Cambridge University Press 0521781582 - The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History, Second Edition K. E. Peters, C. C. Walters and J. M. Moldowan Index More information Index abietane 543, 600 Akata Formation, Niger Delta 573, alkyl esters 974 abietene 547 949–50, 951 alkylnaphthalenes 599, 670 abietic acid 552, 596 Akilia Island, Greenland 712 alkylphenols 670 abiogenic methane see methane akinete 796 2-alkylsteranes 532–3 abiotic origin of life 709 Akkas Formation, Iraq 791 3-alkylsteranes 532–3 abiotic oxidation 653 Akkas well, Iraq 791 alkyl-substitued alkanes 493–6 abiotic synthesis 601 Alagamar Formation, Brazil 846, 849 alkyltoluenes 600 abnormal pressure see overpressure Alagoas stage 835 Allen Hills meteorite (ALH84001), Abo Formation, USA 813 Alaska National Wildlife Refuge Antarctica 602, 980 Abu Durba seep, Gulf of Suez 915 (ANWR) 896 Allgau¨ Formation, Germany 591 accessory pigment see carotenoid Alberta Basin 968 Allison Guyot, Mid-Pacific Mountains accommodation 837–8 Alberta tar sands 658, 700 921 accretion disk hypothesis 709 Alberta Trough, Canada 832 alloxanthin (see carotenoid) acenaphthene 644 albertite 478 alluvial facies 924 acetate 646, 656, 657 Albinia Formation, Australia 770 Alpine Field, Alaska 826, 883 acetogenic bacteria (acetogens) 656 Albion-Scipio Field, Michigan 722 Alps, Europe 737, 741 acetyl-CoA (acetyl-coenzyme A) 650, 654, Alcaligenes 652 Al Shomou Formation (see Athel 711 Alcanar Formation, Spain 947, 948 silicilyte) acid gases (H2S and CO2) 649 Alexander the Great 934 Altamont-Bluebell Field, Utah 479, 925, acidic catalysis 630 algae 524, 716, 725, 777 927 acidic clay minerals 533 algaenan 520, 777, 780, 928 Alum Shale (Alunskieffer), Sweden 540, acidophilic alginite 923, 928, 936 720, 774, 777, 778 acid rain 746, 748 Aliambata Well, Indonesia 529, 544 Alunskieffer (see Alum Shale) Acinetobacter 652 alkadienes 517 Amadeus Basin, Australia 770, 783 acritarchs 531, 588, 714, 716, 785 alkaline facies 923 Amal well, Gulf of Suez 915 actinomycete 716 alkaline hydrolysis 539 Amazon Basin, South America 732, 802 Actinpterygii 724 alkalinity 533 Amborella 739 activating hydrocarbons 650 alkane Amino acids 711, 726 activation energy 814, 966 alkyl-substituted 493–6 Ammonifex 497 active source rock 976 branched (see isoalkane) ammonites 740 acyclic isoprenoids see isoprenoids degradation 651, 653, 659, 666, ammonoids 724, 732, 745 adamantanes 699–700 669 amphibians 724, 731, 744 Adiyaman region, Turkey 915, 917 macrocyclic 520–1 Amposta Field, Spain 507, 520, 947 Adriatic Basin 527, 535, 559, 613, 705, normal (see normal alkane) amyrin 547 977 alkatriene 517 amyrone 547 Adriatic Sea 630 alkylated benzenes 665, 670–2 Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma 604, 700, 806, aerobic biodegradation 651, 652, 658 alkylated monocyclic alkanes 667–8 808, 809, 810 aerobic degradation rate 650 alkylation 582 anaerobic aerobic respiration 713 alkylbenzenes 599, 653, 654, 670, activation 654 Agathis 550 672 biodegradation 653–6, 658, 667–8 Agbada Formation, Niger Delta 949–51 alkylbenzthiophenes 798 degradation rate 650 Agelas 495 alkylbiphenyls 665, 672 methane oxidation 507, 509, 511, age-related