129

V.-CONTRIRUTIOKS TO THE HISTORY OF THE GUTTURA4L SOUPJDS IN ENGLISH. By HEXRY CECILWYI.~, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

[&ad at the Meeting of ;he Philologual Society on Friday, April 14, l8Q9.1

PREFATORYREYAEKS. TEE following is a study and history of four classes of English sounds :-

1. Old Engl. u. Back (guttural) and front (palatal). 2. Old Engl. a. Back and front. 3. Old Engl. 5. 4. Old Engl. h. Back and front. All these sounds are here considered only as occurring medially sod finally. My remarks are based upon an oxtensire collection of forms which I have cnlled with no little labour from O.E. and X.E. texts, and from modern dialect glossaries. My collections of Literary English words are from Professor Skeat’s larger Etymological Dictionary. I shall discuss the pronunciation of the sounds which I hare mentioned in O.E., and it will be seen that in several points I venture to differ from the commonly received views of McsRieurR Kluge, Sievere, and Biilbring. I shall then investigate the M.E. forms of O.E. o, a, q,etc., as they appear in the most important texts of M.E. For this purpose tho word-lieta are arranged chronologically and geographically. so aa to show at once the historical development of the sounds, and their distribution in the varioue M.6. dialects. With regard to the modern dialects, the arrangement is chiefly geographical, beginning with the North and working down to the extreme South of England. The order of the lists ie as far aa posuible from west to east. I have also added othcr lists which show at a glance in which dialecta of Modern English many of the most important words of the above-mentioned four classes occur. A special feature of the Phil. Trans. 1898-9. 9 130 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. paper is the explanation which I venture to offer of the so-called ‘ irrogular’ or ‘ Northern’ forms, such as seek,’ ‘ think,’ ‘ hagthorn,‘ ‘ heckfer,’ to lig = to lie,’ etc., etc. (See p. 247.) I cannot but think that in tho main the law here formulated muat be accepted, though it ie of course inevitablo that may of my applications of it will be disputed, and that opinions will differ as to the exact geographical area over which it obtained. In conclusion, I have to thank Professors Napier and Wright for thejr kindness and courtesy at all times in giving me valuable advice and suggestions. To Dr. Sweet I owe far more than I can adequately Bet down here; not only have I had the privilege of a training in practical phonetics from him, but I have also enjoyed the advantage of frequent private discussion with him of every part of my work in the course of its carrying out. Oxford, April, 1899.

LIST OF MIDDLE ENGLISH TEXTS USED IN THE FOLLOWING WORE.

SCOTCHAND NOBTIIXBWTBXTU. Barbour’s Brace, 1330. Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. Gavin Douglas, 1475-1622. Complaynt of Scotland, 1649. Metrical Psalter, Yrks., before 1300. Cursor Mundi, Trka., 1300. Minot, Yrlre., 133362. Prick of Conscience, YrLs., before 1349. Sir Gawayn, Northern, 1360. Townley Mysteries, Yrka., 1460. Northern Glossary (Wright-Wiilcker, xriii), Bfteenth mtury. Wars of Alexnnder, Yrks., late fitteenth century. Catholicon, Yrku., 1483. Manipulnn, Yrku., 1670.

MIDLANDTnrr. Alliterative Poems, Lanc~hire,1360. Metrid Romances, Lance., 1420.

Onnulum, Linca., 1200. Havolok the Dane, N.E. Midland, 1300. Robert of Bmnne, 1938. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WSLD. 131

Hali Meidenhed, W.NidL, 1226. William of Palerne, W.Midl., 1360. Earlieet Prose Psalter, W. Midl., 1376, Myrc, Shropshire, 1400.

MS. Harl., 2,263 (R6ddeker's Altenglische Dichtnngen), Herefordeb, 1310. A Worcester Glossary (Wright-Wiilcker, xiii), twelfth ran-. Laxamon, Worcs., 1205. Guy of Warwick, thirteenth century. Song and Carols (Wright, Warton Club, leas), Wuricbhire, 1400. Palladins on Husbondrie, Esaex, 1420. Peterborough Chronicle, 1122-1 164. Bestiary, E. Midl., before 1260. Genes& and Exodus, E. Midl., 1260. Returns of Norfolk Guilds, 1389. Wills and Inrentories, Norfolk, 6ftaenth century. Promptorium, Norfolk, 1440. Bokenham's Poems, Suffolk, before 1447. Wicliffe. E.E.T.S., 1880. Chaucer. Skeat's ed., six vole. Political Songs. Wright, Rolln Series, 1869-61 ; 2 vols.

