LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT
DEPARTMENT OF ROADS
Lao Road Sector Project2 (LRSP2) Consulting Services for Conceptual Engineering Design of Improvement & Maintenance of NR 13 South from KM 71 to KM 346
VOLUME 5.F Conceptual Design Report
ROAD SAFETY INSPECTION REPORT
KM 71+000 – KM 346+000
(Draft)
CONSULTANT:
ìñ©-¸ò-¦¾-¹½¡ò© ¸-¦½¸½ò -¡¿ £ö´´½−¾£ö´ LAO TRANSPORT ENGINEERING CONSULTANT Souan Mone KM 5, Thadeua Road, Vientiane, Lao PDR Tel.: (+856 21) 313510, 313761, 312840; Fax: 314811 e-mail: [email protected]. Homepage: www.ltec.com.la
March, 2020 LTEC CODE: SD-283-19 Consulting Services for Conceptual Engineering Design of Road Safety Inspection Report Improvement & Maintenance of NR13 South from KM 71 to KM 346
List of Package Number
Package No. From KM to KM Length (KM) In the Area of Province
1 KM 71.30 to KM 111 39.70 Bolikhamxay
2 KM 111 to KM 190 79 Bolikhamxay Bolikhamxay and 3 KM 190 to KM 268 78 Khammouan 4 KM 268 to KM 346 78 Khammouan
Lao Transport Engineering Consultant i Consulting Services for Conceptual Engineering Design of Road Safety Inspection Report Improvement & Maintenance of NR13 South from KM 71 to KM 346
List of Documents
Request for Bid
Volume 1 Part 1 : Bidding Procedures Section I : Instruction to Bidders (ITB) Section II : Bid Data Sheet (BDS) Section III : Evaluation and Qualification Criteria (Without Prequalification) Section IV : Bidding Forms Section V : Eligible Countries Section VI : Fraud and Corruption
Volume 2 Part 2 : Works and Services’ Requirements Section VII : Specifications
Volume 3 Part 3 : Conditions of Contract and Contract Forms Section VIII : General Conditions Section IX : Particular Conditions of Contract Section X : Contract Forms
Volume 4 Part 4 : Conceptual Design Section XI-A : Standard Technical Specifications Section XI-B : Particular Technical Specifications Section XII : Drawings Section XIII : Bill of Quantities
Project Reports
Volume 5 : Conceptual Design Report (Main Report)
Support Data in Separate Volumes
Annex A : Bridge Design Report Annex B : Hydrology Report Annex C : Bridge Maintenance Guides Annex D : Survey Report Annex E : Geotechnical Survey Data and Pavement Condition Survey Data Annex F : Road Safety Inspection Report Annex G : Traffic Survey Data Annex H : Road Surface Roughness Survey (IRI) Data
Volume 6 Volume 6.A : Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Volume 6.B : Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)
Lao Transport Engineering Consultant ii Consulting Services for Conceptual Engineering Design of Road Safety Inspection Report Improvement & Maintenance of NR13 South from KM 71 to KM 346
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1. The Project Background ...... 2 1.1 Introduction ...... 2 1.2 Existing Road Condition ...... 3 1.2.1 Safety and Alignment Improvements ...... 3 1.2.2 Nation Road 13 South Improvement and Maintenance ...... 4 1.2.3 Environment of Road Side ...... 11 2. Traffic Accidents Statistics ...... 22 3. Road Accidents black spots and Suggest Remedial Measures ...... 29 3.1 Road accidents black spots ...... 29 3.2 Suggest remedial measures ...... 31 4. Road Safety in Specification ...... 39 4.1 Introduction ...... 39 4.2 Improvement Methods at Hazardous Location ...... 39 4.2.1 International Passive Methods ...... 39 4.2.2 International Active Methods ...... 41 4.2.3 International Traffic Calming Measure ...... 44 5. Road Safety Strategy on the Project Road ...... 45 5.1 Introduction ...... 45 5.2 Basic Strategy for Road Condition Improvement ...... 45 5.3 Detailed Strategy for Hazardous Section ...... 46 5.3.1 Strategic Direction ...... 46 5.3.2 Village Passing Sections ...... 47 5.3.3 The General Section ...... 48 6. Road Safety in Design ...... 50 6.1 Establishment of Standard ...... 50 6.1.1 Signs ...... 50 7.1.2 Barrier ...... 54 6.1.3 Delineator ...... 56 6.2 NR 13 South in Design ...... 60 6.3 Design and Location for Road Traffic Control ...... 60 7. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 61
Lao Transport Engineering Consultant iii Consulting Services for Conceptual Engineering Design of Road Safety Inspection Report Improvement & Maintenance of NR13 South from KM 71 to KM 346
TABLES
Table 1: Road Section NR 13 South ...... 3 Table 2: Road Characteristics ...... 3 Table 3: Existing Traffic Signs and Road Marking ...... 12 Table 4: Villages and Schools along the NR 13 South ...... 12 Table 5: Existing Roadside Facilities ...... 12 Table 6: Summary of Proposed Improvements on NR13 South ...... 13 Table 7: Accident Data Vehicles ...... 2 2 Table 8: Traffic Accident Injuries and Death ...... 26 Table 9: Road Safety Recommendations ...... 32 Table 10: Strategy for Road Improvement ...... 45 Table 11: Descriptions by Sign Shape ...... 50 Table 12: Distance for the Installation of Road Sign ...... 52 Table 13: Barrier’s Features by Types ...... 55 Table 14: Distance for Installation Delineator (unit: m) ...... 59 Table 15: Summary of Design Traffic Signs on Project Road ...... 61
PICTURES
Picture 1 : Start of NR 13 South Project at Km 71 ...... 4 Picture 2 : Lack of Signs on Curves ...... 4 Picture 3 : Narrow Road in a Village Area without Warning or Speed Limit Signs...... 5 Picture 4 : Sporadic Old Signs ...... 6 Picture 5 : Market close to Road ...... 7 Picture 6 : Broken Guide post at Curve ...... 7 Picture 7 : Lack of Direction Signs and Warning Signs at Junction ...... 8 Picture 8 : Lack of Traffic Calming Measure at Village and School Area ...... 8 Picture 9 : Existing Junction at Km 85+000, Km 309+700 will be Improved ...... 9 Picture 10 : Broken Guardrail at Existing Bridge and Curve ...... 10 Picture 11 : Broken Railing at Existing Bridge ...... 11 Picture 12 : End of NR 13 South Project at Km 346 ...... 11
FIGURES
Figure 1: General Composition of Project Road ...... 46 Figure 2: Road Safety Strategy in Village section ...... 47 Figure 3: Principle Traffic Control Devices at Village Section ...... 47 Figure 4: Traffic Calming at Village Sections...... 48 Figure 5: General Running Sections ...... 48 Figure 6: Traffic Control Devices at Bridge Area ...... 49 Figure 7: Traffic Control Devices at Junctions ...... 49 Figure 8: Traffic Signs Installation ...... 51 Figure 9: Calculation of Impact Strength ...... 55 Figure 10: Delineator (Guide Post) ...... 57 Figure 11: Installation on Barrier ...... 57 Figure 12: General Standard of Barrier (Guide Post) ...... 58 Figure 13: General Standard of Barrier (Guardrail) ...... 58 Figure 14: Installation Intervals of Delineator ...... 60
Lao Transport Engineering Consultant iv Consulting Services for Conceptual Engineering Design of Road Safety Inspection Report Improvement & Maintenance of NR13 South from KM 71 to KM 346
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1. ROAD TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE PLAN NR 13 South ...... 63
ABBREVIATIONS AC Asphalt Concrete ADB Asian Development Bank ADT Average Daily Traffic AP Affected Person BOQ Bill of Quantities CEMP Contractors Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan COI Corridor of Impact CSC Contract Supervision Consultant DBST Double Bitumen Surface Treatment DMS Detailed Measurement Survey EA Executing Agency EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMA External Monitoring Agency EMP Environmental Management Plan ESAL Equivalent Standard Axle Load GDP Gross Domestic Product GMS Greater Mekong Sub-region GOL Government of Lao Peoples Democratic Republic HDM4 Highway Development and Management Model IEE Initial Environmental Examination ILO International Labour Organisation IOL Inventory of Losses IPDP Indigenous People Development Plan Lao PDR Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Km Kilometre m metre mm millimetre MMS Maintenance Management System MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport NPV Net Present Value NR National Road NRN National Road Network NRSC National Road Safety Committee ODS Origin Destination Survey PI Plasticity Index
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PIB Project Information Booklet PM Periodic Maintenance PMU Project Management Unit PPMS Project Performance Monitoring System PQ Prequalification PSA Poverty and Social Analysis QA Quality Assurance RM Routine Maintenance RP Resettlement Plan RSAP Road Safety Action Plan SBST Single Bitumen Surface Treatment SOE Statement of Expenditure SPRSS Summary Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy TA Technical Assistance TOR Terms of Reference US$ United States Dollar Viet Nam Socialist Republic of Viet Nam VPD Vehicles per day WB World Bank WIM Weigh in Motion (axle load measuring system) WREA Water Resources and Environmental Administration (Lao PDR)
Lao Transport Engineering Consultant vi Consulting Services for Conceptual Engineering Design of Road Safety Inspection Report Improvement & Maintenance of NR13 South from KM 71 to KM 346
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The objective of this project is improvement and maintenance of an existing road on National Road 13 South, Section Km 71 to Km 346, 275 Km length. The aims of conceptual design is for strengthening of existing road and improvement of road safety.
The report contains road safety improvement action proposals. The scope of project is classified as 2-types. The first package is the road and bridge rehabilitation and construction plans for NR 13 South. The second one is minor alignment improvement including provision of new guardrails and traffic signs. Site survey was completed to identify current conditions of projected roads and investigate road safety problems, black spots were collected from LTEC team.
