DOCSLIB.ORG

Primate Origin of the Cell-Derived Sequences of Simian Sarcoma Virus KEITH C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Primate Origin of the Cell-Derived Sequences of Simian Sarcoma Virus KEITH C JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 1982, p. 721-725 Vol. 41, No. 2 0022-538X/82/020721-05$02.0O/0 Primate Origin of the Cell-Derived Sequences of Simian Sarcoma Virus KEITH C. ROBBINS,* ROBIN L. HILL, AND STUART A. AARONSON Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Received 4 May 1981/Accepted 14 September 1981 We sought to identify the species of origin of the cell-derived (sis) sequences of simian sarcoma virus. A molecular clone comprised of sis DNA detected related nucleotide sequences at low copy numbers in normal cellular DNAs of species as diverse as humans and quail. The extent of hybridization and degree of base-pair matching with sis DNA were greatest with New World primate DNAs. The thermal denaturation curve midpoints of hybrids formed between sis and woolly monkey DNAs were indistinguishable from homologous sis DNA hybrids, establishing the woolly monkey (Lagothrix spp.) as the source ofsis sequences. In comparative studies, sis was shown to be more conserved among mammalian species than unique-sequence woolly monkey cellular DNA. There was no detectable homology between sis and the cell-derived sequences of other fibro- blast-transforming retroviruses. These findings indicate that sis is likely to be a unique onc gene among transforming retroviruses. Retroviruses that transform cells in tissue Thus, the possibility exists that the SSV(SSAV) culture and induce solid tumors in vivo have complex was horizontally transmitted from been isolated from several vertebrate species. some other source to the woolly monkey in The only known sarcoma virus of primate origin which SSV was initially detected. In the present was initially obtained from a naturally occurring report, we have sought to identify the species of tumor of a woolly monkey (33). The application origin of SSV by examination of the sequence of recombinant DNA techniques to the investi- homology between the SSV cell-derived se- gation of RNA tumor viruses has recently made quences (designated sis) and DNAs of different it possible to clone in biologically active form species. In addition, we have examined the the integrated genome of this virus, designated relationship between sis and the cell-derived simian sarcoma virus (SSV) (26). The full-length sequences of other molecularly cloned trans- linear 5.1-kilobase-pair (kbp) SSV genome has forming retroviruses. been found to contain a 1.0-kbp segment of Previous studies have localized sis at 4.0 to helper virus-unrelated information localized to- 5.0 kbp on the physical map of X-SSV-11 Cl 1, a ward the 3' end with respect to SSV RNA. molecular clone containing the intact SSV Moreover, this genetic information has been genome (26). This region of SSV DNA was shown to be related to DNA sequences present subcloned in pBR322, and the sis insert was nick at low copy numbers within mammalian cellular translated for use as a probe. High-molecular- DNAs (26). Thus, SSV, similarly to other trans- weight cellular DNAs were prepared and treated forming retroviruses characterized to date, has with EcoRI, an endonuclease which did not cut arisen by recombination of a type C helper virus within the sis gene (26). After fractionation by with a host cellular gene. agarose gel electrophoresis, cellular DNA frag- The species from which SSV obtained its ments were blotted onto nitrocellulose filters cellular sequences has not as yet been identified. and hybridized with the sis DNA probe. The sis- The recombinational event that led to its genera- related DNA fragments were readily detected tion may have occurred in the woolly monkey within cellular DNAs of species as diverse as from which SSV was initially isolated. Howev- humans and quail (Fig. 1). Mouse cellular DNA er, simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSAV), the contained a sis-related fragment of around 18 type C helper virus isolated with SSV, is closely kbp, whereas a 16-kbp fragment was detected in related immunologically to several exogenous rat cellular DNA. One fragment of 10 kbp and type C viruses of gibbon apes (20, 28, 35) and two fragments of 8 and 4 kbp were detected in also possesses an unexpectedly high degree of mink and cat cellular DNAs, respectively. Of antigenic relatedness with endogenous viruses note, woolly monkey, gibbon ape, and human of certain Asian rodents (23). SSV is also known cellular DNAs each demonstrated a single sis- to contain some sequences of its helper virus (1). related fragment of around 21 kbp. As each of 721 722 NOTES J. VIROL. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 for hybrids formed between the sis probe and these rodent cellular DNAs were around 12°C kbp lower than the Tm of hybrids formed between the sis probe and X-SSV-11 Cl 1 DNA. Mink and cat cellular DNAs hybridized around 40o of the 2 0 0- No _ w m probe and demonstrated ATm values of 9.2 and 8.7°C, respectively. Primate cellular DNAs ex- 963- hibited greater homology with the sis probe (Table 1). Human, gibbon ape, and rhesus mon- key DNAs hybridized the sis DNA probe to a 6.5 II maximum extent of 50% with ATm values rang- ing from 5.5 to 6.0°C. The highest extents of annealing were exhibited by DNAs of New World primates with values ranging from 56 to 65%. Thus, sis was most closely related to sequences present in New World primates. The 2.2 ATm values of the hybrids formed helped to FIG. 1. Detection of sis-related sequences in unequivocally identify the source of sis se- DNAs of different vertebrate species. High-molecular- quences. These values were 3.5 and 1.5°C for weight cellular DNA, prepared by the method de- squirrel and spider monkey DNAs, respectively. scribed by Canaani and Aaronson (10), was treated Findings that the Tm of woolly monkey cellular with EcoRI, fractionated by agarose gel electrophore- DNA-sis DNA hybrids was identical to that of sis, and subjected to Southern blotting analysis by homologous sis DNA hybrids (Table 1) demon- using conditions previously reported (26). The sis strated that sis arose from within the woolly DNA fragment located from 4.0 to 5.0 kbp on the monkey genome. restriction map of X-SSV-11 Cl 1 DNA (26), was nick To compare evolutionary conservation of sis translated for use as a probe. EcoRI-treated DNAs extracted from QT-6 (24), NIH/3T3 (19), NRK (12), DNA relative to unique-sequence woolly mon- MvlLu (ATCC 64), and FEF (27) cells and woolly key cellular DNA, we examined the ability of monkey fibroblasts (26), gibbon ape spleen, and hu- various mammalian cellular DNAs to hybridize man embryo lung fibroblasts were electrophoresed in a probe comprised of unique woolly monkey lanes 1 to 8, respectively. Reference markers of cellular DNA sequences. The highest extents of HindIII-digested k phage DNA were electrophoresed annealing were exhibited by woolly and spider in parallel. monkey cellular DNAs with values of 100 and 97%, respectively (Table 1). The ATm values the fragments detected in normal cellular DNA indicated the well-matched nature of the hybrids was larger than the 1.0-kbp SSV sis gene, each formed. These results are consistent with the must contain cellular flanking sequences, inter- classification of both species in the same sub- vening sequences, or both. family Atelinae. Squirrel monkey cellular DNA To identify the species from which sis origi- annealed 82% of the probe and demonstrated a nated, we examined the extent of annealing and ATm value of 3.3°C. Cellular DNAs ofOld World thermal denaturation (Tm) of hybrids formed primates hybridized the probe to a lesser extent between different cellular DNAs and labeled sis (around 50%) with ATm values ranging from 6.2 DNA. To prepare a single-stranded probe neces- to 7.1°C. There was no significant homology sary for these experiments, 0.25 jig of sis DNA between nonprimate cellular DNAs and woolly was 32P labeled by nick translation (25). The monkey unique-sequence DNA. Since these probe was then heat denatured and hybridized same nonprimate cellular DNAs hybridized as with 300 Fg of SSV(SSAV) RNA. This amount much as 40% of the sis DNA probe, sis appears of RNA was determined to contain a 10-fold to be more conserved among mammalian spe- excess of plus-strand sis sequences. DNA-RNA cies than unique-sequence cellular DNA. hybrids, which contained minus-strand sis Recent findings have indicated that onc genes DNA, were separated from double-stranded sis present in sarcoma viruses independently isolat- DNA hybrids by CsCl gradient centrifugation ed from the same (11, 13, 15, 16, 32) and even (17). RNA was removed from the DNA-RNA from different (2, 4, 5, 30) vertebrate species can hybrid molecules by