SOUTFIBXN TEXT^. St. Katherine, Gloucestershire, 1200. Robt. of Gloucenter, 1300. St. Juliana (Metrical Life), Glooceetersbire, 1300. Piem Plowman, 1363-93.

Sir Fernmbraa, Devon, 1380.

8t. Editha, Wilts, 1400.

St. Juliana (Prose Life), Doreet, 1200. Gawles Wards, Doraet, 1210. Wooing of our Lord, Dorset, 1210. Ahncren Ride, Dorset, 1226. Owle and Nightingale, Dorset, 1246-60.

Sir Beves of Hamtoun, IIanta, 1327. Usages of Winchester, IIants, 1380.

Kentish Qospels, 1160. Eentish Homilies (Tenpas, A. 22), 1200. Vices and Virtu-, Kent, 1200. Moral Ode (MS.Digby, 4), Kent, early thirteenth centnq. ltentish Sermona, 1200-60. William of Shoreham, Kent, 1307-27. Ayenbite of Inayt, Kent, 1340. Libeaw Deaconus, Kent, 1360. 132 GUTTURAL SOCNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

LIST OF MODERN DIALECTS, WITH AUTHORS OF GLOSSARIES HERE USED.

Northumberland, Heslop, 189N. Cumberland, Dicldnson, 1878-81. Westmoreland, Wheeler, 1802 ; Weatmoreland and Cumherlaud, 1839. Durham (Hetton-la-Hole), Palgrave, 1896 ; Teeadale Glossary, 1819. W. Yrks. (Cleveland), Atkinson, 1869-76. N. Yrks. (Swaledale), Harlaud, 1873. N.E. Yrks. (Whitby), Robinson, 1876. Yorkshire N.Yid. Yrks. (Windhill). Wright, 1893. Mid. Yorks , Robinson, 1876. W. Yrka. (Almondsbury and Hudderdield), Ensthw, 1883. S.W.Yrks. (Sheffield), Addy, 1888-90. Lancashire, Nodsll and Milner, 1875-82. Cheshire, Holland,I 1884-6 ; South Cheshire, Darlington, 1887. Derbyshire, Peggo, Skeat, LIrllam. N. Lmcs., Sutton, 1881. Lincolnahire ‘ N.E. Lincs., Peacock. 1889. 1 S.W. Linca., Cole, 1886. Shropshire, Jackaon, 1879 ; Balopia Antiqua, Hartahorne, 184 1. Staffordshire, Poole, 1880. Leicestenrhire, Evans, 1881. Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. Norfolk, Rye (East Anglia, 1895) ; Spurdens, 1879 ; Cosens-Hardy, 1893 ; Nall, 1866. Herefordahire, Havergal, 1887. U ton-on-Severn, I,awson, 1884. morcestershire d Wrcs., Chamberleino, 1882. S.E. Wrcs., Salisbury, 1894. Warwickshire, Sorthall, 1896. h’orthamptonshire, Baker, 1854. Bedfordshire, Batchelor, 1809 (G10ma1-y at end of ‘‘ An Ortho+ical Analysir of the English Lanyage ”) . Suffolk, Moore, 1823. Oloucesterehire, Robertson, 1890. Oxfordahire, Parker, 1876-81. Beerkehire, LowsIey, 1888. Esser, Charnock, 1880 ; Clarke, Talon in hxDialect. W. Somersetshire, Elworthy, 1886. Wiltahire, Dartnell and Ooddard, 1893 ; Akerman, 1842. Surrey, Levwon-Oower, 1876-93. Kent. Parish and Shaw. 1887. W. Cornnail, ~ourtuey. E. Cornwall, Couch. Cornwall Cornish Glossary, Monthly Mag., 1809. ,, Journ. of Royal I~titutionof Cornwall, 1864, Garland; another in eame place by Couch; Cornish Tiles,

Trerelles.D Deron, Hewett, 1892 ; (Harland) Chope, 1891 ; Exmoor Scolding. Domet, Barnes, 1886. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WTLD. 133

Hampahire, Cope, 1883. Isle of Wight, Smith, 1881 ; Long, 1886. Sueaex, Cooper, 1853 ; Parish, 1879.

