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Universidad Nacional De La Provincia De Buenos Aires Naturalis Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de La Plata http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Las comunidades liquénicas de las Sierras de Tandil (Buenos Aires) como bioindicadoras de contaminación atmosférica Lavornia, Juan Manuel Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Dirección: Kristensen, María Julia Co-dirección: Rosato, Vilma Gabriela Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo 2015 Acceso en: http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/id/20150618001419 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS NATURALES TESIS DOCTORAL Las comunidades liquénicas de las sierras de Tandil (Buenos Aires) como bioindicadoras de contaminación atmosférica TESISTA LIC. JUAN MANUEL LAVORNIA DIRECTOR CODIRECTOR DRA. MARÍA JULIA KRISTENSEN DRA. VILMA GABRIELA ROSATO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS NATURALES Tesis para optar al Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales Las comunidades liquénicas de las sierras de Tandil (Buenos Aires) como bioindicadoras de contaminación atmosférica Lic. Juan Manuel Lavornia Director: Codirector: Dra. María Julia Kristensen Dra. Vilma Gabriela Rosato Diciembre de 2014 DEDICATORIA Esta tesis va dedicada a todos los naturalistas, grandes y pequeños. Con la expresión grandes naturalistas me refiero a aquellos viajeros incansables que todos hemos estudiado -extrajeros, inmigrantes o criollos-, que con escasas herramientas recorrieron nuestros ecosistemas y describieron nuestras floras y biotopos dejando un legado irremplazable del que hoy se nutren las ciencias naturales. Con pequeños naturalistas me refiero a todas aquellas personas que en medio del disfrute que les produce el contacto con la naturaleza, no pueden dejar de preguntarse acerca de cuestiones como las causas de la distribución de las especies, sus identidades taxonómicas, sus usos ancestrales, su respuesta a los cambios o su vulnerabilidad, singularidad y preferencias ambientales. AGRADECIMIENTOS A María Julia Kristensen, por guiarme en este proceso y brindarme todo lo que hace falta para desarrollar una idea: libertad, acompañamiento y confianza. A Vilma Rosato, por compartir conmigo parte de sus conocimientos sobre un grupo tan sorprendente como lo son los líquenes. A los liquenólogos que despejaron dudas taxonómicas y supieron aconsejarme en la determinación de especies, Renato García, Juan Manuel Rodríguez, Alfredo Paso, Cecilia Estrabou y Mónica Adler. A quienes supieron acompañarme y asistirme en los muestreos en los roquedales, especialmente a Dolores Guerrero, y también a Analía Salle, Paula Pose, Juan Palmocchi, Cristian Aldanondo, Ayelén Larsen, Florencia Litvinov, María Isabel Márquez, Lorena Braccalente, Mariela Higuera y a muchos de los estudiantes de la licenciatura en Diagnóstico y Gestión Ambiental que participaron como asistentes en las salidas de campo. A quienes tuvieron la paciencia necesaria para discutir conmigo parte de los resultados que hoy se presentan, Susana Ricci, Virginia Leber, Javier Bravo y Pablo Dellapé. Y a quienes me ayudaron con numerosas cuestiones relativas a los aspectos formales del doctorado y de la escritura de la tesis, Corina Rodriguez y Carolina Miranda del Fresno. A la UNICEN y al CINEA por brindarme el lugar de trabajo y al CONICET por apoyar esta investigación. PRÓLOGO El estudio y el conocimiento de la biodiversidad propicia su conservación y por ende contribuye al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida del hombre. Cuando se comenzó este trabajo de tesis, se pensó en realizar una investigación que abordara el estudio de algún grupo en particular que tuviese características de bioindicador y perteneciese a la flora nativa de la región pampeana o de las sierras de Tandil. De esa forma, el estudio contribuiría al conocimiento de nuestro medio al mismo tiempo que podría constituirse en una herramienta de control de la salud o sanidad del ambiente. Después de un ligero sondeo, se eligieron los líquenes ya que los roquedales de las sierras próximas a Tandil mostraban a simple vista una importante cobertura de esta biota, a la vez que la bibliografía en experiencias a nivel internacional de biomonitoreo utilizándolos era amplia. A partir de allí comenzó la búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la temática, y en este punto se advirtió que era imprescindible realizar una caracterización de las comunidades, ya que no estaban descriptas para Tandil, y ello implicaba la identificación taxonómica de las especies que las integran, lo que representaba un problema importante a causa de la gran complejidad en la determinación de los géneros y especies liquénicos. De acuerdo a ello se