alkali treatment, and the be genetically related. Thus, the number of remaining single-stranded sis DNA was ethanol cellular genes which have been transduced by precipitated and suspended in water before use. type C viruses in the formation of sarcoma Table 1 shows the extents of annealing of viruses appears to be limited. The availability of different normal cellular DNAs with the single- molecular clones of several avian and mammali- stranded sis DNA probe. Rat and mouse DNAs an sarcoma viruses made it possible to test hybridized to a maximum extent of 23%. The Tm whether their cell-derived genes shared nucleo- VOL. 41, 1982 NOTES 723 TABLE 1. Comparison of the relatedness of sis DNA with DNAs of different mammalian species' Hybridization with: sis DNA Woolly monkeyDNAunique-sequence DNA source Maximum Maximum hybridization ATm (CC) hybridization ATm (°C) (%) (%) New World primate Woolly monkey (Lagothrix spp.) 65 0 100 0 Spider monkey (Ateles spp.) 63 1.5 97 1.1 Squirrel monkey (Saimiri spp.) 56 3.5 82 3.8 Old World primate Gibbon ape (Hylobates lar) 47 5.8 47 6.5 Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) 48 6.0 48 6.2 Human (Homo sapiens) 50 5.5 47 7.1 Carnivore Cat (Felis catus) 40 8.7 5 ND Mink (Mustela vison) 39 9.2 5 ND Rodent Mouse (Mus musculus) 23 11.7 3 ND Rat (Rattus rattus) 23 12.2 3 ND a The sis probe was prepared from a DNA fragment located 4.0 to 5.0 kbp on the restriction map of X-SSV-11 Cl 1 DNA (26).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sex Differences in the Social Behavior of Juvenile Spider Monkeys (Ateles Geoffroyi) Michelle Amanda Rodrigues Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2007 Sex differences in the social behavior of juvenile spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) Michelle Amanda Rodrigues Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Rodrigues, Michelle Amanda, "Sex differences in the social behavior of juvenile spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)" (2007). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14829. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14829 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sex differences in the social behavior of juvenile spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) by Michelle Amanda Rodrigues A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: Anthropology Program of Study Committee: Jill D. Pruetz, Major Professor W. Sue Fairbanks Maximilian Viatori Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2007 Copyright © Michelle Amanda Rodrigues, 2007. All rights reserved. UMI Number: 1443144 UMI Microform 1443144 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ii For Travis, Goldie, Clydette, and Udi iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Exam 1 Set 3 Taxonomy and Primates
    Goodall Films • Four classic films from the 1960s of Goodalls early work with Gombe (Tanzania —East Africa) chimpanzees • Introduction to Chimpanzee Behavior • Infant Development • Feeding and Food Sharing • Tool Using Primates! Specifically the EXTANT primates, i.e., the species that are still alive today: these include some prosimians, some monkeys, & some apes (-next: fossil hominins, who are extinct) Diversity ...200$300&species& Taxonomy What are primates? Overview: What are primates? • Taxonomy of living • Prosimians (Strepsirhines) – Lorises things – Lemurs • Distinguishing – Tarsiers (?) • Anthropoids (Haplorhines) primate – Platyrrhines characteristics • Cebids • Atelines • Primate taxonomy: • Callitrichids distinguishing characteristics – Catarrhines within the Order Primate… • Cercopithecoids – Cercopithecines – Colobines • Hominoids – Hylobatids – Pongids – Hominins Taxonomy: Hierarchical and Linnean (between Kingdoms and Species, but really not a totally accurate representation) • Subspecies • Species • Genus • Family • Infraorder • Order • Class • Phylum • Kingdom Tree of life -based on traits we think we observe -Beware anthropocentrism, the concept that humans may regard themselves as the central and most significant entities in the universe, or that they assess reality through an exclusively human perspective. Taxonomy: Kingdoms (6 here) Kingdom Animalia • Ingestive heterotrophs • Lack cell wall • Motile at at least some part of their lives • Embryos have a blastula stage (a hollow ball of cells) • Usually an internal