biomarkers 490–1, 493, 526, alkylcyclohexanes 668, 669, 767 656–7 541, 573, 588, 979, 980 alkyldibenzothiophenes 485, 798 Ancestral Rocky Mountains 731, 809 Aglaophyton 727 alkyldiphenylmethanes 665, 672 Andes, South America 735 Agrio Formation, Argentina 894–5 alk-1-enylbenzenes 599 Andic cycle 894–5 1132 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521781582 - The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History, Second Edition K. E. Peters, C. C. Walters and J. M. Moldowan Index More information Index 1133 angiosperms 491, 493, 547, 572–3, 577, archaeocyathid 720, 747, 749 asymmetric carbon atom 556 597, 617, 697, 699, 724, 729, 730, Archaeoglobus 648 Athabasca heavy oil, Canada 475, 645 736, 737, 738–9, 741, 942 Archaeopteris 728 Athabasca tar sand 544, 678 Angola Basin, Africa 850, 935 archaeopyle 714 Athel silicilyte (Al Shomou Formation) Anguille Formation, Gabon Basin 850 Archean Eon 711–14, 763 771, 772 anhydrite 487, 584, 946 Archean petroleum systems 755–64 atisane 490, 543, 551 animals 716–19, 744 archenteron 717 atisene 550 air-breathing 723 archeols 510, 511, 957, 961 Atlantic Ocean 736, 737, 738 anoxia 499, 500, 561, 725, 744, 748, 749, archosaurs 733 atmospheric pressure chemical ionization 750, 774, 814, 892 Ardennes 723 (APCI) 603, 605 anoxic see anoxia Ardjuna Basin, Indonesia 931 Atoka limestone, USA 732 anoxic carbonate 569 Ardmore Basin, Oklahoma 604, 700 atomic H/C 777 Antarctica 740, 742 Åre (Hitra) Formation, Norway 827–8 atomic H/C vs. O/C see van Krevelen Antares Field, Alaska 826, 827 argon 749, 750 diagram anteisoalkanes 493 Arkoma Basin, USA 809 atomic S/C 563 Antelope Shale, California 679 armored fish 721 Austin Chalk, USA 882 Antes Shale see Utica Shale Aroh well, Niger Delta 950 Austral Basin, Argentina 894 Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) 726 aromatic derivatives of the fernane/ authigenic carbonate 510 anthracene 834 arborane series 592–3 automated data inquiry for oil spills see oil anthrasteroids 586 aromatic dinosteroids 490 spills anthraxolite 478 aromatic hopanoids 580 autoscale preprocessing 480 antioxidant 500 aromatic hydrocarbon UCM see autotroph 711 Antofagasta Province, Chile 688 unresolved complex mixture Avalonia 722 Antrim Shale, USA 803 aromatic hydrocarbons (aromatics) 477, Avile´ Member, Argentina 895 ANWR see Alaska National Wildlife 594, 596 Azerbaijan 932 Refuge aromatic pseudo-reactions 975 Azile Formation, Gabon 849, 852 apatite 712 aromatic steroids 665, 698–9, 798 apatite fission track 686, 752 aromatization 582, 586, 612 Bachaquero Field, Venezuela 911 Apex Chert, Australia 712 aromatization-isomerization (AI) diagram Bach Ho Field, Vietnam 648, 939, 940 API gravity 619, 631, 641, 658, 659, 660, 968 Bachu Uplift, China 785 662, 663, 666, 706, 707 aromatized C31 8(14)-secohopanoid 588 Bacillus 649, 652 see also American Petroleum Institute Arrhenius constants (see rate constants) bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) 815, Appalachian Basin, USA 803, 805 Arrhenius equation 968 946 Appalachian Mountains, USA 731 Arrhenius plot 967 bacteriochlorophyll Apsheron Peninsula, South Caspian 648 Arthrobacter 681 a and b 499 Apulian