realizaron censos de las coberturas de especies y se midió la riqueza en los diferentes sectores tentativos como sitios de monitoreo. Ello implicó salidas de campo frecuentes que me permitieron disfrutar inmensamente de la experiencia y aproximarme tanto a mi objeto de estudio, las comunidades de líquenes, como al ambiente serrano en general, con sus pastizales relictuales y la singularidad de sus roquedales. Afortunadamente conté con el apoyo de una ecóloga y una liquenóloga con amplia experiencia para abordar el desafío que significaba responder los interrogantes planteados y con la ayuda que generosamente me brindaron varios liquenólogos que trabajan con los diferentes grupos presentes en Argentina. Luego se analizaron los datos de riqueza, y mediante coeficientes de similitud se establecieron diferencias entre sitios de muestreo, lo que permitió describir la diversidad en sus dimensiones alfa, beta y gamma. A esta altura, las variaciones en la diversidad i liquénica por sí solas podían ser interpretadas como un indicador de la calidad del aire, pero se buscó comprobar su relación con la actividad industrial realizando un análisis espacial confrontando nuestros datos con los de ubicación de las industrias con análisis de bioacumulación. El trabajo que se presenta fue estructurado en tres partes, una introductoria, otra donde se desarrollan los objetivos particulares y finalmente una concluyente. En un primer capítulo introductorio se plantearon el problema de investigación y los objetivos general y particulares, mientras que en el capítulo 2 se buscó describir el estado de la cuestión y los antecedentes de mayor peso en la investigación que se iba a realizar. En el capítulo 3 se provee de una contextualización teórica de las cuestiones de relevancia para la tesis y se definen conceptos que serán claves para la interpretación de los resultados. En el último apartado de la parte I -el capítulo 4- y se describe el área de estudio y los materiales y métodos empleados. La parte II comienza mostrando los resultados del análisis de la composición de especies y su relación con las variables ambientales en comunidades saxícolas y corticícolas en el capítulo 5. Posteriormente en el capítulo 6 se analizan mediante tres técnicas diferentes los elementos bioacumulados en varias especies y su variación espacial en el área de estudio. Finalizando la parte II en el capítulo 7 se analiza la variación de índices de calidad del aire calculados con especies de líquenes saxícolas y se discuten en función de los resultados obtenidos en el capítulo de bioacumulación y de la ubicación espacial de los sitios. Finalmente, en la parte III se establecen las principales conclusiones obtenidas y se dan una serie de recomendaciones que pueden ser de utilidad a la gestión ambiental. Se espera que el lector disfrute de este trabajo en el que tanto tiempo y energía se ha invertido y que su factura sea de alguna utilidad para la ciencia. ii RESUMEN Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal profundizar en el análisis de las comunidades de líquenes de las sierras de Tandilia, valorando su utilidad como bioindicadoras de la contaminación del aire. Para ello en primera instancia, se desarrollaron los objetivos particulares de: (1) Reconocer y caracterizar las comunidades de líquenes saxícolas serranas; (2) Identificar las variables del medio natural que se correlacionan con los patrones de distribución de las especies de líquenes saxícolas y de sus comunidades, y compararlos con los líquenes corticícolas presentes en el área; (3) analizar comparativamente utilizando diferentes metodologías, el potencial de biomonitoreo que poseen los líquenes serranos de Tandilia y (4) proporcionar criterios útiles para el biomonitoreo de la calidad del aire de la región mediante líquenes, acordes a las características comunitarias y al potencial de biomonitoreo de las especies presentes. Para caracterizar la biota liquénica de Tandil y reconocer las variaciones espaciales de su distribución en función de los diferentes niveles de diversidad se realizaron muestreos fitosociológicos en los que se consignó la cobertura y la frecuencia de las especies. Se realizó un muestreo al azar estratificado en 11 sectores serranos utilizando cuadrículas de 50 x 20 cm. Se analizó la variación de la composición de especies en tres escalas espaciales: sitios (cerros), localidades y cuadrículas (microhábitats). Se constató una clara diferenciación entre las comunidades saxicolas y las corticicolas de arbustos nativos y del arbolado urbano. Se encontró que sobre roquedales del ambiente serrano de Tandil crece una biota liquénica rica en géneros y especies que incluye tres asociaciones florísticas que se diferenciaron por la altitud y la exposición de la
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