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Home Range Reduction on the Ecology of Red Howler Monkeys in Central Amazonia
    THE EFFECT OF HOME RANGE REDUCTION ON THE ECOLOGY OF RED HOWLER MONKEYS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA by Marcela Santamaría Gómez A dissertation submitted to the University of Cambridge In partial fulfillment of the conditions of application for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Wildlife Research Group Selwyn College Department of Anatomy Cambridge University of Cambridge September 2004 To my grandmothers, Mome and Bita, In memoriam “What escapes this eye…is a much more insidious kind of extinction: the extinction of ecological interactions”. D.H. Janzen CONTENTS Preface i Acknowledgements ii Summary v CHAPTER 1 FOREST FRAGMENTATION, AMAZONIA, AND MONKEYS 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation 1 1.1.2 The Amazon 4 1.1.3 Primate, frugivory and seed dispersal 6 1.1.4 Red howler monkeys 9 1.2 Howler monkeys 1.2.1 Howlers in continuous forest 10 1.2.2 Howlers in fragmented habitats 22 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH DESIGN 2.1 Objectives and questions 30 2.2 Expected results 30 2.3 Study site 2.3.1 Historic background 32 2.3.2 Characteristics of the BDFFP reserves 33 2.3.3 The study sites 36 2.4 General methods 2.4.1 Pre-sampling period 37 2.4.2 Sampling period 40 2.4.3 Group composition 44 2.5 Limitations of this study 47 2.6 Thesis structure 48 CHAPTER 3 FOREST FRAGMENTATION AND CHANGES IN RESOURCE AVAILABILITY 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Methods 3.2.1 Rainfall variation 51 3.2.2 Canopy cover 51 3.2.3 Resource availability 52 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Rainfall variation 55 3.3.2 Canopy cover 56 3.3.3 Temporal patterns of trees 57 3.4 Discussion
    [Show full text]
  • An Expanded Search for Simian Foamy Viruses (SFV) in Brazilian New World Primates Identifies Novel SFV Lineages and Host Age‑Related Infections Cláudia P
    Muniz et al. Retrovirology (2015) 12:94 DOI 10.1186/s12977-015-0217-x RESEARCH Open Access An expanded search for simian foamy viruses (SFV) in Brazilian New World primates identifies novel SFV lineages and host age‑related infections Cláudia P. Muniz1,2, Hongwei Jia2, Anupama Shankar2, Lian L. Troncoso1, Anderson M. Augusto3, Elisabete Farias1, Alcides Pissinatti4, Luiz P. Fedullo3, André F. Santos1, Marcelo A. Soares1,5 and William M. Switzer2* Abstract Background: While simian foamy viruses have co-evolved with their primate hosts for millennia, most scientific stud- ies have focused on understanding infection in Old World primates with little knowledge available on the epidemiol- ogy and natural history of SFV infection in New World primates (NWPs). To better understand the geographic and species distribution and evolutionary history of SFV in NWPs we extend our previous studies in Brazil by screening 15 genera consisting of 29 NWP species (140 monkeys total), including five genera (Brachyteles, Cacajao, Callimico, Mico, and Pithecia) not previously analyzed. Monkey blood specimens were tested using a combination of both serology and PCR to more accurately estimate prevalence and investigate transmission patterns. Sequences were phylogeneti- cally analyzed to infer SFV and host evolutionary histories. Results: The overall serologic and molecular prevalences were 42.8 and 33.6 %, respectively, with a combined assay prevalence of 55.8 %. Discordant serology and PCR results were observed for 28.5 % of the samples, indicating that both methods are currently necessary for estimating NWP SFV prevalence. SFV prevalence in sexually mature NWPs with a positive result in any of the WB or PCR assays was 51/107 (47.7 %) compared to 20/33 (61 %) for immature animals.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Litterature Review of the Spidermonkey, Ateles Sp
