Rapid Survey and Control of Target Weeds in the Kilmore-East Murrindindi Complex South Fire-Ground

Rapid survey and control of target weeds in the Kilmore-East Murrindindi Complex South Fire-ground

Prepared for the Department of Sustainability and Environment

Kathy Himbeck & Richard Francis

Report 1099, Version 1.0 May 2011

Abzeco Pty Ltd. Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street, Eltham, Vic. 3095 T:(03) 9431‐5444 F:(03) 9431‐5443 ABN 66 967 834 756 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011

Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...... 4 1 Summary ...... 5 2 Introduction ...... 6 3 Background...... 7 4 Project Description...... 8 4.1 Study Area...... 8 4.1.1 Kinglake National Park...... 8 4.1.2 Paul’s Range State Forest ...... 9 4.1.3 Maroondah Catchment ...... 9 4.1.4 O’Shannassy Catchment...... 9 4.1.5 Containment Lines...... 10 Figure 1. Extent of study area for the Kilmore-East Murrindindi South Fire Ground...... 11 Figure 2. Extent of study area at Sugar Loaf Block, showing roads and creeks surveyed for target weeds ...... 12 Figure 3. Extent of the study area at Everard Block, showing roads and creeks surveyed for target weeds...... 13 Figure 4. Extent of study area at Paul’s Range State Forest, showing the roads and creeks surveyed for target weeds...... 14 Figure 5. Extent of study area in the Maroondah Catchment, showing the roads and creeks surveyed for target weeds ...... 15 Figure 6. Extent of study area in the O’Shannassy Catchment, showing the roads and creeks surveyed for target weeds ...... 16 Figure 7. Extent of Containment Lines surveyed in the Kinglake region, showing the properties impacted...... 17 Figure 8. Extent of the Containment Lines surveyed at Platts Creek and Brittania Range...... 18 4.2 Target weeds ...... 19 5 Methodology ...... 20 5.1 Survey parameters...... 20 Table 1. Matrix for the determination of Spatial Priority Score (SPS)...... 21 Table 2. Matrix for determination of Feasibility of Control Score (FCS) ...... 22 5.2 Control techniques ...... 23 5.3 Restrictions...... 24 6 Results...... 26 Table 3. List of weed species recorded during the rapid survey and their environmental status (including Regionally Controlled weeds ‘C’ as list under the CaLP Act, 1994) ...... 26 6.1.1 Kinglake National Park...... 27

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6.1.2 Paul’s Range State Forest ...... 28 6.1.3 Maroondah Catchment ...... 28 6.1.4 O’Shannassy Catchment...... 29 6.1.5 Containment Lines...... 29 Figure 9. Rapid survey of target weeds within Sugarloaf Block, Kinglake...... 31 Figure 10. Rapid survey of target weeds within Everard Block, Kinglake...... 32 Figure 11. Rapid survey of target weeds within Paul’s Range State Forest...... 33 Figure 12. Rapid survey of target weeds within Maroondah Catchment, Yarra Ranges National Park...... 34 Figure 13. Rapid survey of target weeds within O’Shannassy Catchment, Yarra Ranges National Park...... 35 Figure 14. Rapid survey of target weeds within Private Property Containment Lines, Kinglake...... 36 Figure 15. Rapid survey of target weeds within Platts Creek Containment Lines...... 37 7 Discussion...... 38 8 Recommendations ...... 40 9 References...... 42 Appendix 1 List of State-wide Prohibited and Victorian Alert Weeds that require to be controlled in theKilmore-East Murrindindi Compex South Fire-ground...... 43 Appendix 2. Very High Risk and High Risk Weeds as listed in the Advisory List of Environmental weeds of the Ranges bioregions of Victoria...... 44 Appendix 3. Weed species recorded in the study area, showing the number of infestations recorded for each survey area...... 46 Appendix 4. Weed species recorded in the study area from the point data, showing the number of individuals recorded for each survey area...... 48 Appendix 5A & B. Weed species recorded in the study area from the polyline and polygon data...... 50 Appendix 6. Combined list of weed species present in each of the survey areas within the study area...... 51

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Acknowledgements The Abzeco field staff that were involved with the project included Dan Young, Justin Pegg, Karl Just, Ben Hodgens, Mim Grundy, Bradley Jenner, Darren Callaway and Kathy Himbeck. Through the LaTrobe University, cadetship three eager students provided valuable assistance in making the work load a little bit easier including Stuart Campbell, Rohan Ball and Ben Hodgens. A huge thanks to all those that clambered down the steep gullies, fought along beautiful yet extremely dense and energy sapping creeklines, emerging hours later at the other end. Your efforts throughout the project were greatly appreciated. Thanks to ‘Weed Needs’ who assisted with the weed control aspect of the project, particularly in Paul’s Range and Maroondah with, at times, very little notice depending on the weather. Cover photo: The remains of a stand of Mountain Ash Eucalyptus regnans, resembling dead sticks in a sea of thick regrowth in the middle of the O’Shannassy Catchment. Photo: Kathy Himbeck.

Page 4 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011

1 Summary The Department of Sustainability and Environment commissioned Abzeco Pty Ltd, in December 2010, to undertake a rapid survey and control of all State‐wide Prohibited weeds, Victorian Alert weeds, Tutsan and Very High Risk and High Risk Weeds within the Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex South Fire‐ground. Locations and specific details regarding each infestation are to be presented to DSE. This report provides the results of the rapid survey, details the methodology and discusses recommendations. The project commenced on the 7th of December 2010 with surveys in the Everard Block, Kinglake National Park. Weed surveys progressed to Sugarloaf Block, Kinglake, moving then to Paul’s Range State Forest, Maroondah Catchment and finishing in O’Shannassy Catchment on the 29th of April 2011. During the 5 month survey period over 1900 hours in 90 days of field work were completed. A total of 48 weed species were recorded across the entire study area. Of the 48 species recorded during the rapid survey, 20 are listed as Very High Risk and six are High Risk. No species listed as State‐wide Prohibited weeds or Victorian Alert weeds were recorded. Ten species recorded are listed as Regional Prohibited weeds. Most of the other weeds recorded, but not listed, are woody weeds that are considered high threat environmental weeds. Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate was the most prominent species recorded across the study area, present in every survey area, and greatly exceeding all other species in number. Drain flat‐sedge *Cyperus eragrostis and Foxglove *Digitalis purpurea were also key species that recorded high numbers of infestations and individuals. In consultation with DSE and Parks Victoria, Abzeco created a defined set of parameters. The location of each infestation was mapped as a point, polyline or polygon depending on the size of the infestation. A range of information for each infestation was also collected including date, type of access, severity of burn, number of individuals, Spatial Priority Score, estimated number of hours of control and Feasibility of Control Score. A range of control techniques were used to control the weeds mapped in Paul’s Range State Forest and survey areas within Maroondah and O’Shannassy Catchments. These included hand weeding, spraying of herbicide and ‘cut & paint’ or a combination of all three depending on the size of the infestation, individual plant and its location in the landscape. Control through careful spraying of specific herbicide was the most common technique used as it achieved the best results for the infestation and met the requirements of the project. Large woody weeds were predominately controlled using the cut & paint method.Weeds are colonising species that respond well to disturbance events such as wildfires, presenting opportunities for dispersal and establishment, potentially into areas that support high biodiversity values. To protect these assets it is recommended that the survey of burnt areas and control of weeds should be conducted within the first two years. Depending on post weather conditions in those following two years, regeneration of the forest can impede not only the ability to see the weeds but the dense growth can greatly slow the traversal along pathways such as creek lines and walking tracks, eating into available funds and time frame set aside for control.

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2 Introduction In December 2010, the Department of Sustainability and Environment commissioned Abzeco Pty Ltd to undertake a rapid survey and control all State‐wide Prohibited weeds, Victorian Alert weeds, Very High and High Risk Weeds and Tutsan within the Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex South Fire‐ground. The land was subject to intense bushfires in February 2009, otherwise referred to as Black Saturday. This report is intended to outline the method of survey and control undertaken to successfully complete the project to the required specifications and time frame. It provides results of the rapid weed survey which are outlined and presented in figures and tables. The report also provides information on key management guidelines that may improve the response to weed control in the event of other wildfires or control fuel reduction burns.

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3 Background In February 2009, otherwise known as Black Saturday, bushfires burnt 430,000 hectares of land throughout Victoria, of which 99,831 hectares comprises the Kilmore East‐Murrindini Complex South Fire. It has been reported that overall, the area burned within the Kilmore East‐Murrindindi Complex South Fire experienced the whole array of fire intensity , with large areas of moderate to high fire intensity. Most of the fire in the upper elevations include a mosaic pattern of burnt area interspersed with patches of unburnt, while some of the lower elevations burned cleaner due to fine fuel loading including grasses. There were many areas throughout the fire with moderate to high burn severity as well, especially the Kinglake side of the fire. Weeds are colonising species that respond well to disturbance events such as wildfires, presenting opportunities for dispersal and establishment. The disturbance caused by bushfires can stimulate rapid growth of weed species due to germination of seeds in the soil whilst there is minimal competition from native plants. Particular species, both indigenous and weeds, respond well following a fire event. Fire suppression activities resulted in the creation of 3,400 kilometres of containment lines, with approximately 1,600 kilometres on public land and 1,800 kilometres on private land (DSE, 20100. Methods used to suppress fires, such as bulldozers creating fire containment lines, can cause weed seeds to germinate, introduce and disperse weed seeds into formerly weed‐free areas, increasing the infestation. The establishment of these new weeds can cause localised extinctions of threatened native plants; especially those which do not have widespread distribution. Fire also has the potential to locally eliminate or destroy weeds since much of the propagules source will be killed. As disturbance from fire and fire suppression activities can increase the risk of post‐fire weed invasion which can threaten high value biodiversity assets, DSE formulated the Strategic Weed Control Project. The project was funded by the Victorian and Commonwealth Governments through the Natural Values Fire Recovery Program as part of the ‘Rebuilding Together’ – Statewide Recovery Plan. The Strategic Weed Control Project aims to reduce the negative impact of weeds on biodiversity, threatened plants and ecosystems after fire. The project involves three key actions: • Identification of high risk locations for new weeds (areas within the Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex South Fire‐ground) • Survey and monitoring of high‐risk locations • Control of weeds, via chemical, manual and other methods. Ecological Vegetation Classes (EVC’s) particularly susceptible to environmental weed invasion include Riparian Forest, Plains Grassy Woodland, Grassy Woodland, Creekline Grassy Woodland, Floodplain Riparian Woodland, Wetland Formation, Mixed Forest, Herb‐rich Foothill Forest, Valley Grassy Forest and Grassy Dry Forest. DSE have reported that Cool Temperate Rainforest and riparian habitats are particularly at risk from weed invasion following the Black Saturday fires, especially blackberries and other weeds, due to control measures leaving extensive areas of disturbed soil within these habitats.

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4 Project Description The requirements of the project were to systematically survey and record the locations of and to control any State‐wide Prohibited weeds, Victorian Alert weeds, Tutsan and any Very High Risk (VHR) and High Risk (HR) weed infestations in the Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex South Fire‐ground and along any potential pathways of weed spread. All roads and 4 wheel driveable track networks were to be surveyed except in any areas already mapped for weeds. While in the field all incidental observations of other species, in particular listed flora or fauna species of conservation significance, will also be made.

4.1 Study Area The study area comprises only the burnt sections of specific areas within Kinglake National Park and in the Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex South Fire‐ground. The different portions of the study area are described in more detail below. All roads and 4 Wheel driveable tracks that were visible were surveyed within each area, except for high traffic, sealed roads that did not allow for weed survey and control to be conducted safely (eg. Kinglake Road and Marysville‐Woods Point Rd). Most of the study area falls within the Port Phillip and Western Port Catchment Management Authority with a small section of the Everard block in Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority. DSE’s Biodiversity Interactive Map1 was used to provide much of the detail in this section.

4.1.1 Kinglake National Park The survey conducted in Kinglake National Park included sections west of Melba Highway and south of the Whittlesea‐Kinglake Road, specifically Everard and Sugarloaf Blocks. Weed infestations of the target species were mapped along all roads and major watercourses within Everard and Sugarloaf Blocks, not extending further south than Butterman’s Track. No control was required to be undertaken in these areas unless the infestation was minimal and effective control was accomplished through hand weeding (ie one small Patterson’s Curse *Echium plantagineum (C) was controlled on Mt Everard Track, Everard Block). Everard Block Everard Block is situated 43km NE of Melbourne in the south‐east section of Kinglake, just west of the Melba Highway, and is notable for Jehosaphat Gully with its lush, cool ferns. Everard supports one picnic area (Jehosaphat Gully) and two walking tracks. Due to the Black Saturday fire, some vehicle and walking tracks were not accessible and not able to be surveyed. Figure 2 shows the areas that were surveyed, including creeks and roads, including roads that were not surveyed. Kinglake township is located on the NW portion of the block with two major roads, Heidelberg‐ Kinglake Road in the NW corner and Healesville‐Kinglake Road through the NE corner, transecting the block. Sugarloaf Block Situated 42km NE of Melbourne, in the central western portion of Kinglake National Park, Sugarloaf Block supports three picnic areas (including the cascading Masons Falls), two lookouts and several walking tracks. Due to the Black Saturday fire some vehicle and walking tracks and other areas were not accessible or were difficult to locate so they were unable to be surveyed.

1 http://mapshare2.dse.vic.gov.au/MapShare2EXT/imf.jsp?site=bim Page 8 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011

The townships of Kinglake West and Strathewen are situated to the north and south, respectively, with the Whittlesea‐Kinglake Road running approximately 2km north of the survey area.

4.1.2 Paul’s Range State Forest Paul’s Range State Forest is managed by DSE, located 51km NE of Melbourne and just east of the Melba Highway. There are limited roads within Paul’s Range with many of them being restricted access to the general public. The relative proximity to Melbourne has made Paul’s Range popular with many interest groups including hunters. The southern section of Paul’s Range in particular is very popular with trail bike riders and walkers. Many illegal tracks have been created by the trail bikes to such a destructive extent that tracks were forced to be closed to enable rehabilitation works to proceed. The vegetation within Paul’s Range is predominately a mix of dry sclerophyll vegetation types within the Highlands Southern Fall bioregion. Many of the roads within Paul’s Range were 4 Wheel drive accessible only. Roads and nominated creeks were surveyed and controlled. Figure 4 shows the areas that were surveyed, including the creeks and roads, and the roads that were not surveyed. The township of Toolangi is situated just to the north with the Healesville‐Kinglake Road running through the middle of the survey area.

