Partner Institutes

The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Belgium and Risks Team is pleased to acknowledge and Vlerick Business School Wim Moesen, Professor thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Carine Peeters, Professor Institutes, without which the realization of The Global Leo Sleuwaegen, Professor, Competence Centre Competitiveness Report 2016–2017 would not have Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy been feasible: Benin Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique Albania (IREEP) Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Richard Houessou, Research Associate Artan Hoxha, President Romaric Samson, Research Assistant Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert Léonard Wantchekon, Director Endrit Kapaj, Expert Bhutan Algeria Bhutan Chamber of Commerce & Industry (BCCI) Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Tshering Lhaden, NTM Desk Officer Développement (CREAD) Phub Tshering, Secretary General Mohamed Yassine Ferfera, Director Kesang Wangdi, Deputy Secretary General Khaled Menna, Research Fellow Bosnia and Herzegovina Argentina MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, IAE—Universidad Austral University of Sarajevo Carlos Marcelo Belloni, Research Analyst Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor Eduardo Fracchia, Director of Academic Department of Zeljko Sain, Executive Director Economics Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director Armenia Botswana Economy and Values Research Center Botswana National Productivity Centre Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Baeti Molake, Executive Director Australia Phumzile Thobokwe, Manager, Information and Research Australian Industry Group Services Department Colleen Dowling, Economics Research Coordinator Brazil Julie Toth, Chief Economist Fundação Dom Cabral, Innovation Center Innes Willox, Chief Executive Carlos Arruda, Professor and Director FDC Innovation and Austria Entrepreneurship Center Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Ana Burcharth, Associate Professor Christoph Badelt, Director Fernanda Bedê, Research Assistant Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Brunei Darussalam Azerbaijan Energy and Industry Department at the Prime Minister’s Office Azerbaijan Marketing Society Awang Adi Shamsul bin Haji Sabli, Permanent Secretary of Fuad Aliyev, Deputy Chairman Industry Ashraf Hajiyev, Consultant University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD) Datin Dayang Hajah Anita Binurul Zahrina binti Pehin Orang Bahrain Kaya Laila Wijaya Dato Seri Setia Haji Awang Abdul Aziz, Bahrain Economic Development Board Vice-Chancelllor Khalid Al Rumaihi, Chief Executive Nada Azmi, Manager, Competitiveness Observatory Bulgaria Fatema Al Atbi, Junior Officer, Competitiveness Observatory Center for Economic Development Adriana Daganova, Expert, International Programmes and Bangladesh Projects Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Additional Research Director Meherun Nesa, Research Associate Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director

Barbados The Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies Don. D. Marshall, Director

The Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017 | v Partner Institutes