    A literature review of the spider monkey, Ateles sp., with special focus on risk for extinction Julia Takahashi Supervisor: Jens Jung Department of Animal Environment and Health _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Examensarbete 2008:49 Fakulteten för veterinärmedicin och ISSN 1652-8697 husdjursvetenskap Uppsala 2008 Veterinärprogrammet Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Degree project 2008:49 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and ISSN 1652-8697 Animal Sciences Uppsala 2008 Veterinary Medicine Programme CONTENTS Sammanfattning ................................................................................................. 3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 3 Resumo .............................................................................................................. 4 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................. 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 6 Taxonomy ....................................................................................................... 6 Anatomy and characteristics........................................................................... 9 Geographical distribution .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Analysis of the Complete Genome of a Simian Foamy Virus Infecting Hylobates Pileatus (Pileated Gibbon) Reveals Ancient Co-Evolution with Lesser Apes
    viruses Article Molecular Analysis of the Complete Genome of a Simian Foamy Virus Infecting Hylobates pileatus (pileated gibbon) Reveals Ancient Co-Evolution with Lesser Apes Anupama Shankar 1, Samuel D. Sibley 2, Tony L. Goldberg 2 and William M. Switzer 1,* 1 Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA 2 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-404-639-2019 Received: 1 April 2019; Accepted: 30 June 2019; Published: 3 July 2019 Abstract: Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses present in many mammals, including nonhuman primates, where they are called simian foamy viruses (SFVs). SFVs can zoonotically infect humans, but very few complete SFV genomes are available, hampering the design of diagnostic assays. Gibbons are lesser apes widespread across Southeast Asia that can be infected with SFV, but only two partial SFV sequences are currently available. We used a metagenomics approach with next-generation sequencing of nucleic acid extracted from the cell culture of a blood specimen from a lesser ape, the pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus), to obtain the complete SFVhpi_SAM106 genome. We used Bayesian analysis to co-infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates. SFVhpi_SAM106 is ancestral to other ape SFVs with a divergence date of ~20.6 million years ago, reflecting ancient co-evolution of the host and SFVhpi_SAM106. Analysis of the complete SFVhpi_SAM106 genome shows that it has the same genetic architecture as other SFVs but has the longest recorded genome (13,885-nt) due to a longer long terminal repeat region (2,071 bp).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Habitat Disturbance on the Populations of Geoffroy's Spider Monkeys in the Yucatan Peninsula
    The Effects of Habitat Disturbance on the Populations of Geoffroy’s Spider Monkeys in the Yucatan Peninsula PhD thesis Denise Spaan Supervisor: Filippo Aureli Co-supervisor: Gabriel Ramos-Fernández August 2017 Instituto de Neuroetología Universidad Veracruzana 1 For the spider monkeys of the Yucatan Peninsula, and all those dedicated to their conservation. 2 Acknowledgements This thesis turned into the biggest project I have ever attempted and it could not have been completed without the invaluable help and support of countless people and organizations. A huge thank you goes out to my supervisors Drs. Filippo Aureli and Gabriel Ramos- Fernández. Thank you for your guidance, friendship and encouragement, I have learnt so much and truly enjoyed this experience. This thesis would not have been possible without you and I am extremely proud of the results. Additionally, I would like to thank Filippo Aureli for all his help in organizing the logistics of field work. Your constant help and dedication to this project has been inspiring, and kept me pushing forward even when it was not always easy to do so, so thank you very much. I would like to thank Dr. Martha Bonilla for offering me an amazing estancia at the INECOL. Your kind words have encouraged and inspired me throughout the past three years, and have especially helped me to get through the last few months. Thank you! A big thank you to Drs. Colleen Schaffner and Jorge Morales Mavil for all your feedback and ideas over the past three years. Colleen, thank you for helping me to feel at home in Mexico and for all your support! I very much look forward to continue working with all of you in the future! I would like to thank the CONACYT for my PhD scholarship and the Instituto de Neuroetología for logistical, administrative and financial support.
