 663 monotreme see mammal Nahrum Shale, Arabia 738 nickel ion 604 Monte Prena, Italy 976, 977 Najmah Formation, Kuwait 860, 863, nickel sulﬁde 604 Monterey Formation, California 505, 864, 866 Niger Delta, Nigeria 573, 618, 742, 837, 519, 540, 562, 568, 609, 615, 618, Nam Con Son 938, 939 851, 875, 949, 951, 952 679, 742, 944, 945 naphthalenes 651, 652, 672, 817 Niland Tongue, Wasatch Formation 921, bacterial mats 562 naphthene see cycloalkane 924 biogenic silica 944 naphthenic acids 701 Niobrara cyclothem, USA 901 lithofacies 563 naphthenoaromatic Niobrara Formation, USA 901, 903 oils 475, 559, 562, 568, 603, 619, 628, acids 701 nitrate 641, 646, 680, 706, 707, 708, 946, Naples Beach, California 562 -reducing anaerobes 653 977, 978 Napo Formation, South America 738, -reducing bacteria 654 Phosphatic Member 971, 978, 979 907, 911, 912 nitrogen 641, 663 Siliceous Member 971, 978 nappe 742 ﬁxation 726 water 701 Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island Niuzhuang South Slope, China 965 montmorillonite 533, 535, 965 Narrows Gaben, Queensland, Australia Nkalagu Formation, Gabon 738 Montney Formation, Canada 825 928 N’Komi Rift, Gabon 898 Moravia, Czech Republic 538, 587 Narryer Gneiss, Australia 711 Nobel family 935 Moraxella 705 NaSCH3 see sodium methane thiolate Nobel Prize 935

1146 Index

Nocardia 652, 653 North Slope, Alaska 477, 827, 883, 897 oleanane 485, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, Nocardioides 681 Norwegian-Danish Basin 885 529, 538, 547, 554, 573, 580, 600, nomenclature (structural) Northwest Peciko Well, Mahakam Delta 621, 665, 675, 684, 696, 697, 698, terpanes 695 952, 953 699, 725, 730, 739, 947 Nonesuch Shale, Michigan 610, 766 25-nor-triene 593 oleanane/hopane see oleanane index non-marine oil 528 novaculite 798, 806 oleanane index [(Oleanane/(Oleanane + non-vascular land plant see Bryophyta NPRA see National Petroleum Reserve in Hopane)] 527, 541, 549, 572–5, norcholestanes 538, 540 Alaska 617–18 biodegradation 674 NSO compounds (resins) 477, 479, 658 18α-olean-12-ene 697, 699 21/(21 + 27) norcholestane ratio 631 Nubian Plate 861 olean-12-ene 697, 699 C24/(C24 + C27) Nubian Shelf 867 oleanenes 618 21-norcholestanes 539 Nubian Shield 855, 861 olefin 964 24-norcholestanes 490, 492, 537–8, 859 nucleotide 711 olefinic biomarkers 698 27-norcholestanes 560 nutrients 646 olnellids 747 Nordegg Formation, Canada 477, 832–3 Nyalau Formation, Sarawak 942 Olpad Formation, India 920 24-nordiacholestane ratio [24/(24 + 27)] nymphaeales (water lilies) 739 Oman Salt Basin 771, 859 541, 787 onoceranes 579–80, 930 24-nordiacholestanes 490, 491, 492, OAE see oceanic anoxic event Ontong-Java Plateau basalts, Pacific 537–8 Ocal Section, Upper Magdalena Valley Ocean 919 27-nordiacholestanes 560 910 Onverwacht Group, South Africa 712, Nordlinger¨ Ries crater, Germany 539, 830 oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 505, 719, 829, 713 25-norhomohopane 20S 574, 675, 697 889–93, 908, 919 Ooraminna well, Australia 770 norhopanes Oceanic oil, California 616 Oort Cloud 745, 747 α,β-norhopane 555, 662 octadecahydro-isorenieratene 594 optical activity 589 β,α-norhopane 689 odd-carbon preference see carbon optical rotation 593 norhopane (C29 norhopane) 485, 675, preference index Oquirrh Basin, Nevada 807 800 odd-to-even predominance (OEP) 493, Ora Field, Libya 914 15-norhopane ratio 684–5 635, 641–2, 783 Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico 875 25-norhopanes (10-desmethylhopanes) OEP see odd-to-even predominance Orcadian Basin, Scotland 794, 983 674, 675–85, 692, 705 Officer Basin, Australia 770, 780 Ordovician mass extinction 743 25, 28-norhopanes 692 Oficina Basin 942 Ordovician paleo-plate reconstruction 28-norhopanes 689, 692 Oil City Field, California 509 721 30-norhopane/hopane 569 oil–oil correlation 477–9, 482, 976–9 Ordovician Period 721–2 30-norhopanes 570, 571, 676, 680, 690 oil sample see sample quality, selection, Ordovician–Silurian boundary 746 norisopimarane 543, 544 storage Ordovician source rocks 776, 777–90, norkaurane 543 Oil Shale Member, Dead Sea Graben 917 983 24-norlupane 580, 699 oil shales 945–6, 958 organic acids 700–2 norlupanes 697 oil–source rock correlation 475–7, 752, organic carbon see total organic carbon 18α-30-norneohopane see C29Ts 754, 976–9 organic matter normal alkane (n-Alkane, n-Paraffin) 484, oil spills depositional environment 487 493, 650, 668, 725, 750, 816 biodegradation 662 lacustrine 489, 560 biodegradation 651, 653, 654, 659, oil-to-oil correlation see oil–oil correlation marine 489, 524, 527 664–5 marine versus lacustrine 569 envelope 641, 659, 667, 669 oil-to-source rock correlation see marine versus terrigenous 488–90, Norphlet Formation, Gulf of Mexico 877 oil–source rock correlation 527 norphyllocladane 543 oil window (oil-generative window) 608, mineralogy 487 17-nortetracyclic diterpane 550 612 non-marine 524 North Caspian Basin see Pricaspian Basin oil–water contact (OWC) 646 terrigenous 489, 524, 580 North Equatorial Current 742 oil–water partitioning 966 type 487 Northern Arabian Basin 855 okenone 593 organic productivity see productivity Northern Permian Basin 814 Oklahoma Basin, USA 809 organophosphorus insecticides 645 North Falkland Basin, South America oldest free-flowing oil 710, 766 Orgueil meteorite see carbonaceous 834, 841 oldest giant oil field 710 chondrite North Pacific Gyre 519 oldest oil 710 Oriente Basin, South America 813, 907, North Pole 712 Old Red continent see Laurussia 908, 911, 912 North Sea Old Red Sandstone, Scotland 794–6 Orinoco Heavy Oil (Tar) Belt, Venezuela oils 619 18α/(18α + 18β)-oleananes 617–18 645, 658, 942

