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Rethinking the Acceptable Year: the Jubilee and the Basileia in Luke 4 and Beyond

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Rethinking the Acceptable Year: the Jubilee and the Basileia in Luke 4 and Beyond Rethinking the Acceptable Year: The Jubilee and the Basileia in Luke 4 and Beyond by Christopher James Luthy B.H.Sc. (Queensland University of Technology) M.Div. (Malyon College) M.Ed. (Griffith University) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Divinity 2019 1 Abstract This dissertation questions the presence of alleged Jubilary motifs in Luke-Acts and argues that such features are better understood within the broader and more explicit tradition of the Basileia of God. The study commences with an examination of the development of Jubilee and Kingdom (Basileia) of God interpretations throughout the Old Testament and Second Temple literature, in order to determine the likely way/s in which Luke (and his readership) would have viewed both the Jubilee and the Basileia of God. The study then addresses some fundamental issues which have informed recent exegeses, centered particularly on Luke’s use of the terms ἄφεσις and ἀφίημι, and the theme of the Basileia of God throughout Luke-Acts. Significant attention is then given to Isa 61; both the first-century traditions that may have influenced Luke, as well as how Luke employed the text throughout his two-part work. Every suggested Lucan textual and thematic reference to the Jubilee is then examined, with particular attention given to the Nazareth episode (Luke 4:16-30), which is often cited as the most explicit Jubilee reference. In examining the validity of suggested Jubilee allusions, Richard Hays’s methodology for interpreting the use of the Old Testament in the New Testament has been adopted. The study concludes that every suggested Jubilee allusion can be satisfactorily explained without reference to the Jubilee, and that many of the suggested allusions to the Jubilee are better explained as references to the Basileia of God. Furthermore, I suggest that in the first-century, the Jubilee was rarely linked to either the Basileia of God or Isa 61. 2 Declaration of Originality I hereby declare that this PhD thesis is my own original research. It has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any other university or institution. I certify that the intellectual content of this study is the product of my own research, and all sources which have aided this thesis have been duly acknowledged. Signed: Christopher Luthy Date: 17 September, 2018 3 Acknowledgments Undertaking this PhD has been a long and challenging experience, and there are many who have shared the journey. First and foremost, I wish to acknowledge the continuous support of my supervisor, Dr Keith Dyer, for his availability (oftentimes at short notice), his patience, the sharing of his knowledge and experience, and his genuine care. I am very grateful. Many thanks also to Dr Mark Brett for his valuable comments and recommendations. Living in North-Western Tasmania for much of this study made access to some materials difficult. I am therefore very grateful to Dr Sharon Ringe, Dr Donald Blosser and Dr Jacob Elias who all graciously sent me a copy of their PhD dissertations, as well as Dr David O’Brien who sent me his insightful study on jubilee interpretations. I am also indebted to Sue McQuay, who spent many hours editing references. Thank you. As with many PhD students, my family has been on the journey with me. Thankyou Josiah, Eliana and Elijah for allowing your Daddy the time to study. To my wife Amy, you truly are “a wife of noble character.” Thankyou for your motivation, prayers and unwavering support. Without you, this study would not have been possible. There are, of course, many others who have been an important part of the journey at different times and in different ways. I am grateful for all of you. Soli Deo Gloria 4 Table of Contents Page List of Tables 8 Abbreviations 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 14 A. Background and Overview of Literature 14 B. Objective of this Study 21 C. Structure and Approach 23 Chapter 2 Basileia of God and Jubilee Traditions in the Old 31 Testament Introduction 31 A. Luke’s Use of the Old Testament 32 B. The Basileia of God in the Old Testament 36 1. The Pentateuch 37 2. The Historical Books 38 3. The Psalms and the Wisdom Literature 40 4. The Prophets 44 5. Summary of Findings 49 C. The Jubilee in the Old Testament 51 1. The Pentateuch 51 1.1 The Jubilee Provisions in Leviticus 25:8-55 52 1.2 Other Pentateuchal Texts 55 2. The Historical Books 57 3. The Prophets 57 4. Summary of Findings 65 D. The Relationship between the Basileia of God and the Jubilee 66 Conclusion 69 Chapter 3 Basileia of God and Jubilee