    [Show full text]
  • Central American Spider Monkey Ateles Geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321428630 Central American Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador... Chapter · December 2017 CITATIONS READS 0 18 7 authors, including: Pedro Guillermo Mendez-Carvajal Gilberto Pozo-Montuy Fundacion Pro-Conservacion de los Primates… Conservación de la Biodiversidad del Usuma… 13 PUBLICATIONS 24 CITATIONS 32 PUBLICATIONS 202 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Connectivity of priority sites for primate conservation in the Zoque Rainforest Complex in Southeastern Mexico View project Regional Monitoring System: communitarian participation in surveying Mexican primate’s population (Ateles and Alouatta) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Gilberto Pozo-Montuy on 01 December 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Janette Wallis and Alison Cotton Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Copyright: ©2017 Conservation International All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary of the National Action Plan For
    EXECUTIVEEXECUTIVE SUMMARYSUMMARY OFOF THETHE NATIONALNATIONAL ACTIONACTION PLANPLAN FORFOR THETHE CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION OFOF MURIQUISMURIQUIS The mega-diverse country of Brazil is responsible for managing the largest natural patrimony in the world. More than 120,000 species of animals oc- cur throughout the country. Among these species, 627 are registered on the Official List of Brazilian Fauna Threatened with Extinction. The most affected Biome is the Atlantic Forest, within which 50% of the Critically Endangered mammalian species are primates endemic to this biome. Carla de Borba Possamai The Chico Mendes Institute is responsible for the development of strat- egies for the conservation of species of Brazilian fauna, evaluation of the conservation status of Brazilian fauna, publication of endangered species lists and red books and the development, implementation and monitoring of National Action Plans for the conservation of endangered species. Action plans are management tools for conservation of biodiversity and aligning strategies with different institutional stakeholders for the recovery and conservation of endangered species. The Joint Ordinance No. 316 of Septem- ber 9, 2009, was established as the legal framework to implement strategies. It indicates that action plans together with national lists of threatened species and red books, constitute one of the instruments of implementation of the National Biodiversity Policy (Decree 4.339/02). TAXANOMIC CLASSIFICATION Phylum: Chordata - Class: Mammalia - Order: Primates Family: Atelidae Gray, 1825 - Subfamily: Atelinae Gray, 1825 Genus: Brachyteles Spix, 1823 Species: Brachyteles arachnoides (E. Geoffroy, 1806) Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Kuhl, 1820) POPULAR NAMES Popular names include: Muriqui, Mono Carvoeiro, Mono, Miriqui, Buriqui, Buriquim, Mariquina or Muriquina. In English, they are also known as Woolly Spider Monkeys.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Expression CARLA M
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 2607-2611, March 1995 Evolution Fate of a redundant y-globin gene in the atelid clade of New World monkeys: Implications concerning fetal globin gene expression CARLA M. M. MEIRELES*t, MARIA P. C. SCHNEIDER*t, MARIA I. C. SAMPAIO*t, HoRAcIo SCHNEIDER*t, JERRY L. SLIGHTOM4, CHI-HUA CHIUt§, KATHY NEISWANGERT, DEBORAH L. GuMucIoll, JOHN CZELUSNLAKt, AND MORRIS GOODMANt** *Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil; Departments of tAnatomy and Cell Biology and §Molecular Biology and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; tMolecular Biology Unit 7242, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007; 1Westem Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593; and IlDepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0616 Communicated by Roy J. Britten, California Institute of Technology, Corona Del Mar, CA, December 19, 1994 (received for review August 19, 1994) ABSTRACT Conclusive evidence was provided that y', purifying selection. One outcome was that a mutation that the upstream of the two linked simian y-globin loci (5'-y'- made the qr locus a pseudogene was fixed -65 MYA in the 'y2-3'), is a pseudogene in a major group of New World eutherian lineage that evolved into the first true primates (4, monkeys. Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified genomic frag- 8). A later outcome, most likely favored by positive selection, ments of predicted sizes revealed that all extant genera of the was that embryonically expressed -y-globin genes became platyrrhine family Atelidae [Lagothrix (woolly monkeys), fetally expressed in the primate lineage out of which platyr- Brachyteles (woolly spider monkeys), Ateles (spider monkeys), rhines and catarrhines descended (1-3,9, 10).