Index 1147

ortho-substituted cyclization reacations Parachute Creek Member 923 Permian paleo-place reconstruction 732 973 Paradox Basin, USA 809–10 Permian Period 732–3 orthoxylene see xylene paraffin, normal see Alkane Permian source rocks 776, 812–20 Oseberg Field oil, Norwegian North Sea paraffin dirt 687–9 Permian–Triassic boundary 746, 749, 692, 693 n-paraffins see alkane 764 osmium isotope ratio 745 Paralic Basin, Europe 811 Pertatatak Formation, Australia 770 ostracodes 591 Paralic marine shale source rock 499, Perth Basin, Australia 511, 548 Ostracode Zone, Alberta 591 500 Pertica 728 Otuk Formation 825, 883 Para-Maranh´ ao˜ Basin, Brazil 847 perylene 594–6 Otway Basin, Australia 904–5, 906 Parana´ basalts, South America 748 Petapahan Field, Sumatra 517 Ouachita (Marathon) Mountains, USA Parana´ Basin, South America 812, Peterborough Member, UK 874 731, 779 819–20 petroleum 608 Ouachita orogeny 809 parasequence 925 system name Ouldburra Formation, Australia 780 paraxylene see xylene system processes outer ramp 861 Pardonet Formation, Canada 825 volumes (production and reserves) 755 overburden 754 Parka 726 petroleum systems 752, 756–7 overfilled lake 817, 818, 837, 838, 840, Pasco Field, Australia 875 folio sheet 753, 754 844, 845, 846, 921 Pasenhor 915 modeling see thermal modeling overmature see postmature Patchawarra Formation, Australia 820 nomenclature 751–5 overpressure 479, 953 Pattani Basin, Gulf of Thailand 940 non-US 762, 763 Overthrust Belt, Wyoming 616 Pavlova 531 pH 533, 604, 617, 649 Oxford Clay, UK 874–5 PCA see principal component analysis Phacoides oil, California 616 oxic 499, 567 Peace River heavy oil, Canada 645 Phaeophyta 726 oxic–anoxic interface 562 Pearl River Mouth Basin, China 741 Phanerozoic Era 719–50 oxidation 816, 817 Pearsall Group, East Texas 880 Phanerozoic petroleum systems 774–961 β-oxidation 650, 655 peat 811 phenanthrene parameter (PP-1 and oxidative degradation 817 pebble–GRZ–Torok Interval, Alaska 826, PP-1modified) 643 oxidation–reduction reaction see redox 883, 895–898 phenanthrenes 643, 651, 670, 672, 817 oxygen pebble shale unit, Alaska 738, 826, phenolic hydrocarbons 650 free 713–15, 716, 747 897 phenylalkanes (linear alkylbenzenes) 598, oxygen isotopes 922 Pediastrum 853 599, 600 oxygen-minimum zone 790, 950 Peedee Belemnite see PBD Phoenix well, Alaska 826 oxygen-producing cyanobacteria 569 Pelycosaurs 733 Phosphatic Member see Monterey Pematang Brown Shale, Sumatra 518, Formation Pabdeh Formation, Iran 741, 928–9 741, 935–39 Phosphoria Formation, USA 628, 649, Pachuta Creek Field, Alabama 877 Pennsylvanian coals, Southern Gas Basin 686, 700, 733, 749, 814, 815, 972 Pacific Ocean 735, 737 811 photic zone PAH see polycyclic aromatic Pennsylvanian lacustrine rocks, East anoxia 593, 901 hydrocarbons Greenland 810–811 photoinhibition 522 PAL see Present atmospheric level Pennsylvanian-Permian Shales, North photosynthesis 713 Palegreda Formation, Peru 930 America 809 anoxygenic Paleocene–Eocene boundary 740 pentacyclic terpanes 662 oxygenic 714 paleoclimate 597 pentacyclic triterpenoids 552 photosynthetic bacteria 576 Paleogene Period 740–1 pentane 664 photosystems I and II 713 paleoheat flow 969 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethylicosane phthalic acids 817 paleolatitude 524 (PMI) 484, 498, 505, 507–10, 511, phyllocladane 485, 490, 543–51, 600, 820 Paleozoic Eon 771, 776 512 phytane (Ph) 499, 507–8, 543, 591, 657, Palm Valley gas field, Australia 783 pentakishomohopane 680 666, 668, 981 Palo Duro Basin, Texas 809 pepidoglycan see murein phytane/nC18 502, 641, 666, 674 Panca well, Mahakam Delta 953, 955 perhydro-β-carotane see β-carotane phytanic acid 701 Pando well, Bolivia 811 peridinin see carotenoid phytenic acid 499 Pangea 731, 732, 734, 736, 740, 749, 824 Perintis well, Mahakam Delta 953, 956 phytol 499 Pannonian Basin, Europe 947–9 periodic extinction 747 phytyl side chain 499 Pannotia 715, 719 permeability 646 Piceance Creek Basin, USA 479 Panthalassa 732 Permian coals 702 picene 479 Panthalassic Ocean 715, 719, 721, 722, Permian Basin, USA 806, 812, 813 Piedra Redonda well, Peru 932 730, 731, 732, 734, 735 Permian extinction 743, 749 Pierre Shale, USA 902