4.1.3 Maroondah Catchment The survey area is within Yarra Ranges National Park and is part of a larger catchment managed by Melbourne Water, DSE and Parks Victoria, supporting the Maroondah Reservoir. The Maroondah Reservoir is a closed catchment with very restricted access to the public and is about 62km ENE from Melbourne with a total catchment area of 10,400 ha.2 The catchment is situated east of Healesville with the Maroondah Highway running through it and Paul’s Range State Forest abutting the boundary to the west. The catchment supports very high quality Wet Forest with Cool Temperate Rainforest in some of the drainage lines. The steep and mountainous catchment is covered by 70% forest including Mountain Ash Eucalyptus regnans and Alpine Ash E. delegatensis with areas of dry sclerophyll forest supporting Messmate E. obliqua. Prior to Black Saturday in 2009, fire had been excluded from the catchment for about 70 years (last fire in 19393) creating a mature forest. About 75% of the Maroondah Reservoir catchment was burnt. Figure 5 shows the study area, the areas surveyed, including creeks and roads, and the roads that were not surveyed.

4.1.4 O’Shannassy Catchment The O’Shannassy survey boundary falls within the Yarra Ranges National Park and Armstrong Creek State Forest to the east. It is part of a larger catchment managed by Melbourne Water, DSE and Parks Victoria, supporting the O’Shannassy Reservoir. The O’Shannassy Reservoir is a closed catchment with very restricted access to the public and is about 76km ENE from Melbourne with a total catchment area of 11,900 ha.2 The catchment is situated south of Marysville and north of Warburton. The catchment supports pristine Wet Forest with Cool Temperate Rainforest in most of the drainage lines. The survey area supports vegetation within Highlands Southern Fall and

2www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water_storages/water_supply/water_distribution/maroondah_reserv oir.asp?bhcp=1

3www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water_storages/bushfires_in_catchments/bushfires_in_catchments.as p Page 9 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011

Victorian Alps bioregions. The gullies are extremely steep and covered with a high percentage of Mountain Ash E. regnans and Messmate E. obliqua forests. Prior to Black Saturday in 2009, fire had been excluded from the catchment for about 70 years (last fire in 19392) creating a mature forest. About 93% of the O’Shannassy Reservoir catchment was burnt. Figure 6 shows the study area, the areas surveyed, including creeks and roads, and the roads that were not surveyed.

4.1.5 Containment Lines As requested by Parks Victoria and DSE, specific containment lines that either impacted on adjoining private property or Yarra Range State Forest were surveyed. Kinglake Several landholders adjoining and in the vicinity of Sugarloaf and Everard Blocks, Kinglake National Park were impacted by fire suppression activities as a result of the Black Saturday fires. Containment lines impacted on many properties supporting a range of vegetation types of various quality, within the Highlands Southern Fall bioregion, including Grassy Dry Forest, Valley Grassy Forest, Herb‐rich Foothill Forest, Riparian Forest and Gully Woodland. On some properties the containment line only impacted on paddocks, but as there is still the threat of spreading undesirable weeds, all sections of the containment line considered for survey were checked. Figure 7 shows a guideline to the location of the containment line. Platts Creek The fire known as Brittania Ridge‐Platts Creek, although 12 km south of the main fire, was recorded to have started on the 9th February 2009. The fire burnt 360 ha of Yarra State Forest that supports various vegetation types in Highlands Southern Fall bioregion, including Damp Forest, Wet Forest and Shrubby Foothill Forest. The Platts Creek burn is situated approximately 9km SE of Warburton. Figure 8 shows the location of the containment. Brittania Range The fire known as Brittania Range is associated with the Black Saturday fires even though it occurred 14.5km south of the main fire. The fire burnt 16ha of Yarra State Forest that supported predominately Damp Forest vegetation within the Highlands Southern Fall bioregion. The Brittania Range burn is situated approximately 2.5km NE of Gladysdale and 6.7km SE of Yarra Junction. Figure 8 shows the location of the containment.

Page 10 of 52 Figure 1. Extent of Rapid Target Weed Survey area in the Kilmore-East Murrindindi Complex South Fire-ground

346 H

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HEATHMONT E Dandenong Ranges National Park 2.5 1.25 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 S 305 FireV CERoMnONtrTol Line 2009R VERMONT Dandenong Ranges National Park THREE BRIDGES Kilometers O FOREST HILWL ater BodByAYSWATER336 D Abzeco Pty. Ltd LGA_1994z55 Date created: 30th May 2011 Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Victorian Bioregion Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Ph 03 9431 5444 Scale 1:175,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig?OShannassyRecords Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 2. Extent of study area in Sugarloaf Block, Kinglake National Park, showing roads and creeks surveyed

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E R UNNAM L ED E U N L A P T R T E S A D B N U W E E D B E D EV IA M N M G D W TIO U A D N UNNAM E E O ED R I L N R B D R M O R G A N C B A HA G O H RD O Y U A S N WKI O S O NS D N N A W N NU L O U WH MBE L K IT O R D TLE TWO C C SE S MERVY REE R A N K O A - KI M R N H OYA L G L G L O AK T B E I Highlands - Northern Fall H CURR E AJ T ONG

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N R R K L THE C P RES N E S T E U D U E E E K S K U M JO M N A YC IT U N N E HS N A N G N M U D A L U M E HIL LL E E D E Y D Y E M R D E

T A L NE B ED E O N U M D T A M T D N N E D G E N ULF A R U E

U M E M UN S N A NA M M S N M E C N D D T S A A O F U E T N A N U T A D N M I N H N D L N A S Y NO E M A E U E G E U A D E M M D N L N M I A E L N W M A D A A N U M E V L N M L G A N A IBBS A N N N Y C U E N U P U P N A U H R N HEN UNNA O A BERTS 1 0.5 0 1 D2ERSON 3 MED E

D Kilometers

Legend Date created: 30th May 2011 Abzeco Pty. Ltd Creeks Checked Creeks Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Roads not surveyed Roads Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Roads surveyed Pauls Range/Maroondah Catchment Ph 03 9431 5444 Victorian Bioregion File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_Weed www.abzeco.com.au MappingFig3Everard Scale 1:40,000

Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 5. Extent of study area at Paul's Range State Forest, showing roads and creeks surveyed.

S M Y

A G E

G S Y A N CASTELLA A E L L

U V

R I K IA N O P C K

S O C U A R R S N E T N E C E K A L U L M A N HEA E LESVIL N LE- D K A ED INGLAKE UNNAM M D E U E M N U D A N N D A N N M A O N E M O U D E W D N E U L NN G AM ED Highlands - Northern Fall U TOOLANGI NNAME K D E E R C S S Y E R L R R O I E E C G UN RIV AN H N EA OL C AM Y TO E LD D O K SMITHS UNNAMED S

E UNNAMED Y

E D L

R V I X D

E C I A M O A N N S N U C

S P U R I

U C

N L O E C S A L I L E

N E I R P L S K A

H C E L R M

E P E E D E K E K E D M A N B N R N O E C U K W S UNNAMED UNNAMED MCKAY MCKAY P U C U R N H U NN N U AM ED A M M

C E D R

E D E E D M E K A AM N N SYLVIA CREEK N N U U

U N ED N M NA A UN M U E N D N D A E M M E A D TOOLANGI N N U W EA SE L C L RE E E O K N MO Paul's Ranges State Forest NDA

U M N Y N

E A

R M

UNN S E AME D D

U S

N C N R A E D M W E E OO E DNOO M K K A D N N Highlands - Southern Fall U

L O

W AMED E UNN U D S NN E AM M E A D N K N

E U

H E

E R

A D

T E JOSHUA U H

M M N

U A N

H N A

C N M

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D L U UNNAME NN O A D ME U D ST JOH N NS N A M E U D NN AM ED O BEA D LD TOO CHS E LANG M U I A N Y N L N L N UN A U U NA M ME E PI G D NNACLE D DIXONS CREEK G UNN UN N AME NAME O RS D D P L E A CU OG U NN R U L IN D NNA S G CHUM CREEK E MED H AM AM N UN LO RIMERS

K A E B L E E R D K M C E M E A Y N E N L S U R R L HU C T U AR

S G WI D LLS L E G M U D A N N A E N P O M U L A N N D U

E 0.5 0.25 0 0.5 1 1.5 M DS A O Kilometers KWO N BLAC

N U N UNNAMED U A N INSW A OR Legend M TH E A D S R E Paul's Range State FBoOrest Survey Area G KA L TTING D Y U S D N ME O Creeks surveyed NA H Y WALT UN A Roads surveyed ERS Target Area Date created: 30th May 2011 Abzeco Pty. Ltd Creeks Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Roads Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Bioregions Ph 03 9431 5444 National Park Boundaries File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_ www.abzeco.com.au Scale 1:32,000 WeedMappingPaulsRange Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 5. Extent of study area in the Maroondah Catchment , showing the roads and creeks surveyed for target weeds.

K UN G M NAMED E R O D U E M D X A L E R E E D O R P L N Y U B M R R H D U C M E A C L D C T A N A O S N O R N D I A O O O E N M O A S N K R C N E U G A N O N M H K L N E D C A N A C N A N N U U I E I K N U M N N M U N H A N R A K S N M P E D D E E E C D E I U D I M X K D L Y R A R M L N D E D U E O Y N I E N R V U M D O A M W C A E N R N A F N

E Y R R U C H H W K E D E E I T T Victorian Alps M O C C H R E F E H T E R O M K O I U S R U E S H M L M D D P

5 R H C I B S C 2 IT O L E D S M R R A E M L A D G R D G E O E E C N D A E O K A E L D M C H L E O W L D E K A K A R E A C M R D N L C N R I H E E C A D K U M R

N O M A C I E H NN N E N T K C U U M R G N E S R U N N R E A E

N U E N O K A E M N D E K N D U E

M R A I V N D N

E E E JOSHUA N M R U E U K A N T N E N H R N S E A I E T AT M U D R H H Highlands - Northern Fall J E C T O E U C D N H D NA E

M M N U R O D E E D E S N D L NAM M A O N N A T U BE A N R A N R C A T H O S N A Y E O N M N D R M U N P A E U R 1 EA A D T 2 D G U S G K OGER M N E R I U E L H E ER R E A C S N W U I O S G E N D L L N N N NG H I U N T A O N A C O T K N M S M A M R R E M 0 E G A M S Y E ORLEY C R 2 E RE U E E EK U D M N H E D D N I D R E R T R D R M N T A O O A ME K R C A S K L A N T O UN A EY C R E M Y D W O A L E L E R K B I L E T N D Victorian Alps DS R G O K H U O E KW R C C I LA K E R G B N O E A A E D E C T T E R UR A N O M G R Y F O R A L AD N D O N N C R O N N T K U 1 I U AY TR W O E A N 2 C 1 D N H T FA H R RM I L O 1 D S Y O T O W P D E A A S N F C A O S W G 9 M O N H E O C W 4 A D U U W O S R R AL L R T D ERS WHE O M TAY LANS D E A LOR H C E E R M O E A K REE U N R ROAD TH N E E N R N K K U 7 D O P A MAROONDAH RESERVOIR M A S 1 E OSQ A A M L FFER D UIT D CHA IU A M O CR U E A G L O EE Victorian Alps D R E K F N 5 V L I N E D R F I I O N 1 E S N D F N NE U IV A K L R T R LY O - S S D C W T R O EIR AT Y R E A R W A T C O L E L S O R G D A S L Y D O X E I ERONS E E AM I C R S H L A L E Y

E E E D V N

R L K W N A R L 1 I L R VE 5

S T E M BE V O U F S H C S AH R E

A V N AN D T

T Y N D E I L R A G O O L I L T O

L E T L N R O Yarra Ranges National Park M L A H E E C M A

I G O A E

E C G N W L I

G A D E O H E L N U E R L D U H IV H L P O U F C M L C O LA E O O J P E Highlands - Southern Fall D B S L A A V H U L E D GRACE BURN CREEK G I W R M R S D E RIV E O T U A R E E H I AUBURN W RO N N H G C E A M T U A H R N D N N R S A D N K E Y IX A

U E T E N N S E S S K F A N R M I N M M F M A M D E R U A V E I D OAD E A T SE M D VEN N D O A H LALORS D A D N N O O N N O A O U S E R U U D P N

T M N E I Y N C Y L A

E O T A YARRA RIVER R L I N DONALD N M A N E LS E R R D E L O E N I D H ID E J R I R H D N T IE Y U O U L T A N M A N AIR L D Victorian Alps NA Y I O D M A E ER R FO E A D O R V T RI C O R R A T E O T RR R OV Y A N R Y E AN EK T E H E W K T R O ER C U LB Y S A CHALET N N L IN N L N E A A IC M W PICANINNY CREEK B P X LUEG E UM A EK MAROONDAH D K WEIR GER CRE D M RA ER BAD A R ADG R E B B O E G A M D CORANDERRK LAKE G A T A PUNEH GULLY CREEK W K D R O E N D P E E A N U N M N E A B O N SKYE R U N O C R N

O O O K U H C K D

ED A R M UNNA UNNA T G G W MED A O Victorian Alps D R T A U N

S O 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 O E

P L L A

F D

N E L T U R

B Y O A E E E B S L Kilometers C SPRING W U O

D B D SPRING L B R A I O R Y O N D R E D N E NAME

H G E N UN H

A G G W Y K O M PIN N U E C D N R Y N O D MY A UNN E ON RT D M AME E R LE UN UNNAMED E D K A R C NA U AM E IV RE ME N N D E EK D N UN R DONN A Legend A BUA M NG E D Maroondah Survey Area Target area Victorian Bioregion DONNA BUANG Abzeco Pty. Ltd Date created: 30th May 2011 Tracks NOT surveyed Water Body National Park Boundaries Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Creeks surveyed Roads Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Ph 03 9431 5444 Roads surveyed Creeks Scale 1:70,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig5Maroondah

Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 6. Extent of study area in the O'Shannassy Catchment, showing roads and creeks surveyed for target weeds.