OTHER DICTIOXABIES, GLOSSARIES, AND CHIEF WORKS USED.

Engliah Dialect Dictwwoy, A to Dinner, Wright. Grose, Provincial Glossary, I8 11. Bay, Collection of North Country Words (1691): Pt. iii, Reprinted GloasPriea, ed. Skeat, E.I).h., 1374. White AFenncr (Bp.j, Parocliial Antiquifiw (with Glousarp at end), Oxford, 1695. Shut's Reprinted Glossaries-Thanet by Lewes. Glos'ter by Marshall. Sorfolk, Marshall. Yurks, Marshall. Yorks, Willon. W. Uevon, Marshall. Thoresby's Letter to Ray. GIossnry to Burns' Works, Renlcy, 1S97. (Iu Yo]. IY.) Bp. f't.t.cy's Folio MS., 1867-68, Hales and Furnivall (Gloes in Vol. IV). €fal[izcell's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, 3rd ed., 1865. Nurcs' Glossary, ed. Halliwell, 1859. Uictistury oj. E'nglrsh Pkmt-XmRc, Britten and IIolland, E.D.S., 1878-L.6. Anglo-Saxon Uictionarp, Bosworth-Toller. Swet's Anglo-Saxon bictionti1-y. Middle English Dictionary, Stratman-Bradley, 1891. The New hghhDictionary, Miurray. Johnson's Dictionary, 1st folio ed., 1765. Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, 1888. Florio, Worlde of Wordes, 1698. Cot grave - H owell, 167 3. Minsheu, Guide into Tongues (Emendatio, 2nd ed.). Bailey, 2nd ed., 1724. Kluge, Etymologkches Wiirterbuch d. deutachen Sprache. Wright-Wdcker, Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies, 1884. Skcat's Meso-Gothic Gloa~ary. Uhlenbeck, Kwz gefasstea etymologisches Wortsrbuch der Gotiechea Sprache. ( Letter in Academy, Feb. 22, 1890. Napier Xotes on 0rtho"raphy of the Ormulum, Oxford, 1893 ; also in EIistory 1 of the Holy Rood-tree, ed. Napier, E.E.T.S.,1894. Gotischea Elementarbuch, 1897. S"eitbwg { C:rgermanische Grammatik, 1896. (Urgerm. Gr.) Aufl., Siecers Phonetik, 4 1893. { Angelvhchsische Grammatik, 3 Ad., 1898. (A.S. Gr.) Hmsbach. Xittelengliache Grammatik, 1st part, 1898. (M.E. Or.) History of English Sounds, 1888. (H.E.S.) Oldw Enxlisb Testa : Facsimile of Epinal Glossary. Anglo-Saxon Reader, 7th ed., 1894. (A.S. Header.) Primcr of I'honetics. Paul, Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, Bd. i, 1891. (Grundr.) Paid utrd Urntme, Ueitrigo rut Geachichta der deutschan Spracbe utld Litteratur. (P.B.B.) Cook, A Glovsary of the Old h'orthumbrian Gospels, 1894. 134 GUTTURAL SOUWDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

Lindelof, Glosaar ZUI altnorth. Evqelieniibersetzung in der Ruahworth- handechrift, 1897. Ten Brink, Chaucer'e Sprache undVersht, 2 Ad., Kluge, 1899. (Chaucer's Spr.1 Brotc, Nordische Lehnworter in Ormulum (in P.B.B.. I). Khqe, Geachichte der Englinchen Spmhe (inGmndr., pp. 31-90), cited by page. Bilbrity, Beiblatt EUT Anglia: Jul~-Aupt,1898, and February, 1899. SkLaf, List of Boob illashting English Dialecb, 1873-75. (E.D.S.) Wright, Englische Mundarten, Grundr., Bd. i, p. 976. (These last two workn are invaluable IU bibliographical guidw.) Brundl, M.E. Literatnrgeschichte, in Grnndr., u, pp. 609-718.

