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Facilitating Cross-Border Dialogue the Case of Umba River Ecosystem in Kenya and Tanzania

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Lerise Summer School 2005 Facilitating Cross-Border Dialogue The Case of Umba River Ecosystem in Kenya and Tanzania Fred Simon Lerise Department of Urban and Regional Planning University College of Lands and Architectural Studies P.O. Box 35176, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Promoting cross-border collaboration for integrated management of Shared Trans-Boundary Ecosystems (STEs) is a critical issue in most African countries. This is because a significant number of rivers and lakes are trans-boundary. In Tanzania for example, at least 12 strategic water bodies are shared with other riparian nations. Out of these seven are shared with Kenya. Given this situation, Tanzania and Kenya as well as the East African Community have included the management of STEs in their policy strategies towards sustainable management of natural resources. This article outlines a process through which the governments of Kenya and Tanzania are jointly developing an institutional framework to improve the management of their STEs and to include that of Umba River. The river originates from the Usambara Mountains in Tanzania and flows to the Indian Ocean through Vanga Town south of Mombasa in Kenya. Although the process towards the creation of a cross-border dialogue is at its initial stage, it is evident that while grassroots level resource users from the two countries are keen and willing to collaborate the districts and central government level institutions seem to have different mandates and the existing policies are yet to give them sufficient room for action. On the other hand the ongoing reforms in the water sector in both countries constitute an opportunity to the dialogue process. However, it appears that the reforms are preoccupied with central government level institutions leaving the lower level organisations that are closer to the resource users largely out of the process. By and large district councils in both countries are yet to become conversant with their roles in the new set- up. FWU, Vol. 3, Topics of Integrated Watershed Management – Proceedings 69 Summer School 2005 Lerise Introduction The need to forge a cross-border dialogue among the users and managers of the STEs in the Pangani Basin become more pronounced in the early 1990s due to increased threats to the ecosystem. The threats ware caused by increasing poorly managed human activities in both countries. The first joint activity was carried out in 1996 where the assessment of management needs of the upper catchment of the Pangani Basin was carried out. That activity was followed by a planning workshop in 1999. The workshop was meant to facilitate development of a mechanism for collaborative management of the STE within the Pangani Basin. In a second workshop held in 2004 the management of the Challa-Jipe and Umba River shared trans- boundary ecosystem was prioritised by the stakeholders. Map 1 shows the location and extent of the two shared trans-boundary ecosystems. This paper focuses on the Umba River STE. Umba River is one of the trans-boundary river ecosystems along the north-eastern border of Tanzania and Kenya. It originates from a number of streams in the Usambara Mountains north of Tanzania and ends up in the Indian Ocean on the Kenyan coast south of Mombasa. The water in Umba River is a critical resource not only in terms of support to livelihoods of the communities living around it but also for its use in large scale irrigation, domestic water supply, the environment, as well as for hydro power supply. Although policies are in place and central government level institutions have been established in both Kenya and Tanzania the day to day management of the