(Vaccinium Meridionale Swartz) Seedlings From
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PROPAGATION AND TISSUE CULTURE Effect of fruit size on the growth and development of Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) seedlings from four locations in the Colombian Andes Efecto del tamaño del fruto sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de plántulas de agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) en cuatro localidades de los Andes de Colombia Cristian Leonardo García M.1 and Gustavo Adolfo Ligarreto M.2 ABSTRACT RESUMEN Andean blueberry propagation is done with wild plants and La propagación del agraz se realiza a partir de plantas silves- there is an absence of knowledge for the agronomical potential tres y existe una ausencia de información de la potencialidad of the available materials for sexual propagation. Therefore, agronómica de los materiales disponibles para la propagación developing a propagation protocol that provides technical in- sexual, por lo cual se hace necesario desarrollar un protocolo formation for field growers is needed. The present paper aimed de propagación que permita disponer de información técnica to evaluate the effect of the size of the fruits that were used to para los productores. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo extract the seeds on the growth and development of Andean evaluar el efecto del tamaño del fruto del que se extrajo la se- blueberry plants during the germination and nursery stages, milla sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de plántulas de agraz, comparing fruits from four different regions of Colombia: durante la etapa de germinación y semillero, a partir de frutos Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca and Boyaca. During the provenientes de cuatro áreas locales de las zonas alto-andinas germination stage, seeds from Antioquia and Cauca showed the de Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca y Boyacá. En la fase de best results with germination rates close to 90% and reached germinación se obtuvo un mejor comportamiento para las important physiological events, such as seed coat cracking and semillas de Antioquia y Cauca las cuales presentaron porcen- radicle extension earlier than seeds from Boyaca and Cundina- tajes de germinación cercanos al 90%, y alcanzaron eventos marca. In the nursery stage, fruit size significantly affected fenológicos importantes como el rompimiento de la testa y la the growth variables, such as plant height and leaf length, in extensión de la radícula de manera más temprana con respecto all the different seed origins. Seedlings from Boyaca showed a las semillas provenientes de Cundinamarca y Boyacá. Mien- better results for growth and development after transplanting, tras en la etapa de semillero se observó que el tamaño del fruto as indicated by a higher amount of leaves and presence of basal afecta significativamente las variables de crecimiento como branching, followed by seedlings from Cauca, Cundinamarca la altura de la plántula y la longitud del limbo, para todos los and Antioquia, which showed delayed phenological events. materiales estudiados. Las plántulas provenientes de Boyacá presentaron los mejores resultados de crecimiento y desarrollo después del trasplante, reflejado en mayor número de hojas y evidencia de ramificación basal, seguido por las plántulas de Cauca, Cundinamarca y Antioquia las cuales presentaron eventos fenológicos más tardíos. Key words: mortiño, seeds, promising Andean species, Palabras clave: mortiño, semillas, especie promisoria de los blueberry. Andes, arándano. Introduction conditions. In the high Andean areas of South America, several species are reported: V. floribundum, V. meridionale The Andean blueberry plant (Vaccinium meridionale and V. corymbodendrum, found from Venezuela to Bolivia Swartz) belongs to the Ericaceae family, Vaccinioideae at altitudes between 2,600 and 4,000 m a.s.l. (Patiño and subfamily, and Vaccinieae tribe (Abreu et al., 2008). The Ligarreto, 2006; Gaviria et al., 2009). Vaccinium genus contains about 300 species which are spread mainly over the northern hemisphere and tropical Based on the region it comes from, V. meridionale changes high mountain areas (Ortega, 2011), mostly under wild its name. In Ecuador, it is known as “manzanilla del cerro”, Received for publication: 11 July, 2013. Accepted for publication: 19 March, 2014. 1 Special Technical Assistance Project, Cooperativa de Caficultores del Sur del Tolima (CAFISUR). Chaparral (Colombia). 