1148 Index

Pilbara Craton, Australia 530, 712, 714, polymethylsqualanes 484, 487, 518, 937 pristane formation index (PFI) 972, 975 755–63 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons see pristane/nC17 641, 659, 666, 705, 706 Pilenga Formation, Russia 941–2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pristane/phytane, pristane/(pristane + Pilsk Formation see Borsk Formation polyprenoid sulfides 561 phytane) 484, 499–502, 562, 575, pimarane 543, 544, 545, 550, 600 polysporangia 726, 727 781 pimaric acid 546 polysulfides 520 pristene 499 Pimenteriras Formation, South America Ponta do Tubarao˜ Member, Brazil 846 prist-1-ene 500, 501, 972 725 Popigai impact crater, Russia 747 productivity 798 Pimienta Formation, Gulf of Mexico 878 Porifera 491, 530, 717 Progreso Basin, South America 907, 930 Pimienta-Tamabra(!) 878 porosity 646 progymnosperm 728 Pinaceae 551 porphyrins 602–5, 664, 928 prokaryotes (bacteria) 712, 713, 766 Pinda Formation, Angola 853, 935 biodegradation 665, 700 propane 664 Pindinga Formation, Nigeria 579 distributions 604 24-n-propylcholestanes 485, 527, 529, Pinnacle reefs, Western Canada Basin 475 V/(V + Ni) 603–4 530, 537, 569 Pipeline Shale, USA 813 porphyrin maturity parameter (PMP) 24-n-propylcholesterols 527 Piper oil, North Sea 525, 526, 527, 528, 628, 635–6 24-propyldiacholestane ratio 561 562, 583, 584, 611, 619 Port Gentil Ocean Field, Gabon 852 24-propyldiacholestanes 561 piston (seabottom) cores 704, 705 Port Sussex Formation, Falkland Islands prospect 751 placental see mammal 812 proteins 711, 725 placoderm 724 Posidonienschiefer, Europe 830 proteobacteria 657, 716 planetesimals 709 Posidonia Shale, Europe 830, 831 Proterozoic Eon 714–19, 763 plate tectonics 712, 764, 836 positive correlation 477 proto-continents 712 Plattville Formation, USA 781, 783 postmature 608 Proto-Mediterranean 741 play 751 Post-Neocomian interval, Alaska 826 Protosalviania 726 Pleistocene paleo-plate reconstruction potassium hydroxide 701 Proto-South Atlantic Ocean 735–6, 742 potential source rock 608, 976 847 Plenus Marl, Europe 738 Potiguar Basin, South America 834, 837, protostomes 717 plesiosaurs 740 846, 847 Prototaxites 726 Pleurosigma 515 Po Valley, Italy 822 prototracheophytes 724, 727 PMI see 2,6,10,15, Powder River Basin, Wyoming 811 Proto-Zagros 861 19-Pentamethylicosane PP-1 or PP-1modified see phenanthrene protozoa 576 PMP see porphyrin maturity parameter parameter Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska 477, 563, 616, pod of active source rock 753 prasinophyte algae 790, 802 812, 826, 883, 896 Podocarpaceae 547, 550, 551, 600 prasinoxanthin see carotenoid prymnesiophyte algae 531 podocarpane 543, 600 Precambrian organic matter 493 pseudo-biomarker 501 Podocarpus 550 Precambrian oils and source rocks 495, Pseudofagus 579 Point Clairette Formation, Gabon Basin 763, 771 pseudohomologous series 498, 514, 516, 850 Precambrian-Cambrian 710, 717, 719 524, 532, 552, 556, 564, 565, 615, Point Pleasant Formation, North America Pre-Caspian Basin see Pricaspian Basin 691 779, 785 prediction of physical properties 705, 706 Pseudomonas 652, 653 Point Thomson, Alaska 896 pregnane 485, 674, 676 psilophytes see vascular plant Poker Chip Shale, Canada 830 prehnite-pumpellyite facies 755 psilophyton 728 polar compound 658 pre-rift facies 837 psychrophilic 503, 505, 506 pollen 573, 725, 739 present atmospheric level of oxygen pteridosperms (seed ferns) 578, 596, 729, pollination 739 (PAL) 713, 714 733 pollution 507 preservation 725, 754, 798 pterosaur 745 polycadalene 623 pressure 649–50 PTV see injection polycadinenes 547, 548, 619, 620 Pricaspian Basin, Kazakhstan 807 Pucara´ Group, Peru 825 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, primary migration 965 Pueblo, Colorado 902 PNA) 479, 595, 600–2, 670–2 Prince William Sound, Alaska 705 Puente Formation Schist-Conglomerate, biodegradation 665 principal component 480 California 563 Cretaceous-Tertiary 750 principal component analysis (PCA, Puertollano oil shale, Spain 693 Martian 980 eigenvector analysis) 478, 480–2, Pujamana Member, Colombia 909 pyrogenic (pyrosynthetic) 602 983 Purana basins, India 768 polyester 645 Prinos Field, Greece 554 purple sulfur bacteria see Chromatiaceae polyisoprenols 556 pristane (Pr) 499, 501, 513, 657, 666, 668, Putamayo Basin, South America 907 polymethylsiloxane 627 972, 973, 981 pycnocline 829, 875

