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Serbia Imagined: What It Means to Be a Contemporary ‘Serb’

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Serbia Imagined: What It Means to Be a Contemporary ‘Serb’ Serbia imagined: what it means to be a contemporary ‘Serb’ A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anita Samardzija BA(IntlS)(Hons) School of Global Urban and Social Studies College of Design and Social Context RMIT University March 2017 Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Anita Samardzija 06/03/2017 ii Acknowledgements Being able to extend my gratitude to a number of people before my thesis begins is a perfect fit, as the final product would not be here if it wasn’t for them. There are many to thank and I hope that I can express my appreciation adequately. Before anyone else, thank you to my participants and contacts along the way. You gave your time, advice and opened up when you didn’t have to. I have data in my research because you gave it to me. There would be no thesis without you. There would also be no thesis without my supervisory team: Peter Phipps, Kim Humphery and Hariz Halilovich. They all helped in a number of ways and I would like to name some of the highlights. Peter, the enthusiasm and respect you have for students’ work is so incredibly encouraging. Thank you for your time, patience and the motivational metaphors. Kim, you are a true teacher and know how to pass on advice. You make large projects seem ‘doable’ and prepare students for their PhD journey well. As for Hariz, you have opened my world to people and literature that make me excited to be doing what I am doing. Thank you. There are also a number of others who have had a major impact during my candidature. Shanthi Robertson, I consider you my first colleague and am glad that my introduction to research was through you. Rob Watts, you provided intellectual motivation when I needed it most. It was a major hurdle to jump but you made it seem like less work. Damian Grenfell, thank you for assuring me that the end product would be something worth reading. Ron Adams, my experience at the writing retreat was memorable and I wish that your love for teaching was more common. And Julian Lee, thank you for the useful feedback at my completion seminar. Learning did not only happen at university, though. All of the teachers in my life have shaped my learning somehow. In particular, thank you to the staff at Preston North East Primary School who taught me English and provided a safe space to make friends who had come from various parts of the world. I also wish to thank my wonderful friends for their support. They were always kindly interested to hear about my research. In particular, thank you to Kate Phelan, somebody who has become a dear friend and hopefully a colleague one day. Your intelligence humbles me. Elizabeth Doidge, you have been supportive and understanding. Thank you for always being there. iii Finally, I move to my closest and dearest. Tynan McCarthy-Tatam, you supported me from the first moment and kept me going. I am unsure how this would have turned out without you there. Thank you. Last but most certainly not least, thank you to my parents, Elvira and Rade Samardzija. You have done everything in your power to give me the opportunities that you didn’t have. You made it through a life most of us cannot imagine or understand, but have always kept carrying on and making that life better. You have both been supportive and encouraging no matter what. This is for you. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iii Table of images ...................................................................................................................... vii List of selected abbreviations ............................................................................................... viii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction to the Serbian national imaginary .......................................................... 2 From the beginning ................................................................................................................. 3 What comes first ...................................................................................................................... 6 Why this matters ..................................................................................................................... 7 What follows ........................................................................................................................... 13 2. Serbia imagined ............................................................................................................. 17 Imagining the nation .............................................................................................................. 17 Forming the imaginary ........................................................................................................... 21 Imagining Serbia .................................................................................................................... 22 Relationships with Other groups .......................................................................................... 28 What contemporary Serbia can offer ..................................................................................... 31 3. Making meaning out of national identity .................................................................... 33 Researcher positioning ........................................................................................................... 33 Critical discourse analysis and agents of meaning making .................................................. 34 CDA in the Serbian context ................................................................................................... 38 Multi-method data collection ............................................................................................... 42 Analysis of contemporary texts ............................................................................................. 43 Structured observation .......................................................................................................... 44 Semi-structured interviews ................................................................................................... 47 Ethics and limitations ............................................................................................................ 48 Where this leads .................................................................................................................... 50 4. National markers: ‘Us’ as Serbs ..................................................................................... 51 Religion as practice ................................................................................................................ 52 Symbolic devotion ................................................................................................................. 62 Language sacralised ............................................................................................................... 70 Orthodoxy as a national experience ..................................................................................... 73 5. Memory-making in Serbian national consciousness ................................................... 74 Socialism and anti-fascism .................................................................................................... 76 v A time long past ..................................................................................................................... 82 Contest without context ........................................................................................................ 88 A time of regret ...................................................................................................................... 95 Forging a forgetting ............................................................................................................... 98 6. The European Union for a better Serbia .................................................................... 100 Why the EU? ......................................................................................................................... 100 The West as a self-interested power .................................................................................... 102 The EU as a tool .................................................................................................................... 109 Between the East and West ................................................................................................... 114 Protecting culture .................................................................................................................. 121 Negotiating Serbia’s relationships ........................................................................................ 124 7. Disappointment .........................................................................................................
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