Block, Mediterranean 830, 831 Arthropleura 731 d 605, 606 Apure Basin, South America 907, 908 Arthur Creek Formation, Australia 774, bacteriohopanepolyols 552, 588 aquifer 702 777 bacteriohopanetetrol 552, 566 Aquifex 497 aryl isoprenoids (trimethylbenzenes) 485, bacterivorous ciliates 576 Aquinet Ouernine (see Tanezzuft Shale) 593, 780, 781, 798, 801, 811 Baghewala well, India 500, 530, 566, 567, Arab D, Saudi Arabia 860, 864 Ashgill mass extinction 743, 749 772 Arabian Basin 855, 859 Asmari Limestone, Iran 929 Bahamas Basin, Florida 879 Arabian Plate 855 Aspen Shale, USA 900 Bahia Sul Basin, Brazil 847 Arabian Platform 859, 860, 861, 862 asphalt Baikalian tectonic event 768 Ara Group, Oman 526, 771 Madagascar 680 Bakken Shale, USA 477, 803–5 Aramachay Formation, Peru 825 Malagasy 675, 685 Bakr Field, Saudi Arabia 864, 865 Arang Formation, Natuna Sea 941 asphaltenes 477, 479, 658 Baku, South Caspian 934, 935 Araripe Basin, South America 834 asphaltite 907 balanced-fill lake 817, 837, 838, 840, 844, Araucariaceae 550, 551, 596, 600 Asri Basin, Sumatra 939 845, 846, 858, 923 arborinone 577 assemblage A 779, 780, 783, 784, 788 Balcones Shale, Peru 930 archaea 497, 498, 499, 511, 599, 647, 656 assemblage B 779, 780, 788 Balikpapan Formation, Mahakam Delta lipids 503, 504–5, 506 Assiniboine Member, Favel Formation, 950–7 archaeal acids 505–6 Canada 903 Balingian Delta, Borneo 942 archaeal alcohols 505–6 Asteroxylon 727 Baltica 715, 719, 720, 722, 723, 730 archaeal lipids 928 Astrosclera 495 Bambui Formation, Brazil 768 archaebacteria see archaea Asuka-881458 see carbonaceous Banded Iron Formation (BIF) 712, 714 Archaefructus 572, 739 chondrite Banff Formation, Canada 803 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521781582 - The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History, Second Edition K. E. Peters, C. C. Walters and J. M. Moldowan Index More information 1134 Index bangiophyte 716 benzo(e)pyrene 746 biomarker maturation index (BMAI) Bangladesh Basin 920, 922 benzo[g,h,i]perylene 746 629–30 Banuwati Shale, Sumatra 939 benzohopanes 588, 798 biomarkers (biological markers, molecular Baragwanathia 727 benzoic acids 702 or chemical fossils) 476 Baram Delta, Borneo 942 benzoperylene 602, 750 age-related 490–3, 980 Barents Sea, Norway 483, 648 benzopyrene 750 extraterrestrial 980–2 Barentsia 722 benzothiophenes 485, 562, 672 oldest indigenous 714 Barinas Basin, Peru 908 benzothiophenic acids 653 Proterozoic rocks 765 Barnett Shale, USA 813 benzoyl-CoA (benzoyl-coenzyme A) source-dependent 476 Barney Creek Formation, Australia 765, 654 taxon-specific 491 766, 767 benzylsuccinate 654 biomass 504–5, 725, 729, 730, 749, 764 Barreirinha Formation, South America benzylsuccinic acids 702 biomineralization 716 725, 802 Bering Land Bridge 743 biopolymer 517, 548 Barreirinhas Basin, South America 837 Beryl Complex, North Sea 884 bioremediation 662 barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) 756–7 Beta Field, California 563 biosphere 647 Barrow Arch, Alaska 826 betulinic acid 580 biosurfactant 646 Barrow-Dampier Basin, Australia 874 betulins 572, 580 biotic see biogenic Barrow-Prudhoe oil family 826 beyerane 490, 543–51 biphenyl