Index 1149

Pyrenees 741 recovery see estimated ultimate recovery RNA-world 711 pyrite 815 Red Band fraction 498 Ro see vitrinite reflectance pyrobitumen 764, 816 red beds 714 Roberts Mountains, Nevada 789 nodules 755, 763 Redondo Shale, Peru 930 rock sample see sample quality, selection, Pyrodictium 647 redox potential (oxidoreduction potential) storage Pyrolobus 647 499, 566, 603 Rocky Mountains, USA 735 pyrolysis/gas chromatography (py/GC) Red River Formation, USA 765, 782, 789, rodents 741 828, 871, 906 804 Rodda Formation, Australia 770 pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass red tide 919 Rodinia 715 spectrometry (py/GCMS) 479 Redwater Reef Field, Canada 802 root nodule 726 pyrolyzate 664 reflectance see vitrinite reflectance Roper Groups Shale, Australia 765–6, pyrrhotite 980 regression 747, 749 767 regressive marine facies 837 rosane 543, 544, 545 Qaidam Basin, China 538, 544, 613, 871, Reindeer Supersequence, Canada 960 Rothschild family 935 872, 946 Renqui Field, China 772 Rotliegendes Group, Europe 814 Q compounds 591 reproduction 711, 716, 725 Rough range oil, Australia 600 Qingshankou Formation, China 738, reptiles 732, 733 Rovesti Oil, Italy 568 904 reservoir rock 475, 608 Rozel Point, Utah 512, 515, 520 Q oils, Oman 526, 772, 774, 775, 966 reservoir temperature 646, 647, 648, rRNA see ribosomal RNA Quaidam Basin, China 871 659 Rub al Khali Basin, Middle East 855 quantum structure–activity relationship resinite 542, 573 Rubiales Field, Llanos Basin, Colombia (QSAR) 684 resorcinol 784 555 Quaternary Period 742–3 lipids 780 Rubielos de Mora Basin, Spain 945 Queen Formation, USA 813 retene 544, 582, 596, 597, 602, 750 Rudeis Formation, Gulf of Suez 915 Quenguela Field, Angola 854 retention time 556 rudists 740, 745 Querecual Formation, South America 942 Retort Shale Member, USA 814 Ruhr District, Germany 551 quinones 655, 701 reversed tricarboxylic acid cycle 606 Rundle Group, Canada 807 Quiriquire Field, Venezuela 696 reverse methanogenesis see anaerobic Rundle oil shale, Australia 928 Qunituco Formation, Argentina 893, 894 methane oxidation Rundle-type oil shale see lacosite Qusaiba Member, Qalibah Formation, Rhaetogonyaulax 531 Rutaceae 577 Saudi Arabia 631, 723, 791, 793 Rhenish Mountains 723 ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) 568 Rhine Basin, Germany 566 Rabi Kounga Field, Gabon 848 Rhizobium 726 Saanich Inlet, British Columbia 596 racemic 972, 973 rhizoid 727 Saar District, Germany 551 radiogenic immobilization 755 Rhizolenia 514–15 Sabah Delta, Borneo 942 radiolysis 698 Rhodoccoccus 652 Sabhka 487, 584, 880 Raghib well, Saudi Arabia 793 Rhynie Chert, Scotland 727, 796 saddle dolomite 816 Ragusa Basin, Sicily 827 rhyniophyte 724, 727 Sadlerochit Formation, Alaska 826 Rakopi Formation, New Zealand 919 ribonucleic acid (RNA) 711 Sag River Formation, Alaska 826 Raney nickel 512, 520, 568, 594, 689, 690 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 648, 657, 726 Sag River oil, Alaska 556, 557 rank see thermal maturity ribozyme 711 Saint-Cecile, Camargue, France 580 Rann Formation, United Arab Emirates Ribesalbes Basin, Spain 945 Sakhalin Island, Russia 695, 742, 941–2 791 RIC see reconstructed ion Salada Member, Colombia 909 Ras Fanar well, Gulf of Suez 915 chromatogram Salado Formation, New Mexico 649 Rastrites Shale, Sweden 723 Richards Sequence, Canada 960 Salina A-1 carbonates, USA 794 Ratawai Shale, Iraq 867 Rimbey-Meadowbrook Trend, Canada Salina Basin, Gulf of Mexico 878, 879 rate constants 967, 968, 970, 971 966 saline 488, 838, 839, 850 Ravnefjeld Formation, Greenland 818 rimuane 543, 544, 545 salinity 488–9, 501, 646, 649, 972 Ravni Kotari oil, Yugoslavia 554, 568 Rincon Formation, California 562, 944 stratification 576, 814, 817 Raya Formation, South America 908 ring-opening 582 salt diapir 649 Ray Formation, South America 738 Rinkabeena Formation, Australia 770 Salym Field, West Siberia 889 Raymond Field, Williston Basin 782 Rio da Serra Brazilian stage 834 San Andres Formation, USA 813 rearranged hopanes see diahopanes Riphean shales, eastern Siberia 766–8 San Cristobal Formation, Peru 930 rearranged sterane see diasteranes risk for oil biodegradation 650 Sandakan Delta, Borneo 942 rearrangement 582 Riva di Solto Shale, Italy 822 sandstone breccia 527, 574, 668 recent sediments 504–5, 512, 518, 704 RNA see ribonucleic acid Sangerhausen Basin, Germany 816 Reconcavoˆ Basin, Brazil 840, 841 RNA enzymes see ribozymes San Joaquin Basin, California 479, 742