2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogota (Colombia). [email protected] Agronomía Colombiana 32(1), 14-21, 2014 “raspadura quemada”, and the Andean blueberry and, in seed, its reaction to the environment and the rate at which Colombia, as “agraz”, “mortiño”, “uvito de monte” and it uses its reserves for starting and sustaining growth in “arándano azul” (Ligarreto, 2009; Ortega, 2011). The berries the earlier stages of development before it becomes an au- are collected by extractive harvesting in forests, causing totrophic organism able to process solar energy; the bigger damage to the natural populations due to the high demand seeds are the ones that are supposed have an advantage for for the fruit (Gaviria et al., 2009). emerging seedlings because they have better metabolic reserves available during the early stages of development, Due to the fact that this fruit is found in the wild in the when the plant is not able carry out photosynthesis (Soltani Andes, it is necessary to know the genetic variability et al., 2006; Quero et al., 2007). Based on the latter aspects of the species in order to establish management of the in consideration, the main objective of this article was to populations and to make it a cultivable species in the near evaluate the incidence of the size of the fruits from which future (CEF, 2005). For the same reason, it is important to the seeds were extracted on the growth and development know all the agronomic features and adaptability of the of Andean blueberry seedlings during the germination taxon that is found in the different geographic regions and nursery stages, using seeds from four local areas of of Colombia. the Colombian Andean region. According to Lopera et al. (2009), the Andean blueberry is considered a promising fruit, which can produce sev- Materials and methods eral products with added values; due to its properties, it can be considered a nutraceutic food because it is rich in The present study was carried out at the Genetic Resources polyphenolic compounds that have the property of being Laboratory of the Faculty of Agronomy, of the National colorants and antioxidants, potentially health protectors University of Colombia, Bogota campus. For this purpose, (Gaviria et al., 2009). On the national scale, its consump- the fruits were collected from four local areas of the fol- tion is concentrated in the provinces of Antioquia, Boyaca lowing provinces: Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca and and Cundinamarca. Nowadays, it has high potential for Boyaca. The agraz berries of the Antioquia region came nationwide consumption and is included in the list of spe- from the municipality of Santa Rosa, located at 06°08’06” cies with international marketability (Ligarreto, 2009). Due N and 75°25’03” W, at an altitude of 2,550 m a.s.l.; berries to these factors, interest for this product has increased as from the Cauca region were collected from the munici- well as interest in establishing productive crops and sup- pality of Purace, located at 02°20’53” N and 76°30’03” W, plying internal and export demand (Medina et al., 2009). at an altitude of 2,850 m a.s.l.; berries from the Boyaca region were collected from the municipality of San Miguel Each berry produces seeds with different sizes, numbers, de Sema, from a plantation located at 05°31’15” N and colors and shapes; in some fruits, few well developed seeds 73°43’39” W, at an altitude of 2,615 m a.s.l. and the ber- and several rudiments with a whitish appearance are found ries from the Cundinamarca area were collected from a (De Valencia and Ramírez, 1993). Andean blueberry seeds location at 05°23’04” N and 73°41’25” W, at an altitude of are very tiny, from 0.84 to 1.87 mm in length and 0.5 to 2,676 m a.s.l. in the municipality of Guacheta. 1.4 mm wide, with a mainly golden-stained color and some darker variations or reddish color. De Valencia and For the four collection areas, the berries were found in Ramírez (1993) suggested that the germination rate can ripening stage number 5, corresponding to a dark purple vary due to the size of the seed, which was confirmed by the study of Contreras (2010), who found that big blueberry color (L*=20,831, a*=4,026, b*=1,14), based on the classifi- fruits (V. corymbosum) show a higher amount of viable cation system purposed by Rincón et al. (2012). The fruits seeds compared to berries of smaller-sized berries. Buseta were graded by size into two classes: the first one having (1997) suggested that, for blueberries, there is a correlation berries with a diameter bigger than or equal to 1 cm and between size of the fruit and seed content, meaning bigger the second having berries with diameters smaller than 1 fruits have a higher amount of seeds. cm, establishing a midpoint based on earlier studies that showed that the fruit size variation was between 0.5 and Laynez et al. (2007) stated that seed size seems to be an 1.6 cm (Ligarreto, 2009; Hernández et al., 2009). From important characteristic linked to the growth process of each berry, the seeds were extracted through mechanical the seedlings and the success of the growth is determined pressure and water washing and dried under shade at 17°C by the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the and 78% RH for 24 h (Hernández et al., 2009). García M. and Ligarreto M.: Effect of fruit size on the growth and development of Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) seedlings from four locations..