Burundi Congo, Republic Democratic of Faculty of Economics and Management, Research Centre Congo-Invest Consulting (CIC) for Economic and Social Development (CURDES), National Teza Bila, Managing Director University of Burundi Alphonse Mande, Project Coordinator Ferdinand Bararuzunza, Director of the Centre Daddy Nsiku, Project Coordinator Gilbert Niyongabo, Head of Department Côte d’Ivoire Léonidas Ndayizeye, Dean of the Faculty Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Côte d’Ivoire Cambodia Marie-Gabrielle Boka Varlet, General Manager Nuppun Institute for Economic Research (NUPPUN) Anzoumane Diabakate, Head of Communication Chakriya Heng, Administrative Assistant Jean-Rock Kouadio-Kirine, Head of Territories and sustainable Pisey Khin, Director development Chanthan Tha, Senior Research Assistant Croatia Cameroon National Competitiveness Council Comité de Compétitivité (SELPI) Jadranka Gable, Advisor Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow Guy Yakana, Expert Junior Cyprus Samuel Znoumsi, Expert Senior European University of Cyprus Research Center Canada Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic & Academic The Conference Board of Canada Research Michael R. Bloom, Vice President Bank of Cyprus Public Company Ltd Jessica Edge, Senior Research Associate Maria Georgiadou, Consultant for Innovation & Natalie Verania, Marketing and Administrative Assistant Entrepreneurship Cape Verde Charis Pouangare, Director of Corporate Banking and SME Center for Applied Statistics and Econometrics Research – Czech Republic INOVE CMC Graduate School of Business Júlio Delgado, Director Tomáš Janča, Executive Director Jerónimo Freire, Project Manager José Mendes, Chief Executive Officer Denmark Danish Technological Institute Chad Hanne Shapiro, Innovation Director, Division for Business and Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet Society Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Stig Yding Sørensen, Center Director, Center for Business and Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher Policy Analysis Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer Ecuador ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior Chile Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) School of Government, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Virginia Lasio, Director Ignacio Briones, Dean Rafael Coello, Project Assistant Julio Guzman, Assistant Professor Sara Wong, Professor Pamela Saavedra, Assistant Egypt China The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES) Institute of Economic System and Management Abla Abdel Latif, Executive Director and Director of Research Chen Wei, Division Director and Professor Mohsen Adel, Consultant Li Xiaolin, Research Fellow Maye Ehab, Economist Li Zhenjing, Deputy Director and Professor Estonia The China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin Estonian Institute of Economic Research (EKI) University of Finance and Economics Marje Josing, Director Bojuan Zhao, Professor Enterprise Estonia (EAS) Lu Dong, Professor Hanno Tomberg, Chairman of the Board Jian Wang, Associate Professor Hongye Xiao, Professor Ethiopia Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor African Institute of Management, Development and Governance Taiwan, China Tegegne Teka, Senior ExpertAdugna Girma, Operations National Development Council Manager Shien-Quey Kao, Deputy Minister Chung-Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research Finland Department ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Minghuei Wu, Director, Economic Research Department Markku Kotilainen, Research Director Petri Rouvinen, Research Director Colombia Vesa Vihriälä, Managing Director National Planning Department Simon Gaviria, Director National Planning Department France Adriana Quiñones, Project Manager HEC Paris, HEC Paris Executive Education Andres Felipe Trejos, Director of Enterprise Development Inge Kerkloh-Devif, Executive Director, Global Business Colombian Private Council on Competitiveness Development Rosario Córdoba, President Armelle Dufour, Project Director, Global Initiatives Rafael Puyana, Vice President Chloé Hayreaud, Project Manager, Global Business Development

vi | The Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017 Partner Institutes