1150 Index

San Jorge Basin, Argentina 894 secondary migration 965 Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA 735 San Juan Basin, New Mexico 834, 902, secondary porosity 700 Sigillaria 729 904 secondary processes 478 Siglia paraffin dirt, Chile 688 Sanmiguelia 739 Second White Speckled (Second White sigma bond see covalent bond Santa Barbara Basin, California 715, 957, Specks) Shale, Canada 901 signal-to-noise 527 960 sedimentation rate silica 714 Santa Barbara Channel, California 641 Pennsylvanian-Permian, USA 810 silicalite see ZSM-5 Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin, California Sedlec well, Czech Republic 538 silled basin 790 562, 945 seed coat 739 Silurian paleo-plate reconstruction 722 Santa Cruz-Tarija Province, South seed ferns see pteridosperms Silurian Period 722–3 America 796 seed leaf see cotyledon Silurian–Devonian highstand 774 Santa Maria Basin, California 510, 606, seed plants see vascular plants Silurian source rocks 776, 790–4 619, 628, 641, 705, 706, 707, 945, seeds 729, 738 SIM see selected ion monitoring 946, 977, 978 seep oil 537, 706 SIMCA see soft independent modeling of Santa Maria oil, Italy 570 selected ion monitoring (SIM, multiple class analogy Santa Monica Basin, California 576 ion detection, MID) 221, 611 simonellite 596, 597, 834 Santos Basin, South America 835, selected ion recording (SIR) see selected Simpson Group, USA 765, 783, 812, 852 ion monitoring 813 Santos well, Middle Magdalena Basin, Senonian Limestone, Dead Sea see Simpson-Ellenburger(.), USA 789 Colombia 549 Ghareb Formation simulated distillation see distillation Sao˜ Francisco Basin, Brazil 768 sequence stratigraphy 483, 803, 862, sinister see S configuration sapropel 741 909 Sirte Basin, Libya 914–15 Sarcinochrysidales 527 Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil 835, 846, Sirte Formation, Libya 738, 914–15 Sarcopterygii 724 847 Sisi well, Mahakam Delta 952, 953, 955, sargasterol see fucosterol Serpiano oil shale, Switzerland 603 956 Sargelu Formation, Iran 736, 863, serratanes 578–9, 691 Sisquoc Formation, California 562 866 Seychelles Microplate 872–4 Skull Creek Shale, USA 738, 900 Sarriah Member, Safiq Formation, Oman Shahejie Formation, China 522, 579, 772, Slave Craton, Canada 711 791 926, 928 Slavonija-Srijem Depression, Croatia 948 Sassendalen Group, North Atlantic Sharawra Formation, Qatar 791 slime molds 716 825 Shark Bay, Australia 713 Smackover Formation, Gulf of Mexico saturate/aromatic ratio 641 sharks 731, 736 735, 877 saturated hydrocarbons (saturates) 477 Sharon Springs Member, USA 902 smoke 602 saturated hydrocarbon UCM see Shengli Field, China 610, 647 Smoking Hills Formation, Canada 959 unresolved complex mixture Shilaif Formation, Southern Gulf Basin Smoky Hill Member, USA 901, 903 sauropods 736 860, 867, 869 snowball Earth 768 Sava Depression, Croatia 947 Shinjo Basin, Japan 513 sodium methane thiolate 504 Sayindere Formation, Turkey 915 shocked quartz 745, 746 soft independent modeling of class Sayyala Field, Oman 774, 775 Shoemaker–Levy 9 comet 745 analogy (SIMCA) 482 S/C see atomic S/C Shu’aiba Formation, Southern Gulf solanesol 589 Scales Formation, USA 788 Basin 772, 860, 867 solar flare 745 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy Shublik Formation, Alaska 556, 557, 735, solar system 709 (STXM) 727 825, 827, 896, 897 solid bitumens 478–9 scan run see scan analysis Shublik-Otuk oils 883, 885 solubilization 613, 964–5 Schei Point Group, Canada 825 Shublik-Otuk source rocks 898 solvent-split injection see injection Schistes Carton, Europe 830–2, 833 shungite see Karalian shungite Somerset Island, Canada 716 scores plot 481, 482 Shuntar Formation, East Siberia 768 Song Hong Basin, Vietman 938, 939 Scotian Shelf, Canada 968 Shuram Formation, Oman 771, 772 Songliao Basin, China 904, 905 scuticociliates 576 Shushufindi-Aguarico Field, Ecuador soot 602, 745, 750 Sdom Formation, Israel 503, 512, 912 sour crude see sulfur-rich oil 518 Sibang Limestone, Gabon Basin 849 Sour Lake Field, Texas 687 sea-bottom cores 704, 705 Siberia 715, 719, 723 source input and depositional sea grass 489 Siberian Craton 767 environment 982–3 sea level see global sea level Siberian Traps 748 source potential index (SPI) 872 seal rock (cap rock) 754 Sichuan Basin, China 772 Gulf of Mexico, Upper Jurassic 879 8, 14-secohopanes 600, 692–3, 797 side-chain scission 632 source-related biomarker parameters 476, 17, 21-secohopanes 552, 559, 572 siderite 714 478, 483–90, 606

Index 1151

source rocks 475, 608, 647, 763 squalene 498, 506, 507, 509, 511–12, 552, Stratigraphic-39 well, Saudi Arabia 631 carbonate 569, 571, 588, 616, 630, 641, 713 Strawn Formation, USA 813 744, 771, 776, 851 squalene-hopene cyclase (squalene Strelly Pool Chert, Australia 712 carbonate versus clastic 533 cyclase) 591 Streppenosa Formation, Sicily 827 carbonate versus shale 487–8 stable carbon isotope ratios stretophyta 725 character from oil composition 487–90 C29 n-alkane 746 stromatolites 569, 712, 713, 714, 720 evaporitic 588, 850 carbonates 816, 817, 829, 890, stromatoporid 530 gas-prone 752 891 strontium isotopes 749, 890 marine carbonate 536 forams 921, 922, 957 Sublett Basin, USA 814 marine deltaic 490, 536 oils 977, 978 sublittoral facies 924 marine shale 536 organic carbon 829, 892, 902 suboxic 567, 721 marl 569 wood 892 success ratio 753, 822, 874 oil-prone 752 Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation Sudbury Impact Crater, Ontario 747 South American basins 907 see SLAP Sudr Formation, Middle East 915 South Atlantic 835, 836, 858, 859 Statfjord Formation, North Sea 828 Suerte well, Middle Magdalena Basin, South Barrow wells, Alaska 812 steam flooding 689 Colombia 549 South Belridge Field, California 686, 689, sterane isomerization, ββ/(ββ + αα) sugiol 546, 547 691 628–629, 634, 662, 706, 970, 978 Suket Shales, India 716 Southern Gas Basin, Europe 811 sterane isomerization, 20S/(20S + 20R) Sulaiy Formation, Iraq 860, 866 Southern Gulf Basin (Rub Al Khali 566, 622, 625–8, 634, 674, 965, sulfate 657, 705 Basin) 859 966, 967, 968, 969 reducing bacteria 509, 604, 653, 654, South Florida Basin, USA 555 C30 sterane index 527–30 655, 656, 705 Southern Permian Basin, Europe 814 steranes 714, 763 sulfones 653 South Mekong Basin, Vietnam 940 biodegradation 537, 665, 674–5 sulfur 488, 500, 573, 629, 641, 663, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia 573, C27 662, 772 707 624 C28/C29 490, 526–7 sulfur isotopes 749, 816, 817 South Terekheveskaya Field, Russia C29 607, 771, 818 sulfur-rich oils 563 800 C29 ααα 20S 625 Sumatra 931, 935–39 South Timbalier Field, Gulf of Mexico C29 αββ 662 Sunda Basin, Sumatra 939 647 C30 sterane index 574 Sunfish well, Cook Inlet 834 space-filled projection see structural C30 steranes Sunniland Field, Florida 880 notation fingerprint 611 Sunniland Formation, Florida 879–80 Sparta Formation, Gulf of Mexico steranes/hopanes 524 supercritical fluid extraction 981 882 steranes/hopanes (regular supercritical fluid chromatography/mass Spechts Ferry Member, Decorah steranes/17α-hopanes) 524 spectrometry (SFC/MS) 603 Formation 780, 781, 783 steranes/triterpanes 524 supernova 745, 749 speculative(?) 752 2-sterenes 533 superoxide anions 713 Spekk Formation, Norway 827 sterenes 830 superoxide dimutase 713 spermatophyte 726 sterilization 648, 702 superplumes 768 sphenophyte see sphenopsids sterols 483, 533, 583, 714 supralittoral facies 924 sphenopsids (sphenopsida) 724, 728, 729, stereoisomerization 611 surfactant 599 731, 733 steroid Surma Basin, Bangladesh 547 Spindletop, Texas 687 aromatization [TA/(MA + TA) 627, Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen split injection see injection 631–2, 705, 706, 966, 967, 968, 716 splitless injection see injection 970, 972 Sverdrup Basin, Canada 825 sponges see porifera ketones 653 Swanson River Field, Cook Inlet 554 sporangia 727 stick projection see structural notation sweet crude see low-sulfur oil spore coloration index see thermal stigmastanes (24-ethylcholestanes) 611, Sydney Basin, Australia 812 alteration index 768 Sylvan Shale, USA 722, 777 spores 721, 724, 725, 726, 727 Stirling Range Formation, Australia 718 symbiont 726 sporophyte 726 Stockinford Shales, UK 774 Synapsida 733 sporopollenin 725, 727 stomata 725, 727 synrift facies 837 Sprayberry Formation, Texas 813 stonewart 725 syntrophic consortia 509–11, 656, 657 Sprendlinger Horst, Germany 926 STP see standard temperature and syntrophic metabolism 656 squalane (2, 6, 10, 15, 19, pressure 23-hexamethyltetracosane) 484, stratification (stratified water) 575, 576 Tabei Uplift, China 785, 787 498, 507, 512 stratified water 820, 845, 899 table of hydrocarbon accumulations 752