K N U E D O UNN R U N P E AME P O M D T N N L L H R D M N A E A M C M O IL A A M R N L A S SVILLE R M B N MARY E E N TR O U E C O E E E O N EK A N D N R U RE O K A C S M D W M LD I B U E T M NO N S A D I AR O R OU R S S B D T M O E W R H ED A C D R N A TOMMYS BEN R M T O U E R S A H E T N N K G L N R N E R M K E IV E N C A A U BIG R

W U K E E A L V N E R L I P L E C M I L S D B Y K A L N N M R S L E Y C M O S A O E D D O T R N R L P N C I Victorian Alps U S LANT U N O S A R L U TIO E R E N O N The roads that were not surveyeN d included: I O X I N E P V Y E P H S L V A A T L E E Highlands - Northern Fall NDE M A K E B S R E R SO C K I R R N E N N Y E N N S A D - grown over and not accessible I A E A C D A N L O B R O R E N E M J D C E G A M - main roads that safety co ncerUnNsN AlMimited S D U ED E R N I N A AM D K E E C F C D L O M survey & coDntrol abilities ED O R A AM E W A N NN B H U L N M I E Y E - road close due to maintenance L U A N R K L L N M N E E C IT No creeklinN es were assessed S R A L U L E G C R E E R O C K S D E T C H A R G R O E G E EI D E N K M E I D F E A K K K R O I D R V UR R K U O ROAD FO O P O E E U S S E M C D H H R N A A K C Victorian Alps L N K E

E H N M IC E T R R A R O T H M S S C D R G I S T Highlands - Northern Fall I O A N M Y E A E G A

O A D N E A R R V D W D C O O C I S O A R V A M H O A H E D AD D F N A O E L E V R IV R K E A E T O O F R O R R E H O IN R O I A R N D N G S O D E D O R E A H N T H N R H

E R O R W R A E I D A V E F L C S D E IV H E R R E Armstrong Creek State Forest C M E R A E N E E N K K U

L I D DEEP CREEK AME O H NN U W O E T R T O W I R AD D A T H E G N A U G K IN N E E O D N W RI RE E C R A N OW ES A L L O M NG ROA I R E D TW R D E O LVE MO A D RLEY CREEK U N D E

N M A S A

M K X N W E E D A N T D OLEY E U E T P R S M UNNA C A R MED IV G N E R N R N O U R Victorian Alps O O A R A D T S D Yarra Ranges National Park

S E M I IG X R Highlands - Southern Fall D H A T ROAD FOUR E HREE NG M ROAD T N TRO RMS A O ST A D A N I E E T N A M A U R V W Victorian Alps N AL S R SH O N S CR M E EEK A U R I S K A D T B H E

G T O E Y E C E D T R R T N R HEODO

F R N E E I O C I V E A M F

R E T D D K A

D E O M T N T D A E M K N E

N A E C O U E K N O M R E N R A E R D U C R O N C A D T R D E N D R A D R E M U E O T A A L E A H M C D R N B M S E A N IX E U A N N N N ROAD S U F U EVEN I RO S A H D EL E E U VEN R N

M N L K O A Victorian Alps A C U E M K U N E N L W N E N S I R O Victorian Alps N A T M K D C Y O E A T

D E A D L M E R E E R K L

E O R I A E Y L B D D R E C A M I W R U V D R L N O B E E O M O C L R E O K D I V I A S T U E P M R Victorian Alps B P W F D N E E O E U A LA O I N T G U D R D N J E N I T S NS M A ME I I I A N H B N M N G N B PE AL IL R G UN E A U E Y 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 L U C H M C W L O Legend R R T L E TW D E E E Kilometers D E Y A D E O M E E R NA K O'Shannassy Survey Area Water Body Victorian Bioregion UN K N Roads surveyed Roads National Park Boundaries Date created: 30th May 2011 Abzeco Pty. Ltd Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Roads not surveyed Creeks Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Target area Ph 03 9431 5444 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Scale 1:76,000 Fig6OShannassy Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 7. Extent of Containment Lines surveyed in the Kinglake region, showing the sections surveyed

U N D ORC D HA N O IATION RD A E O DEV H UNN M A N AME M W W D E R A P K K U D OW IN RO N EL C S B YAL L Kinglake National Park A N N S L E

U L B HILL BEALE D S Sugarloaf BlFock W G U B A Highlands - Northern Fall N E R A N M O S U R EN A M L P K D O A IT M A S D A 355 O R E E Kinglake National Park E N C A D N IA D R M N G O E TO H C A D I U U V KINGLAKE O S W N W

O N UNNA K A ME 373 B U D E Kinglake National Park R E R D

C P C S I H R N SE D A C Kinglake National Park U A FR A UNNAM F E U H H D D D Victorian Volcanic Plain N D C E G L U E

S N S

M N L A N D U

A E

A M M A N E C N E T G M D M N A N R U A I C

N N N D E S N E I K R D

U N D

E K E P E N E I J

E U L

K E A

M H STRATHEWEN E K H

C R

A T O N

O A S T N HAR A O RYS Y M K N P

K H C E U A S R R E UNNAM K T U E R ED E O P E C E C N R U D S R KINGLAKE CENTRAL K N ED ME C E M A G N A NN D D E N U S N N K A U I L N N M O D N I A E B M N E D H IA U U C D M

N R A N U I N NNAMED ST N M A E E N D N S EveD rard Block M G S U LE D K R E E G E N Y

K A I D E M H C E N A N E E R E N S E

K N W R W D N E D E U E

C D I E E E O K

E H T E R M T T S

P A M G C M N A

A S K E N D G A U R I C N E N T N L R I S A N A N D BR - N W E J N Y U NNA E R U NS U E EK R S G N E D URS CR R NAN D C ARTH E EN I E BR M E T D R E U M U E NN AM B O Kinglake National Park AMED N L L A N D M U S I E L V U N E E H N E E L E LAK U N D R S G N A N IN T M M C T K S E E T S LD D U O A D S T M O N A E C U A U Highlands - Southern Fall N M N M N O U H N A W N N U H IL A D N N E U A T M E NNA A IT D M M T O N ED N M O G D Y U L N C E 356 S DA E B R E A ISY N R E HI D D D D ID EK N LL G E M N U E D A A I W N GRE U M Y S ENS WS IL N A E M H A N N S D N

N R A D D U N N N O A B B D A U R G O B 377 E C M DE H UNN L R M AM I E E ED U H W E PI A IE STEELS CREEK NN D D V K ACL N C E E N E K N L A D D L N M E IN STEELES CREEK CH A Y AP E E P O S EL U A D W D M V I D E M Y A E N S N OW L M E U E E M A C C N D

L N Y R A A D CO E U N O N H R E N N A R K D R O EA N N N A C R R U E M A O S U U K I E M M E D L W I M D E A

N B 0.5 0.25 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 A E N R

A L D R

N K U N N D R E N A R Kilometers S O O A E NUTFIELDU U UNNA S T A N MED B S D T R NA D T H R M E T D A C E C N D D LINTONS BRIDGE D A GE V S S E O UNNAM M U W IEW LL ED A L C A N SH R M S SA T LT MA E O N N ER S A N E R U A H RU N A SH B S G T K N S RO R E UL CKS M N E U LY R G U R CR S R O R EE N U N S B R K E L E L B E S R U L D A F L I Y R F D W W M YO A E L Legend S A U E Y G NG C T R F A E S L A S N R A C G O I T DOREEN T K A N V T K D L S G Y R S Y U O H N E E N S N N L A D E O L ME U I C L N I D O U M E O N N U M Containment Lines Surveyed R N N A A H UNNAMED ME A G K E Y N N D V S N S I S N N M C E A S L T A D V C S H S S O E C A O R E E O D T B N L U N R L I N N E N R L AM T I R C C E E E G M A ContrT ol Line (DSE) R F FO D E O L SMITH GULLY X Y Y S E E D E E B L O R H B SMITHS GULLY S R R R A UNNAMED L H K E B M M U P T E N E E G A L U O I K I R U N T K T S E D B M H E U T Y COTTLES BRIDGE F U E E E J T Control Line (Apted) D U D S K N R A F O K S E E E E G N R S U G D COTTLES BRIDGE A N M Y D A D R H U R S C A C M A N H I L E W C N L L M E E N E Water Body W N S Y D U L M

D I D L U ATT Y U E A S L L A E T S D E N N R T C L M C E R GUL H E S E N F D S H B A A A E Y C L T U E U R C A E O N E K A P I F N L E N S H N C Roads D H N U E B A A A O G N A N I

L N L Y T L L S U I M N U T B C S N IS E L M U H E A G S R G B A H R O S E A A G G C C N R E E M A I M D N D R Y UN U A D R N E NAM C K L C S Y C ED L L - IE N E M I S A H W S A F Cr eeks O N E R C L E H G OS IR S S I A Y G H T D R T L N L E T Y R N R G A R G M L I

U G M B R A BS E U O E O S E S U U C N L

I B A R L E W B E Y E E L L L N S D U E

E L N E S E R B Local Government Boundaries L K M T Y K D I S NA BAT I A O UN MAN T E B Y O N H M Victorian Bioregion R U Abzeco Pty. Ltd 2009 Fire Boundary Date created: 30th May 2011 Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street National Park Boundaries Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Ph 03 9431 5444 Scale 1:55,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig7ContainmentLineKinglake Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 8. Extent of Containment Lines surveyed Platts Creek and Brittania Range

S S R O C Y LV BIG PATS CREEK A O H AN K O S H N S E K Y O E T E

E A G E S

C L Y R T A O D M U R C H L D E U IR L C N C N R G I M UKA Y A D L N R B M E T I C R

A L M A F M E H N A A R R A N M A R E N A S T L E N E N S S E O K B U S E L K N V P I U E C A K T G E U U

E P U N E R T

G N I P R H N E U E N F U L A N K C A P E P A E N N T L E I A S K L M R T M C S IS U N A Y M SISSIPP Y M H E I CR T I EE A M K O J N C E O K D S N M G E R E A E E D C U H E E R D E M C H L A K M E D E O K L R N A D C K Y I P A N C I M T Y E N A E Y D M L L T G C T G E D IT B U R L M U C R E M K E E I L M D R I L E E S L A E N T E L Y E K Y N E K R C U S N S W Y E K R P I E R C E S N R N E O E E P V C R K S U E F E T K R E E C E E O E I E S R P R I U K R U E C S D ERY S P C D T D ME B CE R I LA Y I R D R R L A S A M O B C R T A O I W L T E R S O E A D G K A M R E L E E C Y Y R W T L P K C R H UL E LL R E A C G E U E R E W P L E ER R G S K K E Y C U G K W T IN IN B D Y MM LU L U G E E C Y UN ED B C NA UNNAM INSPIRAT L R M ION CRE U E E EK E E D Y K Y C L R L E E C U Z E G K A K R

E O E K R C T D D E E E U C I U N T M NAM E E R S D K N A S W P R C N

U G P U J N C C O R U S O L S R

Y T

T G Yarra State Forest E F

B E R D R E R ITA N N Y I N N N A E IA L K CR L K M EE A V K U C K L G S C EE I R CR B H S R RE S I E O E IM U E R RT E S K O A R K E M N F K I E K R L O E S E F CR S N M B S T E E ES ED C M R C IN A R R N S C P UN O R R M U B M N M E E N AR R Y B E A L T E E C M M C T R E K K W O E E YARRA RANGES SHIRE Highlands - Southern Fall R R D EK A T H O E IM K E S E O

B K R K U K E C O E L C C R R E U OP T B L E P R C E E N I K A K R CE Y C R T E C W E C N R R E E E E IN K A E E G LLY R K K C I M GU K E N R N C E B E GA E K U E OR B E M K D

M T O R B H B E H C N R Y O D E D S T R E N H K E U O C G U C L R E P R E A N W E E E S

R P N O C E P C K A EEK R R R E Y Y M C E A ON UN E D L D NAMED D ON K A L E D M C D P R D BRITANNIA RANGE E I IV U U M E R R M G D M M U T U A U Y E P N S S O N MA R P Y N R M N R NE R P L R A I Y I A C E L A L T M U A RE T L A EK Y I U N E S S D G G N U U U N D R N L A A E M L L D E Y IT K M Y D T A L K L E A E R Y E L E N A R E U R R D N C A R G BAW BAW SHIRE D R E U E I C K A V D Y E E I E D M Y M R E L CR A T L E A A L D R A O Y L K N D R O T L U O O N W E N T U K N E R C E G A U S A N L M G R B R R D

M E Y K U N C E U K E K L UNNAMED A E T N B O

O A E C T R M N R D L A E B R O U L U A N B A C J N H C N N K C E N O N U K

K L S L A N A R N M M E N L T A D E C E I E R D I CR R M U E Y H E

K E R C B K M E Y L K

T Y A A A D D R CK E O N R S A L W E A D N R N P S E D E B R A S E Y F Z E K E S I R

G J E T L P M

B U E I U K K A R R T A C N F C T E E R B C B N E K N I E I M E M T G E N N R E I TI E O C U B ED C R Legend N AM R NN C - E U E N G THREE BRIDGES R I X E O K O T B A H T N Brittania Containment LinJ e A E A T 0.5 0.25 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 P E E Kilometers N Platts Creek CKontainment Line O OBECKE CREEK SMALL CREEK M 2009 Fire Boundary Abzeco Pty. Ltd Date created: 30th May 2011 Roads Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Creeks Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Ph 03 9431 5444 Local Government Boundaries Scale 1:40,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig8ContainmentLinePlattsCrk Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011

4.2 Target weeds The specifications of the project detail the type or status of weeds required to be surveyed. These are listed in Appendix 1 and 2 and include: • State‐wide Prohibited Weeds, • Victorian Alert Weeds • Very High Risk Weeds • High Risk Weeds • Tutsan State-wide Prohibited weeds Under the Catchment and Land Protection (CaLP) Act 1994, certain plants are declared as noxious weeds in Victoria. These plants cause environmental or economic harm or have the potential to cause such harm. They can also present risks to human health. The CaLP Act defines four categories of noxious weeds of which State Prohibited is one. The CaLP Act states that State Prohibited weeds either do not occur in Victoria but pose a significant threat if they invade, or are present, pose a serious threat or can reasonably be expected to be eradicated. Their listing reflects the very serious harm these plants cause. The Victorian Government is responsible for their eradication however, under Section 70(1) it may direct land owners to prevent their growth and spread. The list of these weed species are provided in Appendix 1. Victorian Alert Weeds These weeds are potential weeds of the future. They may pose a serious threat to Victoria’s agricultural and natural assets or could affect human health. Some of these weeds are thought to occur in small numbers in Victoria and are probably still eradicable. Other species are yet to reach Victoria, but present a serious threat if they were to arrive. The list of these weed species are provided in Appendix 1. Very High and High Risk Weeds The Advisory list of Environmental weeds of the Ranges bioregions of Victoria, 2009 includes invasive plant taxa that have been recorded from the Otway Ranges, Strezlecki Ranges, Highlands‐ Southern Fall, Highlands‐Far Eastern Fall, Highlands‐Northern Fall, Central Victorian Uplands, Monaro Tablelands and East Gippsland Uplands bioregions. The advisory list provides a guide to the relative risk posed by weeds in a particular bioregion. Target weeds from the advisory list includes all weeds listed in the Risk category as either Very High Risk (VHR) or High Risk (HR) Weeds. Unlike the statutory list (CaLP Act 1994) there are neither legal requirements nor legal consequences that flow from inclusion of a species in this advisory list, unless the species is already listed under other legislation, where legal requirements are implied. The sections of the advisory list that includes VHR and HR weeds are provided in Appendix 2. Tutsan Tutsan *Hypericum androsaemum is a declared noxious weed in Victoria, listed as a Regionally Controlled weed (CaLP Act, 1994). Tutsan is regarded as a highly invasive species in cool, moist environments with plants able to establish in both disturbed and undisturbed environments. Muyt (2001) suggests that Tutsan is often found growing with Blackberry and recommends the control of both species. Infestations of Tutsan are known to spread rapidly (Muyt, 2001) and often form dense closed stands that smother ground‐flora and smaller shrubs, eventually preventing regeneration of most indigenous species.

