Mykola Kovalov, Vita Reznichenko Anthropogenic Evolution Of

Mykola Kovalov, Vita Reznichenko AnThroPogeniC eVoluTion of morPhologiCAl feATureS of ChernoZemS mykola Kovalov1 Vita reznichenko2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-588-15-0-132 Abstract. The objective of the article is to study the morphological properties of typical and ordinary heavy-clay and light-clay chernozems with grain-size distribution of the Buh-Dnipro region of the right-bank southern forest-steppe and northern Steppe. The article discloses the con- sistencies of development of soil-forming processes in the conditions of fairly long agricultural use. The analysis and assessment of transforma- tional changes that have occurred in soils under the influence of agricultural use has been carried out. On the basis of generalization of materials of large-scale soil studies, modular semi-stationary lots were selected in order to identify the direction of changes of anthropogenically-modified typical and ordinary chernozems with heavy-clay and lightly-clay grain-size distribution using comparative-geographical, comparative-profile-genetic, comparative-analytic and other methods. These methods are based on the principle of modular lots. Topographic and soil maps (scale 1:25000 and 1:10000), materials and agrochemical studies of the state organization Kropyvnytskyi Branch of the Institute of Soil Conservation of Ukraine, as well as the materials on geology, geomorphology and hydrogeologi- cal structure were used. In the territory of the Buh-Dnipro region of the right-bank southern forest-steppe and northern Steppe, modular lots were selected and morphological studies were conducted within their bound- aries. Soil sections were based on the principle of single difference: all factors of soil formation are almost the same, except anthropogenic, which in turn makes it possible to identify quantitative and qualitative changes in agro-ecological properties of the investigated soils as a result of agricul- 1 PhD of Agriculture, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Geoponics, Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Ukraine 2 PhD of Agriculture, Associate Professor at the Department of Geoponics, Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Ukraine 86 © Mykola Kovalov, Vita Reznichenko Chapter «Agricultural sciences» tural use. Within the modular lots, representative soil sections were formed on lands of various economic uses, namely, forest, forest belts, grass lands, arable lands with and without mechanized cultivation. Within the modular lots, soil sections were made on one-level altitude-division surfaces, on similar elements of micro ground features, on similar soil-forming rocks, within one soil difference in the post-vegetation period. In the conditions of the Buh-Dnipro region of the right-bank southern forest-steppe and the northern Steppe of Ukraine, a comprehensive study of the composition and properties of typical and ordinary chernozems was conducted. Changes of morphological properties of typical and ordinary chernozems with heavy- clay and lightly-clay grain-size distribution depending on their agricultural use have been identified. On the example of numerous variants and a comprehensive programme of observations, the conservativeness of soils with heavy-clay and lightly-clay grain-size distribution was not confirmed, but significant changes of their morphological properties were revealed. The complex of indicators revealed the degradation of the properties of typical and ordinary chernozems under anthropogenic pressure, especially in surface horizons. The tendency of anthropogenic transformation of soils, which is to increase the differentiation of the profile by morphological features due to agricultural use, has been established. The nature of intensifi- cation and direction of degradation processes of soils of agro-ecosystems has been revealed. 1. introduction Significant exacerbation of the ecological situation and the formation of pre-crisis, crisis, and often catastrophic conditions of land resources within the Buh-Dnipro inter-stream area require a detailed study of the processes related to agricultural activity. Only in this way the methodological basis for the improvement of the soil status of agro-ecosystems can be developed and the losses of agricultural production from the irrational use of outdated engineering technologies can be estimated. The problem of economically advantageous and environmentally sound land use of hundreds of thousands of hectares of chernozem cannot be solved without a detailed study of anthropogenically transformed lands. The objective of the research is to study the morphological properties of typical and ordinary chernozems with heavy-clay and lightly-clay grain- 87 Mykola Kovalov, Vita Reznichenko size distribution of the Buh-Dnipro region of the right-bank of southern forest-steppe and northern Steppe. It is also important to study the consis- tencies of development of soil-forming processes under the conditions of fairly long agricultural use. In accordance with the objective of the research, it was envisaged to solve the following tasks: – to analyze and assess the factors of soil formation of the studied territory of Ukraine; – to substantiate the choice of semi-stationary lots for the study of the evolution of anthropogenically-transformed typical and ordinary chernozems; – to analyse the changes in the morphological properties of typical and ordinary chernozems with heavy-clay and light-clay grain-size distribution depending on their use; – to identify the nature of changes in soil properties; – to determine the direction of anthropogenic soil evolution. 