1152 Index

tabulates 721 ternary diagram (C27–C28–C29) 410–7.1 thermal maturity 535, 608–9 Tagrifet Formation 915 diasteranes 536 criteria for biomarker parameters T-branched alkanes 493, 494–6 C-ring monoaromatic steroids 583–4, 609–10 TAI see thermal alteration index 978, 979 thermal maturity-dependent biomarker Talang Akar Formation, Sumatra 627, steranes 476, 483, 485, 525–6, 536, 871, ratios 478, 612 931, 939, 976 978, 979 thermal stress parameters 608–9 Talara Basin, Peru 907, 930, 932, 933 triaromatic steroids 586–8 thermoacidophilic archaea Talc-Stevensitic Sequence 842 terpane m/z 191 fingerprint 551–5, 611, Thermoanaerobacter 648 TA/(MA + TA) see monoaromatic 697, 797, 880 thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) steroid aromatization terrane 720 608, 815, 825 Tambora Field, Mahakam Delta 951, 953, Terra Nova Field, Newfoundland 888 Thermodesulfobacterium 648 954, 955 terrigenous/aquatic ratios (TAR) 493 thermophile 647 Tampen Spur, North Sea 648 terrigenous oils 490, 939 thermophilic 599 Tampico-Misantla Basin, Gulf of Mexico terrigenous organic matter 499, 580 eubacteria 497 878 terrestrial impact craters 747 Thermodesulfobacterium 497 tandem mass spectrometry 605 Tertiary source rocks 918–60 Thermoplasma 599 see also GCMS/MS Tethys Sea (Ocean) 732, 733, 734, 735, Thermopolis Member 900 Tanezzuft Shale, North Africa 723, 791, 737, 740, 741, 901, 932, 947 thermospray 603 792 tetracorals 721 Thermotoga 648 Tanf Formation, Syria 791 tetracyclic diterpanes 549–51 thin-layer chromatography/flame Tanzanian paraffin dirt 688–9 tetracyclic polyprenoids (TPP) 487, ionization detection (TLC/FID) Taoudenni Basin, Mauritania 720 560–1 see iatroscan Tapeats Sandstone, Arizona 771 tetracyclic terpanes 552, 927 Thiobacillus 562 Tarafaya Basin, Morocco 913–14 C24 tetracyclic terpane 485 Thiomargarita 562 Tarakan Delta, Borneo 942 C24 tetracyclic terpane ratios 559–60 Thiomicrospira 562 Taranaki Basin, New Zealand 544, 550, tetrad spore 727 Thioploca 562 597, 918–19 Tetraedon 927 Thiothrix 562 taraxastanes 580, 581 tetraether lipids 497, 503–5, 506 Thompson B-F diagram see B-F diagram taraxerenes 618 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrocadalene 981 thorite 755 tar ball 873 tetrahymanol (gammaceran-3β-ol) 575–6, thorium/uranium 719 Tarim Basin, China 785, 787, 870, 591 thylakoid membrane 726 871 Tetrahymena 576 Tibet Plateau 871 Tarn Field, Alaska 826, 898 tetrakishomohopanes 808 TIC see reconstructed ion chromatogram Tarraco oil, Spain 507, 520 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene 801 tillite 716 Tarragona Basin, Spain 947, 948 2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane see Timan-Pechora Basin, Russia 799, 800 tar sands 658 phytane timing-risk chart see events chart Tasmanite oil shale, Tasmania 591 2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosane (TMI) 505, Tithonian source rocks Tasmanites 552, 556, 557, 796 511 TLC see thin-layer chromatography Taxodiaceae 547, 551 1,2,5,6-tetramethylnaphthalene (TeMN) TMI see 2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosane taxodione acetate 546 582 Tm (C27 17α-22,29,30-trisnorhopane or Taxodium 546, 547 1,3,6,7-tetramethylnaphthalene (1, 3, 6, 17α-trisnorhopane) 555, 565, 581, taxon-specific biomarkers 491, 492 7-TeMN) 596, 597 616, 617, 686–7 Tazhong Uplift, China 785, 787 tetramethylnaphthalene ratio (TeBR) 671, Tmax 627 TBR see trimethylnaphthalene ratio 672 vs. PMP 635 TCI see transmittance color index tetramethylnaphthalenes 670 TNH see 25, 28, 30-trisnorhopane TEHRGC see thermal extraction 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane see TNH/(TNH + hopanes) 619 high-reolustion gas pristane TNR see trimethylnaphthalene ratio chromatogram tetramethylsqualane 518, 519 TNS see 25,28,30-trinorhopane tektite 745 1,1,7,8-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4- Toarcian Shale, Europe 532, 535, 584, telalginite 779, 784, 785, 895 tetrahydrophenanthrene 617, 628, 828–30, 831, 972 teleost fish 737 591 Toarcian Shale, Madagascar 831 Tempisque Basin, Costa Rica 917 1,1,5,6-tetramethyltetralin 596 tobacco 539 Tent Island Formation, Canada 960 Thamama Group, Southern Gulf Basin Toca Formation, Africa 841 Termit Basin, Africa 837 860, 867 TOC see total organic carbon Terang-Sirasun Field, Indonesia therapod 737 tocopherols 500, 501 509 therapsids 733, 735 Todilto Formation, New Mexico 834 terminal addition 655 thermal gradient 650 toluene 653, 654, 658, 659, 828