Gabon Ireland Confédération Patronale Gabonaise Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation, Madeleine E. Berre, President Competitiveness Unit, Strategic Policy Division Regis Loussou Kiki, General Secretary Conor Hand, Economist, Senior Policy Analyst Gina Eyama Ondo, Assistant General Secretary Irish Business and Employers’ Confederation (IBEC) Gambia, The Fergal Obrien, Project Manager Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute School of Economics, University College Cork (GESDRI) Stephen Brosnan, Research Assistant Makaireh A. Njie, Director Eleanor Doyle, Head of School Sean O’Connor, Research Assistant Georgia Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia Israel Tamara Janashia, Executive Director Manufacturers Association of Israel (MAI) Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Dan Catarivas, Foreign Trade & International Relations Director Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Yehuda Segev, Managing Director Shraga Brosh, President Germany WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management Italy Ralf Fendel, Professor, Chair of Monetary Economics SDA Bocconi School of Management Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University International Economics Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department Ghana Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) Jamaica James Asare-Adjei, President Mona School of Business & Management (MSBM), The John Defor, Senior Policy Officer University of the West Indies Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Chief Executive Officer Patricia Douce, Project Administrator William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit Greece Densil Williams, Executive Director and Professor SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Michael Mitsopoulos, Senior Advisor, Macroeconomic Analysis Japan and European Policy Keio University Thanasis Printsipas, Associate Advisor, Macroeconomic Yoko Ishikura, Professor, Graduate School of Media Design Analysis and European Policy Heizo Takenaka, Director, Global Security Research Institute Jiro Tamura, Professor of Law, Keio University Guatemala FUNDESA In cooperation with Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Felipe Bosch G., President of the Board of Directors Corporate Executives) Juan Carlos Zapata, Chief Executive Officer Kiyohiko Ito, Managing Director, Keizai Doyukai Satoko Okawa, Project Manager Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce Jordan Rocky Tung, Senior Economist Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation Imad Fakhouri, Minister Hungary Mukhallad Omari, Director of Policies and Strategies KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd. Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer Kazakhstan Peter Vakhal, Project Manager National Analytical Centre Aktoty Aitzhanova, Chairperson Iceland Assylan Akimbayev, Researcher and Analyst Innovation Center Iceland Saule Gazizova, Head of Lab Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources and Marketing Kenya Tinna Jóhannsdóttir, Marketing Manager Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi Snaebjorn Kristjansson, Operational R&D Manager Paul Kamau, Senior Research Fellow Dorothy McCormick, Research Professor India Winnie Mitullah, Director and Associate Research Professor Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General Korea, Republic of Danish A. Hashim, Director, Economic Research Korea Development Institute Marut Sen Gupta, Deputy Director General Joohoon Kim, Executive Director, Economic Information and Education Center Indonesia Youngho Jung, Chief, Public Opinion Analysis Unit Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, Seungjoo Lee, Senior Research Associate, Public Opinion University of Trisakti Analysis Unit Ida Busnetty, Vice Director Tulus Tambunan, Director Kuwait Kuwait National Competitiveness Committee Iran, Islamic Republic of Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Fahed Al-Rashed, Committee Chairman Agriculture, Department of Economic Affairs Sayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member Hamed Nikraftar, Project Manager Farnaz Safdari, Research Associate Homa Sharifi, Research Associate

The Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017 | vii Partner Institutes

Kyrgyz Republic Mauritius Economic Policy Institute Board of Investment, Mauritius Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Manaesha Fowdar, Investment Executive, Competitiveness Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Ken Poonoosamy, Managing Director

Lao PDR Business Mauritius Enterprise & Development Consultants Co., Ltd Raj Makoond, Director

Latvia Mexico Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness Arnis Sauka, Head of the Centre for Sustainable Development Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Lebanon Tania Guiot, Director Bader Young Entrepreneurs Program Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO) Fadi Bizri, Managing Director Gabriela Alarcón, Research Director Sandrine Hachem, Programs Manager Juan E. Pardinas, General Director InfoPro, Research Department Mariana Tapia, Researcher Lesotho Ministry of the Economy Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho María del Rocío Ruiz Chávez, Undersecretary for Nthati Mapitsi, Researcher Competitiveness and Standardization Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer Francisco Javier Anaya Rojas, Technical Secretary for Kutloano Sello, President, Researcher Competitiveness Daniel Zaga Szenker, Deputy General Director Lithuania Statistics Lithuania Moldova Ona Grigiene, Deputy Head, Knowledge Economy and Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM) Special Surveys Statistics Division Grigore Belostecinic, Rector Institute of Economic Research Vilija Lapeniene, Director General and European Studies (IERES) Gediminas Samuolis, Head, Knowledge Economy and Special Corneliu Gutu, Director Surveys Statistics Division Mongolia Luxembourg Open Society Forum (OSF), Mongolia Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce Oyunbadam Davaakhuu, Manager of Economic Policy Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Director General Program Lynn Zoenen, Research Analyst Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Ricarda Braun, Research Analyst Montenegro Macedonia, FYR Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP) National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council of the Maja Drakic Grgur, Project Manager Republic of Macedonia – NECC of RM Jadranka Kaludjerovic, Program Director Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator Veselin Vukotic, President Viktorija Mitrikjeska, Administrative Officer Morocco Madagascar Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc (CGEM) Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Meriem Bensalah Cheqroun, President Ravelomanana Mamy Raoul, Director Si Mohamed Elkhatib, Project Head, Commission Climat des Razato Rarijaona Simon, Executive Secretary Affaires et Partenariat Public Privé Ahmed Rahhou, President, Commission Climat des Affaires et Malawi Partenariat Public Privé Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Mozambique Hope Chavula, Manager, Head, Public Private Dialogue EconPolicy Research Group, Lda. Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer Peter Coughlin, Director Mwikali Kieti, Project Coordinator Malaysia Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Namibia Zainon Bakar, Director Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) Mohd Razali Hussain, Director General Graham Hopwood, Executive Director Abdul Latif Abu Seman, Deputy Director General Leon Kufa, Research Associate Lizaan van Wyk, Research Associate Mali Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique Nepal (GREAT) Competitiveness and Development Institute (CODE) Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor, Country Coordinator and Project Director Malta Rabindra Mananda Bajracharya, Team Member Competitive Malta Menaka Shrestha, Team Member Matthew Castillo, Board Secretary Margrith Lütschg-Emmenegger, President Netherlands INSCOPE: Research for Innovation, Erasmus University Mauritania Rotterdam Mauritania Bicom-Service Commercial Henk W. Volberda, Director and Professor Oumou El Khairy Youssouf, Administrative Financial Director Ousmane Samb, Technical and Marketing Director New Zealand Habib Sy, Analyst BusinessNZ Phil O’Reilly, Chief Executive