The nature of the terrain which is traversed by NR13 South is changing from the flat land to a rugged terrain finally past Thakhek Town and ends at Km 346. Therefore, the project section from Km 71 to Km 346 goes through level terrain. The existing traffic signs and traffic safety facilities on NR 13 South are as follow; - Road Traffic Signs: 1,461 nos, - Centre Line: 275 Km, - Median: 3,207 m, - Edge Marking: 0 m, - Guide Post: 6,900 nos, - Guard rail: 2,538 m. - Chevron: 41 nos. In accordance with site inspection of traffic safety, traffic accident data and so on. The possibility solutions, countermeasures and recommendations are concluded as the following; Method of Improvement road safety: - Passive method (Information/Warning/Regulation sign, Guide post and etc.) - Active method (Guardrail, Crosswalk, etc.) - Traffic calming (Traffic island, Tactile edge line, Narrowed road and etc.) For improvement of dangerous road sections, it is divided two sections such as general section and village section. In general section, passive and active facilities should be placed appropriately. Passive facilities should be set up in accordance with the risk factor criteria of the section. Active facilities should be placed in black spot areas. In village section, traffic calming measures and road signs should be established in a proper manner. Discussions will be held regarding the applicability of facilities and traffic calming areas, the following signages and traffic safety facilities will be installed in accordance with budget limit of the project:
Widening at curve, installation of guide posts, guard rails, limitation, warning, regulation, and information will be installed for improving safety of dangerous road sections. All the construction works and installation facilities are followed by governed regulations and standards. Construction of curve widening will be performed by related regulations and standards, and various signs shall be positioned according to traffic control facility installation standards of the Lao PDR. Guide posts and guardrails followed MPWT 2018 standards because there are no such clear regulations or standards existed in Lao PDR.
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The summary of design result for road signs is as in the following.
Information/Regulation/Warning sign Chevron sign (No.) Remarks (No.) Existing New Existing New Existing facilities 1,461 0 41 0 will be removed
The summary of design result for road safety facilities is as in the following.
Guide post (No.) Guard rail (m) Remarks Existing New Existing New Existing facilities 6,900 0 2,538 0 will be removed
The total design quantity for Traffic sign are 1,461 nos., Guide post are 6,900 nos., Chevrons sign are 41 nos. and 2,538 m of guard rail. Also, civil works are designed for 275 Km. The total estimated costs are as in the following.
1. The Project Background
1.1 Introduction
Lao PDR is situated in the heart of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS), Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) borders Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and the People’s Republic of China, some of the worlds’ rapidly developing economies. The favourable geographic location places strategic importance on Lao PDR in terms of potential for increased cross border investment and exports supported by the abundance of natural resources that continues to spur rapid socio-economic development.
The Project NR 13 South starts at Km 71 Thaphabath District Bolikhamxay Province and the ends at Km 346 Thakhek District Khammuan Province. Total length of the project road is 275 Km. Existing carriageway configurations is two lanes with 0.5 m soft shoulders having the width of carriageway varying between 7.5 m for 9 m of existing road width. Existing pavement condition is generally fair. There are 31 bridges, 4 irrigation structures and 492 culverts along the project road.
The project objectives are to improve access to social services and markets by enhance the efficiency of road network and transportation system in the project area. To achieve this goal, GoL’s objective of moving from “Land-Locked to Land-Linked, the aim needs to be transforming the country’s status, hence, the pre-requisite to achieve the main objective of improving economy and alleviating poverty and this requires fulfilling people’s basic needs such as food, adequate clothing, housing, healthcare, education etc. The road works will improve both international and regional connectivity through the improving ride quality by construction of bridges and drainage structures. It will involve constructing and replacing inadequate bridges. Also, it is expected to lessen the flooding by upgrading and reconstructing badly damaged roads. The roads will provide links between District centres and local and this needs to be developed in keeping with the growin
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g economic development in the region in the march of transformation from ‘Land-locked’ state to ‘Land-linked’ state of Lao PDR.
The road sections in the project is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Road Section NR 13 South End Points Length, km
Thaphabath District Km. 71 – Thakhek District Km 346 275
1.2 Existing Road Condition 1.2.1 Safety and Alignment Improvements
The section of road Project starts at Km 71 and the ends at Km 346 Thakhek District Khammuan Province. The total length of the project road is 275 Km, this project goes through flat to rolling terrain. The road widths especially in village area are very narrow with lack of warning signs to reduce speed and have centreline and don’t edge marking. Road safety protections such as guide posts, guard rails and marker posts are rarely installed at curves, even though they are even in a poor condition. Refer to Photographs 1 to 12.
From the survey data on the NR 13 South, the existing road condition by road characteristic was shown in table 2.
Table 2: Road Characteristics Classification NR 13 South Width 7.5 - 9 m Length 275 km Speed Limit 40km/h in Village Section Pavement/Centre Line Paved/Single centreline and No Edge marking ∙ There are narrow 2-lane road Road Status ∙ Pavements are generally good ∙ There are flat sections in Thaphabath District Warning signs/Regulation signs/Information Traffic Facilities signs/Delineators/Guardrails/Concrete walls Terrain (Degree) Flat to rolling Administrative District Bolikhamxay Province and Khammuan Province Thaphabath District Bolikhamxay Province at Km 71 and the end at Starting/Ending Point Thakhek District Khammuan Province Km 346 The Number of Villages 104 Bridges 31 Main Vehicle Model Large truck, Pick-up, 2-Wheeler, Car, Bus, Motorcycle Km 92+218 Thaphabath, Km 140+162 Paksane, Km 189+040 and Km Traffic Counting Point 239+700 Pakkading, Km 280+400 Hinboun and Km 346+000 Thakhek District.
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Classification NR 13 South Alignment improvement along the existing alignment as much as possible The Other Plans ∙ Traffic Median installation from km 84+375 – 84+650, 144+807- 148+587. ∙ The risk of collision with curb and railing column on bridge ∙ The risk of collision with guard rail at bridge and curve Main Problems of Road ∙ The risk of collision with residents of villages Safety ∙ The risk of collision with animals and pedestrian on the road ∙ The risk of accidents due to lack of warning sign and delineator on curve.
1.2.2 Nation Road 13 South Improvement and Maintenance
There is a lack of warning sign and delineator on curves, and many sections pass through village and school no traffic calming measures. A common problem is lack of traffic signs and delineator on curve.
Picture 1 : Start of NR 13 South the Project from Km 71
Picture 2 : Lack of Signs on Curve
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Picture 3 : Narrow Road in Village Area without Warning or Speed Limit Signs
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Picture 4 : Sporadic Old Signs
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Picture 5 : Market close to the Road
Picture 6 : Broken Guide post at Curve
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Picture 7 : Lack of Direction Signs and Warning Signs at Junction
Picture 8 : Lack of Traffic Calming Measure at Village and School Area
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Picture 9 : Existing Junction at Km 85+000, Km 220+825, Km 309+700 will be Improved
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Picture 10 : Broken Guardrail at Existing Bridge and Curve
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Picture 11 : Broken Railing at Existing Bridge
Picture 12 : End of NR 13 South Project at Km 346
1.2.3 Environment of Roadside
The existing traffic facilities on NR 13 South are very poor and lack of road safety signs and marking in general. The most obvious problem is a lack of consistency and uniformity for warning signs on horizontal curves. Almost of curves do not have any pre-warning signs. Pre- warning signs for curves are rare. If any they seemed to be located in appropriately. Also, there is a lack of speed limit signs Another important safety concern is that there is lack of delineation of the alignment and roadway and guardrail or guide post at all approach bridge. There is centreline and no edge marking in the project road. There is a lack of pre-warning signs before communities/villages. There is a lack of calming sign at school.
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Adequate and well-planned parking areas and U-turn for large numbers of truck are required in the project area.
1. Road Sign and Road Marking. Road signs used in this project roads are classified into three types are followings. 1) Regulatory signs, 2) Warning signs, and Road Marking 3) Guide signs. Regulatory signs give drivers notices of traffic laws and regulations. Warning signs show the condition of road or potential hazard along with road to drives. Guide signs indicate route information such as designations, directions/distances, points of interest, other geographic and/or cultural information. Road markings placed on the pavements, curbs, or objects to convey traffic regulation and/or warnings to drivers. The types of road markings used in this the project as following. 1) Road centre lines, 2) Pavement edge markings to delineate separation of motor and bike traffic, and 3) Pedestrian crossings. The summary of survey data collected by inventory NR 13 South is shown in table 3, 4 and 5 below;
Table 3: Existing Traffic Signs and Road Marking Road Traffic signs (No.) Road marking (Km) WS RS DS Centre line Edge marking 721 273 467 275 None Note* WS: Existing Warning signs, RS: Existing Regulation signs, DS: Existing Direction (Guide) Signs.
Table 4: Villages and Schools along the NR 13 South Villages (No.) Schools (No.) 104 58
Table 5: Existing Roadside Facilities Road Traffic Safety Guide post (No.) Guardrail (m) Chevron (No.) 6,900 2,538 41 Note* The Quantities are collected by inventory survey team of LTEC.