Traditions in the 71 Second Temple Literature Introduction 71 A. Luke’s Use of Second Temple Literature 71 B. The Basileia of God in Late Second Temple Judaism 74 1. The Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha 74 1.1 Apocalyptic Works 74 1.2 Jubilees 79 1.3 Other Documents 80 2. The Dead Sea Scrolls 81 3. The Targums to the Prophets 85 4. The Mishnah 87 5. Philo 88 6. Josephus 89 5 7. Summary of Findings 90 C. The Jubilee in Late Second Temple Judaism 92 1. The Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha 92 1.1 Jubilees 92 1.2 Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 94 1.3 Other Thematic Parallels 95 2. The Dead Sea Scrolls 97 3. The Mishnah 100 4. Philo 102 5. Josephus 104 6. Summary of Findings 106 D. The Relationship between the Basileia of God and the Jubilee 107 Conclusion 110 Chapter 4 The Basileia and Jubilee in Luke: Setting the 113 Scene Introduction 113 A. The Implied Audience of Luke’s Gospel 113 B. Ἄφεσις and Ἀφίημι in Luke 118 C. The Basileia of God in Luke 127 Conclusion 140 Chapter 5 The Basileia Proclaimed, Explained and Fulfilled: 142 Isaiah 61 and Luke Introduction 142 A. Early Isaiah 61 Traditions 143 1. The Rabbinic Literature 143 2. The Dead Sea Scrolls 145 3. Other Sources 153 4. Summary of Findings 154 B. Luke’s Use of Isaiah 61 157 Summary of Findings 170 Conclusion 172 Chapter 6 The Event at Nazareth: Luke 4:14-30 175 Introduction 175 A. Text and Translation of Luke 4:14-30 175 B. Comments on Luke 4:14-15 178 C. Introductory Remarks regarding Luke 4:16-30 181 1. Sources and Parallel Texts 181 2. The Placement of the Passage 183 D. The Composition of the Isaianic Quotation 185 E. Comments on Luke 4:16-30 192 1. Luke 4:16-17 192 2. Luke 4:18-19 195 3. Luke 4:20-30 201 6 Conclusion 216 Chapter 7 Beyond Nazareth: Other Themes and Passages in 220 Luke with Suggested Jubilary Connections Introduction 220 A. Reversal of Fortunes 220 B. Texts that Allude to Isaiah 61 225 C. Debt Cancellation 229 D. Redistribution of Property 235 E. Other Suggested References to the Jubilee 241 1. Luke 1:68 241 2. Luke 2:3-4 242 3. Luke 3:1 243 4. Luke 5:17-26 245 5. Luke 6:27-38 246 6. Luke 6:1-11 and 14:1-6 248 7. Luke 9:1-6 250 8. Luke 9:14 and Acts 2:1-4 251 9. Acts 6:9 252 Conclusion 253 Chapter 8 Conclusions 254 Bibliography 263 Appendix 1 A History of Interpretation: The Jubilee in Luke- 293 Acts 1. The Early Church Period 293 2. The Middle Ages 295 3. The Early 16th Century through to the Mid-20th Century 297 4. The Jubilee in Recent Interpretation 301 5. Summary of Findings 306 Appendix 2 The Early Church and the Jubilee 309 1. Clement of Alexandria 310 2. Hippolytus of Rome 311 3. Origen of Alexandria 312 4. The Fourth and Fifth Centuries 314 5. Summary of Findings 317 7 List of Tables Page Table 1 A Comparison between the text of 4Q521 and texts in Isaiah and 150 Luke Table 2 Text and Translation of Isaiah 61:1-2a 158 Table 3 Text and Translation of Luke 4:14-30 175 Table 4 A Comparison between Luke 4:18-19 and Isaiah 61:1-2a and 58:6 in 185 the Septuagint 8 Abbreviations Journals, Periodicals, Major Reference Works and Series AB The Anchor Bible ACCS Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture ACNT Augsburg Commentaries on the New Testament AJPS Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies AnBib Analecta Biblica ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers ANTC Abingdon New Testament Commentaries AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies BBB Bonner Biblische Beiträge BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek- English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1907. BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament Belief Belief: A Theological Commentary on the Bible BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium BHT Beiträge zur historischen Theologie BibInt Biblical Interpretation BR Biblical Research BSac Bibliotheca Sacra BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin BTCB Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible BThe Black Theology BTNT Biblical Theology of the New Testament CahRB Cahiers de la Revue biblique CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBC Cornerstone Biblical Commentaries CGTC Cambridge Greek Testament Commentary COQG Christian Origins and the Question of God 9 CTM Concordia Theological Monthly CTR Criswell Theological Review CurBS Currents in Research: Biblical Studies DSD Dead Sea Discoveries EBC Expositor’s Bible Commentary EBS Exploring the Bible Series ECC Eerdmans Critical Commentary ECL Early Christianity and Its Literature EKKNT Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament EUS European University Studies EvQ Evangelical Quarterly ExAud Ex Auditu FB Forschung zur Bibel FC Fathers of the Church.
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