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5 Methodology As per the requirements in the project specifications, outlined in the proposal submitted by Abzeco and in consultation with DSE and Parks Victoria, a defined set of parameters were created. These parameters evolved to ensure that requirements of the land managers were met to allow for consistent and efficient management for the future, defined strategic weed control areas and standardised data collection fields. In line with the project brief, the occurrence of Tutsan or any weeds listed as State‐wide Prohibited Weeds, Victorian Alert Weeds , Very High or High Risk in defined areas within Kinglake and Yarra Ranges National Park were mapped and controlled. The rapid weed survey technique used for the detection of weed occurrence in the Otway region of Victoria (DSE, 2008) was undertaken to identify the location and extent of new and emerging weeds within the study area by looking at the main pathways of weed spread. Roads were surveyed by vehicle with two operators surveying both sides of the road. The vehicle traversed the roads at low speed, in low range, second gear to enable better detection of weed infestations. Mapping included a 20 meter buffer either side of the road, track or drainage line being traversed with particular effort focused in areas identified as predicted weed threat areas on the ‘Threatened Flora Overlay map for Murrindindi Western Portion’ provided by DSE. Each team of two consisted of an Abzeco Botanist and Bushland Management specialists with high level of plant identification skills, ecological knowledge and weed management experience ensuring all weeds were accurately identified, mapped and their attributes recorded. The sections below provide details on the parameters defined during the project, types and description of control techniques implemented and outlines some of the restrictions associated with the survey.

5.1 Survey parameters Areas within the study area were not surveyed if they had been previously mapped. Pathways The main pathways of weed spread identified for the project were roads, tracks, major creek lines or watercourses entering the study area and disturbed areas such as containment lines or picnic grounds. The map provided by DSE showing target areas for surveillance was used to dermine areas for survey. Where possible walking tracks were also identified as a potential pathway however they were of lower priority. Information collected All target weed infestations and threatened species were mapped directly into hand held tablet PC computers using ESRI ArcPad 7.1 as point, polygon or polygon layers. Individual plants (weeds or threatened flora/fauna species) or small patches that were approximately less than 50m2 were captured as a point with actual number of individuals recorded. Patches and large infestations that were approximately greater than 50m2 or greater than 7m apart were captured as a polyline (ie if the infestation occurs along the roadside).Polyline data recordeds actual or estimated number of individuals. If the infestation was larger and extended beyond the road edge then it iwas mapped as a polygon and included percentage cover values for each exotic species recorded and a combined cover value for indigenous species. For each weed infestation the following information was recorded:

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• Date: The initial day of survey if control was not completed at the same time • Site Name: Broad description of the block, catchment or containment line ie, Everard, Maroondah or Platts Creek • Access: a range of options were chosen to assist with future management , ie. Walk, 4wd, 2wd or ATV • Burn Notes: Visual signs of the surrounding vegetation and in particular the scarring on trees were used to determine the intensity of the burn, ie. Severe, Moderate, Light and Unburnt. • Species: Weed and threatened species were recorded • Number of individuals: An actual count or estimate of individuals was made depending on the size of the infestation. • Spatial Priority Score (SPS): See below for more details. • Control Method: the range of control methods employed included Cut & Paint, Hand weed, Spray or a combination of all depending on the infestation. • Control status: This was a simple Yes or No. Control was not able to be conducted due to proximity to waterways within the Melbourne Water Catchments, not required due to project specifications or control was not undertaken at the time of survey because of inclement weather. • Hours controlled: Estimated effort required to undertake or follow‐up control of each infestation in total hours. This estimation included the act of control only, it did not include set up, travel etc. • Feasibility of Control Score (FCS): See below for more details. • Notes: Information on the age of the individuals within the infestation (ie. Seedlings, small or mature plant), if the infestation was present on both sides of the road and if there were any risks or hazards for future management. This also included if there was a gate that was not able to be accessed or fallen logs across the road etc. Spatial Priority Score (SPS) The spatial location of weed infestations in relation to biodiversity assets is of importance for strategic weed management. Infestations located within the core of the study area (areas that have high biodiversity values and are considered to be largely ‘intact’) are considered to be a greater risk than those on the perimeter or adjacent to the study area where the biodiversity values may be lower. Infestations within the core area are likely to have a greater capacity to disperse to outer areas and are more likely to do this faster than those in perimeter zones. These infestations should receive higher priority for control than those on the boundary of assest areas within the local neighbourhood. However, the spatial location also needs to be considered in relation to the vegetation condition in which the infestation occurs. Infestations in high quality vegetation are of more concern than those in degraded vegetation. These considerations were combined to construct a SPS matrix (Table 1)

Table 1. Matrix for the determination of Spatial Priority Score (SPS)

Spatial Location Vegetation Condition

Very High High Moderate Low Central zone (inner 50%) 1 2 3 4 Perimeter zone (outer 50%) 5 6 7 8

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Table 1. Matrix for the determination of Spatial Priority Score (SPS)

Spatial Location Vegetation Condition

Boundary zone (within 100m of boundary area) 9 10 11 12 Peripheral zone 1 – within 1km of boundary 13 14 15 16

Peripheral zone 2 – within 1‐5km of boundary 17 18 19 20

Feasibility of Control Score (FCS) Weed suppression efforts can have non‐target effects, but vary in severity and extent depending on the techniques and products applied. Non‐target impacts are more likely with high volume application of herbicides, fire and mechanised methods, than manual methods such as hand‐ weeding or spot‐spraying. The likelihood of non‐target impacts should be considered for all suppression programs and matched against the probability of achieving successful control outcomes. A score matrix was developed using these parameters to determine a Feasibility of Control Score (FCS) (Table 2). High scores indicate that control programs are unlikely to be successful or could have serious non‐target impacts. Low scores indicate there is a high probability of achieving suppression without serious or recoverable non‐target impacts. Suppression programs should be orientated to allocating priority to infestations with low FCS values.

Table 2. Matrix for determination of Feasibility of Control Score (FCS)

Outcome scenario Risk of non‐target damage

None to Short‐term Short‐term Long‐term minimal impacts, with impacts with impacts low ecological moderate to disruption high ecological disruption Can achieve eradication with low 1 2 3 4 input of resources Can achieve eradication with sustained effort over more than 1 5 6 7 8 season Eradication unlikely but high level of suppression possible with low 9 10 11 12 resource input on infrequent basis Eradication unlikely but suppression achievable with moderate resource 13 14 15 16 input on a regular basis Eradication or suppression only possible with high level of resource 17 18 19 20 input within 5 year period Suppression not feasible or only achievable with high level of sustained 21 22 23 24 effort

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5.2 Control techniques As outlined by Muyt (2001), there are advantages and disadvantages associated with any weed control technique. It is very difficult to achieve effective and efficient weed control without impacting on indigenous plants or vegetation communities. The ultimate objective of weed control in the bushland should always be the restoration or improvement of the native vegetation. The method of weed control is not only determined by the type, age and size of the infestation but also by the resources available. The Bradley method uses careful hand weeding as the ideal method of control to minimise soil and vegetation disturbance. This technique is recommended if the area to be controlled is small or if there is a large budget to cover the field work required to control a large area. Early weed control is an efficient use of resources. Effect control of emergent weeds has a more likely chance of success compared to trying to control well established weed infestations which are often the hardest to control and provide the poorest return on control efforts invested. The control methods used during the project reflect the very large study area and the very large number of weed infestations that were required to be controlled with relatively limited resources and time available while still trying to reduce the impacts on the high biodiversity values. Hand Weed Hand weeding is the manual removal of plants, with hand tools or simply by hand. Hand weeding can be time consuming, but it is also effective, as it is very selective and does not rely on chemical absorption, reducing the indirect impacts on nearby indigenous species. Hand weeding was the preferred control method for small individual emergent seedlings or scattered infestations that were few in number. For example, some individuals of Tutsan *Hypericum androsaemum (C) and Foxglove *Digitalis purpurea were removed by hand. Spray Herbicide spraying of foliage allows the largest area of plants to be treated in the least time and is often the best method to control large dense infestations of herbs or low‐growing shrubs. Risks of off‐target damage are highest when herbicides are sprayed and a high level of operator care and skill is essential to prevent killing of neighbouring plants and contamination of waterways. Pressurised spray applicators in the form of backpacks or spray rigs mounted on the back of vehicles were used, with an adjustable nozzle. This method was chosen for the control of small woody weeds including Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate (VHR, C), Cut Leaf Bramble *Rubus laciniatus (VHR) and English Ivy *Hedera helix (VHR). It is most effective if the foliage is dry and the weather is fine for at least two hours after applying the herbicide. If the correct herbicide is used for the target weed species taking into account the biodiversity values of the area, off‐target impacts are able to be kept to a minimum. See the section Herbicides below for more details. Care must be taken when using herbicides to ensure that the correct dose is mixed, minimise the volume of herbicide used and where possible the method of application must ensure that off‐target damage is kept to a minimum. Cut & Paint Trees and large shrubs are not well suited to foliar herbicide spraying as it is often difficult to apply the chemical to the leaves and the risks of off‐target damage are relatively high. For these large woody weed species the cut & paint method was employed. Cut & paint is a method for applying herbicide to the cut stems of smaller shrubs and trees, that have a stem diameter of less than 10cm, in order to poison their root systems and prevent them regrowing. Herbicide is applied ʹneat’ using low key equipments such as rollers or dabber bottle to the cut plant, relying on the ‘draw‐down’ of herbicides into the roots of the cut plant to be effective. Herbicide must be quickly applied after the stem is cut if it is to be drawn down into the roots, ideally within 10 seconds. This Page 23 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011 method of control was applied to such species as Sweet Pittosporum #Pittosporum undulatum (VHR), #Acacia spp. and Prunus *Prunus sp. This technique is able to be employed when there is small amounts of precipitation or if the plant is wet. Frilling Frilling is suitable for larger shrubs and trees. This technique involves removing the bark in sections around the stem or trunk of the tree, exposing the sapwood surface. A systemic herbicide is applied to the cut within 30 seconds, with the ‘frills’ placed about 5‐10cm apart. This method was used for the very large shrubs or small trees with a large stem diameter such as very old Prunus *Prunus sp. Herbicides A standard mix of herbicides was used during the life of the project. The mix included Roundup® 360, GarlonTM 600, BS1000 and Envirodye Blue at a rate of 1:2:2:3 (10ml, 20ml, 20ml, 30ml per 10L). This mix was selected to target the control of woody weeds whilst being considerate of the biodiversity values of the area, especially ferns. Roundup® 360 was applied ‘neat’ during cut & paint and frilling control techniques. A description of each of the chemicals used is provided below. • Roundup® 360 is herbicide that contains 360g/L of Glyphosate as the active ingredient. Considering glyphosate is a non‐selective herbicide used to control many annual and perennial weeds, a low dose was included into the mix used for the project. (MSDS, Scotts Australia Pty Ltd) • GarlonTM 600 is recommended to used for the control of woody weeds. The active constituent is 600g/L Triclopyr present as the butoxyethyl ester (Group I Herbicide). Directions specify that weeds need to be actively growing for herbicides to have optimum effect. Garlon is a member of the pyridines group of herbicides that disrupts the growth of plant cells. (Information supplied by Dow AgroSciences, www.dowagrosciences.com.au) • BS1000 ® is a biodegradable surfactant used to improve the spread of herbicides on leaf surfaces, improving absorption and uptake within target plants. They are very useful on certain waxy leafed plants including English Ivy *Hedera helix (VHR) and Blue Periwinkle *Vinca major (VHR). (MSDS, Crop Care) • Envirodye Blue was used as a marker dye to assist in the identification of sprayed areas. (MSDS, SST Products Pty Ltd)

5.3 Restrictions Location and access The rapid survey technique was confined to those roads and tracks that were accessible at the time of the survey. Some tracks were not surveyed either due to accessibility constraints such as fallen logs across the track, track unable to be traversed by a 4wd because of poor condition, track is overgrown, road closures or road maintenance being conducted at the time. It is possible that some infestations may have been missed in these areas. Creek lines Even though creek lines can be an ideal growing environment for some of the target weed species, and they are a potential pathway especially when flowing from highly disturbed landscapes into areas of high biodiversity value, surveying creek lines is extremely resource sapping. Creekline surveys are conducted on foot by a team of two people and the logistics of entering into and

Page 24 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011 exiting out of a creek line, places restrictions on what the third person or second team, who are required for transportation, are able to achieve for the day. The estimation of time to survey any given creek line, if no previous knowledge exits, is generally inaccurate and either the team on foot are waiting at the determined pick up point or the team with the vehicle are waiting. Planning considerations to maximise the time spent by field staff conducting surveys along creek lines and roads/tracks are essential. Most of the communication options available in remote or mountainous areas have limitations and generally only operate successfully either when in close proximity to a communication or in line of sight. Visibility Mapping of weed infestations included a 20m buffer on either side of the road, track or drainage line being traversed but in some circumstances the terrain and visibility through very thick regrowth prevent this from being possible. Also at the time of the survey, the banks along the edge of the roads were so steep that even if a weed infestation was visible it was not able to be controlled because of safety concerns. At times the survey was conducted during inclement weather which restricted the distance of observation. The continuous high level of concentration required to scan and identify many potential target species whilst travelling in a vehicle requires an enormous, conscious effort to remain focused whilst conducting the survey. As it is extremely difficult to maintain this level of concentration for such an extended period, it is possible that some infestations may have been missed. The rapid survey was undertaken from December 2010 to April 2011 with most weeds, particularly perennial weeds having a high chance of detection, while ephemeral, seasonal or cryptic weeds may have been missed. Weather The project involved the mapping and control of infestations of weeds within the study area. Mapping is able to be conducted during any weather conditions with some restrictions, but effective control is only able to be conducted during fine, warm weather or lengthy fine breaks. Even though it is generally more efficient to undertake the mapping and control simultaneously, to make use of the time available, mapping was conducted when the weather was not appropriate for spraying. Melbourne Water Catchments Towards the end of the project whilst working in the O’Shannassy Catchment, Melbourne Water advised additional guidelines when spraying near waterways. No chemicals are to be sprayed within 20 metres of a running water course or aqueduct or within 50 metres of a reservoir. After discussions with the Melbourne Water Catchment Coordinator, these restrictions were slightly relaxed enabling the control of weeds through spraying to be undertaken in close proximity to running waterways but only by an experienced operator using extreme caution. All weed infestations that crossed a flowing creek line were not controlled and advised that alternative methods of control be employed such as cut and paint or hand weeding where appropriate.