I.

O.E. c. O.E. c corresponde to Qermanic *k, Indo-Germanic *g. O.E. ~Qosan,Goth. kiusan, Qk. y;w; O.E. %aec, 0.Icel. Pak, Lat. tego; O.E. cyn, Goth. kuni, Qk. ykvor, etc. O.E. c occurs initially, medially, and finally; it may stand before all rowels, and before I, n, r. c in O.E. is the aymbol both of a back (guttural) and of a front (palatal) sound. Before a primitive back vowel c waa a back-stop consonant in O.E., and also before y, e, 6, etc. = Qerm. *u, -0, ci, with i- umlaut ; and before coneonants such as 1, r, etc. On the other hand, c WBB fronted before original front voweIs, i, e, etc., before Qerm. *j, end when final, after front rowels (Sweet, H.E.S., 5 539, but cf. 5 74). In O.E. itself the *j has disappeared, leaving ita mark, however, by fronting a preceding back vowel. The b6c has dat. sing. and n. pl. bOc = *b6ki, 'b6kiz (cf. Streitberg, Urgerm. Qr., p. 249). The d here is fronted to d through the medium of the *k, O.E. b6c therefore must havo had a fronted 0, and that this waa actually the caw is proved by the M.E. forms baech (Mk.,i, 2), bech (Lk., iii, 4), in Kentish Goepels, MS. Hatton, 38, circ. 1150, where -cR = O.E. fronted c. (Fronted c will henceforth be written 6.) The best teat of the front character of an O.E. c is its appearance as ch in Middle and Modem EngIieh. See on above, Sweet, H.E.S., p. 143, and A.S. Reader (7th ed., $5 110-20) ; Kluge, Paul's Grundr., Bd. i, pp. 836-40; Sievem, A.S. Qr., 206, 207. QUTTURAL BOUNDS IN ENQLISH-H. c. WYLD. 135

Pronunciation.