Umba River ecosystem is weak and thus calling for concerted efforts in developing mechanisms for strengthening the institutions towards effective coordination, collaboration and participation of the key stakeholders. Specifically, the different water users and managers need to be empowered to be able to practice integrated water resources management (IWRM). After realising the need for stakeholders in both Kenya and Tanzania to forge collaboration, efforts for joint management were initiated in early 1990s and have been on-going to date. In the following sections we summarise the steps taken so far and the challenges in establishing a dialogue process and forum in which IWRM can be introduced and practiced within the Umba River 70 FWU, Vol. 3, Topics of Integrated Watershed Management – Proceedings Lerise Summer School 2005 ecosystem. Before outlining the steps taken we provide an overview of the Umba River ecosystem. LAKE CHALA & JIPE CATCHMENT AREA LEGEND 333 333 3 3 3 3 3 3 ,3 ,3 ,3 3 3 3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,2,2,2 3 3 3 Kis ale , , , 222 , , , , , , Katangaro Sc h , , , ,3 3, 0,3 00 ,1 ,1 ,1 3 3 03 00 M A R A N G U Kito wo Settlem ents/ Huts 1 1 1 3 3 03 00 Sc h 1 1 1 Sc h 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M S A R A N G A 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 000 000 000 Bore ho les 000 000 Msaranga BH ,0,0,0 000 ,,, 000 Sc h 333 000 333 0 0 0 333 999 0 0 0 ,9,9,9 0 0 0 ,,, 0 0 0 ,,, 0 0 0 222 000 0 0 0 K E R I O 7 7 7 222000000 7 7 7 000 ,7,7,7 000 , , , ScKerio h 888 , , , School ,,8,88 000 Sc h ,,8,88 2 2 2 000 000 ,,, 2 2 2 000 002022,,, 222 2 2 2 000002022,,,222000 222 000 000222222 000 222 005055000 ,,2,22000000 ,0,05,025252 000 66,6,5,25252 Kwasondo 66,6,,2 2 2 Ik uini 22,26,6,6 Us h i ri 22,2, , , , , Sc h 22,2, , , , , Ch Sc h ,4 ,4 ,4 222 Ub a a 222 4 4 4 222 Di s p00 0 Sc h Ibukoni N J U K I N I Dispensary 222 4 4 4 222 000 222 000 Sc h Di s p 0 0 0 , , , 000 0 0 0 , , , 000 Kimangoni 0 0 0 ,3,3,3 000 333 555 Modidini Nj uk i ni 0 0 0 333 555 0 0 0 Dis p Sch,PO,5,55 0 0 0 000 ,,, 000 ,,, 000 111 DODC Sc h Ho s p 000 111 222 000 Sc h KimangaKy alem a Ch Ch u rc h 222 000 Kimongono ,,4,44 Shim bi Chi ni Ch ,,4,44000 DC DO Sc h Di s p 000000 000 Shops Z I W A N I 000 000000000 000 ,,2,22000000000 Hosp PO Mkuini Chumvini PO Pos ta Offic e 222,,2,22000 000 000 Muunga Sc h M k t 222 000 000 000 000 000 Masho 000 111 000 Sc h 000 ,1,1,1 000 000 Sc h C H U M V I N I , , , ,,0,00 000 222 ,,, 000 Mandateni 22222 000 22222 1 1 1 International boundary 1919191 1,91,91,91 ,,,,,, ,,,,,,, , , Mashami ,8,8,,78,7,7 Ale ni Chin i 1118 8,78,7,7 Sc h Mashami Aleni Mtembweni 1118 8 7877 Malakani 0 0 0 0 0 0000 Sc h HCt 0 0 0000 0 0 0000 Ngo we Scattered Cultivation National park boundary 0 0 0000 S c a t t e r e d C u l t i v a t i o n Kilimanjaro 0 0 0000 Mawele Ya Masamba Manda juu MengeniSc h Chini 111 Sc h Muhoni National Park 111 Kososo Hills Sc h Mwasheni LyasongoroScattered cultivation ,,, Uhambeni Kibosou ,,66,6 666 Shops All wea the r roa d Cam p 000 Mareto Di s p Sc h 00000 Mandakini Sc h 000 MakoriMengwe JuuMpembe Manda Chini CHOKAA Aris i 000 Maringa Juu 000 Sc h Masia Di s p 000Marumani ScDi h sRh p 000 Sc h Dis p Sc h Mboni 000 Kwandiki 0000 0 0 000 Makalama 0 0 0 Mshiri 000 Sc h 0 0 0 Scattered Cultivation Sho ps KOM AKUNDI 0 0 0 Mgoyani Kwek i o Factory 111 555 Mamsera 0 0 0 Di s p 111 ,5,5,5 0 0 0 ,YAKIRIM,, ,,, I ,,,444000000 4 4 4 Of f i c e Dry we a th e r ro a d ,,4,44 111,,,444000000 Kuyungu4 4 4 ,,, 111 Maringa Chini111,,,444000000 ,4,4,4 444111 111 000 , , , As hira 000111 Sc h 000 000 , , , 000 000 000 1 1 1 000 000 000 1 1 1 Sc h Dis p 000 000 1 1 1 Losinga Msae Sawa ,,5,55 Mamba Sc h MwikaSc h Dis p Kil1 im,1,51,55 e ni Marangu Sch DispLekura 000 11111,,, Kikongo000 111 ,,2,22 000 Kimangaro 222 Kitalo 000 Sc h Ki ros h a PP CtH PO 000 000 