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6 Results The project commenced on the 7th of December 2010 with surveys in the Everard Block, Kinglake National Park. Weed surveys progressed to Sugarloaf Block, Kinglake, moving then to Paul’s Range State Forest, Maroondah Catchment and finishing, in O’Shannassy Catchment on the 29th of April, 2011. During the 5 month survey period, over 1900 hours in 90 days of field work were completed. Teams generally consisted of two people either in the vehicle or walking the creeks and walk tracks. For known infestations that required extensive control, a teams of three was found to be the most effective. Surveying the creek lines either required the team to be dropped off by a third party with a vehicle at the end of the creek line or two teams of two with one vehicle dropping off and picking up. A total of 48 weed species were recorded across the entire study area, Appendix 3 & 4 both show where each species was recorded, with Appendix 3 showing number of infestations and Appendix 4 showing number of individuals across the study area. Of the 48 species, 27 were listed as target species for the project. Twenty‐six species of ‘Very High Risk and High Risk’ were detected in the survey. The species, risk ranking, status, number of infestations and number of individuals recorded during the survey are outlined in Table 3.

Table 3. List of weed species recorded during the rapid survey and their environmental status (including Regionally Controlled weeds ‘C’ as list under the CaLP Act, 1994) Declared Advisory List Noxious Number of Number of Scientific Name Common Name Risk Rating Weed Infestations Individuals #Acacia baileyana Cootamundra Wattle High 2 2 #Acacia decurrens Early Black‐wattle High 2 80 #Acacia floribunda White Sallow 2 8 #Acacia howittii Sticky Wattle 2 2 #Acacia longifolia Sallow Wattle 2 50 #Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle 1 3 *Acer negundo Box‐elder Maple Very High 2 4 *Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple Very High 1 35 *Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel High 1 100 *Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis Agapanthus 2 24 *Buddleja sp. Buddleja 2 2 *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp Boneseed C monilifera Very High 1 3 *Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Large‐leaf Cotoneaster Very High 1 3 *Cotoneaster pannosus Velvet Cotoneaster Very High 1 3 *Cratageous monogyna Hawthorn Very High 7 110 *Cynoglossum sp. Hounds Tongue 1 4 *Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat‐sedge High 73 2385 *Digitalis purpurea Foxglove 63 1018 *Echium plantagineum Patersonʹs Curse C 1 1 *Foeniculum vulgare Fennel C 1 2 *Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash Very High 3 3 *Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom Very High C 8 55 *Hedera helix English Ivy Very High 10 43 *Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan C 38 162 *Hypericum perforatum St Johnʹs Wort High C 1 5

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Table 3. List of weed species recorded during the rapid survey and their environmental status (including Regionally Controlled weeds ‘C’ as list under the CaLP Act, 1994) Declared Advisory List Noxious Number of Number of Scientific Name Common Name Risk Rating Weed Infestations Individuals *Ilex aquifolium English Holly Very High 4 22 *Juncus bufonius Toad Rush 3 *Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Very High 2 5 *Malus pumila Apple 5 6 *Pinus radiata Radiata Pine Very High 6 12 #Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Very High 12 48 *Populus sp. Popular 1 100 *Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum 13 8 *Prunus sp. Prunus 21 139 *Quercus robur English Oak 2 2 *Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup Very High 1 200 *Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar C 12 53 *Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry Very High C 1261 7508 *Rubus laciniatus Cut‐leaf Bramble Very High 27 142 *Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew Very High 1 10 *Trifolium angustifolium Narrow‐leaf Clover High 1 2 *Ulmus sp. Elm 1 9 *Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein C 3 8 *Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein 1 5 *Vicia sativa Common Vetch 1 1 *Vinca major Blue Periwinkle Very High 2 15 *Watsonia meriana Bulbil Lily Very High C 1 20 *Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum‐lily Very High 3 61 Of the 48 species recorded during the rapid survey, 20 are listed as Very High Risk and 6 as High Risk. No species listed as State‐wide Prohibited weeds or Victorian Alert weeds were recorded. Ten species are listed as Regionally Controlled weeds shown as ‘C’ in Table 3. Most other weeds not listed are woody weeds that are considered high threat environmental weeds and it was considered important to include. All details on number of infestations and individuals for each species across the different study areas are provided in Appendix 3 and 4. The discussion of the results provided below analysis the point data only. Details on the information recorded for infestations captured as a polyline as shown in Appendix 5A and for infestations captured as a polygon are shown in Appendix 5B.

6.1.1 Kinglake National Park The three sections of Kinglake National Park, Everard Block, Sugarloaf Block and nearby Containment lines were collectively surveyed from the 7th of December, 2010 to the 17th of February 2011. During this period 430 hours over 26 days of field work were completed. Everard Block Twenty nine weed species were recorded, involving 279 infestations with a total of 2300 individuals, within Everard Block. A map of the point, line and polygon data recorded during the survey is shown in Figure 9. Everard Block recorded the highest number of species of weeds (29). Most infestations were low in number except for Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate (VHR, C) with 176 infestations and Drain Flat‐sedge *Cyperus eragrostis (HR) with 42 infestations that was

Page 27 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011 also the highest number recorded across the other study areas. Two species of note were only recorded in Everard Block, including Montpellier Broom *Genista monspessulana (VHR, C) with eight infestations and 55 individuals and Sheep Sorrel *Acetosella vulgaris (HR) with 100 individuals counted at a single infestation. Over 5kms of roadside infestations were recorded including predominately Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate and Drain Flat‐sedge *Cyperus eragrostis. Sugarloaf Block Only 3 weed species were recorded, involving 68 infestations with a total of 173 individuals, within Sugarloaf Block. A map of the point, line and polygon data recorded during the survey is shown in Figure 10. Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate (VHR, C) was the dominant weed species, being recorded at 62 locations and numbering 167 individuals. An additional 13,113m2 infestation of Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate and 1,777m2 of Montpellier Broom *Genista monspessulana was recorded within Sugarloaf.

6.1.2 Paul’s Range State Forest A rapid survey and control of target weeds was conducted in Paul’s Range State Forest from the 16th of December, 2010 to the 10th of March, 2011. During this period, over 330 hours in 15 days of field work were completed. Seven weed species were recorded, involving 250 infestations with a total of 1986 individuals, within Paul’s Range State Forest. The only population of Early Black Wattle #Acacia decurrens (HR) was recorded in this survey area with a total of 50 plants. Similarly, the only infestation of Bulbil Lily *Watsonia meriana (VHR, C) was recorded totalling 20 plants. A large number of Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate (VHR, C) plants (1889) were recorded from 241 infestations. Addition infestations of Sallow Wattle were recorded as a polyline (400 individuals over 120m) and a polygon (759 m2). A map of the point, line and polygon data recorded during the survey is shown in Figure 11.

6.1.3 Maroondah Catchment A rapid survey and control of target weeds was conducted in the Maroondah Catchment study area from the 23rd of December, 2010 to the 2nd of March, 2011. During this period, over 760 hours in 26 days of field work were completed. A relatively diverse range of seventeen weed species were recorded, involving 642 infestations with a total of 5858 individuals, within Maroondah Catchment survey area. Maroondah recorded the highest number of Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate (VHR, C) infestations with 503 and the highest number of individuals with 3407. These large numbers could be the result of double counting, including populations during the initial mapping session and then again when the follow up control was conducted. Maroondah Catchment survey area also supported a significant occurrence of Foxglove *Digitalis purpurea (58 infestations and 990 individuals), Drain Flat‐sedge *Cyperus eragrostis (HR) (26 infestations and 892 individuals) and Cut‐leaf Bramble *Rubus laciniatus (VHR) (16 infestations and 123 individuals). The only record for Sallow Wattle #Acacia longifolia was in this survey area with a total of 50 plants recorded from 2 infestations. Over 19kms of roadside infestations were recorded that included predominately Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate with an additional 2,284 individuals mapped. Also over 5,000 m2 additional area of Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate was mapped as a polygon within the Maroondah Catchment. A map of the point, line and polygon data recorded during the survey is shown in Figure 12.

Page 28 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011

6.1.4 O’Shannassy Catchment A rapid survey and control of target weeds was conducted in the O’Shannassy Catchment study area from the 11th of March 2011 to the 29th of April 2011. During this period over 380 hours in 23 days of field work were completed. Only 5 weed species were recorded, involving 264 infestations with a total of 1256 individuals, within the O’Shannassy Catchment study area. This survey area recorded the highest occurrence of Tutsan *Hypericum androsaemum (C) with 134 individuals over 29 infestations. Most of these plants were small, immature, single‐stemmed plants. Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate (VHR, C) again was the dominant weed species with 1102 individuals recorded in 225 infestations. A map of the point, line and polygon data recorded during the survey is shown in Figure 13. As requested by DSE, the threatened Shiny Nematolepis Nematolepis wilsonii was targeted whilst surveying the O’Shannassy Catchment. Mature or regenerating individuals were to be recorded, particularly along drainage lines, areas of Cool Temperate Rainforest and known locations. No populations were detected. Over 4,500 individuals covering approximately15kms of Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate and 5kms of Tutsan *Hypericum androsaemum involving approximately 1,000 individuals were mapped as polylines.

6.1.5 Containment Lines Kinglake Nineteen weed species were recorded, involving 107 infestations with a total of 949 individuals, along sections of the Containment Line in private property. A map of the point, line and polygon data recorded during the survey is shown in Figure 14. Drain Flat‐sedge *Cyperus eragrostis (HR) recorded the most individuals with 358 over only five infestations, whereas Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate (VHR) had the highest number of infestations of 52 that totalled 254 individuals. Hawthorn *Cratageus monogyna (VHR) was also recorded in relatively high numbers with 108 individuals counted in five infestations. The containment line supported a high diversity of species, being well represented in many high threat environmental weeds that are common in areas with a close proximity to rural or residential areas. Some of these species include Sweet Briar *Rosa rubiginosa (C), Wandering Jew *Tradescantia fluminensis (VHR), Cherry Plum *Prunus cerasifera, Hawthorn *Cratageus monogyna (VHR), Elm *Ulmus sp, White Arum lily *Zantedeschia aethiopica (VHR), Blue Periwinkle *Vinca major (VHR) and Sycamore Maple *Acer pseudoplatanus (VHR). Many of these species were only recorded along the containment line. The South African Weed Orchid *Disa bracteata had previously been found along fire break tracks constructed in February 2009. The South African orchid is not a proclaimed species anywhere in Australia but is identified as a New and Emerging weed in the Wimmera Weed Action Plan 2000‐ 2005 (DNRE, 2002). It invades bushland and pastures, is attracted to disturbed sites and has been identified as a significant threat to environmental values. This target species was not detected on the surveyed sections of the Containment Line. Platts Creek Only a single weed species was recorded, involving two infestations of Blackberry *Rubus fruticosus aggregate (VHR) totalling 15 individuals, along the Platts Creek Containment Line. A map of the point, line and polygon data recorded during the survey is shown in Figure 15. Only the tracks that were created from fire suppression activities were surveyed. The existing tracks that may have also been disturbed by fire suppression activities support a large number of mature

Page 29 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011 weed infestations that would have been present prior to the fire and were not a manifestation of the creation of the containment line. All of the area shown in Figure 15 was traversed on foot and from the data, were relatively free of weed infestations. Brittania Range Only a small section of the Brittania Range Containment line was able to be located. Following the maps provided and verbal communication from DSE field staff based at Poweltown, only about 100m of the containment line was able to be found. This section was traversed on foot but the thick revegetation prevented the discovery of the remaining sections. Efforts were made to look for other entrances off the intersecting track but again the thick revegetation prevented the containment line from being found. No weeds were recorded on the section surveyed.

Page 30 of 52 Figure 9. RApid survey of target weeds in Sugarloaf Block, Kinglake National Park.

R O J A U OEY N CREEK D N K R N U S A E A

1 O N M JOHNSON CREEK L I E D 7 N L E K T R ed D E A A A C K E C M H JOHNSON CREEK E S E R S E

A C R R R A E S N JOHNSON CREEK D Y P A O - C C

A N O Y E E L A M S L T E HALSE CREEK T O D R A ed L Kinglake National Park L N T E R T JOHNSON CREEK T N

I U A ed 4 H L U R HALSE CREEK K O 7 W A S B U G V I PHEASANT CREEK E T A D B T OO E S HEYS E

HALSE CREEK E E A ed ed M N R

M H N U A A C J C H P D N G O O K K PHEASANT CREEK E ed

N S E H E O E U N M U N R U E E M Y S A N A R O R R W N OOD O B C N N S N C N S N E A A A K P E S JOHNSON CREEK C OW U M E M M R

E L R S C A D E E E E Y PHEASANT CREEK H E D E D R O JOHNSON CREEK K M

C J Kinglake National Park A ed G N PHEASANT CREEK R N

A UN U NAMED L Highlands - Northern Fall HAWKES W Kinglake National Park K H

E IT T E L

R E S C S E R A N ED G Y - A K O AM N N I I NN E N T U L N E G X

A L N A A E E

U R Kinglake National Park E U N U NN C A N D M A N ED

M U E N G

A N D D N

M I E DE E N N V I A D AT M N IO M ARTHURS CREEK N A UNNAMED U

N E

D N D U U O N O K N D E D CRE A E W E E N M R O K R M U E E M Highlands - Southern Fall MB A P D C NU D A N S O A NUMBER ONE CREEK W N P O O L WEL N L W E N S N U K B I E

U C V NUMBER ONE CREEK

K A D L D

E B W N E HILL O A R B R M

G A D

S H E

D B M N A A O E H WAR K C D N C IT N A U

A RUNNING CREEK M O

R W IT E LE

E Y

R SE RA F K D E D E E

E D R E M D C R E U M M U A S A N N P A N M D N A S A N O N N A DEA H U M U S D N C D N E D D L R D N U E A Y E U EAG B M LE C M S NES A T R A S

N D E

N E I N E E

N H U E K M RIDG C U HOOL T SC RA A N O A KIN N E O M S

N U HA K U R N RYS S N O A UNNAM M ED N ED Legend D UN S NAM U E ED N N N E U I AM P E *Genista monspeN ssulana WaHter Body N D C A C R M S N E I 0.5 0.25 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 K E D IN Kinglake National Park E *Rubus fruticosus aggregate RoMads N K Kilometers *Rubus fruticosus aggregate UNNAMEDCreeks *Buddleja sp. Victorian Bioregion Abzeco Pty. Ltd Date created: 30th May 2011 Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street *Rubus fruticosus aggregate National Park Boundaries Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 *Rubus laciniatus Ph 03 9431 5444 Scale 1:35,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig9SugarLoafStudyArea Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 10. Rapid survey of target weeds in Everard Block, Kinglake National Park.