With regard to 6, there seems no reason for doubting that it had the character of a back-stop coneonant in O.E., in all cases where that Bound is found in the Modern English equivalente b6c ‘ book,’ llcian look,’ drinkan ‘drink,’ smoca ‘ smoke,’ stracian ‘ to stroke,’ ctc. The question of the pronunciation of C ie much more difficult to determine, and opinion is divided on the subject. On one point everyone is agreed, namely, that E wa8 clearly distinguished in sound from c; the question which awaits settlement is, had O.E. E the sound of Engl. ch, i.e. a point-teeth-stop consonant followed by a blade-point-open consonant, or had it some eound intermediate between this and the back stop ? Kluge’s view is clearly expred in Cfrundr., p. 839, where he says :-‘I Im Suden ist t Beit dem 10 Jahrh. in der Palatiaierung (ti) [that is our ch sound] voraogeschritten. Zunachst ist gewise kj, tj, fur E eingetreten.” He cites cases of the spelling cz for tg, e.g, : orcgeard, Cur.-Past., 487, for ortgeard ; muncgiu, Wulfstan, ed. Napier, p. 152 - muntguw, etc. ; feZan from fetian (Platt, Angl. 6, 177). From these epelling Kluge infere the pro- nunciation ‘,j’ for O.E. c’. The pronunciation ti for M.E. ch must, he thinks, have arisen early, in support of which view he adducrs X.E. etch = O.E. edisb, and Mod. Engl. French for frenc5iek, M.E. worchip = O.E. murpscipe, etc. No less categorical is the statement of Sievera, Angls. Or., $ 206 (4):-“Die palatalen verschlusslautc c* und (e)a sind offenbar bereits ziemlich fruhe zu palatalen affricuten d. h. lauten von dem Klange der ncuengl. ch und dg (also anniihernd ti und di geworden). Dies ergiebt sich aus den formen wie orcerud, feccean (neuengl. orchard, fetch), etc.” Biilbring, in a most valuable article which just appeared (in ‘I Beiblatt zur Anglia,” February, lS99), “ Was lasst sich aus dem gebrauch dcr buchetaben k und c im Mattaua- Evangelium des Rushworth-Manuscripts folgern? ”, expremes his views aa follows : “Die thatsache, dsss Farman scinen gebrauch dee c und X- im anlaut nach dem Lateinischen geregelt hat, ist nicht ohne wert fur die bcstimmung des lautwertes des ae. E zu seiner Zcit und in seiner Mundart. Ncht nur sieht man, dam er eich deutlich einee Untcrscbeides zwischen dem anlaut z.b. von biken und kining bewuest war; sondern cs muee eine gewisse ahnlichkeit der 136 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-XI. C. WYLD. aussprache des E. z.b. in ae. kerdern und lat certum gewesen seh, die ihn zu der oben dargelegten unterscheidung brachtc. Da er daa lat e vor palatalen vokalen wie (tu) aprach, so muss er das ae. d ebenfals dental gesprochen haben, d.h. ganz oder ungefahr we ne. (ti).” (See, however, Bulbring’s remarks in dngh Beiblatt, July- August, 1898, at bottom of p. 74, whore the distinction is very clearly drawn between ‘‘ palatalization and subsequent dentali- zation,” etc., with which I largely agree.) As against above views, Sweet has always maintained that O.E. G waa a front-stop consonant (see H.E.S.,S 496, and 8.9. Header, Introduction, § 120). This view, which I beliere to be the only sound one, has hardly becn stated by Sweet himself with sufficient cogency, and has perhaps on this account been pretty generally ignored by other scholars. By a front stop is eimply meant a stop formed with that part of the tongue which is used in forming the (Qerman) j-sound. This latter sound is in fact the front-open-voice coneonant, the voiceless form of it being the final sound in Qermau ‘ich.’ In forming the front stops the middle or ‘front’ part of the tongue is pressed against the hard palate just behind the alveolars, the effect being that of a kind of t or d, according to whether there is voice or not. When the stop is opened a j-like off-glide is heard, and it is this off-glide that gives the sound its very characteristic ‘ colour.’ These stops are heard in 8w. kyssa, kenna; Russ. drija, ‘uncle,’ and Yam, ‘mother.’ I submit the following reasons for con- eidering the several contentions (which, indeed, vary slightly) of Messrs. Kluge, Sievers, and Bulbring untensble :- Firstly. The procese of passing from a back or even perhaps a root-stop consonant to a point-teeth stop + a blade-point-open (which ie practically what the abovo scholars mean by euch eymbols as ti, etc.), must of necessity be a very long one. Secondly. O.E. d is constantly doubled, and there would be no reason for doubling what is already a complex aound. Thus, if O.E. d= td, O.E. dd must = either titi or ttdd, which are unpronounceable combinations. b must therefore have been a single, simple sound. Thirdly. If O.E. d had really become a double sound it could not possibly have become k, as we know it did in certain com- binntionrr, cf. Y.E. sekj= O.E. aed). To wppose that d had got over all the stages from k to point-both t, had also developed the GUITURAI, SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. 137 sir sound after it, and could then suddenly go right back to k again, is surely unreasonable. Fourthly. N.E. forms like bleinte, queinte, sehte = O.E. blendte, cwenctc, eencte, could only have been produced by the influence of a front stop. These forms are not particularly early (I have found more in R. of Glos., 1300, than in any other text), and they seem to shorn that c‘ remained a front stop pure and simple uutil well into the KE. period. Had O.E. G already=ti, it seems to me inconceivable that the -eid forme could ever have arisen at all. Tbis diphthongizing process will be discussed later on in considering the fate of E in M.E. The well-worn arguments based on orceard, feccan, etc., which appear regularly in all discussions of this question, are surely entirely without cogency, and the spelling8 tell quite as much in favour of the front-stop theory as of the other. Putting aside the fact that the identity of fetian and feccan is doubtful, it would be quite eound to suppose that the combination 9’ or ti of fetian had been assimilated to a simple consonant, and that a front stop. This procese is a common one, nnd Russian, for instance, has many examples of it, ~fiii~,‘nuree,’ is not pronounced nia nia or nja nja, but with a front nnaal followed by -a; AHdfl, ‘uncle,’ does not=dia dia or dja dja, but front- stop voice followed by -a. I have insisted thue etrongly on the nature of O.E. d, because the phenomena which meet us in inquiring into the subsequent history of this sound are to me unintelligible on any other assumption than the one I have endeavoured to juetify.

