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The Syntax of Futurtty in English 53 CHAPTER THREE THE SYNTAX OF FUTURTTY IN ENGLISH 53 3.1 Introduction Since ancient times ordinar>' people and philosophers alike have engaged in speculation about the future, finding in this concept a source of continual fascination. It is a matter of aspiring for knowledge of what can be realized neither through perception (like the present) nor through memory', (like the past), and takes shape only in the fonn of expressions or anticipation. This internal anticipation of what is yet to be is the very definition of existence whose proper domain is the future. Much has been written and a great deal of attempts have been made to explore the namre of fumre as a mental construct and as a category of umversal grammar and as a portion of cognitive substance to be mapped onto grammar. The question here is are there predictable patterns m the diachronic development of futures which may be applied to aU languages in which ‘future’ is an established category' of the grammar It has been traditional since antiquity’ to conceptualize time as tripartite system consisting of past, present, and future, a system in which the future is like the past except that it follows rather than precedes the present in the infinite continuum of time. Similarly, it is often implied that the past/present/fumre distinction is somehow essential to the notion of tense. Many languages operate with but a single temporal opposition involving anteriority-posteriority (i.e. ‘earlier than’ and 'later than') or. alternatively, ‘now’ - 'not now’. In the latter case sequence of events is indicated by adverbial or 54 nominal elements. For all languages that may probably be called ‘tense’ languages, sequence is marked by the verb. For ‘prospective’ systems, including all Indo- European languages, future is a less primaiy category than past or present; it has been described by Camara (1956 : 37), as mentioned in Fleischman (1982 : 30), as a second-order category' which, when superimposed onto the basic past-nonpast opposition, yields respectively the dimensions ‘post preterit’ and ‘post actual’ or ‘post present'. Although there is linguistic evidence of various sorts pointing to the secondary status of future, and most obvious is the fact that a significant number of languages operate without an explicit future paradigm, a relatively small percentage of the world’s languages exhibit anything that might reasonably be described as a future tense. In this respect, Romance provides ideal linguistic soil on which to carry out this t\^pe of historical excavation, (cf, Fleischman 1982) where the ontogenesis of the future stands out as one of the ‘cat’s cradles’ of dichronic Romance linguistics. As regards English, it seems that no sight of fumre, as a linguistic term is existent onto the map of its grammar. Jespersen (1909, rep. 1961 : 199), for instance, thinks that “it may be conceded that English has no real future tense,” Murcia (1983 : 121) states that the expression ‘future tense’ w'as viewed as a misnomer, since in English finite verb stems are not inflected to express future time in the way they are in other languages such as French. English was shown to have several nontense means of signaling future time (e.g. modal auxiliaries, periphrastic modals and adverbs of time). 55 Cobuild (1990 : 255) states that “it is impossible to talk with as much certainly about the future as it is about the present or the past”. He finds that “any reference we make to future events is therefore usually an expression of what we think might happen or what we intend to happen.’’(ibid). Roberts (1986 : 116) says that, “Future Tune is expressible in a variety of ways, but there is no future tense as such,” According to him it is important to recognize that “there is no simple correlation between the grammatical category Tense and the notion of Time. For example, in the right circumstances, both present tense and past tense are compatible with the expression of future time.’’(ibid) To explain what Roberts states, let us consider the examples given below : (3-1) The plane leaves at ten this morning, (present tense - future time) (3-2) If it ramed tomorrow, the match would be cancelled.(past tense - future time) Palmer (1971 : 193) thinks that “morphologically English has two tenses only, as examplified by (He likes/He liked) which are plausibly referred to as 'present’ and 'past’. He further states that “we shall not be referring to future tense at all m spite of having past and present tenses.” (1965 ; 2) There is, then, a real sense m which English has 1^ future tense, instead there are various ways of refemng to future time. But this, as Palmer himself (ibid) states, is no more a justification for a future tense than the fact that we have w'ays of referring to future time. Thus, most in-ammarians deal with ‘future’ as ‘tense’. 56 Pence and Emer>' (1990 : 265). for instance, state that ‘future tense’ is made by the use of shall or will plus the infinite of the verb (now regarded as the notional verb) without the sign to. To them, the form shall/will go in (He shall/will izo) is simply the future tense of the verb go. But a careful exammation of modem American discourse, both oral and written, shows that most of the traditional rules for the use of shall and will have broken down. “Nearly ever>- statement that can be made about the current use of these two auxiharies must be extensively qualified, and the matter is further complicated by the noticeable variance between American and British practice.” (Pence and Emery 1990 : 281) Chafe (1973 : 261-5) uses the term ‘future’ for the tenses : (3-3) Next Friday, I am going to another concert. (3-4) They are plaving something by Stravinsky We would call them ‘after present’ tenses occurring in the present time axis, according to the Bull framework. Strang (1969 : 143), on the other hand, thinks that tense differentiation can be thought of as a system signalled by patterns of co-occurrence between verbs and adverbials. He claims that this applies to futurity more than to past or present, as shown in this sentence. (3-5) They are leaving (now, tomoiTow'). Martinet (1962 : 121) states that the future tense is not only unmarked inflectionally but the intenelationship between the verb foiTns and their time 57 reference in English is a complex matter as well. The past fonn may have a future time, or a present form may have a past time reference. VvTiatever the case, it is difficult to define future tense markers in English. Close (1981) for example finds that a new explicit time marker is introduced into the discourse which terminates the old tense and replaces it with another. But Kruisinga (1925 : 47) states that “the future tenses are formed with the two auxiliaries shall and will.” 3.2 History of Future in English As known and accepted by all grammarians of English, Future was regarded as one of the three traditional tenses together with Past and Present. That is due to the traditional view of considering tense and time as two identical concepts. .And as stated by Eckersley and Eckersley (1960 ; 157). tense means tlie form or fonns used to express certain time relations generalizing that the present form indicates present time and the past form indicates past time, and the form shall+Vs indicates future time. It is worth noting that there is no reference to either ‘before present’ or ‘after present’. Thus, in their analysis, traditional grammai'ians regard markers from other categories as forming new tenses. “This confusion leads to different ideas concerning the number of tenses m English.” (Mchayet, 1983 : 14). WTiat Cunne (1913 ; 516) mentions about how the present form was used to express both presentness and futurity is to support this. Mchayet (1983 : 21) states that “the desire for a distinctive foiTn 58 for the future had led to the employment of certain forms for the expression of future tmie. So. shall and were used for this function.” Wlien both shall and will gradually lost their lexical meanings and came to be used as markers for the future tense. Curme (1913 ; 522) says that “at early stages there was a tendency to use shall to denote future time, while was still mainly used as a full verb to express volition.” Fries (1940 : 153) finds how shall and will were similarly used in the Middle English with all persons before shall began to lose some grounds in the course of time giving way to will to be used with the second and third person to express simple futurit>'. He also states that “in contemporary usage will dominates the situation giving the following percentages with the first person 70%, with the second person 78%, and with the third person 90%.”" (P. 159). It seems that no radical change has occurred since then, except the belief of Curme (1913 : 530) that English grammarians are quite wTong to think that shall, not will, when used with the first person, expresses simple futurit\'. According to him. shall does not approach the idea of futurity as will does. Will, when used, breaks the connection with the present and directs the attention to the future; while shall denotes the present time planning for future action. Poutsma (1928 : 225 ff) lists shall and w'ill amongst the verbs denoting certaint^^ and uncertainty' and treats them in one place as modals and in another as markers of future. As markers of future he analyses them within tlie framework 59 of the categories : reported speech and non-reported speech, declarative sentences and questions.
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