Index 1153

TOM see total organic matter Triassic carbonates triple-sector mass spectrometer see triple Tomachi Formation, Bolivia 725, 801–2 Arabian Platform 824 quadrupole mass spectrometer Toolachee Formation, Australia 820, Swiss Alps 824 tripolblast bilateralians 718 821 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 744, 746, Tripoli Unit, Spain 957–8 Toolebuc Formation, Australia 738, 747 17α-trisnorhopane see Tm 905–7 Triassic mass extinction 743 17α-22,29,30-trisnorhopane see Tm torbanites 495, 517, 518, 520, 521, 597, Triassic mudrocks, Barents Sea 483, 615, 18α-trisnorhopane II see Ts 812 822 22,29,30-trisnor-17β-hopane 616 Torok Shale, U.S.A. 738, 826, 895, 897 Triassic paleo-plate reconstruction 734 25,28,30-trisnorhopane (TNH) 485, Torok-Nanushuk(.) 897 Triassic Period 733–5 561–3, 618–19, 678, 686, 687, 694 total acid number (TAN) 700–2 Triassic rift sequences, North America 18α-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane see Ts total ion chromatogram see reconstructed 824–5 Trombetas Formation, South America ion chromatogram Triassic source rocks 823, 825 723 total organic carbon (TOC, Corg) tricadinanes 547, 548 Ts (C27Ts or 18α-22,29, Agrio Formation 894–5 tricyclic biphytane 506 30-trisnorneohopane) 552, 553, Bakken Formation, North America tricyclic diterpanes 541–7, 552 555, 565, 581, 616, 686–7 804, 805 tricyclics/17α-hopanes 556, 615–16 TSF see total scanning ﬂuorescence Bazhenov Formation, West Siberia tricyclic terpanes (cheilanthanes) 485, Ts/hopane 617 536, 540, 889 552, 555–8, 591, 615, 662, 694, Ts/Tm see Ts/(Ts + Tm) Black Sea sediments 496 695, 696, 826, 927 Ts/(Ts + Tm) 616–17, 618, 686, 687 Greenhorn Cyclothem 902 age 490 tsunami 745 Jet Rock 892 extended tricyclic terpane ratio (ETR) Tucano-Reconcavoˆ Basin, South America Monterey Formation 945 558–9, 749 834 Paris Basin, Liassic 831 C22/C21 558 Tuna well, Australia 547, 624 Tyumen Formation, West Siberia 536 C23 tricyclic terpane/hopane 556 Tunu well, Mahakam Delta 481, 952, 953, Vaca Muerta 893 C24/C23 558 955 total petroleum system 751 C26/C25 487, 558, 559, 569 turbidites 851 TAPH see total polycyclic aromatic tricyclohexaprenane 555, 556 Turkmenistan 932 hydrocarbons tricyclohexaprenol 552, 556, 557 Turpan Basin, China 870, 871 TPP see tetracyclic polyprenoids tricyclooctaprenol 556 Turpan-Hami Basin, China trace fossils (ichnofossils) 717, 718 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid see gallic Tuscaloosa Formation, USA 881 tracheid 727 acid Tuwaiq/Hanifa-Arab Petroleum System tracheophytes 724, 726 trilete spore 727 755 Trafras Group, Brazil 768 trilobites 720, 721, 733, 745, 747 Tuwaiq Mountain Formation, Saudi training set 482 trimerophyte 727 Arabia 864, 865 Trans-Brazilian Shear 834 trimethylalkanes 493 Tuxedni Group, Alaska 833–4 transgression 748, 774, 777, 790, 864, trimethylbiphenyls 672 two-dimensional GC see gas 899, 905, 908 4,23,24-trimethylcholesterols 588 chromatography transgressive marine facies 837, trimethylchromans 485 two-dimensional NMR see nuclear 851 2,6,10-trimethyldodecane (see farnesane) magnetic resonance transgressive systems tract (TST) 481, 2,6,10-trimethyl-7-(3-methylbutyl)- Tynec well, Austria 538, 541, 566, 586 482, 484, 862, 909, 910, 956, 957 dodecane 502 type I 725 transpiration 725 trimethylnaphthalenes 597–9, 644, 670, type IS 946 trap 754 973, 974 type II 563, 725 Traralgon Formation, Australia 917 1,2,5-trimethylnaphthalene (TMN) 582, type IIS 563, 879, 885 Trenton-Black River Formation, 596, 597 type II/III 563 Michigan 722, 783, 785, 786 1,2,7-trimethylnaphthalene 597 type III 567, 642, 725, 730, 851 Trenton Group, North America 765, 1,3,6-trimethylnaphthalene 596 type curve see stable carbon isotope 784–5 trimethylnaphthalene depositional type-curve Trento Plateau, Italy 830 environment (TDE) ratios 597 Tyrannosaurus 737 triaromatic dinosteroids 588 trimethylnaphthalene ratio (TNR-1, Tyumen Formation, West Siberia 573, triaromatic (TA) steroids 586, 587, 632 TBR, TP-1) 644, 671, 672, 974 574 C26/C28Svs.C27/C28R 586 2,6,10-trimethylpentadecane see C26 20S/(20S + 20R) 634 norpristane Ucayali Basin, Peru 811, 812, 813, TA(I)/TA(I + II) 633–4 trinitrotoluene (TNT) 645 825 20S/(20S + 20R) 634 17β-trinorhopane 688 UCM see unresolved complex mixture Triassic Black Shale, Italy 593 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer 612 Ugut well, West Siberia 889