2. Improvement of Road Alignment On the existing NR 13 South alignment, it is seen that out of 369 locations, 3 curves could be improved and changed alignment without a considerable impact on the
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environment and insert one new curve to improve alignment. Details of these locations and chainages are shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Summary of Proposed Improvements on NR13 South
Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 1 71+545 0+545 295 300 Improve curve 2 72+482 1+482 275 280 Improve curve 3 72+767 1+767 - 2,000 New Curve Radius 4 73+125 2+125 275 280 Improve curve 5 73+518 2+518 - - PI No curve 6 73+939 2+939 440 450 Improve curve 7 75+335 4+335 2,400 2,500 Improve curve 8 75+999 4+999 - - PI No curve 9 76+600 5+600 255 260 Improve curve 10 77+087 6+087 395 400 Improve curve 11 77+916 6+916 885 900 Improve curve 12 78+369 7+369 - - PI No curve 13 78+752 7+752 440 450 Improve curve 14 79+112 8+112 - - PI No curve 15 79+443 8+443 - - PI No curve 16 79+762 8+762 415 420 Improve curve 17 80+686 9+686 455 460 Improve curve 18 80+958 9+958 265 270 Improve curve 19 81+633 10+633 315 320 Improve curve 20 82+402 11+402 315 320 Improve curve 21 83+826 12+826 265 270 Improve curve 22 84+830 13+830 - - PI No curve 23 85+630 14+630 - - PI No curve 24 86+570 15+570 - - PI No curve 25 87+591 16+591 - - PI No curve 26 88+517 17+517 - - PI No curve 27 89+626 18+626 245 250 Improve curve 28 90+184 19+184 - - PI No curve 29 90+467 19+467 - - PI No curve 30 91+311 20+311 - - PI No curve 31 91+439 20+439 - - PI No curve 32 91+738 20+738 245 250 Improve curve 33 92+066 21+066 1,100 1,200 Improve curve 34 92+597 21+597 415 420 Improve curve 35 93+297 22+297 535 550 Improve curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 36 94+377 23+377 355 360 Improve curve 37 95+596 24+596 265 270 Improve curve 38 96+063 25+063 4,900 5,000 Improve curve
39 96+488 25+488 4,900 5,000 Improve curve 40 97+352 26+352 - - PI No curve 41 98+846 27+846 1,400 1,500 Improve curve 42 100+359 29+359 - - PI No curve 43 101+684 30+684 - - PI No curve 44 102+477 31+477 - - PI No curve 45 102+952 31+952 - - PI No curve 46 103+088 32+088 - - PI No curve 47 104+895 33+895 2,700 2,800 Improve curve 48 105+727 34+727 - - PI No curve 49 106+244 35+244 7,900 8,000 Improve curve 50 106+707 35+707 5,900 6,000 Improve curve 51 107+699 36+699 395 400 Improve curve 52 109+528 38+528 835 850 Improve curve 53 110+855 39+855 14,000 15,000 Improve curve 54 111+725 40+725 - - PI No curve 55 115+006 44+006 - - PI No curve 56 115+313 44+313 - - PI No curve 57 116+273 45+273 3700 3,800 Improve curve 58 116+805 45+805 255 260 Improve curve 59 117+345 46+345 260 265 Improve curve 60 118+290 47+290 - - PI No curve 61 119+466 48+466 3,900 4,000 Improve curve 62 120+768 49+768 - - PI No curve 63 121+146 50+146 - - PI No curve 64 121+436 50+436 - - PI No curve 65 121+858 50+858 - - PI No curve 66 122+252 51+252 900 1,000 Improve curve 67 122+729 51+729 315 320 Improve curve 68 123+708 52+708 265 270 Improve curve 69 124+404 53+404 295 300 Improve curve 70 125+166 54+166 485 500 Improve curve 71 125+633 54+633 365 370 Improve curve 72 126+040 55+040 395 400 Improve curve 73 129+186 58+186 885 900 Improve curve 74 130+687 59+687 - - PI No curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 75 131+673 60+673 1,000 1,100 Improve curve 76 133+337 62+337 345 350 Improve curve 77 134+482 63+482 395 400 Improve curve 78 136+108 65+108 - - PI No curve 79 136+888 65+888 - - PI No curve 80 138+108 67+108 - - PI No curve 81 138+952 67+952 - - PI No curve 82 139+367 68+367 965 980 Improve curve 83 140+012 69+012 175 180 Improve curve 84 140+497 69+497 255 260 Improve curve 85 142+341 71+341 785 800 Improve curve 86 142+861 71+861 345 350 Improve curve 87 143+229 72+229 585 600 Improve curve 88 143+502 72+502 885 900 Improve curve 89 143+666 72+666 2,900 3,000 Improve curve 90 143+874 72+874 - - PI No curve 91 144+354 73+354 - - PI No curve 92 144+659 73+659 3,900 4,000 Improve curve 93 144+896 73+896 885 900 Improve curve 94 145+673 74+673 - - PI No curve 95 145+973 74+973 485 500 Improve curve 96 146+342 75+342 - - PI No curve 97 146+540 75+540 9,000 10,000 Improve curve 98 146+875 75+875 1,400 1,500 Improve curve 99 147+161 76+161 1,900 2,000 Improve curve 100 147+801 76+801 465 470 Improve curve 101 147+987 76+987 - - PI No curve 102 148+209 77+209 - - PI No curve 103 148+578 77+578 - - PI No curve 104 150+611 79+611 - - PI No curve 105 151+214 80+214 325 330 Improve curve 106 151+582 80+582 - - PI No curve 107 152+694 81+694 - - PI No curve 108 154+030 83+030 385 390 Improve curve 109 154+946 83+946 - - PI No curve 110 155+711 84+711 615 630 Improve curve 111 157+591 86+591 395 400 Improve curve 112 159+243 88+243 900 1,000 Improve curve 113 160+581 89+581 1,000 1,100 Improve curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 114 162+762 91+762 560 570 Improve curve 115 165+461 94+461 885 900 Improve curve 116 166+556 95+556 785 800 Improve curve 117 168+340 97+340 935 950 Improve curve 118 169+591 98+591 245 250 Improve curve 119 169+884 98+884 245 250 Improve curve 120 170+161 99+161 245 250 Improve curve 121 170+504 99+504 255 260 Improve curve 122 171+266 100+266 785 800 Improve curve 123 172+329 101+329 - - PI No curve 124 172+511 101+511 - - PI No curve 125 173+096 102+096 485 500 Improve curve 126 174+171 103+171 485 500 Improve curve 127 177+168 106+168 885 900 Improve curve 128 177+990 106+990 885 900 Improve curve 129 178+311 107+311 9,000 10,000 Improve curve 130 180+258 109+258 345 350 Improve curve 131 180+920 109+920 6,900 7,000 Improve curve 132 181+734 110+734 485 500 Improve curve 133 182+949 111+949 485 500 Improve curve 134 184+745 113+745 685 700 Improve curve 135 186+090 115+090 - - PI No curve 136 187+741 116+741 1,200 1,300 Improve curve 137 187+906 116+906 - - PI No curve 138 188+169 117+169 295 300 Improve curve 139 188+433 117+433 885 900 Improve curve 140 188+624 117+624 - - PI No curve 141 189+190 118+190 120 126 Improve curve 142 189+541 118+541 40 45 Improve curve 143 189+688 118+688 235 240 Improve curve 144 190+640 119+640 395 400 Improve curve 145 191+671 120+671 590 600 Improve curve 146 193+039 122+039 5,900 6,000 Improve curve 147 193+419 122+419 - - PI No curve 148 193+603 122+603 685 700 Improve curve 149 193+751 122+751 885 900 Improve curve 150 194+921 123+921 900 1,000 Improve curve 151 196+246 125+246 900 1,000 Improve curve 152 197+298 126+298 695 710 Improve curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 153 197+683 126+683 405 410 Improve curve 154 198+581 127+581 240 245 Improve curve 155 199+406 128+406 355 360 Improve curve 156 200+075 129+075 410 415 Improve curve 157 200+865 129+865 - - PI No curve 158 201+391 130+391 - - PI No curve 159 201+749 130+749 - - PI No curve 160 201+900 130+900 - - PI No curve 161 202+421 131+421 275 280 Improve curve 162 202+772 131+772 - - PI No curve 163 203+059 132+059 3,400 3,500 Improve curve 164 203+751 132+751 405 410 Improve curve 165 204+184 133+184 245 250 Improve curve 166 204+451 133+451 - - PI No curve 167 204+716 133+716 1,700 1,800 Improve curve 168 206+040 135+040 250 255 Improve curve 169 208+009 137+009 305 310 Improve curve 170 208+994 137+994 - - PI No curve 171 209+817 138+817 785 800 Improve curve 172 211+790 140+790 285 290 Improve curve 173 212+368 141+368 - - PI No curve 174 216+013 145+013 705 720 Improve curve 175 218+045 147+045 - - PI No curve 176 218+391 147+391 - - PI No curve 177 218+655 147+655 - - PI No curve 178 218+988 147+988 405 410 Improve curve 179 221+060 150+060 215 220 Improve curve 180 221+668 150+668 270 275 Improve curve 181 222+456 151+456 1,900 2,000 Improve curve 182 223+196 152+196 1,100 1,200 Improve curve 183 225+630 154+630 900 1,000 Improve curve 184 226+056 155+056 935 950 Improve curve 185 226+559 155+559 535 550 Improve