HI SY D Kinglake National Park LL CAMORE GULLY CARLSEN E M

A U M EL E A H LI N S N M

N B O N U KE N A A T E N O I W A L M N ARD M N E U C D N D N

E E A TIE U D VICT EAT T O B D M RIA M I

I N

A A H E L E

M N O D S M

N W O T N D

W U N A E R M R D KO I ETON E M T G D D Kinglake National Park A V

C L L N E O

R Kinglake National Park N O Y G E U

K K M R E T Kinglake National Park SE E A J UNNAM FR R E ED C D S R R I U D D X A U S E O H P A C S M N L E A S D

M N L C N

A H N R B O E U E S

D E K B

K E O R

L O O

C C

S G D

E UN - EEK NAMED K CR U UT M I G H J R N C PIN E A

H N O D L

E A S

K A M P E H A A N T N

C U S R S K E IN E T N K E E

S W

M N

E A Kinglake National Park E D R A Y ARVE G HA H UN L R NAMED L GR E E AV LA W E W E S R EN S CE

S E D V I RY L CR O B L EE WOOD A K AKE NOOK C NGL K D KI C OL A L F HUNTS C R E E U K NN AM E M U D Highlands - Southern Fall N N E N A AM L ED N B N A

E W I R L B D D O G C Legend R E E K *Cyperus eragrostis *Pinus radiata D *Rubus fruticosus aggregate INS Y DA OW LE YO #Acacia baileyana W C RE PINNAC EK #Acacia decurrens LE

U K N E #Acacia floribunda N E

A R

M C

*Acer negundo

A E S

D L R *Acetosella vulgaris LORIM E ER

R S E A T T W *Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis S ILLO D WBEND O D D E LLS *Buddleja sp. D W HA M S AR K O M A *Cotoneaster glaucophyllus E

Y N E N R

U C *Cotoneaster pannosusW O ILLS S

Y R N R E *Cretageous monogyna IFLE E O RA X NGE D I Y D C *Cyperus eragrostis R E X Y F E W

O L I K *Foeniculum vulgare F L V U A G E T

S S M BO D O TTI H E *Fraxinus angustifolia NGS I S T E N I L N W I D Y ILLI E S LE AM M M L U SON S L N VA NN AM A E C D C Y A *Genista monspessulana

N R R K L THE C P RES N E S T E U D U E E Grevillea repens E K S K M M U A JO I N YC TH U N N E S N *Hypericum perforatum A N G N M U D A L U M E HIL LL E E D E Y D Y E M *Juncus bufonius R D E

T A L NE B ED E O N U M D T A M *Malus pumila T D N N E D G E N ULF A R U E

U M E M UN S N A NA M M *Pinus radS iata N M E C N D D T S A A O F U E T N A N U T A D N M I #Pittosporum undulatum N H N D L N A S Y NO E M A E U E G E U A D E M M D N L N M I *Populus sp. A E L N W M A D A A N U M E V L N M L G A N A IBBS A N *Prunus cerasifera N N Y C U E N U P U P N *Prunus sp. A U H

N *Quercus robur 0.7 0.35 0 0.7 R 1.4 2.1 HEN UNNA O A BERTS DERSON MED Kilometers E *Rosa rubiginosa D *Rubus fruticosus aggregate *Trifolium angustifolium Date created: 30th May 2011 *Vicia sativa Created by : Kathy Himbeck Creeks Abzeco Pty. Ltd Roads Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_Weed Victorian Bioregion Eltham, Victoria 3095 MappingFig3Everard National Park Boundaries Ph 03 9431 5444 Scale 1:40,000 www.abzeco.com.au Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 11. Rapid survey of target weeds in Paul's Range State Forest.

S M Y

A G E

G S Y A N

A E L L

U V

R I K IA N O P C K

S O C U A R R S N E T N E C E K A L U L M A N HEA E LESVIL N LE- D K A ED INGLAKE UNNAM M D E U E M N U D A N N D A N N M A O N E M O U D E W D N E U L NN G AM ED Highlands - Northern Fall U NNAME K D E E R C S S Y E R L R R O I E E C G UN RIV AN H N EA OL C AM Y TO E LD D O K SMITHS UNNAMED S

E UNNAMED Y

E D L

R V I X D

E C I A M O A N N S N U C

S P U R I

U C

N L O E C S A L I L E

N E I R P L S K A

H C E L R M

E P E E D E K E K E D M A N B N R N O E C U K W S UNNAMED UNNAMED MCKAY MCKAY P U C U R N H U NN N U AM ED A M M

C E D R

E D E E D M E K A AM N N SYLVIA CREEK N N U U

U N ED N M NA A UN M U E N D N D A E M M E A D N N U W EA SE L C L RE E E O K N MO Paul's Ranges State Forest NDA

U M N Y N

E A

R M

UNN S E AME D D

U S

N C N R A E D M W E E OO E DNOO M K K A D N N Highlands - Southern Fall U

L O

W AMED E UNN U D S NN E AM M E A D N K N

E U

H E

E R

A D

T E JOSHUA U H

M M N

U A N

H N A

C N M

U E

D L U UNNAME NN O A D ME U D ST JOH N NS N A M E U D NN AM ED O BEA D LD TOO CHS E LANG M U I A N Y N L N L N UN A U U NA M ME E PI G D NNACLE D G UNN UN N AME NAME O RS D D P L E A CU OG U NN R U L IN D NNA S G E MED H AM AM N UN LO RIMERS

K A E B L E E R D K M C E M Legend E A Y N E N L S U R R L HU C T #Acacia longifolia U AR

S G WI D LLS L E *Rubus fruticosus aggregate G M U D A N N A E N #Acacia longifolia P O M U L A N #Acacia decurrens N D U

#Acacia longifolia M DS A KWOO N BLAC *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp monilifera N U N UNNAMED U A N INSW A OR *Digitalis purpurea M TH E A D S R *Rubus fruticosus aggregate E L BO G KA TTINGS D Y U ED 0.5 0.25 0 0.5 1 1.5 O N *Verbascum thapsus M H Y NA WALT N Kilometers A *Watsonia meriana ERS U Creeks Date created: 30th May 2011 Abzeco Pty. Ltd Roads Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Paul's Range State Forest Survey Area Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Bioregions Ph 03 9431 5444 National Park Boundaries File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_ www.abzeco.com.au Scale 1:32,000 WeedMappingPaulsRange Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 12. Rapid Survey of Target weeds in the Maroondah Catchment, showing the points, polylines and polygons recorded.

E Y R R U C H H W K E D E E I T T Victorian Alps M O C C H R E F E H T E R O M K O I U S R U E S H M L M D D P

5 R H C I B S C 2 IT O L E D S M R R A E M L A D G R D G E O E E C N D A E O K A E L D M C H L E O W L D E K A K A R E A C M R D N L C N R I H E E C A D K U M R

N O M A C I E H NN N E N T K C U U M R G N E S R U N N R E A E

N U E N O K A E M N D E K N D U E

M R A I V N D N

E E E JOSHUA N M R U E U K A N T N E N H R N S E A I E T AT M U D R H H Highlands - Northern Fall J E C T O E U C D N H D NA E

M M N U R O D E E D E S N D L NAM M A O N N A T U BE A N R A N R C A T H O S N A Y E O N M N D R M U N P A E U R 1 EA A D T 2 D G U S G K OGER M N E R I U E L H E ER R E A C S N W U I O S G E N D L L N N N NG H I U N T A O N A C O T K N M S M A M R R E M 0 E G A M S Y E ORLEY C R 2 E RE U E E EK U D M N H E D D N I D R E R T R D R M N T A O O A ME K R C A S K L A N T O UN A EY C R E M Y D W O A L E L E R K B I L E T N D Victorian Alps Legend DS R G O K H U O E KW R C C I LA K E R G B N O E A A E D E C T T E R UR A N O M G R Y F O R A L AD N D O *Rubus fruticosus aggregate N N C R O N N T K U 1 I U AY TR W O E A N 2 C 1 D N H T FA H R RM I L O 1 D S Y O T O W P D E A A S N F #Acacia longifolia C A O S W G 9 M O N H E O C W 4 A D U U W O S R R AL L R T D ERS WHE O M TAY LANS D E A *DigitalLiOsR purpurea H C E E R M O E A K REE U N R ROAD TH N E E N R *Rubus fruticosuNs aggregate K K U 7 D O P A MAROONDAH RESERVOIR M A S 1 E OSQ A A M L FFER D UIT D CHA IU A M O CR U E A G L O EE Victorian Alps D R E K F N 5 V L I #Acacia longifolia N E D R F I I O N 1 E S N D F N NE U IV A K L R T R LY O - S S D C W T R O EIR AT Y R E A R W A T C O L E #AcaciLa longifolia ssp. sophSorae O R G D A S L Y D O X E I ERONS U E E AM I C R S H L A

E N L Y

E E E D V N R L N K W N A R L 1 I L R VE 5 A

S T E M BE M V O U F S H C S AH R E E

A *Cyperus eraVgrostis N AN D D T

T Y N D E I L R A G O O L I L T O

L E T L N R O M L A H E E C M A

I G O A E

E C G N W L I

G A D E O H E L N U E R L D U H IV *Digitalis purpurea H P F L O U C M L C O LA E O O J P E Highlands - Southern Fall D B S L A A V H U L E D GRACE BURN CREEK G I W R M R S D E *Fraxinus angustifolia RIV E O T U A R E E H I AUBURN W RO N N H G C E A M T U A H R N D N N R S A D N K E Y IX A

*Hedera helix U E T E N N S E S S K F A N R M I N M M F M A M D E R U A V E I D OAD E A T SE M D VEN N D O A H LALORS D A *Hypericum androsaemum D N N O O N N O A O U S E R U U D P N

T M N E I Y N C Y L A

E O T *Illex aqAuifoliumRIVER R L I N DONALD N M A N E LS E R R D E L O E N I D H ID E J R I R H D N T IE Y U O U L T A N M A *Lonicera japonica N AIR L D Victorian Alps NA Y I O D M A E ER R FO E A D O R V T RI C O R R A T E O T RR R OV Y A N R #PiYttosporum undulatum E AN EK T E H E W K T R O ER C U LB Y S A CHALET *Prunus sp. N N L IN N L N E A A IC M W PICANINNY CREEK B P *Ranunculus repens X LUEG E UM A EK MAROONDAH D K WEIR GER CRE D M RA ER BAD A R ADG R E B B O *Rubus fruticosus aggregate E G A M D CORANDERRK LAKE G A T A PUNEH GULLY CREEK W K D R O E N D P E E A N U N M N E A B O N U *Rubus laciniatus SKYE R N O C R N

O O O K U H C K D

ED A R M UNNA UNNA T G G W MED A O Victorian Alps D R T A U N

S O *Verbascum thapsus O E

P L L A

F D

N E L T U R

B Y O A E E E B S L C SPRING W U O

D B D SPRING L B R A I O R Y O N D R E *ZantedeschiaD aethiopica N E NAME

H G E N UN H

A G G W Y K O M PIN N U E C D N R Y Water Body N O D MY A UNN E ON RT D M AME E R LE UN UNNAMED E D K A R C NA U AM E IV RE ME N N D E EK 1 0.5 0 D 1 2N 3 4 Roads UN R DONN A A BUA M NG E Kilometers Creeks DONNA BUANG D Victorian Bioregion Abzeco Pty. Ltd Date created: 30th May 2011 Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Maroondah Survey Area Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 National Park Boundaries Ph 03 9431 5444 Scale 1:70,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig12MaroondahRecords Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 13. Rapid Survey of Target Weeds in the O'Shannassy survey area, showing points, polylines and polygons recorded.