Motorable truc ks 000 000000 00Mahida0 ScutteredShopps Cultivation Sch Ch 000 333000 000 Ch a l a 000 Sem be ti Kotela ,,3,33 000 1 1 1 Konguni Di s p 111,,3,33 1 1 1 1 1 1 333 111,,, 1 1 1 ScNguduni h 1Dis1 1 p 333 111 1 1 1 Z i w n i S i s a l E s t a t e s ,3,3,3 , , , Chief'sCh Offic e , , , Kirelu re Kiloweni , , , , , , , , , Samanga 111 , , , ,1 ,1 ,1 Polytechnic ,4,4,4 MAHIDA1 1 1 111 1 1 1 111 Sc h 111,,3,334 4 4 Mwamsela 111 ,,3,334 40400 111 ,,3,33000 0 0 0 Other truck/ footpths 000 0 0 0 0 000 Mamsera Chini 000 0 0 0 Sc h Mlani0 0 0 Ch i n i M A R A N G U 0 0 0 000 00 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 Ko k e riKidondoni 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,,3,33Mraorao000000 010101,,3,33000 0Mahida00 Mahiango Kim al oton i 000 1 1 1 000 1 1 1 000 000 1 1 1 000 Sc h 000 000 000 , , , 000 333 , , , 000 111 333 2, , 2 ,2 111 ,3,3,3 111 2 2 2 111 Main rivers 111 2 2 2 111 , ,,Msangasanga111,,, 000 ,1,1,1 ,,, ,,1,11 0 0 0 000 ,,, ,,4,44 111 ,,1,11 0 0 0 ,,, ,,, 0 0 0 414141 111 111000 000 111 000000 111 Kil em a 0000000 0 0 000 111 000000000 110100 000 0000 0 0 ,,0,00000 0,00,, 000000 0000 0 0 000 111,,0,00 0,00,2,0202 Kilema Chini 222000000 ,0,0,0 111,,, ,,,333200220000 111,,2,22 ,,, 111,,3,33000000 111,,, 111 111,,, 000 Mandaka 111 111 000 111 Oth er ri v ers T.T.C Kilema Mabusu 000 Kidong'u 000 000 999 Youth Tech Sch 000 Malukiloriti999000 9630000° 9630000° N N 9640000° 9650000° N 999 000 111 Manuo 999 000000 111,,0,00 Sc h 000 Power line ,,0,00000000 Kibaoni 999 S c a t t e r e d C u l t i v a t i o n Po fu 999 Sc h 000 NGARIGHASI Landhies 000 Ziwani Siding 000 Ch Ca t tl e Di p 000 000000 S c a t t e r e d C u l t i v a t i o n 000 888000000 ShopsTimbila Ra i l wa y 888 Market 999 Hi m o Sho psTAVETA Sc h Shops 999 000 Ki lem a (Pofu ) Ho s p Sc h Murka 000000 Sc h Dis p CtH PP Sc h Ch Sc h 0000000000 T a v e t a S i Ras a i l wal District yPO Sc Offic h er's Office Lunuwai ,,0,00 000 Msufini 111 Cth Sc h Shops 111,,, 111 Statio n 111 Makuyuni L O T I ,M,0,00 A Ca ttl e Di p Mabungo Makuyuni ,,0,00 E s t a t e s Moshi Msaini 000 Co n to
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    Ecosystem Profile EASTERN AFROMONTANE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT FINAL VERSION 24 JANUARY 2012 Prepared by: BirdLife International with the technical support of: Conservation International / Science and Knowledge Division IUCN Global Species Programme – Freshwater Unit IUCN –Eastern Africa Plant Red List Authority Saudi Wildlife Authority Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Centre for Middle Eastern Plants The Cirrus Group UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre WWF - Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Programme Office Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund And support from the International Advisory Committee Neville Ash, UNEP Division of Environmental Policy Implementation; Elisabeth Chadri, MacArthur Foundation; Fabian Haas, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology; Matthew Hall, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Centre for Middle Eastern Plants; Sam Kanyamibwa, Albertine Rift Conservation Society; Jean-Marc Froment, African Parks Foundation; Kiunga Kareko, WWF, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Programme Office; Karen Laurenson, Frankfurt Zoological Society; Leo Niskanen, IUCN Eastern & Southern Africa Regional Programme; Andy Plumptre, Wildlife Conservation Society; Sarah Saunders, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; Lucy Waruingi, African Conservation Centre. Drafted by the ecosystem profiling team: Ian Gordon, Richard Grimmett, Sharif Jbour, Maaike Manten, Ian May, Gill Bunting (BirdLife International) Pierre Carret, Nina Marshall, John Watkin (CEPF) Naamal de Silva, Tesfay Woldemariam, Matt Foster (Conservation International)