curve 186 226+936 155+936 - - PI No curve 187 227+608 156+608 235 240 Improve curve 188 227+929 156+929 2,100 2,200 Improve curve 189 228+513 157+513 - - PI No curve 190 228+871 157+871 345 350 Improve curve 191 229+544 158+544 - - PI No curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 192 230+284 159+284 245 250 Improve curve 193 230+998 159+998 245 250 Improve curve 194 231+263 160+263 - - PI No curve 195 231+613 160+613 - - PI No curve 196 232+103 161+103 1,400 1,500 Improve curve 197 233+061 162+061 405 410 Improve curve 198 233+648 162+648 600 610 Improve curve 199 234+436 163+436 - - PI No curve 200 234+958 163+958 590 600 Improve curve 201 235+651 164+651 - - PI No curve 202 237+505 166+505 620 630 Improve curve 203 237+765 166+765 - - PI No curve 204 237+947 166+947 - - PI No curve 205 238+824 167+824 440 450 Improve curve 206 239+553 168+553 775 790 Improve curve 207 240+045 169+045 - - PI No curve 208 240+670 169+670 - - PI No curve 209 246+246 175+246 - - PI No curve 210 242+687 171+687 755 760 Improve curve 211 243+114 172+114 - - PI No curve 212 243+258 172+258 - - PI No curve 213 243+553 172+553 - - PI No curve 214 244+103 173+103 935 950 Improve curve 215 244+825 173+825 965 980 Improve curve 216 246+007 175+007 - - PI No curve 217 246+913 175+913 - - PI No curve 218 247+125 176+125 3100 3200 Improve curve 219 247+955 176+955 - - PI No curve 220 248+218 177+218 715 730 Improve curve 221 248+658 177+658 2,000 2,100 Improve curve 222 249+321 178+321 1,200 1,300 Improve curve 223 250+443 179+443 - - PI No curve 224 251+943 180+943 485 500 Improve curve 225 252+474 181+474 440 450 Improve curve 226 252+968 181+968 415 420 Improve curve 227 253+303 182+303 - - PI No curve 228 253+615 182+615 - - PI No curve 229 254+380 183+380 805 820 Improve curve 230 254+749 183+749 - - PI No curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 231 255+242 184+242 - - PI No curve 232 255+813 184+813 4,900 5,000 Improve curve 233 256+772 185+772 9,000 10,000 Improve curve 234 257+246 186+246 - - PI No curve 235 257+910 186+910 - - PI No curve 236 258+172 187+172 - - PI No curve 237 258+548 187+548 845 860 Improve curve 238 259+007 188+007 - - PI No curve 239 259+746 188+746 - - PI No curve 240 260+803 189+803 - - PI No curve 241 261+253 190+253 4900 5000 Improve curve 242 261+810 190+810 - - PI No curve 243 262+027 191+027 - - PI No curve 244 262+840 191+840 - - PI No curve 245 263+126 192+126 18,000 20,000 Improve curve 246 263+923 192+923 1,400 1,500 Improve curve 247 265+317 194+317 1,400 1,500 Improve curve 248 265+318 194+318 - - PI No curve 249 267+465 196+465 485 500 Improve curve 250 268+576 197+576 345 350 Improve curve 251 268+848 197+848 345 350 Improve curve 252 269+069 198+069 - - PI No curve 253 269+542 198+542 395 400 Improve curve 254 270+152 199+152 845 860 Improve curve 255 272+362 201+362 215 220 Improve curve 256 273+654 202+654 635 650 Improve curve 257 274+542 203+542 - - PI No curve 258 275+365 204+365 9,000 10,000 Improve curve 259 276+110 205+110 - - PI No curve 260 276+945 205+945 885 900 Improve curve 261 277+420 206+420 - - PI No curve 262 278+020 207+020 - - PI No curve 263 279+211 208+211 - - PI No curve 264 279+706 208+706 - - PI No curve 265 280+105 209+105 - - PI No curve 266 280+439 209+439 - - PI No curve 267 280+851 209+851 - - PI No curve 268 281+743 210+743 485 500 Improve curve 269 282+091 211+091 - - PI No curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 270 282+990 211+990 - - PI No curve 271 283+186 212+186 - - PI No curve 272 283+730 212+730 - - PI No curve 273 284+671 213+671 - - PI No curve 274 285+422 214+422 605 610 Improve curve 275 286+602 215+602 1,400 1,500 Improve curve 276 286+963 215+963 - - PI No curve 277 287+191 216+191 - - PI No curve 278 287+414 216+414 - - PI No curve 279 288+073 217+073 485 500 Improve curve 280 288+636 217+636 250 253 Improve curve 281 289+283 218+283 260 263 Improve curve 282 289+803 218+803 - - PI No curve 283 290+862 219+862 1,100 1,200 Improve curve 284 291+304 220+304 - - PI No curve 285 291+645 220+645 350 355 Improve curve 286 291+982 220+982 315 320 Improve curve 287 292+470 221+470 - - PI No curve 288 293+368 222+368 - - PI No curve 289 293+749 222+749 - - PI No curve 290 294+066 223+066 395 400 Improve curve 291 294+830 223+830 885 900 Improve curve 292 295+270 224+270 - - PI No curve 293 296+008 225+008 1,000 1,100 Improve curve 294 296+722 225+722 395 400 Improve curve 295 298+247 227+247 685 700 Improve curve 296 299+329 228+329 295 300 Improve curve 297 299+841 228+841 330 335 Improve curve 298 300+968 229+968 590 600 Improve curve 299 302+930 231+930 375 380 Improve curve 300 304+239 233+239 1,700 1,800 Improve curve 301 304+641 233+641 - - PI No curve 302 305+397 234+397 405 410 Improve curve 303 306+163 235+163 450 455 Improve curve 304 308+139 237+139 500 510 Improve curve 305 309+759 238+759 395 400 Improve curve 306 311+251 240+251 1,700 1,800 Improve curve 307 311+718 240+718 - - PI No curve 308 312+404 241+404 - - PI No curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 309 313+886 242+886 - - PI No curve 310 314+616 243+616 255 260 Improve curve 311 315+137 244+137 - - PI No curve 312 315+410 244+410 1,900 2,000 Improve curve 313 316+263 245+263 3,400 3,500 Improve curve 314 318+460 247+460 395 400 Improve curve 315 318+770 247+770 535 550 Improve curve 316 319+169 248+169 - - PI No curve 317 319+453 248+453 - - PI No curve 318 320+213 249+213 3,300 3,400 Improve curve 319 320+592 249+592 - - PI No curve 320 320+815 249+815 1,900 2,000 Improve curve 321 321+275 250+275 590 600 Improve curve 322 321+596 250+596 535 550 Improve curve 323 322+227 251+227 635 650 Improve curve 324 322+790 251+790 635 650 Improve curve 325 323+025 252+025 570 580 Improve curve 326 323+569 252+569 4,900 5,000 Improve curve 327 324+154 253+154 - - PI No curve 328 324+607 253+607 - - PI No curve 329 325+012 254+012 520 530 Improve curve 330 325+422 254+422 - - PI No curve 331 325+644 254+644 440 450 Improve curve 332 326+014 255+014 590 600 Improve curve 333 326+291 255+291 1,150 1,250 Improve curve 334 326+645 255+645 - - PI No curve 335 326+880 255+880 - - PI No curve 336 327+108 256+108 4,600 4,700 Improve curve 337 327+535 256+535 - - PI No curve 338 327+753 256+753 - - PI No curve 339 328+090 257+090 425 430 Improve curve 340 328+450 257+450 485 500 Improve curve 341 329+355 258+355 685 700 Improve curve 342 329+703 258+703 - - PI No curve 343 330+357 259+357 - - PI No curve 344 330+802 259+802 900 1,000 Improve curve 345 331+713 260+713 - - PI No curve 346 332+508 261+508 535 550 Improve curve 347 332+943 261+943 395 400 Improve curve
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Serial Curve radius improve curve KM Chainage Comment No (Fs), (m) (m) 348 334+360 263+360 900 1000 Improve curve 349 335+012 264+012 590 600 Improve curve 350 335+577 264+577 - - PI No curve 351 335+759 264+759 - - PI No curve 352 335+945 264+945 - - PI No curve 353 336+236 265+236 785 800 Improve curve 354 336+602 265+602 785 800 Improve curve 355 336+912 265+912 305 310 Improve curve 356 337+223 266+223 - - PI No curve 357 337+513 266+513 305 310 Improve curve 358 338+032 267+032 1,000 1,100 Improve curve 359 338+268 267+268 - - PI No curve 360 338+886 267+886 300 305 Improve curve 361 339+530 268+530 250 255 Improve curve 362 340+017 269+017 75 80 Improve curve 363 340+230 269+230 - - PI No curve 364 341+092 270+092 405 410 Improve curve 365 341+796 270+796 495 505 Improve curve 366 343+053 272+053 1,400 1,500 Improve curve 367 344+274 273+274 485 500 Improve curve 368 344+847 273+847 - - PI No curve 369 345+589 274+589 900 1000 Improve curve
2. Traffic Accidents Statistics
The statistic date of traffic accident records by the Districts Traffic Police officer covering two provinces (Bolikhamxay and Khammuan Province) and the Department of Transport of MPWT. These data are shown in tables 7 and 8 below.