Graphical Distinction between 0.3 c and 6.

The earliest linguistic monuments of O.E. are the Runic inscriptions. Of these the most important are the BewcMtle inscription (Cumberland), circ. 670, and the Ruthwell Cross (Dumfriesshire), circ. 680. There are three different Runic symbols for the c, E ~ounds,which represent perhaps the front d, the front rariety of the back stop, and the back-stop normal position. The following list gives all the examples of each variety that occur in Vietor’s ’‘ Die Northumbrischen Runenskine,” 1895. Vietor transliterates the Runic symbols by c, c‘, and k, o being front and 138 QUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ESGLlSH-H. C. WYLD. c' back, but in the present list I shall use c' for the front stop, as throughout this paper, c for the back stop, and k for the mod3cation of the so-called glr rune. Wwdr with 6-Albfripu, Bew. Bedun, Leeda. bjbercht, Lanc. Cynibal), Lanc. Kyniqb, Ru. Lides, gen. sing., Ru. Ribaes, gen. sing., adj., Bew. Ribnae, ac. sing., Ru. Sigbehn, Bew. 16, Ru. On the d in these words see also Bulbring, Anglia Beiblatt, Julp-Aupt, 1898, p. 74. Tpords with C-BCCUD, "horntill. CnSt, Ru. Cristtus, Rew. Cwomu, Hu. Cyniburag, Bew. 7pordu with k-Kyniq, Bew., acc. sing. Kynigc, Ru. Uqket, pron. dual ace., Hu.

c and c in the HS. The early glossaries do not distinguish between c and d in any coneistent manner. In the Corpus Gloss (Sweet, Oldest E.T.) I can only find that k occurs twice: kylle, 231, kaeli'6, 1119. This gloss is early eighth century. The Epinal does not seem to have any example of k at all in English words. c is used in these gloweries both for the back and front sound, before all vowels. Ep. and Erfurt occasionally write -ci for the latter sound, as birciae, ' birch,' Ep. 792 and Erf. 1609 ; Erf. also bas ciae 240, ' a chough ' j Ep. at same place writes chyae. In West Saxon there is a pretty regular diphthongization of primitive front vowels after t in the later terb, aod before a and o an e is written, while Eu often appears as ciu-drencium, ecium, etc. (See Sievem, Angls. Gr., 3 206, p. 103.) In Kentish GUTTCRAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLU. 139 and Mercian c‘ doe8 not diphthongize. Kt., Merc. a = W.Y.a?, but Northumbrian (Rushw. and Lindiefarne) hesitates between a and ma. (Sievere, A.S. Or., 5 157, 3.) In Bcowu~kyning occurs four times with k, in lines 619, 665, 2,335, and 3,170; these are the only cases of k in the whole poem. In Cura Pmtoralia k ie used in both YS$.,but by far the greater number of the words in which it occum appear in other parts of the text, often on the same page, with c. The following is a list of all the cases I have found of k in this text as printed by Mr. Sweet (E.E.T.S., Jv and 1). The numbers refer to the page in Mr. Sweet’e edition. I have not always thought it worth while to say whether a word which occurs several times on a page is always in the aame case; thns, on p. 2 we have kyning and kynings, but the referenco is simply ‘ kyning 2 (twice).’ Cotton dlS. haa k (initidy) in the following words: kyning 2 (twice), 8, 32 (twice), 36, 38 (twice), 84, 90, 110, 112, 120, 144, 182, 186, 196, 252, 374; ky%an 2; kyUe 146, (geky5de) 150; kysonne 300, 310; angelkgnne 2, 6 (twice); kynn 84; kgnelic 84 (five times); akolige 150; krieft 152; karcernu 204; kyclum (darts) 296; koka (Cooks’ gen. pl.) 310 (three times); koloasensum 310. Medially k appears but rarely; the cases are : gioke 196, 200 ; koka (see above) ; aficoke (shake) 310. Thd ITatton HS. has the following examples of k initially: kyning 3 (twice), 9, 37, 39, 85, 91, 111, 113, 121, 145, 183, 197, 253, 375, 393 (twice) ; kynerices 6 ; ky%a?i 21 ; kg%anne 306, 363; geky%% 359; keled 57 (Cott. aled); kynelicne 85 (three times); kynn 85, 353; kenning 97; kystig 149, 327; kristes 213, 317, 323 ; kelncsse 309 ; koku 31 1 (three times) ; akenned 313 ; kynrena, kycglum 297 ; koklie, kokkum 459 ; kok 459, 461 ; kylle 469 (twice). Of medial k I hare found the following examples: geoke 197 ; gioke 201 ; koka 311 ; aecoke 311 ; ‘Sicke 329 ; fordikige 361, 383; aeker 411 ; kokke and kokkum 459; murkien 467. I have only found two examples of final -k: kok 459, 461. Professor Bulbriog (Anglia Beiblatt, February, 1899) has given an exhaustive account of the use of k in Rushworth’. I dieagree to a groat extent with hir. Bulbring’s views on the degree of ‘palatalization’ wbich took place in the North, so far as I understand his remarks on this subject in the above article, and in Anglia Beiblatt, July-August, 1898, p. 74, etc.; but as this subject will be discussed in another part of the present paper, 1.10 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN EXGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