    [Show full text]
  • The Nutritional Ecology of Spider Monkeys (Ateles Chamek) in the Context of Reduced- Impact Logging
    The Nutritional Ecology of Spider Monkeys (Ateles chamek) in the Context of Reduced- Impact Logging Peruvian spider monkey (Ateles chamek) in the forestry concession La Chonta Photo by Helga Peters Annika M. Felton A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University (February 2008) FENNER SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, CANBERRA "The land is one great wild, untidy, luxuriant hothouse, made by Nature for herself." Charles Darwin, 1845. The Voyage of the Beagle. ii DECLARATION This thesis is my own work except where otherwise acknowledged (see Acknowledgements and Preface). Annika M. Felton February 2008. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank David Lindenmayer. David agreed to be my supervisor even though my research took me far afield, and involved great logistical challenges. I am grateful for his guidance and support through-out this period. I sincerely thank Bill Foley for his generous provision of time and advice in the laboratory and his unsparing openness to sharing his knowledge regarding the wide field of nutritional ecology. His advice has had major influences on the outcome of this work. Colin Groves and Robert Heinsohn have also provided me with valuable suggestions throughout my PhD. Cheryl Knott provided advice regarding laboratory analyses of fruit samples. I would also like to thank Jeff Wood for his help with statistical analysis. In Bolivia, logistical support was provided to me by the Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF). I am especially thankful for the support and advice given by Marielos Peña-Claros, Joaquin Justiniano, and Todd Fredericksen.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of the Genus Brachyteles Spix, 1823 and Its Phylogenetic
    MUSEU DE ZOOLOGIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO Taxonomy of the genus Brachyteles Spix, 1823 and its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Atelinae Gray, 1825 José Eduardo Serrano Villavicencio São Paulo 2016 MUSEU DE ZOOLOGIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO MASTOZOOLOGIA JOSÉ EDUARDO SERRANO VILLAVICENCIO Taxonomy of the genus Brachyteles Spix, 1823 and its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Atelinae Gray, 1825 Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação do Museu de Zoologia da universidade de São Paulo para o obtenção de titulo de Mestre em Sistemática, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade Orientador: Prof. Dr. Mario de Vivo São Paulo 2016 Ficha catalográfica Serrano-Villavicencio, José Eduardo Taxonomy of the genus Brachyteles Spix, 1823 and its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Atelinae Gray, 1825; orientador Mario de Vivo. – São Paulo, SP: 2016. 198 p.; 56 figs; 10 tabs. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. 1. Brachyteles, 2. Filogenia - Brachyteles, 3. Atelinae I. Vivo, Mario de. II. Título. Banca Examinadora _______________________________ ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Instituição: Instituição: Julgamento Julgamento: _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Mario de Vivo (Orientador) Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo ©Stephen Nash Con todo mi amor para Elisa y Juan que son mi razón para jamás desistir. Nunca terminaré de agradecer cada uno de sus sacrificios. Agradecimentos Aunque la gran mayoría del presente trabajo se encuentra redactado en inglés, quise tomarme la libertad de expresar mis agradecimientos más sinceros en mi lengua materna para no dejar ningún sentimiento al aire. En primer lugar, me gustaría agradecer a mi orientador Mario de Vivo quien se arriesgó a aceptar un desconocido biólogo peruano sin mayor experiencia.
    [Show full text]