Table 7: Accident Data Vehicles Thaphabath District on the Bolikhamxay Province
Damaged Vehicles Number of Year accidents Minor Serious Severely damaged damaged damaged 2015 53 47 51 5 2016 64 50 53 6 2017 55 52 59 8 2018 58 61 74 15 2019 35 12 29 25 Total 265 222 266 59
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Chart Traffic Accident Data Vehicles
80 74 70 64 59 61 60 53 53 55 58 50 51 50 52 40 47 35
30 29 25 20 15 12 6 8 10 5 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor Damaged Serious damaged Severely damaged
Paksane District on the Bolikhamxay Province
Damaged Vehicles Number of Year accidents Minor Serious Severely damaged damaged damaged 2015 35 23 40 3 2016 50 30 60 9 2017 35 22 46 1 2018 21 6 33 0 2019 44 37 42 1 Total 185 118 221 14 Chart Traffic Accident Data Vehicles 80
70 60 60 50 46 50 44 40 42 40 35 33 35 30 30 37 22 21 23 20 9 10 6 3 1 0 1 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor Damaged Serious damaged Severely damaged
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Pakkading District on the Bolikhamxay Province
Damaged Vehicles Number of Year accidents Minor Serious Severely damaged damaged damaged 2015 34 17 38 9 2016 50 27 55 13 2017 54 33 67 5 2018 39 19 47 2 2019 57 37 63 10 Total 234 133 270 39
Chart Traffic Accident Data Vehicles
80
70 67 63
60 55 54
50 47 57 50 38 40 37 33 34 39 30 27 19 20 17 13 10 10 9 5 2 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor Damaged Serious damaged Severely damaged
Hinboun District on the Khammuan Province
Damaged Vehicles Number of Year accidents Minor Serious Severely damaged damaged damaged 2015 25 11 32 1 2016 21 5 27 0 2017 21 8 32 0 2018 15 3 20 2 2019 19 5 25 0 Total 101 32 136 3
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Chart Traffic Accident Data Vehicles 40
32 32
30 27 25 25 21 21 20 20 19
11 15 10 8 5 5 3 1 00 0 0 2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor Damaged Serious damaged Severely damaged
Thakhek District on the Khammuan Province
Damaged Vehicles Number of Year accidents Minor Serious Severely damaged damaged damaged 2015 18 13 21 1 2016 40 17 55 2 2017 24 5 45 0 2018 16 1 27 2 2019 16 3 26 0 Total 114 39 174 5 Chart Traffic Accident Data Vehicles 70
60 55
50 45 40 40
27 26 30 24 21 17 16 20 18 13 16 10 5 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor Damaged Serious damaged Severely damaged
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Table 8: Traffic Accident Injuries and Death
Thaphabath District on the Bolikhamxay Province
Number of Year Minor injured Serious injured Fatality accidents 2015 53 85 9 9 2016 64 75 10 12 2017 55 91 11 10 2018 58 83 17 14 2019 35 17 39 27 Total 265 351 86 72
Chart Traffic Accident Injuries and Death 100 91 90 85 83 80 75
70 64 58 60 53 55 50 39 40 35 30 17 27 20 9 12 11 17 10 14 9 10 10 0 2015- Paksane 2016 District 2017on the Bolikhamxay 2018 Province 2019
Number of accidents Minor injured Serious injured Fatality
Number of Year Minor injured Serious injured Fatality accidents 2015 35 8 97 10 2016 50 10 73 6 2017 35 11 33 13 2018 21 2 43 4 2019 44 9 57 8 Total 185 40 303 41
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Chart Traffic Accident Injuries and Death 97 100 90
80 73 70 57 60 50 50 43 44 40 35 35
30 33 21 20 13 10 10 9 10 4 8 11 8 0 6 2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor injured Serious injured Fatality
Pakkading District on the Bolikhamxay Province
Number of Year Minor injured Serious injured Fatality accidents 2015 34 9 63 14 2016 50 9 88 10 2017 54 4 57 20 2018 39 3 51 14 2019 57 10 112 16 Total 234 35 371 74 Chart Traffic Accident Injuries and Death
120 112
100 88
80 63 57 57 60 50 51 54 40 34 39 20 14 14 16 20 10 4 3 0 9 9 10 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor injured Serious injured Fatality
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Hinboun District on the Khammuan Province
Number of Year Minor injured Serious injured Fatality accidents 2015 25 30 6 7 2016 21 30 2 6 2017 21 30 1 2 2018 15 13 6 4 2019 19 23 5 2 Total 101 126 20 21
Chart Traffic Accident Injuries and Death
40
30 30 30 30 25 23 21 21 20 15 19
13 10 7 6 6 5 2 6 2 4 0 1 2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor injured Serious injured Fatality
Thakhek District on the Khammuan Province
Number of Year Minor injured Serious injured Fatality accidents 2015 18 25 4 5 2016 40 69 19 8 2017 24 37 7 12 2018 16 31 5 6 2019 16 27 2 2 Total 114 189 37 33
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Chart Traffic Accident Injuries and Death
80 69 70
60
50 40 37 40 31 27 30 25 24 19 20 16 16 18 12 8 10 5 6 2 7 0 4 5 2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of accidents Minor injured Serious injured Fatality
3. Road Accidents black spots and Suggest Remedial Measures
3.1 Road accidents black spots After site visited NR 13 South on the 20th - 30th October 2019, the road starts from Thaphabath District Km 71 and the ends at Km 346 Thakhek District. Total length of the project road is 275 Km, the purpose was to identify the accident-prone locations on this road with key causes of road accidents that have taken place previously and to provide suitable remedial measures. There had been several accident locations along the project road from the accident recorded since 2015-2019 that had severe accidents with injuries and fatalities.
The project covered two Provinces and five Districts, refer to the table 7 and 8 of accidents recorded in above had shown that, the total number of accidents for 5 years of Thaphabath District is 201, people killed 60, injured 345, Paksane District is185, people killed 41, injured 343, Pakkading District is 234, people killed 74, injured 406, Hinboun District is 126, people killed 21, injured 146, Thakhek District is 114, people killed 33, injured 226. After site surveyed of accidents data along the road project (for more details see in table 7 and 8), finally could identify five black spot locations as following:
- Km 84+400, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 21, people killed 9 and injured 31. - Km 91+600, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 15, people killed 3 and injured 26. - Km 93+000, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 35, people killed 6 and injured 69.
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- Km 101+500, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 23, people killed 4 and injured 38. - Km 117+200, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 13, people killed 4 and injured 35. - Km 144+300, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 17, people killed 6 and injured 25. - Km 146+950, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 19, people killed 3 and injured 51. - Km 150+500, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 16, people killed 3 and injured 21. - Km 152+300, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 12, people killed 5 and injured 45. - Km 160+400, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 28, people killed 9 and injured 37. - Km 188+000, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 15, people killed 6 and injured 18. - Km 194+600, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 13, people killed 6 and injured 30. - Km 204+000, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 25, people killed 5 and injured 3. - Km 216+200, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 20, people killed 6 and injured 31. - Km 222+000, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 14, people killed 6 and injured 20. - Km 225+000, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 20, people killed 5 and injured 37. - Km 231+000, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 22, people killed 13 and injured 54. - Km 235+500, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 27, people killed 8 and injured 56. - Km 238+700, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 7, people killed 4 and injured 10. - Km 311+000, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 10, people killed 8 and injured 9. - Km 325+400, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 7, people killed 3 and injured 14. - Km 326+800, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 9, people killed 6 and injured 12. - Km 333+000, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 10, people killed 6 and injured 10. - Km 334+600, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 13, people killed 4 and injured 32. - Km 336+300, total accidents recorded during the last five years is 13, people killed 3 and injured 25.
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It has been revealed in this report that most of the accidents at black spots occurred due to speedy, aggressive driving of road users and geometric conditions have comparatively less contribution in accidents. Insufficient law enforcing agencies, improper road infrastructure, lack of proper warning signs, inadequate illumination on footpaths and cycle tracks, poor emergency response capability and injustice in the implementation of traffic laws are the main causes of road accidents and ignorance of some minor causes may results major accidents.
3.2 Suggest remedial measures
On many of locations remedy measure can be done that very likely will reduce the injuries and fatalities. These remedy measures are mainly additional road furniture in the new design such as: road signs, guideposts, guardrail, chevrons etc... and also emphasizes the need to understand the importance of minor weakness and flaws in the road traffic system.
In order to have safe and smooth flow of traffic on urban road, encroachments within the right of way should be cleared off and separate service roads should be provided for local traffic.
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Table 9: Road Safety Recommendations
Road geometry/Design Item Location Recommendations Pictures Remarks characterize
1 Km 84+400 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Samakkhyxai community. community. village - No speed limit sign. - Install calming sign at community area and
school along the road.
- Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign - Install stop sign on access road. - Install chevrons sign at curve.
2 Km 91+600 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all Palai village pass through community. community. - Curve with junction - Install calming sign at community area and - No speed limit sign. school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign - Install stop sign on access road. - Install chevrons sign at curve.
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3 Km 93+000 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all community. Thabok village pass through community. - Install calming sign at community area and - No speed limit sign. school along the road. - Lack of adequate sight - Install speed limit sign. distances at curve. - Install warning sign - Install stop sign on access road. - Install tactile edge line at rural area. - Install chevrons sign at curve. - Install new guard rial at curve. 4 Km 101+500 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Phonsavan community. community. - Install calming sign at community and village - No speed limit sign. school along the road. - High embankment for - Install speed limit sign. several kilometres. - Install warning sign.
- Install stop sign on access road. - Install tactile edge line at rural area and curve centre line. - Install guard rial at high embankment. 5 Km 117+200 - Narrow road and bridge - Redesign and widening the curve. Nongkeun village through community. - Widening the road pass through all community. - No speed limit sign. - Install calming sign at community area and - Lack of adequate sight school along the road. distances - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install chevrons sign at curve. - Install tactile edge line at rural area and curve centre line.
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6 Km 144+300 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Houaysiat village community. community. - No speed limit sign. - Install speed limit sign. - Install calming sign community and school along the road. - Install stop sign on access road.
7 Km 146+950 - Location of traffic sign at - Install stop sign on access road.
Sivilay village roadside not suitable - Install traffic sign with right location. - Install speed limit sign. - No road marking. - Road marking - No speed limit sign.
8 Km 150+500 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Sisaad village community. community. - No speed limit sign. - Install speed limit sign. - Install calming sign at community and school along the road. - Install stop sign on access road. 9 Km 152+300 - Narrow road pass through - Redesign and widening the curve. Phonesaad village community. - Widening the road pass through all - No speed limit sign. community. - Lack of adequate sight - Install calming sign at community and distances school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install chevrons sign at curve.
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10 Km 160+400 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Phonngam village community. community. - No speed limit sign. - Install calming sign at community and school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. 11 Km 188+000 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all
Pakkading village pass through community. community. - No speed limit sign. - Install calming sign at community and - Lack of adequate sight school along the road. distances - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install chevrons sign at curve.
12 Km 194+600 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all Hadxaykham pass through community. community. village - No speed limit sign. - Install calming sign at community and
school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. 13 Km 204+000 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all Phonchalern pass through community. community. village - Community and Market - Install calming sign at community and close at road side school along the road. - Junction and access road - Install speed limit sign. - No speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install chevrons sign at curve. - Install stop sign on access road.
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14 Km 216+200 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all
Namdua village community. community. - No speed limit sign. - Install calming sign at community and school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install chevrons sign at curve. 15 Km 222+000 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all Namkhou village pass through community. community. - No speed limit sign. - Install calming at community and school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install chevrons sign at curve. 16 Km 225+000 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Thongnamy community. community. village - Community and Market - Install calming at a community and school close at road side along the road. - No speed limit sign. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. 17 Km 231+000 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all Namsang village pass through community. community. - No speed limit sign. - Install calming sign at community and school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install chevrons sign at curve.
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18 Km 235+500 - Some sections of the road - Widening the road pass through all
Viengkham were narrow road pass community. village through community. - Install calming sign at community area and - Junction and access road school along the road. - No speed limit sign. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install stop sign on access road.