1154 Index

Uinta Basin, Utah 479, 523, 675, 921, Verkhne-Chonskaya Field, Eastern Wessex Basin, UK 648 926, 927 Siberia 767 West Belayim Field, Egypt 916 Uinta Formation, USA 479 Vermelha Formation, West Africa 853 Western Canada Basin 477, 591, 645, 801, ultralaminae 928 Vermilion Field, Louisiana 965 807–9, 832–3 Umbrian Basin, Italy 830, 831 Victorian brown coals (Traralgon Western Interior Seaway 899–904 Umiat-Simpson Oils 898 Formation) 917 West Greenland 580 Umir Formation, Colombia 549 Vienna Basin, Austria 538, 947 West Tevlin Field, Russia 888 underfilled lake 817, 837, 838, 839, 840, Vienna PDB see VPDB whales 74 844, 846, 858 Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water see Whitby Mudstone Formation, Port underground leakage see oil spills VSMOW Mulgrave area, Yorkshire, UK 892 UNESCO see United Nations Vietnam 938, 939 Whitehill Formation, South Africa 812 Educational Scientific and Viking Graben, North Sea 648, 814, 884 White Pine, Michigan 610, 766 Cultural Organization Villafortuna-Gaggiano Complex, Italy White Tiger Field, Vietnam see Bach Ho uniformitarianism 745 824 Field United Nations Educational, Scientific Villahermosa Area, Gulf of Mexico 879 Wilcox Formation, Gulf of Mexico 882 and Cultural Organization Ville Perdue Field, Paris Basin, France Wilkins Peak Member, USA 923, 924, (UNESCO) 928 833 946 unresolved complex mixture (UCM) 659, Villeta Formation, Colombia 738, 907, Williston Basin, North America 789, 667, 668 911, 913 796–7, 803, 806, 809 Upanema Member, Brazil 846 Vindhyan Basin, India 768 Wingayongo Seep, Tanzania 689, 690 Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia 907, Vinini Shale, USA 722, 777, 779, 789–90 Winnipeg Formation, North America 908, 910, 911, 913 violaxanthin see carotenoid 765, 783, 789, 805 Upper Zakum Field, United Arab Visayan Basin, Philippines 624, 626 Winnipegosis Formation, North America Emirates 864, 866 viscosity 659, 660, 662, 663 796–7, 804, 808 upwelling 492, 516, 721, 722, 789, 790, vitamin C 713 Wiriagar Well, Indonesia 529, 544 798, 814, 825 vitamin E 713 wire-frame projection see structural Peru 519, 930 vitrinite 573, 727 notation Ural Mountains 723 vitrinite reflectance (Ro in oil, Rr random, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa Ural Trough 740 or Rm mean) 609, 613, 618, 627, 763 uraninite 714, 755 642, 727, 753, 816, 822, 893, Womble Shale, USA 779 uranium 777, 905 894–5, 924 Woodbine Formation, East Texas 881 urea adduction 494 versus biomarker ratios 612 Woodford Shale, USA 725, 803, 805–6, ursanes 580, 697 versus dimethylnaphthalene ratio 807, 808, 812, 813 urs-12-ene 697, 699 (DNR) 643 Woodleigh Impact Crater, Australia 746, U-Shale Formation, Oman 771 versus methylnaphthalene ratio 747 US-Y molecular sieve see ultrastable-Y (MNR) 643 wood tar see pitch Utica Shale, USA 722, 723, 777, 779, versus methylphenanthrene index Wumishan Formation, China 772 785–8 (MPI) 642 volcanism 748 Xanthomonas 652 Vaalbara Supercontinent 712 Voltziales 551, 730 xanthones 672–4 Vaca Muerta Formation, Argentina 893, Vredefort impact structure, Kaapvaal 747 xanthophyll 522 894, 896 X-compounds see mid-chain vanadium 663 Wabasca heavy oil, Canada 645 monomethylalkanes vanadyl ion 604 Walcott Member, Kwagunt Formation, Xiaomeigou Formation, China 871 Van-Egan well, West Siberia 682, 683 Utah 771 Xinjiang Uygur, China 869–71, 872 Van Krevelen diagram Walvis Bay, West Africa 519, 595 xylenes 653, 659 modified 831, 870, 882, 934 Wancoocha Field, Australia 821 vaporizing injection see injection Warrawoona Group, Australia 712, 713, Yalco Formation, Australia 765 Vargner Ice Age 716 755 Yanshan Fold Belt, China 772 Varkesz´ o¨ crater, Hungary 948 Washakie Basin, USA 921 Yeoman Formation, Williston Basin varve 834 Wasia Group, Arabian Platform 867 765 vascular land plants see tracheophytes Wastach Formation, USA 479, 921 Yunnan Province, China 764 vascular system (tracheids) 725 Watchet, North Somerset, UK 531 Yurubchen-Tokhom Field, Eastern Vedreshev Formation, East Siberia water injection 649 Siberia 710, 719, 767, 769 768 water washing 658, 670, 702 Velkerri Formation, Australia 765, 766, weathering 725, 798 Zagros-Mesopotamia region 755, 763 767 Weiyuan gas field, China 772 Zagros Mountains, Iran 741, 859

Index 1155

Zakum Field, United Arab Emirates 867, Zechstein Basin, Germany zinc ore 825 869 Zechstein Formation, Germany Zingjingzigou Formation see Zala Basin, Hungary 947 814–17 Jingjingzigou Formation Zaonezhskaya Formation, Karalia, Russia Zeitz Formation, Germany 547 zircon 711 764 Zhungeer Basin, China see Junggar Zostera 489 Zdanice well, Czech Republic 538, 541, Basin zosterophyllophyte 727 566, 586, 636, 637 zigzag projection see structural ZSM-5 494 zeaxanthin see carotenoid notation zygote 726