I will do no more here than say that he seems to me, on thie particular point, to readon in a circle. It is assumed that in words like s6’61ice, cuplice, ewilce, etc., there mas a k-sound in the Northern dialects. But Farman, the writer of MS. Rush worth’, never write8 one, “ not even sometimes,” therefore, says Mr. Bulbring, he could not have been a Northerner. Now, as the arguments in favour of the statement that Northern dialects had the back eound in above words are of the slightest possible kind (see Bulbring, pp. 75 and 291), it would be rather more’ reasonable to assume that k does not appear in these words in this Northern MS. for the simple reason that C and not c was pro- nounced in the North. In the work known as Rushworth’, X. is not used at all. For thie sound ch is occasionally written, as folches, wlonches (see Bulbring, pp. 75 and 291, and Lindelof). Michil, etc., which occurs in the Durham Book (see Cook’s Glossary), seems also to be an example of ch for k. At my rate, ch wm a not uncommon symbol for X. in the latest O.E. and earliest M.K. period, aud we find epellings like Chingestone = Kingston, Chemere = Keymer in the Sussex Doomsday Book (ed. Parish, 1886). The spelling in Doomsday Book is, however, very irregular, and ch is not infrequently written for E. as in Berchlie = Birch, Berches ; Becho = Beech ; Bechingtone = Bechiugton. Chetel, a tonant’s namu, may be either Norse Rettil with c, or Engl. Chettle with d. On tho other hand, we find Calyingtone = ChaIvington ; Cerlcatonc = Charlston ; and Cicestre = Chicheeter (see lists of Place and Tenant’s Names, in Parish’s edition). In the Poterborough Chronicle (US. Laud, 636, ed. Thorpe, and recently Enrle) there seeme to be hardly any trace of k, except in foreign words, before the year 1122. Under Ann. 1091. we find, however, Kisresburh = Cherbourg, and under Ann. 1098 htwikinEan (but gemakian 1102). Otherwise, so far ae I can see, we find for both back and front sounds in this part of the text. With Ann. 1122, however, the handwriting changes and we now get kyq, king, etc., but a still is used for both eounde; thus we get circe, cinnesmen (Am. 1129). After 1135 k is used much more frequently, but by no means exclueively for the back outi id, and we find cursede (1137); and, on the other band, makede, awikee (1135), smoked, snakes (1 137). The spelling Kiaeresburh is curious, and seema to point to the fact that the French front eound of ch, whatever it was, differed from that QUITURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. 141

of English E, otherwise we should not find the rather fitrange comhinatiori kiae- in a text whero k is practically not used at all. It should be mentioned, however, that a little earlier in the =me text (1096) Campeine occur8 for ' Champagne.' To sum up, then, we can never be absolutely certain that any given c in O.E. is front unless it occur in A Runic form, accom- panied by diphthongidion of a following vowel, or after a vowel which shows 2'-umlaut. We cannot be absolutely certain thnt O.E. o is back except (1) from etymological considerations; (2) if it be written with a guttural rune, or with a k. But there are many cases when me have absolutely no evidence in O.E. at all. Thus, for instance, me know that seccan and awe hnd E, but we cannot affirm with equal certainty that the front sound occurred in 3rd sing. seep. We may now pass to d and c in Xiddle English, arid here me are on much firmer ground.