19 Km 258+700 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Laokha village community. community.
- Curve with junction - Install calming sign at community and - No speed limit sign. school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install stop sign on access road.
20 Km 311+000 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Phonkham village community. community. - Junction and access road. - Install calming sign at community and - No speed limit sign. school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install stop sign on access road. 21 Km 325+400 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all Namdon village pass through community. community. - Access road. - Install calming sign at community and - No speed limit sign. school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install stop sign on access road.
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22 Km 326+800 - Narrow road and bridge - Widening the road pass through all Phonsoung pass through community. community. village - Access road. - Install calming sign at community and - No speed limit sign. school along the road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install stop sign on access road. 23 Km 333+000 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Phonsytha village community. community. - Curve with junction - Install calming at community along the road. - No speed limit sign. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install chevrons sign at curve. - Install stop sign on access road.
24 Km 334+600 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Maisivilai village community. community. - Junction - Install calming sign at community along the - No speed limit sign. road. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install stop sign on access road. 25 Km 336+300 - Narrow road pass through - Widening the road pass through all Phonsaad village community. community. - No traffic signal control at - Install calming sign at school and all Intersection. community along the road. - No speed limit sign. - Install speed limit sign. - Install warning sign. - Install stop sign on access road.
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4. Road Safety in Specification
4.1 Introduction The objective of road safety design report is to find safety deficiencies that exist on this project and to reduce traffic accidents. Specification, guidelines and road traffic facility designs will be provided by this road safety design report.
The horizontal and longitudinal alignment indicators shall comply with the design speed requirement. The vertical section, cross section and plane indicators shall be improved for the project. For reconstruction and extension of this project, more attentions shall be paid to the consistency of change of technical indicators and their impacts on the safety before and after reconstruction.
4.2 Improvement Methods at Hazardous Location The project areas consist of villages and non-populated sections. With the consideration of areas where the road passes through, the strategy for road safety facilities will be established. The Consultant has classified facilities and methods such as passive and active methods, including traffic calming. The details are tabulated in the table below.
Classification Passive Methods Active Methods Traffic Calming Definitions To help drivers’ sight To directly prevent the To be carried out for by improving accident or to lower the slow-traffic area with geometrics weakness damage and take the many pedestrians of road. proper action against it. generally.
Facilities Delineator Guardrail Chicane &Methods Chevron Sign Impact Attenuate Narrowing (Except Road Studs Falling-stone prevention Raised road Hazard Sign net Traffic Circles and General Road Hazard Stripes Falling-stone prevention Roundabouts Sign) Spring Post fence Zigzag pavement Continuous Lighting Tunnel for falling stone markings Local Lighting Emergency Escape Ramp Optical speed bars Emergency telephone Emergency Parking Bay Rumble Strips Grooving Textured Pavement Anti-skid pavement Scope Wide-Scope Small-Scope In the village and around
4.2.1 International Passive Methods
1. Optical Guidance An optical guidance expresses dead ends and road alignments for driver's recognition at
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day and night time. Places of Classification Description Installation It is a facility to cause car to ∙High design speed drive smoothly by showing sections (at least drivers road alignment or 50km/h) Delineator changed situation ahead. ∙Sections of changing road alignment It is a sign for safety running by ∙Sections of installing the chevron sign on changing road sharp bends and showing drivers alignment rapidly road alignments and sinuosity (more than Chevron obviously at day & night. delineator) Sign ∙Sections that drivers are specially required information ahead Retro reflective road studs are ∙ The locations frequently used to supplement (centre lines, longitudinal road markings. exclusive lanes, They depend for their brightness etc..) that pavement Road Studs on the light from a vehicle’s marking's functions headlamps being reflected back should be towards the source. compensated problems at night & rainy day Hazard sign provide drivers with ∙Ends of guardrails information about placed for median strip Hazard obstacles ahead. ∙In front of bridge's Sign Hazard stripes indicate existence piers and abutments of structure and vehicle's ∙In front of & direction to go by painting underground Hazard diagonal stripes to structure's roadways Stripes surface. ∙Ends of exit ramp ∙Parts of over- bridge's entrance Spring Post is used to stop ∙Ends of guardrails dangerous lane changing for median strip specially at the traffic crossing, ∙In front of bus lanes etc. Spring post can hazardous structures Spring quickly restore its original state ∙Alternative of lane Post without any damage to the markings in vehicle or the spring post itself. construction area ∙ Section where reverse driving expected
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2. Street Lighting Street lighting is provided to enhance night visibility of road users. Classification Description Places of Installation Clear visibility for all ∙A road where lots of highway users, taking traffic expected into account the needs of Continuous more vulnerable groups, Lighting but with the principal aim of reducing night- time accidents Local lighting for special ∙Dangerous area; places to show (Intersections, unfamiliar road shapes, Crosswalks, Railroad person on the road and crossing, Bus stops, in Local Lighting hazardous obstacles to front of stations, drivers. Sections of changing road alignment, Road sections that public facilities are adjacent)
4.2.2 International Active Methods
1. Protectors
This prevents vehicles from leaving the carriage way or to crash into structure; this protects the drivers, pedestrians and road facilities safely.
Classification Description Places of Installation ∙Guardrails prevent vehicles ∙The section where from veering off the it is more roadway into oncoming preferable for traffic, crashing against vehicles to crash Guard rail solid objects or falling into a with guardrails than ravine. A secondary to drop out of road. objective is keeping the vehicle upright after crashing accident.
∙An impact attenuator, also ∙The most known as a crash cushion, dangerous places of crash attenuator, or cowboy the following Impact cushions, is a device -In front of bridge's intended to reduce the piers and abutments Attenuator damage to structures, -Ends of exit ramp vehicles, and motorists -Parts of over- resulting from a motor bridge's entrances vehicle collision.
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2. Prevention for Falling Debris It prevents accidents of falling debris cause accidents and blocked roads.
Classification Description Places of Installation Falling-stone prevention net ∙Falling stones Falling- prevents to fall out stones of caused by soft Stone the rock and to place on the rock or weathered Prevention road with bounce by covering rock slopes Net steep slopes
Falling-stone prevention ∙ The section Falling- fence prevents damage where it is Stone caused by falling stones by expected direct Prevention absorbing energy damage for road Fence user caused by falling-stones It is a structure with tunnel ∙The road section Tunnel shape to prevent large falling where cut-slope is stone high, and shoulder for Falling is too narrow Stone
3. Emergency Facilities This mitigates preventable accidents.
Classification Description Places of Installation Emergency Escape Ramp ∙ The section where it has a role as prevention of is possible to break Emergency accident caused by brake down braking device Escape failure by entering the caused by continuous Ramp facility downhill road
Emergency telephone ∙ At regular distances located in roadside at on the road Emergency regular distances is used to Telephone directly connect to emergency organization
Emergency parking bay is ∙ The section with Emergency used to quickly evacuate a narrow shoulder Parking disabled vehicle from Bay main lane
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4. Pavement Marking and Surface Type It induces speed reducing and preventing skidding by improving the road surface.
Places of Classification Description Installation Rumble strips are road safety ∙ The section features that alert inattentive where it is drivers to potential danger by expected to do Rumble causing a tactile vibration and drowsy driving Strips audible rumbling, transmitted or to be required through the wheels into the speed reducing car body. Grooving a pavement’s ∙ The section surface is a very effective where drainage method to increase traction, is required reduce hydroplaning and ∙Curve or minimize splash and spray as downhill Grooving well as provide a more sections effective braking surface. ∙ The section where Noise Reduction is required Textured pavement has been ∙ The road used successfully applied at by vehicles and crosswalks to distinguish the pedestrians pedestrian zone. It can also be together Textured used as a traffic calming Pavement technique to increase safety and encourage walking in residential or commercial areas. ∙ The section Due to its high friction feature, the pavement is with low widely used on arterial roads, resistance collector streets, and other ∙ The section Anti-skid heavy traffic routes, with poor road pavement especially some slopes, to alignment or reduce the driving speed and vertical prevent accidents from alignment happening.
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4.2.3 International Traffic Calming Measure
Traffic calming measures are applied to keep vehicles at low speed to prevent fatal accidents between vehicles and pedestrians by reducing vehicle velocity at points of changing road conditions, such as road curves and alignment.
Places of Classification Description Installation
∙ A chicane is a S-shaped ∙ A road where curve in the vehicle there is much Chicane driving path. It is traffic pedestrian traffic calming measures used to slow cars, usually on residential streets ∙ Reducing the width of ∙Low speeding road provides a number of are before/in benefits. Narrow roads villages and Narrowing reduce: speeding, vehicle schools crashes and pedestrian crossing distances ∙ Raised road is a effective ∙ Intersections method to speed reducing ∙ Walk crossing by raising the road ∙ The area that is Raised surfaces of dangerous area required for Road temporary speed reducing
∙ Traffic circles and ∙ The roundabouts are most intersection that Traffic important for their ability has low traffic Circles and to calm traffic by and be required Round- preventing the stop-and- low speed about go, high speed inducing slinky effects that stop signs create ∙ Zigzag pavement ∙ The section markings are speed where road is reducing method by using narrow and Zigzag optical illumination speed reducing Pavement ∙ Drivers can delude is required Markings themselves that the road is narrow and they feel so fast ∙ Optical speed bars that ∙ Curves that is are used 'Nudge-effect' required speed Optical induce speed reducing to reducing Speed feel so fast by closing Bars horizontal lines up gradually
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5. Road Safety Strategy on the Project Road
5.1 Introduction
Based on Road design manual MPWT final August 2018, the aims and targets of road safety strategies are as followings.
Reduction loss of lives and properties, Reduction fatality rate from road accidents, and Making convenient, safe and rapid traffic condition.