W U K E E A L V N E R L I P L E C M I L S D B Y K A L N N M R S L E Y C M O S A O E D D O T R N R L P N C I Victorian Alps U S LANT U N O S A R L U TIO E R E N O N N I O X I N E P V Y E P H S L V A A T L E E Highlands - Northern Fall NDE M A K E B S R E R SO C K I R R N E N N Y E N N S A D I A E A C D A N L O B R O R E N E M J D C E G A M UNNAM S D U ED E R N I N A AM D K E E C F C D L O M D ED O R A AM E W A N NN B H U L N M I E Y E L U A N R K L L N M N E E C IT N S R A L U L E G C R E E R O C K S D E T C H A R G R O E G E EI D E N K M E I D F E A K K K R O I D R V UR R K U O ROAD FO O P O E E U S S E M C D H H R N A A K C Victorian Alps L N K E

E H N M IC E T R R A R O T H M S S C D R G I S T Highlands - Northern Fall I O A N M Y E A E G A

O A D N E A R R V D W D C O O C I S O A R V A M H O A H E D AD D F N A O E L E V R IV R K E A E T O O F R O R R E H O IN R O I A R N D N G S O D E D O R E A H N T H N R H

E R O R W R A E I D A V E F L C S D E IV H E R R E Armstrong Creek State Forest C M E R A E N E E N K K U

L I D DEEP CREEK AME O H NN U W O E T R T O W I R AD D A T H E G N A U G K IN N E E O D N W RI RE E C R A N OW ES A L L O M NG ROA I R E D TW R D E O LVE MO A D RLEY CREEK U N D E

N M A S A

M K X N W E E D A N T D OLEY E U E T P R S M UNNA C A R MED IV G N E R N R N O U R Victorian Alps O O A R A D T S D Yarra Ranges National Park

S E M Legend I IG X R Highlands - Southern Fall D H A T ROAD FOUR E HREE NG M ROAD T N TRO *Cyperus eragrostis RMS A O ST A D A N I E E T N A M A U R V W *Hypericum androsaemum Victorian Alps N ALS S R H O N S CR M E EEK A U R I S K A D T B H E

G T O E *Rubus fruticosus aY ggregate

E C E D T R R T N R HEODO

F R N E E I O C I V E A M F

R E *Rubus laciniatus T D D K A

D E O M T N T D A E M K N E

N A E C O U E K N O M *Rubus fruticosus aR ggregate E N R A E R D U C R O N C A D T R D E N D R A D R *Hedera helix E M U E O T A A L E A H M C D R N B M S E A N IX E U A N N *Hypericum androsaemum N N ROAD S U F U EVEN I RO S A H *Prunus sp. D EL E E U VEN R N

M N L K O A Victorian Alps A C *Rubus fruticosus aggregate U E M K U N E N L W N E N S I R O Victorian Alps N A T M K D C Y O E A T

D E A D L *Rubus laciniatus M R E E E R K L

E O R I A E Y L B D D R E C A M I W R U V D R L N O B E E O M O ShinyNematolepisPop C L R E O K D I V I A S T U E P M R Victorian Alps B P W F D N E E O E U A LA O I N T G U D R D N J E N I T S NS M A ME I I I A N H Water Body B N M N G N B PE AL IL R G UN E A U E Y 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 L U C H M C W L O R R T L E TW D E E E Kilometers Roads D E Y A D E O M E E R NA K N K N Creeks U Abzeco Pty. Ltd Victorian Bioregion Date created: 30th May 2011 Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street O'Shannassy Survey Area Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 National Park Boundaries Ph 03 9431 5444 Scale 1:76,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig13OShannassyRecords Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 14. Rapid survey of target weeds within private property Containment Lines, Kinglake region.

D U F R N E

A U D N K P M

A E M E O S M L A E S U E D E N N M D R L N R E R E A D O O R A A N R C CH H D M A E RD A N G W A A B U H M E G W Y O H A C N U N B ITT S N W M

M L I E U Sugarloaf BS lock N SEA K A N P -K OW U ING IN N N EL LAKE S U L N S Highlands - Northern Fall R

M S U A E B D N LL N E Kinglake National Park H R I N M S U SO A C B M B N D O Kinglake National Park A N NUMBER ON M H O E O A E E CREEK E E C N D L A C D

G M N O D H

A U O S

N W

N C K A

U R E Kinglake National Park R

E E R D E C P U D K S N R I N E N Victorian Volcanic Plain A E AS D A C M R UN F E D M F H E NAME H D D E D U D A C K G E L

M U E S M N N A A A N U L

A L

E M M N N A N N ED T

G A N G N U U N I C

N N D U E N

A I K R S GL I D ES NE N E S K P E T N K E I - J E E U L IDG A E M H R E K OL G H O R T H N A C O S R

A S T N HA E RRY A Y M S N B P

H C U L

R A R UNN K E T AMED U E E D C P E I E U UN R R K D NA S E E N E K C M UN ME E N A NAM D H E D D N ED S K A N L N U E M N D A O I R Everard Block E E B M D H C A I M U D Victorian Volcanic Plain C S A N N R U I N N Legend NNAM U ED N M D E A H D U U M T D E S G N E R K R M E A Y N D D N #Acacia hoA wittii K I

D A

E E H C E N N

G E M R

M E E D N I S E E

A R M W K R U N *Acer pseudopetalanus D D E D E A N

C I K E E E O

T N N R S

P M M T C N U S K

E A A Cretageous moGnogyna U IN E N N C A

K D N N B N RE J N Y U NNA E U NS U *Cyperus eragrostis E EK R S S CRE R D AN UR N R ARTH E EN E BR M T D C E M U U E NN M O Kinglake National Park A Highlands - Southern Fall S *Digitalis purpurea AMED N L L A

N L U U M U L IV N N E KE E N N E E LA A D R S G E N N N M C S KI

T E E I S LD *Fraxinus angD ustifolia U O A V S S T M R M D A A E U M E E K N O U H M N U W *JuncDus bu fonius A H N N IL U N A T N M D E NNA N N A IT DO ME N A TO D N D U M G L N M NS C DAISY U E ED BR REE E A HILL D D IDG K M N *Lonicera japonica L E D A I N G O W S REENS U WS N E M HA I O L N N N S D D U R K A H *Malus pumila N N D B A O B E D C A R G E O B E S M E C D R H UNN L R M AM I *Pinus radiata E ED H W E C P IN A E E N D U I A D V K CLE D C E S N E N K E L LA D L N D N D M E IN #PittosCpHorum undulatum Y E A M E A P S U E O E PEL A D W D M V E A E I Y A M O M N N T B L E E W E N M A U C A N D S A L D N O H C RE *Prunus cerasifera N N O U Y R E N U N O N A R K U EA U N N N A D D N C R U

R M N O E U U N K U I N E E M D D A I M D *Prunus sp. D A N B N M E A W A L R A E R K N A

R M R D E S Y A A E UN P T A *Rosa rubiginosa E NAMED S A R T D T H LS R D O H ME R M C E T C A A C BR NG A E D V S M U T IEW LLS *Rubus fruticosus aggregate A L U O H E NNAM A N W RS E S S GOV D R ALT MA E ERN N N ERS M M E ENT A N H RU N A U SH A BR G T OC K R E S U KS D N E LLY O M N *Tradescantia flumiCnTeOnRSs iGsU U R U CR S LLY R O R EE N S R K E L B N B S R D A F L R IF U W M A E LE W *Ulmus sp. T F G YOU C R A E NG L A S A I U G O T A N V UNNA D K G T N MED L S Y S U N E E NN D L S AM N C L O U ED O M U M O *Vinca major A N UN A N NAMED N N A V G I Y M E S M N S N L N S O E A T E N D V S H E S S E C I A T E A R O T U T D D N L N I N N L A R L L C M E R C E I K N E H M D *Zantedeschia aethiopica G M A R FO R D F E X L S E Y Y E O E R L E D E S R G AMED R B E A U UNN H E K I B E M E P E N T M A E T D K S O I E U E A E R R T D S E B M S H Y D K Containment LinesN surveE yed NAME F C E R UN J D S R D K N R A F E E O S C S U Y G A T U N M Y D D L H U E A E L C L N I E W L L N N L E L B Water Body C U Y A U H N L U U D T D M R I N T H A G U T N T 0.5 0.25 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 E T A E A A IS U L M A E ME GU BA L G S R D LF N R S N N H N A O ONS W H Y R E CLINT M Roads E N N EY A Kilometers L N C C C C Y N VAL N LA H O Y S V U PP U SC ICTO L A OTT Creeks RIA H Abzeco Pty. Ltd Victorian Bioregion Date created: 30th May 2011 Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street National Park Boundaries Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Ph 03 9431 5444 Scale 1:55,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig7ContainmentLineKinglake Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Figure 15. Rapid survey of target weeds within Platts Creek Containment Lines

U L N Y N R E B A B R M I A R E D H A D M

K R C O E A R T D B K E H E I T G E E E R E U E K N C F N B R S L N C D D D E U E M A D F E M A I M R C B N M B I R K N R E A I U B B A E R G E H N E A O IG M L O N D P R S O I O U A P Y N L R T A E K T K S S E C E

D C E

R E D C R K R E I R C

E B K E E E E E K E K R M R E E M L K E Y R U C L STRINGYBA A C E U RK R L K Y E R L F N K

E A C F A B E D E E L E L M S N R E L T T C O M M A A T T S R U E K N I L T L T L O C N I C I A U F P M P L M G I E L B T T I A L J H O

M H

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I D T S C S A N S R O I

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S M E C S R K R I D E P E NAM E P P UN E P U K I

E N L P O N U V F A N U E A M EEK I N N Yarra State Forest CR G T E Y N OT A U H D SO L A M L G Y M MISSISSIPPI E CREEK U E D L D K L E Y E R C S K T T D E A E L E R P A C D

Highlands - Southern Fall E M D I A

D R N

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K C M EE CR R A S LATT E N P E E

K N Z C A H U R HOPE GULLY A D R N IT E S Y V P G U E EK U E L S R R L C Y S B D LA G L U A CO E R O O N R R S U B D D E I P L M E P U A C E E N R R Y N U E

Y C S E M K A R Y R E T LY R H UL E E ER G A K C DWY R W EE A K B S L L M NNAMED K U YT U INSP I E H IRATI N Y ON CRE C C EK G R RE E E E K K

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B G R S S I G O T U D E D C P M D E N E E K M A AM M M C A T N N N C A R S U E N R N E K U C R E E N E

R E K U E S

E K R P E Legend C

K U

E K R L E M B E *Rubus fruticosus aggregate O R R R A T C

IM REEK M O E C G *Rubus fruticosus aggregate R IMOR I E RT B 0.3 0.15 0 0.3 C MO0.6 0.9 1.2 EEK R S DE M CR E N BRI Platts Creek Containment Line LFRA E Kilometers E MT WO K B Roads Abzeco Pty. Ltd Date created: 30th May 2011 Creeks Suite 1, 4 Brisbane Street Local Government Boundaries Created by : Kathy Himbeck Eltham, Victoria 3095 Ph 03 9431 5444 Victorian Bioregion Scale 1:25,000 File: J:\Jobs\2010_Jobs\1099-DSE_WeedMapping www.abzeco.com.au Fig15ContainmentLinePlattsCrk Note: Location of property boundaries, watercourse and topography indicative only Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011

7 Discussion A number of issues and comments have been raised throughout the course of the project. These are provided in brief below. • There are benefits and disadvantages of mapping areas initially and then later following up with control. o Knowing the details of the infestations (ie location, species, size, number, condition) will enable to better plan an efficient control strategy. But when weed infestations are scattered or small, control is more efficient if conducted at the time of mapping. o If mapping and control is separate, it is vital that the operators conducting the control component have the location and information details for each infestation to ensure that they are controlling exactly what was originally mapped. o It may be quite time consuming and potentially confusing to include any additional information for infestations that were not initially mapped. o Infestations may be discovered during the control stage that weren’t mapped during the initial survey. • The majority of the road sides within the Maroondah and O’Shannassy Catchments are regularly maintained for fire management purposes, through slashing. o This has the advantage of physically removing vegetation to prevent plants maturing and dispersing seed within the narrow strip along the roadside that is slashed. o The timing of surveys in these areas is important; too soon after slashing and many infestations and species will not be visible. o Slashing is a method of physical reduction of weed biomass but it is not a method of long term control, especially for some species. Herbicide application through spraying or ‘cut & paste’ in sensitive areas should be used in conjunction with slashing. o It is important to understand that infestations often extended beyond the roadside and further into the bushland. • Infestations across flowing waterways restrict the control method that is able to be implemented. The spraying of herbicide as a means of control for weeds such as Blackberry is the most cost‐effective and labour saving option. When this option is not available the control of such an invasive and high threat weed could become a very time consuming, resource hungry issue, particularly with mature infestations. • Many of the Blackberries within the O’Shannassy Catchment showed no evidence of flowering and fruiting, possibly because they were in very sheltered positions and not receiving much sunlight. These individuals could be considered low threat as they are unable to spread rapidly. • The rapid weed survey captured data as a point, polyline or polygon. o Information associated with a polyline, in some instances, extends for several hundred metres, creating difficulties when extrapolating data on the number of infestations, if that is a key aspect that land managers need to know.

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o Similarly, data captured as a polygon, give an indication of the location of number of infestations but only records percentage cover and has limitations in providing estimated number of individuals. • As requested by Parks Victoria, South African Weed Orchid *Disa bracteata was targeted whilst surveying the containment line in the Kinglake area. The South African Weed Orchid is known to flower from late October to December. Even though the project commenced with surveys along the containment lines, it is thought that the season had already finished and even if this species was present, the timing of the surveys potentially did not allow for its effective detection. • The Spear Thistle *Cirsium vulgare is an environmental weed listed as Regionally Controlled under the CaLP Act (1994), but was not included in the target list of weed species for the project. Several infestations were observed along the roadside of Watsons Creek Track in Everard Block, Kinglake. After discussions with Parks Victoria it was agreed that this species did not need to be mapped as its management was of low priority. • A population of Creeping Grevillea Grevillea repens, considered Rare in Victoria (DSE, 2005) was found along Mt Jerusalem Track, along the western side, in Everard Block, Kinglake National Park. • Aside from the obvious artificial pathways of weed spread such as roads, tracks and waterways, others were identified that maybe specific to the survey area. o Kinglake National Park supports a variety of visitor areas that are potentially high disturbance areas. Recreational facilities such as picnic areas (e.g. Frank Thomson Reserve), lookout sites (e.g. Mount Sugarloaf), scenic sites (e.g. Masons Falls) and walking tracks (Bundy Track) are all potential pathways of weed spread. o Paul’s Range State Forest supports areas of logging and is a popular location for walkers, off road enthusiast and trail bike riders (both legal and illegal). o Armstrong Creek State Forest is within the O’Shannassy Catchment, and supports areas of logging. • Ins some areas, particularly along the creek lines, the regeneration was extremely thick and in some cases very tall, greatly inhibiting the ability to undertake weed surveys with any confidence. An increase in rainfall post‐fire created perfect conditions for regeneration. The rapid survey may have been more effective if conducted the previous year, one year after the fire when the pathways may have been more accessible and visibility not a problem. • Land use practises such as logging, are encouraging the encroachment of high threat environmental weeds by creating open, edge effects that are leaving large areas of native vegetation vulnerable to fire.