viii | The Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017 Partner Institutes

Nigeria Russian Federation Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Eurasia Competitiveness Institute (ECI) Olaoye Jaiyeola, Chief Executive Officer Katerina Marandi, Programme Manager Olajiire Onatade-Abati, Research Analyst Alexey Prazdnichnykh, Managing Director Wilson Erumebor, Research Analyst Rwanda Norway Private Sector Federation (PSF) BI Norwegian Business School Benjamin Gasamagera, Chairman Marius Kristian Nordkvelde, Research Coordinator Fiona Uwera, Head of Research and Policy Analysis Ole Jakob Ramsøy, Researcher Saudi Arabia Torger Reve, Professor Alfaisal University Oman Mohammed Kafaji, Assistant Professor The International Research Foundation National Competitiveness Center (NCC) Azzan Qassim Al-Busaidi, Director General of Planning and Saud bin Khalid Al-Faisal, President Studies Khaldon Zuhdi Mahasen, Managing Director Pakistan Senegal Mishal Pakistan Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), Puruesh Chaudhary, Director Content University of Dakar Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer Ahmadou Aly Mbaye, Director Paraguay Ndiack Fall, Deputy Director Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya Youssou Camara, Administrative Staff (CADEP) Serbia Dionisio Borda, Research Member Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN) Fernando Masi, Director Aleksandar Radivojevic, Project Coordinator María Belén Servín, Research Member Svetozar Tanaskovic, Researcher Peru Jelena Zarkovic Rakic, Director Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de Singapore Industrias Economic Development Board Néstor Asto, Associate Consultant Thien Kwee Eng, Assistant Managing Director, Planning Maria Elena Baraybar, Project Assistant Cheng Wai San, Director, Research & Statistics Unit Luis Tenorio, Executive Director Teo Xinyu, Executive, Research & Statistics Unit Philippines Slovak Republic Makati Business Club (MBC) Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS) Peter Angelo V. Perfecto, Executive Director Peter Kremsky, Executive Director Anthony Patrick D. Chua, Special Services Unit Director Mary Elizabeth A. Bautista, Programs Officer Slovenia Institute for Economic Research Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) Peter Stanovnik, Professor Perry L. Pe, President Sonja Uršic, Senior Research Assistant Arnold P. Salvador, Executive Director University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Poland Mateja Drnovšek, Professor Department of Financial Stability, National Bank of Poland Kaja Rangus, Teaching Assistant Piotr Boguszewski, Advisor Jacek Osinski, Director South Africa Business Leadership South Africa Portugal Friede Dowie, General Manager PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Thero Setiloane, Chief Executive Officer Engenharia Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, President of the Board of Business Unity South Africa Directors Khanyisile Kweyama, Chief Executive Officer Olivier Serrao, Director, Economic Policy Fórum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE) Paulo Bandeira, General Director Spain Luis Filipe Pereira, President of the Board of Directors IESE Business School, International Center for Antonio Ramalho, Member of the Board of Directors Competitiveness María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate Qatar Antoni Subirà, Professor Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager Sri Lanka Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS) Raveen Ekanayake, Research Officer Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI) Kithmina Hewage, Research Assistant Hanan Abdul Rahim, Associate Director Saman Kelegama, Executive Director Darwish Al-Emadi, Director Raymond Carasig, Contracts and Grants Administrator Sweden International University of Entrepreneurship and Technology Romania Association (IUET) Association for Women Entrepreneurship Development (ADAF) Thomas Andersson, President Cornelia Rotaru, President In partnership with Deloitte Sweden

The Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017 | ix Partner Institutes

Switzerland Uruguay University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management, Universidad ORT Uruguay Technology and Law (ES-HSG) Bruno Gili, Professor Rubén Rodriguez Startz, Head of Project Isidoro Hodara, Professor Tobias Trütsch, Communications Manager Venezuela Tajikistan CONAPRI—The Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion Center of Sociological Research “Zerkalo” Litsay Guerrero, Economic Affairs and Investor Services Qahramon Baqozoda, Director Manager Eduardo Porcarelli, Executive Director Tanzania Policy Research for Development, REPOA Vietnam Cornel Jahari, Assistant Researcher Ho Chi Minh Institute for Development Studies (HIDS) Blandina Kilama, Senior Researcher Tran Anh Tuan, Acting Director Donald Mmari, Executive Director Du Phuoc Tan, Head of Urban Management Studies Department Thailand Trieu Thanh Son, Deputy Head of Research Management and Chulalongkorn Business School, Chulalongkorn University Cooperation Department Pasu Decharin, Dean Siri-on Setamanit, Assistant Dean Yemen Yemeni Business Club (YBC) Trinidad and Tobago Fathi Abdulwasa Hayel Saeed, Chairman Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business Mohammed Ismail Hamanah, Executive Director Miguel Carillo, Executive Director and Professor of Strategy Ghadeer Ahmed Almaqhafi, Project Coordinator Nirmala Maharaj, Director, Internationalisation and Institutional Relations Zambia Richard A Ramsawak, Deputy Director, Centre of Strategy and Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR), Competitiveness University of Zambia Patricia Funjika, Research Fellow The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Jolly Kamwanga, Senior Research Fellow and Project Rolph Balgobin, NGC Distinguished Fellow, Department of Coordinator Management Studies Mubiana Macwan’gi, Director and Professor Tunisia Zimbabwe Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises Fulham Economics, Harare Ahmed Bouzguenda, President A. M. Hawkins, Chairman Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Turkey Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum INCAE Business School, Latin American Center for Izak Atiyas, Director Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS) Ozan Bakıs, Project Consultant Ronald Arce, Researcher Sezen Ugurlu, Project Specialist Arturo Condo, Rector Uganda Lawrence Pratt, Director Kabano Research and Development Centre Liberia and Sierra Leone Robert Apunyo, Program Manager FJP Development and Management Consultants Delius Asiimwe, Executive Director Omodele R. N. Jones, Chief Executive Officer Anna Namboonze, Research Associate

Ukraine CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist

United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority H.E. Abdulla Nasser Lootah, Director General Department of Economic Development—Abu Dhabi, Competitiveness Office of Abu Dhabi H.E. khaleefa Salem Al Mansouri, Undersecretary Department of Economic Development—Dubai, Competitiveness Office H.E. Khaled Ibrahim Al kassim, Director of Dubai Competitiveness Office Zayed University Mouawiya Al Awad, Director of Institute of Social and Economic Research

United Kingdom LSE Enterprise Ltd Adam Austerfield, Project Director Elitsa Garnizova, Project Manager and Researcher Robyn Klingler-Vidra, Senior Researcher

x | The Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017