5.2 Basic Strategy for Road Condition Improvement
The project road sections are classified into 2 sections, general running sections and village passing sections. Road safety facilities are suitably selected and shown in Table 22 by matching risk elements with each strategic area. Table 10: Strategy for Road Improvement Strategic Facility's Classification Risk Elements ITEM Area Attribute Direction Destination sign Passive Confusion Junction Speeding Warning sign Passive Collision Traffic island Traffic Calming Collision Warning sign Passive Bridge Accidental Fall Guardrail Active Limit of sight Reflex mirror Active Sharp Accidental Fall Guardrail Active General Curve/ Secession from Guide post Passive Section Grade lane Chevron sign Passive Speeding Warning sign Passive Falling-stone Active Roadside prevention net Falling stone Slope Warning sign Passive
Milepost Passive Whole Absence of Speed sign Passive Section information Destination sign Passive Recognition of School Warning sign Passive school Pedestrian on the Sidewalks Traffic Calming road Village Residents Humps Traffic Calming Section Speeding Speed sign Passive Animals on the Animal Warning sign Passive road House roadside person Crosswalks Active
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In general section, passive and active facilities should be appropriately placed. Passive facilities should be set up in accordance with the risk factor criteria of sections and active facilities should be placed in high-accident area.
These villages areas, traffic calming measures and road signs should be established in the proper manner. Discussions will be held regarding the applicability of facilities and traffic calming areas.
General running sections Village passing sections Passive facilities: application at dangerous sections widely Traffic Calming: application that is first for the purpose Active facilities: application at more dangerous are as Road signs: proper paint to meet standards Road signs: proper paint to meet standards
River Curves
Uphill& Down hill Intersection Slopes
Bridge Village Village (School, Intersection, etc)
Figure 1: General Composition of Project Road 5.3 Detailed Strategy for Hazardous Section 5.3.1 Strategic Direction
Road safety should be considered through all aspects in the design of highways. The safety features used in the project road are as follows. Providing of a wider shoulder (1.5 to 2 metres depending on proposed road standard) in areas of intensive usage by pedestrians and the slower no motorized vehicles, Improved sight distances, Improving horizontal geometry by providing curve widening at on all curves, Climbing/passing lanes if available, Road signs such as warning, information and direction signs, especially at curves less than 50 km/h, Installing pavement reflectors on small radius curves, Lane Markings, Speed humps and/or rumble strip at the entrance of populated town area and through the towns, Chicanes, physical traffic islands constructed on the shoulders to reduce speeds to the desired level, where the road passes through communities, Traffic islands at key intersection, and Providing guardrails on bridge approaches, box culverts and sharp curves.
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5.3.2 Village Passing Sections There are villages or urban areas that vehicles pass through there are many obstacles including residents utilizing the road as a recreational space.
Figure 2 shows the risk elements in the village. Both passive and active strategy for coping with risk elements can be considered.
Village Students Hazardous Factor Hazardous Factor . Recognition of Village Residents . Students are going school and . Speeding coming home on the road Hazardous Factor . Parking on the road . Peoples on the road . Careless road Crossing
School Hazardous Factor Animal . Recognition of School section Hazardous Factor . Animal on the road
Figure 2: Road Safety Strategy in Village section
1. Passive Strategy in Village Passing Section
Basically, many types of signs should be installed in village because vehicles are required to recognise unforeseeable dangerous situations. In village passing sections the following signs can be installed; Speed limit signs, Pedestrian, animals warning signs, Hump warning signs and Information signs for school and village.
Figure 3: Principle Traffic Control Devices at Village Section
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2. Active and Traffic Calming Strategy in village Passing Section
Installation of sidewalk separated from road is needed because many residents are using the road; especially students are using the road frequently when they are going to school and coming home.
Also, crosswalks and humps have to be installed at the entrances to village and in front of schools to reduce vehicle speed.
Figure 4: Traffic Calming at Village Sections
5.3.3 The General Section
There are many kinds of dangerous area (sharp curves, steep inclines, steep roadside slopes, brides, junctions) on the general running sections. The strategy will be planned to reduce risk in these dangerous sections
Hazardous Factor . Limit of sight . Accidental Fall Whole . Secession from lane Section . Speeding Hazardous Factor . Absence of road information
Bridge Hazardous Factor Junction . Collision with structure Hazardous Factor . Accidental Fall . Direction Confusion . Collision with another Car
Figure 5: General Running Sections
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Information signs will be installed to provide information for drivers in all sections. Signs as follows can be installed. • Distance signs, • Speed signs, • Guidance signs, and • Place name signs.
1. At Bridge Areas
There are risks of vehicle collisions because the width of road is sometimes narrowed on the bridge. Therefore, the installations of guardrails are required to prevent such as accidents due to narrow bridge width condition. Also warning and information signs should be installed for pre-warning the narrow bridge ahead.
Figure 6: Traffic Control Devices at Bridge Area 2. At Junction Areas Signs ahead of junctions can be seen by drives and it will help the driver to pay attention at these junctions.
Waring Sign
Figure 7: Traffic Control Devices at Junctions
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6. Road Safety in Design
6.1 Establishment of Standard 6.1.1 Signs The functions of signs are to provide regulations, warnings, and guidance information for road users. Words, symbols, and arrows are used to convey the messages. Generally, signs are to follow the rules of the road.1 Type of Sign Characters. Types of sign are divided by sign characters. 1) Regulation signs state the traffic law at each location. 2) Warning signs area precaution notice for drivers to know the road condition ahead. 3) Direction or information signs are to give information to drivers on destinations and other needed information during driving. 3. Shape of Signs. Particular shapes, as shown in table 10 below, shall be used exclusively for specific signs or series of signs. Table 11: Descriptions by Sign Shape
Octagon shape is for stop sign only
Equilateral Triangle shape (down) is for give way sign only
Round shape is regulation, order, and restrict signs
Diamond shape is for giving the rightness for driver
Equilateral triangle shape (up) is for warning sign
Diamond Cross shape is for Warning Train Rail Cross
Rectangular shape is for direction, information and warning
Square shape is for recommencement, advice and road number
Isosceles triangle shape is for non-passing
One side arrow rectangular shape is for direction index
Two sides arrow rectangular shape is for road name
1 Traffic Signs Standard and Manual, Book 1, Agreement No.4297/MPWT Issue July 2nd 2018
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4. General Principles for Sign Installation
To set up signs for two traffic lanes, signs are placed at the side of the road on the right- hand side of traffic direction. If roads have more than 2 traffic lanes with a median or for one-way roadway, extra signs (supplementary sign) are required.
All traffic signs should be installed on the same direction, with an angle about 5 degree to prevent mirror reflection on sign plates. Driver’s sight distance has to be taken account when signs installed on curved sections. Signs should be set up vertically for better viewing for drives except in case of down steep or high gradient. For one-way traffic;
1) Do not install information signs with other signs unless otherwise specified by the engineer, 2) Do not install regulation sign more than two in the same place except if there is a speed limit sign.
5. Sign Installation Distance along with Horizontal Alignment The traffic sign at road side should be installed away from the shoulder, curbs or guardrail with at least 0.6m but it should not be more than 4.0m from road edge except in the special condition specified. For national road, the distance between edge of the sign and edge of the road is at least 4.0m on right hand side and 3.0m on left hand side. Signs for traffic such as information signs should be installed with at least 6.0m distance from the road edge. For the urban road, the distance between edge of the sign and edge of the road is at least 0.3m. In case of applying sign posts, the distance between edge of bar and the road is at least 0.3m.
Figure 8: Traffic Signs Installation
6. Traffic Sign Installation Location
On outside of urban road, 2 different types of signs should be installed with interval of at least 60m except information signs that shall be installed at least 100m distance. Short installation distance cannot be easily noticed at high speed.
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The warning sign should be installed before dangerous location, but the regulation sign should be installed at the exact location to mention such as stop signs. Regulation signs should be repeatedly installed with the same type for all distance. Information signs should be installed before the junction or intersection to let drivers maintain their directions.
Details of sign installation are specified in this report. Speed signs will be installed before the mention location. Refer to Table 23.
The required distance from speed priority to recommending speed by braking vehicle is shown in Table 24. Perception reaction time 2.5 seconds and sight distance for seeing the sign is 100m.
Table 12: Distance for the Installation of Road Sign Speed The speed to at passing location at mention point Priority Stop 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (Km/h) (2 m) Distance before Warning Location Point 100 400 375 375 330 300 250 175 125 90 325 325 300 275 250 150 125 125 80 275 250 250 200 175 150 125 - 70 175 175 175 150 125 125 - - 60 150 125 125 125 125 - - - 50 125 125 125 125 - - - - 40 100 100 100 - - - - - 30 100 100 ------
7. Criteria of Sign Types
1) Regulation Sign Purpose for sign installation Regulation sign is precaution notice for drivers not to violate the traffic law. To design of regulation sign should be considered as well by the traffic engineer. The application of regulation signs The signs should be installed at clear locations and easy to see and understand for drivers. For regulation signs international standards apply
2) Warning Sign The warning signs are a type of traffic signs that indicates a hazard on the road ahead that may not be readily apparent to a driver. However, the signs should not be installed at unnecessary locations.
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The recommend locations for sign installations are; - On curves, - On junctions or intersections, - On steep roads, - Lane variations (changing the driving lane or reduce the traffic lane), - On narrow lanes ahead, - Road surface condition, - School zones, cross roads, - Access roads, - Traffic obstructions, and - Required/needed places. The interval of warning signs The sign should be installed before designated or specified locations. Warning signs on high speed road should be installed before indicated locations with the interval of at least 400m. The distance may depend on two conditions such as prevailing speed and condition of the road.
2.1The standard warning signs
Right Bend sign Left Bend sign
The installation point is 200-250 m before the curve. In case of speed is over 30 km/h, the speed limit sign also should be installed.