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8 Recommendations ‘Fire is a common and natural event in most of the natural habitats of south‐east Australia and most species have adaptations that enable them to recover following a fire. However, fire is also a form of disturbance and when a fire event is large and intense, the natural environment may take a little longer to recover. Of particular concern are species and ecosystems that are not well adapted to fire, including some threatened species. Assessment of fire impact on species, ecosystems and ongoing management are important components of natural values recovery. These actions commence immediately following the fire and continue for a number of years.’ (DSE, 2010) Through the many guidelines and strategic plans that are available, it is clear that DSE, Parks Victoria and other associated government agencies responsible for land management, have a comprehensive set of guidelines and strategic directions to assist with weed control in fire affected areas. The strategic directions prioritise the key steps to recovery and provides directions on what may be the most effective and efficient method of achieving it. Post‐fire management programs need to have active strategies to eradicate prohibited weeds or suppress specific environmental weeds they are responsible for. The strategic directions are designed be used, and should be used, when deciding on management actions when funding becomes available. To ensure the on ground works of post‐fire management programs are conducted in the most efficient and effective way, the following recommendations should be applied: • Control contract works should be completed by a highly qualified specialist with high level of plant identification skills, ecological knowledge and weed management experience to ensure all weeds are correctly identified, mapped, controlled using the most sensitive method and their attributes recorded. • Creation of a set of procedures to standardise the type and detail of data being collected. The procedures need to provide details on the survey methodology and descriptions for each of the data fields collected. For example, assessing the severity of a burn can be a subjective field depending on the knowledge of the contractor. Providing clear descriptions that will assist with determining a more accurate assessment will ensure that a standardised evaluation is being made. This should be applied to all the fields of data. • Care should be taken when applying any type of chemical as a method of control. It is important that operators are knowledgeable of the chemical they are using and the potential impacts to indigenous vegetation. Herbicides should be used selectively and skilfully. • A multidiscipline approach should be applied to weed control. Control methods should be employed depending on the location, size and maturity of the infestation to ensure the most efficient and effective control is achieved meeting budget, environmental and biodiversity values. As recommended by DSE, post‐fire management programs should consider the biology of the weeds concerned, in particular their response to fire and time to reproduction maturity, as well as their pre‐fire distribution in relation to the area burned, fire intensity, vegetation top‐kill and fire suppression activities. DSE also recommend that rapid response to weed control should be up to 2 years following a fire or large disturbance event. We advise that this can be influenced by rainfall events. Significant rainfall post‐fire provides perfect conditions for regeneration, creating difficulties for effective weed

Page 40 of 52 Abzeco Weed Mapping & Control Report 1099 for Kilmore‐East Murrindindi Complex Ver1.0 – May 2011 control. Weed control following fire events should be dynamic and needs to commence immediately following a fire.

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9 References Blood, K. (2001) Environmental Weeds: A field guide for SE Australia. CH Jerram & Associates‐ Science Publishers, Austalia Carr, G. W., Yugovic, J.V. & Robinson, K. E.(1992) Environmental Weed Invaders in Victoria. Conservation & Management Implications. Department of Conservation and Environment and Ecological Horticulture Pty Ltd DNRE. (2002) South African Weed Orchid Identification. Department Of Natural Resources and Environment. Victoria DPI (2008) Declared noxious Weeds – Listed by Common Name. Department of Primary Industries, Victoria. DSE (2004) The effects of fire on Victorian bushland Environments. DSE, Victoria. DSE (2005) Advisory List of Rare or Threatened Plants in Victoria‐2005. DSE, Victoria DSE (2008) Local area planning for managing the environmental impacts of weeds on public land in Victoria: Otway Weeds Case Study, 2008. Appendix 8, p. 57‐58. DSE, Victoria DSE (2010) Bushfire Recovery Plan for Public Land: A plan to guide the recovery of public land in Victorian affected by the 2009 Black Saturday and related bushfires. DSE, Victoria. Muyt, A. (2001) Bush Invaders of South‐East Australia: a guide to the identification and control of environmental weeds found in South‐East Australia. R. G. and F. J. Richardson, Australia. Richardson, F.J., Richardson, R.G. & Shepherd, R. C. H. (2007) Weeds of the South‐east: an identification guide for Australia. R.G and F.J. Richardson, Australia. Walsh, N.G. & Stajsic, V. (2007) A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria. National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria.

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Appendix 1 List of State-wide Prohibited and Victorian Alert Weeds that require to be controlled in theKilmore-East Murrindindi Compex South Fire-ground. State Prohibited Weeds and Victorian Alert Weeds are collectively called Weed Alert Species. These include new and emerging weeds and sleeper Weeds.

State Prohibited Weeds Common name Scientific name

Branched Broomrape Orobanche ramosa Hawkweeds Hieracium spp Horsetails Equisetum spp. Karoo Thorn and Giraffe Thorn Acacia karroo Acacia erioloba or Acacia giraffae Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica. Giant knotweed Fallopia sachalinensis Japanese knotweed hybrid Fallopia x bohemica Lagarosiphon Lagarosiphon major Lobed needle grass Nassella charruana

Marijuana Cannabis sativa Mesquite Prosopis spp. Mexican feather grass Nassella tenuissima Nodding Thistle Carduus nutans Poverty weed Iva axillaris

Victorian Alert Weeds Common name Scientific name

Chilean rhubarb Gunnera tinctoria Cypress spurge Euphorbia cyparissias Fireweed Senecio madagascariensis Giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum Hairy willow‐herb Epilobium hirsutum Hedge cactus Cereus hildmannianus Leafy spurge Euphorbia esula Moon cactus Harrisia martinii Old man’s beard Clematis italba Smoke bush Buddleja madagascariensis

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Appendix 2. Very High Risk and High Risk Weeds as listed in the Advisory List of Environmental weeds of the Ranges bioregions of Victoria.

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Appendix 3. Weed species recorded in the study area, showing the number of infestations recorded for each survey area. Only the point data is included in this table. It is difficult to extrapolate certain information from the polyline and polygon data. It can be assumed that each polygon is a single infestation but the estimated number of individuals is not available. Similarly for the polyline information, the estimated number of individuals is available but not the number of infestations that it relates to, so it is not included in the table.

Containment Pauls Platts Scientific Name Common Name Everard Sugarloaf O’Shannassy Maroondah Line Range Creek Cootamundra #Acacia baileyana Wattle 2 Early Black‐ #Acacia decurrens wattle 1 1 #Acacia floribunda White Sallow 1 1 #Acacia howittii Sticky Wattle 2 #Acacia longifolia Sallow Wattle 2 #Acacia longifolia ssp. Coastal Wattle sophorae 1 *Acer negundo Box‐elder Maple 2 *Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple 1 *Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel 1 *Agapanthus praecox ssp. Agapanthus orientalis 2 *Buddleja sp. Buddleja 1 1 *Chrysanthemoides Boneseed monilifera subsp monilifera 1 Large‐leaf *Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster 1 Velvet *Cotoneaster pannosus Cotoneaster 1 *Cratageous monogyna Hawthorn 5 2 *Cynoglossum sp. Hounds Tongue 1 *Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat‐sedge 5 42 26 *Digitalis purpurea Foxglove 1 4 58 *Echium plantagineum Paterson’s Curse 1 *Foeniculum vulgare Fennel 1 *Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash 1 1 1 Montpellier *Genista monspessulana Broom 8 *Hedera helix English Ivy 2 8 *Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan 1 29 8 *Hypericum perforatum St Johnʹs Wort 1 *Ilex aquifolium English Holly 4 *Juncus bufonius Toad Rush 2 1 Japanese *Lonicera japonica Honeysuckle 1 1 *Malus pumila Apple 2 3 *Pinus radiata Radiata Pine 5 1 Sweet #Pittosporum undulatum Pittosporum 1 5 6 *Populus sp. Popular 1 *Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum 10 3 *Prunus sp. Prunus 6 12 2 1 *Quercus robur English Oak 2 Creeping *Ranunculus repens Buttercup 1 *Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar 8 4 *Rubus fruticosus Blackberry aggregate 52 176 62 241 225 503 2 *Rubus laciniatus Cut‐leaf Bramble 5 6 16

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Containment Pauls Platts Scientific Name Common Name Everard Sugarloaf O’Shannassy Maroondah Line Range Creek *Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew 1 Narrow‐leaf *Trifolium angustifolium Clover 1 *Ulmus sp. Elm 1 *Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein 3 *Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein 1 *Vicia sativa Common Vetch 1 *Vinca major Blue Periwinkle 2 *Watsonia meriana Bulbil Lily 1 *Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum‐lily 1 2 Total Weed Species 19 29 3 7 5 17 1 Total Weed Infestations 107 279 68 250 264 642 2

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Appendix 4. Weed species recorded in the study area from the point data, showing the number of individuals recorded for each survey area. Only the point data is included in this table. It is difficult to extrapolate certain information from the polyline and polygon data. It can be assumed that each polygon is a single infestation but the estimated number of individuals is not available. Similarly for the polyline information, the estimated number of individuals is available but not the number of infestations that it relates to, so it is not included in the table.

Containment Paulʹs Platts Scientific Name Common Name Everard Sugarloaf O’Shannassy Maroondah Line Range Creek Cootamundra #Acacia baileyana Wattle 2 Early Black‐ #Acacia decurrens wattle 30 50 #Acacia floribunda White Sallow 7 1 #Acacia howittii Sticky Wattle 2 #Acacia longifolia Sallow Wattle 50 #Acacia longifolia ssp. Coastal Wattle sophorae 3 *Acer negundo Box‐elder Maple 4 *Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple 35 *Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel 100 *Agapanthus praecox ssp. Agapanthus orientalis 24 *Buddleja sp. Buddleja 1 1 *Chrysanthemoides Boneseed monilifera subsp monilifera 3 Large‐leaf *Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster 3 Velvet *Cotoneaster pannosus Cotoneaster 3 *Cratageous monogyna Hawthorn 108 2 *Cynoglossum sp. Hounds Tongue 4 *Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat‐sedge 358 1135 892 *Digitalis purpurea Foxglove 10 18 990 *Echium plantagineum Patersonʹs Curse 1 *Foeniculum vulgare Fennel 2 *Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash 1 1 1 Montpellier *Genista monspessulana Broom 55 *Hedera helix English Ivy 4 39 *Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan 5 134 23 *Hypericum perforatum St Johnʹs Wort 5 *Ilex aquifolium English Holly 22 *Juncus bufonius Toad Rush 50m2 10m2 Japanese *Lonicera japonica Honeysuckle 3 2 *Malus pumila Apple 3 3 *Pinus radiata Radiata Pine 11 1 Sweet #Pittosporum undulatum Pittosporum 1 5 42 *Populus sp. Popular 100 *Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum 50 8 *Prunus sp. Prunus 22 114 2 1 *Quercus robur English Oak 2 *Ranunculus repens Creeping 200

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Containment Paulʹs Platts Scientific Name Common Name Everard Sugarloaf O’Shannassy Maroondah Line Range Creek Buttercup

*Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar 47 6 *Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry 254 674 167 1889 1102 3407 15 *Rubus laciniatus Cut‐leaf Bramble 5 14 123 *Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew 10 Narrow‐leaf *Trifolium angustifolium Clover 2 *Ulmus sp. Elm 9 *Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein 8 *Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein 5 *Vicia sativa Common Vetch 1 *Vinca major Blue Periwinkle 15 *Watsonia meriana Bulbil Lily 20 *Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum‐lily 10 51 Total Weed Species 19 29 3 7 5 17 1 Total Weed Individuals 949 2301 173 1986 1256 5858 15

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Appendix 5A & B. Weed species recorded in the study area from the polyline and polygon data. Appendix 5A. The data recorded as a polyline for each of the relevant survey areas are shown in the table below. Provided in the table are the estimated number of individuals counted for the infestation along the length of track/road mapped. The length is shown in metres.

Everard Sugarloaf Paulʹs Range Maroondah OʹShannassy Scientific Name Common Name Length Length Length Length Length No. (m) No. (m) No. (m) No. (m) No. (m) Acacia longifolia Sallow Wattle 400 120 70 483 Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat‐sedge 190 1,780 30 207 Digitalis purpurea Foxglove 1,000 387 Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan 1020 5,075 Pinus radiata Radiata Pine 12 53 Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry 392 4,023 20 393 821 2,853 2,284 18,416 4,675 14,950 Rubus laciniatus Cut‐leaf Bramble 20 425

Total 594 5,856 20 393 1,221 2,973 6,327 19,286 5,745 20,657

Appendix 5B. The data recorded as a polygon for each of the relevant survey areas are shown in the table below. Provided in the table is the estimated area, in square metres, for each infestation that was >50m2.

Sugarloaf Paulʹs Range Maroondah OʹShannassy Platts Creek Scientific Name Common Name Area (m2) Area (m2) Area (m2) Area (m2) Area (m2) Acacia longifolia Sallow Wattle 759 Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom 1,777 Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry 13,113 5,295 1,477 1,391

Total 14,890 759 5,295 1,477 1,391

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Appendix 6. Combined list of weed species present in each of the survey areas within the study area. The information recorded for a point, polyline or polygon have been collated in the table below, showing the list of weed species recorded in each of the survey areas.

Containment Paulʹs Platts Scientific Name Common Name Everard Sugarloaf O’Shannassy Maroondah Line Range Creek Cootamundra #Acacia baileyana Wattle X Early Black‐ #Acacia decurrens wattle X X #Acacia floribunda White Sallow X X #Acacia howittii Sticky Wattle X #Acacia longifolia Sallow Wattle X X #Acacia longifolia ssp. Coastal Wattle sophorae X *Acer negundo Box‐elder Maple X *Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple X *Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel X *Agapanthus praecox ssp. Agapanthus orientalis X *Buddleja sp. Buddleja X X *Chrysanthemoides Boneseed monilifera subsp monilifera X Large‐leaf *Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster X Velvet *Cotoneaster pannosus Cotoneaster X *Cratageous monogyna Hawthorn X X *Cynoglossum sp. Hounds Tongue X *Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat‐sedge X X X X *Digitalis purpurea Foxglove X X X *Echium plantagineum Patersonʹs Curse X *Foeniculum vulgare Fennel X *Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash X X X Montpellier *Genista monspessulana Broom X X *Hedera helix English Ivy X X *Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan X X X *Hypericum perforatum St Johnʹs Wort X *Ilex aquifolium English Holly X *Juncus bufonius Toad Rush X X Japanese *Lonicera japonica Honeysuckle X X *Malus pumila Apple X X *Pinus radiata Radiata Pine X X Sweet #Pittosporum undulatum Pittosporum X X X *Populus sp. Popular X *Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum X X *Prunus sp. Prunus X X X X *Quercus robur English Oak X Creeping *Ranunculus repens Buttercup X *Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar X X *Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry X X X X X X X

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Containment Paulʹs Platts Scientific Name Common Name Everard Sugarloaf O’Shannassy Maroondah Line Range Creek *Rubus laciniatus Cut‐leaf Bramble X X X *Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew X Narrow‐leaf *Trifolium angustifolium Clover X *Ulmus sp. Elm X *Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein X *Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein X *Vicia sativa Common Vetch X *Vinca major Blue Periwinkle X *Watsonia meriana Bulbil Lily X *Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum‐lily X X Total Weed Species 19 29 4 8 6 17 1

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