2. morphological and genetic characteristics of the objects under study Modular lot 1 (Oleksandrivka) Semi-stationary soil lot № 1 in the territory of Chervono-Nerubaivka ecosite of Oleksandrivka forestry of Oleksandrivka district (Figure 3.1). The experimental lot is located in the territory of Chervono-Nerubivka forestry in the north-eastern outskirts of the village Pidlisne. The area is flat with oak and maple forest, plantation age is 50 years. The grass cover is typical forest vegetation (blackberry, stelleria, violet). The soil is a typical low humus heavy-clay chernozem on D horizon (Figure 2.2). Description of soil profile: Нf 3-0 – forest floor, leaves, buds, tree branches (half decomposed); H 0-50 – humus, dark gray, dry, heavy- clay, slightly compacted, fine-grained, figure 2.1. Panorama of the lumpy, intensely penetrated by the roots of site of the soil section № 1 grasses and trees, the transition is gradual; 88 Chapter «Agricultural sciences» Hpk 51-80 – heterogeneous in colour, the upper part is dark gray with brown colour, the lower part is brown with dark gray hue; compacted, heavy- clay, bumpy and slightly blocky, full with roots and occasionally with mole passages. The transition is gradual; PHk 81-140 – dirty-brown, at the top with gray hue, dry, dense, heavy-clay, lumpy and slightly blocky; from the depth of 100 cm there is weak carbonate mould; slightly penetrated by roots, occasionally with mole passages. The transition is gradual. Soil effervescence is from 10% of HCl from the depth of 100 cm. figure 2.2. Semi- Pk 141-170 and deeper is heavy-clay carbonate stationary soil D horizon. section № 1 Semi-stationary soil section № 2 Soil section № 2 is located 300m south of section № 1. The field under arable land, littered with rape plants (Figure 2.3). Description of soil profile: Hak 0 – 25 cm is arable layer, dark gray, dry, heavy-clay, lumpy pow- der-like soil, (partially cloddy), dense, partially blocky Hk 26-40 cm is base layer, with much humus, dark gray, over-consolidated, wet, lumpy and blocky, light-clay, the transition is noticeable in structure and density (Figure 2.4). figure 2.3. Panorama of the location of the ground figure 2.4. Semi-stationary section № 2 soil section № 2 89 Mykola Kovalov, Vita Reznichenko Hpk 41-50 is dark gray, dry, heavy-clay, very dense, largely blocky; the transition is noticeable by colour; PHk 51-95 is dark gray with a brownish hint, wet, heavy-clay, lumpy, slightly blocky, dense; occasional mole passages and wormholes, the transition is noticeable by consistency; Рhk 96-145 is heterogeneous in colour due to its considerable loosening, dirty-brown with gray tint, wet, heavy-clay, lumpy, slightly blocky, very dense; the transition is noticeable in colour. Soil effervescence is from 10% of HCl from the depth of 95 cm; Pk 146-170 and deeper is heavy-clay D horizon with mole passages. In the chernozem zone, forest only after a long influence slightly increases the content of humus in the soil, slightly reduces soil effervescence, changes the reaction towards acidity and improves the structure. Indeed, we can observe a slightly lower carbonation depth in the forest than in the field. As can be seen from the descriptions of soil profiles in anthropogenically-modified soils, the organic-accumulative horizon is completely absent, and the humus layer, due to the use of machining, is much shorter than that of the natural analogue. Also for this reason, the transitional arable land horizons are consolidated, with a clear transition from one horizon to another. Modular section 2 (Mala Vyska). Semi-stationary soil section № 3. Let us dwell more on soil sections which are most characteristic of this modular lot. Section № 3, is located in Dokuchaevka forest belt № 4, 350 m from Kropyvnytskyi-Uman motorway. It is a flat area. The absolute height is 217 m. The first layer consists of oak, ash and birch bark. The age of the trees is 117 years (Figure 2.5). In the underwood there are black elderberry, Siberian pea shrub; the grass cover is represented by nettle, cow parsley, corydalis, sea flowers and bedstraw. The soil is typical deep humus chernozem in D horizon. The following genetic horizons are identified: Hf – 5-0 cm is forest floor, half decomposed below. H – 0-85 cm is (where the top layer of 0-10 cm is characterised with vir- tually no structural macro- and microaggregates, and is represented by the dusty fraction, probably resulting from the deposition of dust from neigh- 90 Chapter «Agricultural sciences» figure 2.5.

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