3) Information Sign / Guide Sign Information and guide signs are divided into 2 types; i. General guide sign for location identify such as: District, village, school...etc. ii. Information/guide sign for traffic direction. This report will mention only general guide signs. Meaning of general guide sign The general guide sign is designed to give information to drivers. The application of general guide sign The general guide sign is installed at junctions or intersections to give right direction to drivers or at any location to give drivers road number distance to destination, village name, rest location, park, river, etc. The installation of general guide sign The general guide sign should be installed at following places. 1) The intersection between national road and ASEAN road, 2) The intersection between national road and another secondary road class, 3) For country side road, location signs and direction signs should be installed 100-150m before the mentioned point, junction and/or intersection point, 4) For urban area road, distance could be reduced for suitable locations.
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General criteria for application The general guide sign should not be installed more than 3 times at the same place. The straight direction sign is installed at the top of sign pole. Left and right direction signs are located the below, and at the bottom District name or the nearest place information will be situated, The destination shown on a sign should be an important place but if there are many important places, the nearest place should be applied for each sign, In case of writing several locations in one sign post, the nearest location should be arranged on the top, If the direction sign does not specify District name or place, the distance signs should be specified after passing the junction or intersection to guide the driver to know the next near location or District, The same direction sign should not be installed repeatedly in short distance, Size of the sign depends on the letter size of the signs otherwise specified. The same standard should be applied to the same size of sings on the same place.
7.1.2 Barrier
1. Purpose The main purpose of barrier is to prevent vehicles leaving the road. It has the following functions. Make colliding vehicle return to original direction, Prevent passenger of collided vehicle from being wounded, Ensure safety of pedestrians, Protect roadside facilities, Prevent secondary accident by collided vehicles, Minimise property damages, and Guide driver’s direction. 2. Barrier Selection 1) Guardrail
It is a structure with connected beams having sinuous cross- section and their pillar. When vehicles crash into barrier, it will be deformed, but it is easy to replace the component. Because it has proper toughness and hardness. Also, there is an effect on optical guidance of drives.
2) Concrete Wall
It is a concrete structure for vehicle returning after crashing. Generally, flexible barrier is preferred for passenger’s safety. According to circumstances, rigidity barriers are needed, if it should keep vehicle from leaving the road.
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3) Selection of Type The type of barrier should be selected after fully considering the performance, optical guidance, and harmony with surrounding environment, condition of construction, width of median and maintenance of the barrier types.
Table 13: Barrier’s Features by Types
Type Strength Weakness Proper toughness and hardness. Easy to replace the components. Defects are easy to be clearly Guardrail Effect on optical guidance. exposed. Be adopted at short curve radius sections. Excellent to prevent vehicle’s breakaway Serious influence on passenger in Concrete Wall from road. a collision. Easy for construction. 3. Grade of Barrier
The grade of barrier should be determined based on the design condition after synthetic consideration of purpose, condition of road and traffic, condition of topography and technical level.
Figure 9: Calculation of Impact Strength
At low speed road under 60Km/h, Grade ‘SB1’ guardrails are recommended. Its impact strength is about 60KJ as shown in figure 9.
4. Location
The barrier should be installed at the road section where safety of road and traffic condition underneath the section can be influenced by breakaway of the vehicle.
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1) The section where roadside is dangerous The guardrail should be installed at following locations.
The location steep slope area of roadside, The location at face of slope and foot of slope to prevent collision, The location adjacent to the sea, the lake, the river, the marsh and the waterway. 2) The Dangerous Section Caused by Width of Road and Alignment The barrier should be installed at following conditions. The location where road becomes narrow including the location that width of bridge narrower than width of approach road, The section where curve radius is under 300m, The section where downhill grade is more than 4%. The guardrail should be installed at dangerous cliff-side sections in accordance with the design criteria. The concrete wall should be installed at sections where fatal accident due to the breakaway from road expected. 5. Installation
1) Criteria of Installation The barrier should be installed based on sufficient investigation of the environmental of effects.
The barrier should be installed away from the road if possible, Barriers installed close to each other should apply the same type, The barrier should be installed consecutively, The barriers installed at the median should be installed in the middle, The guardrail pillar should be installed vertically, The desirable installation length of the barrier is minimum 100m. In case of necessity, it should be at least 60m. 2) Considerations The barrier should be installed after sufficient consideration of location conditions for the adequate function as a protector.
The barrier should be installed considering maximum collision information distance, The barriers should be installed considering economics and safety, The barrier should be reinforced at the location where curve radius is shorter than 200m considering vehicle collision features, Additional beams can be installed for warning collision of motorcycle.
6.1.3 Delineator
The delineator guides vehicle’s running direction by informing road condition and situation during day and night time. 1. Composition and Type A delineator is composed of a reflector and a pillar. Name and explanation of detailed compositions are as follows.
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Reflector: Reflecting the light from vehicles, Frame: Mounting reflector on pillar and protecting reflector against surroundings, Pillar: The pole mounting reflector on needed place.
Square Type
Figure 10: Delineator (Guide Post)
Guardrail installed section. It can be installed as following.
Circle type
Figure 11: Installation on Barrier
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Figure 12: General Standard of Barrier (Guide Post)
Figure 13: General Standard of Barrier (Guardrail)
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2. Location
The delineator should be installed where information of road alignment and roadside is not provided. It should be installed at following positions after consideration of road structure and traffic circumstances.
Speed limit is more than 50km/h, Road alignment is rapidly changed. Number and/or width of lanes are changed.
3. Installation
Determination of delineator’s location, height and interval should be strongly correlated with the passage of people and vehicles. 1) It should be installed close to outside of road facility limit. Generally, delineators are installed at the point within 0~200cm from edge of shoulder depending on terrain, 2) The standard of installation height is 90cm from ground level to centre of reflector, 3) The delineator should be continuously installed for guiding driver’s eyes effectively. Standard intervals depending on curve radius are shown in table 26. The maximum installation intervals of straight section are 40 m for a general road, and 50 m for highway road.
Table 14: Distance for Installation Delineator (unit: m)
Curve Radius Intervals Curve Radius Intervals 15 and less 6.0 155 ~ 185 22.0 15 ~ 35 8.0 185 ~ 215 24.0 35 ~ 55 11.0 215 ~ 245 26.0 55 ~ 75 13.0 245 ~ 275 27.0 75 ~ 95 15.0 275 ~ 305 29.0 95 ~ 125 18.0 305 and over 29.0 125 ~ 155 20.0
In the transition point between curve and straight lane, delineator should be installed by reasonable adjustment to insure continuity.
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Curve Section 곡선부 S S 2 S 2S 3 S S 직Straight Section 3 선 Delineator 부
S:시선유도표지 Standard Interval of 6 Curve Section S
Figure 14: Installation Intervals of Delineator
4) Reflectors should be installed at the right angle to vehicle’s driving direction, but if reflectors do not perform well at short curve radius, installation angle should be adjusted from driving test.
6.2 NR 13 South in Design
The survey for NR 13 South started from October of 2019 and finished on December of 2019. Data was collecting an existing alignment and the current road situation. Existing pavement condition is generally fair. The proposal for improving the road is to extend road pavement width from 9 m to 12 m, start from km 71+000 to km 150+000 and adopt road pavement to 9 m through to the end of project. The design include lighting both side through community area. The road alignment is passing through 104 villages and local schools. Problems of road safety in previous study are listed as bellow.
Consideration of bridges and culverts location, Installation new road signs such as warning signs, regulation signs, guide signs, lighting and etc., Safety issue on junction location, Traffic calming measures at village and school areas, Safety issues at curves.
*The detail and result of design are specified in Annex (1)
6.3 Design and Location for Road Traffic Control To design the road traffic control and signs, the purpose of design criteria is to produce the required traffic control device and traffic safety on dangerous sections. The concept and process of design will be referred in strategy and specification. The main locations concerned in the design are;
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Curves & inclines, Bridges & culverts, Communities, Junctions and interchanges, Schools.
Table 15: Summary of Design Traffic Signs on Project Road
Description Sign (No) Remarks Village Passing (No.) 104 School Passing (No.) 58 Bridges on Road (No.) 31 Village Sign - Bridge Signs - Warning Sign - Type of Sign Regulation Sign - Guide/Information Sign - Calming Signs - Note: The number of sign to be coming soon after to final drawings Source: Lao Transport Engineering Consultant (LTEC)
7. Conclusions and Recommendations As a result of the road safety design report conducted and also the traffic control device improvements carried out on NR13 South, certain potential safety issues were identified and discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. Traffic safety features in each section shows slight differences, but overall safety in each section cannot be secured due to the lack of safety facilities and inappropriate application of regulation sign. The most sections have a hazardous road shape composed of successive up/down hill and sharp curves. It is required proper traffic controls and prevention facilities. For safety, attention should be paid to pedestrians using roads as a walkway.
Drivers expected the road situation/condition base on visual signals of road and its surrounding environment. Therefore, it is necessary that same policy and facilities for road safety shall be applied in order not to confuse driver. On main routes, it is important to ensure consistency of alignment characteristics and delineation by proper selection of traffic control devices and measures to improve road user behaviour.
Thus, in the project, the Consultant has performed reviews of various acceptable safety insuring methods and acceptable items at this stage. To ensure consistency and avoid dangerous situation in the future, the Consultant has checked the methods by planning suitable strategy or needed sections. Other major safety items for better design and consistency is the design of traffic calming measures in village zone areas.
The traffic control devices are designed by the Laos standards. The developed countries’ criteria for the barrier and guidepost have been adopted in case Laos's criteria have not been provided.
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The lack of traffic safety awareness and inadequate driver’s behaviour can be improved by awareness rising measures such as educations, campaigns and public relations. They can reduce accidents in the long-term view. Also the Consultant had reviewed various legal and political methods for reducing accidents. If the traffic safety problems are be resolved by the multilateral approaches, we will get good results more effectively.
Lao Transport Engineering Consultant Page 62/63 Consulting Services for Conceptual Engineering Design of Road Safety Inspection Report Improvement & Maintenance of NR13 South from KM 71 to KM 346
ANNEX 1. ROAD TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE PLAN NR 13 South
(Please refer to the drawings)
Lao Transport Engineering Consultant Page 63/63