O.E. c apid 6 in ME.

In the early transition texts of twelfth century a certain confusion still prorails with regard to the spelling for O.E. c and 6; but on the wholc mc may sny that the use of ch for 6 is mcll established, and the deviations from this rulo may gcnerallp be cxplnined by the fact that many of these early tents are copied from older MYS. in which c is used indiscriminately. Thus, for examplc, in thc Kentish Gospcls (NS. Hntton, 38, circ. 1150), the influence of the old spelling is everywhere obvious. Ic this text we hart: c = O.E. d in secan, Lk. rix, 10 ; rice, Lk. xix, 14 ; micelen, Lk. xi, 4 ; ceastre, passim; cgldre, Lk. xviii, 15 ; wyrcc, Lk. xxu, 1 I. c' written ch : chyld, Mk. x, 24 ; gechure, Joli. XF, 16; cheapias, Lk. xix, 13; chyrcan, Mat. xvi, 18; chikcne, Nut. rxiii, 37; chalf, Lk. xv, 37; cheastre, Xat. iv, 13. The combination 66 is always written uc in thie text, and to this tliero is but one exception, in the word bishop, Joh. xi, 54. Thin is, 60 far as I can we aftcr a careful search, the only example of this spelling in the MS., and, I believe, the earliest example yet pointed out. Hatton, 38, has four ways of expressing back c: first, k; second, c or cc; third, ck; fourth, ck. On tho whole, it is correct to my that k and ck are generally written before front vowels, u before consonante and back vowels. Akenned, Joh. ix, 20; 142 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. taken, sb., Joh. ix, 16 ; sprmken, pret. pl., Job. ix, 22 ; drinke, Mat. vi, 32; kyng, Lk. xk, 38; but lockan, dat. pl., Joh. x, 2; lickeres, Mat. xxu, 18. Examples of c are : werces, sb., Joh. iv, 34 ; cd, Lk. xix, 38 ; bocc, Joh. xx, 30; clypeden, Mat. xxi, 19, etc. ch = k is not of frequent occurrence, and occurs principdlp in foreign words, aa chanan, fichtre. In the forms aiccheltw (eic), Mat. xxvii, 28, mcchele, Mat. xxviii, 31, seta6ch, Lk. xxii, 57, we have also apparently ch = k. The collection of Homilies in MS. Vespas, A. 22, is also Kentish, but about fifty years later than the Hatton Qospels. The spelling of the Homilies ia prac- tically that of the Gospels, and here again the O.E. version, from which they are copied, makes its influence felt. ch is used for E, but c is quite aa common; ch also ocours for c in dierchin; k apparently is not used at all. The so-callod Kentish Sermons (Laud, 471), circ. 1200-50, do not present the =me curious uncertainty in the UBB of c and ch, and the latter spelling is by this time aseured for the front sound, and k or ck are almost exclusively used for the back sound, though c is retained before I, etc. Examples : child (Epiph., etc.), chold = cold (Second Sermon; the same word ie alao written schald in same sermon), speche (Epiph.). kmkriche (Second Sermon), aeches (Epiph.) ; of k and ck: werkes (Epiph.), betocknej (Fifth Sermon), besokej (Second Sermon), akelj = chillcth (Second Sermon). ch is also used in this text for the front open consonant, as almichti (Epiph.), bricht (Epiph.), jurch, through (Second Sermon). In another Kentish text of the same period or a little earlier (Vices and Virtues) the same distinction between back and front c is regularly made. In the three Dortwtshire texts of this period-St. Juliana (prose rersion), 1200 ; Sawles Wade, 1210; and Ancren Riwle, 1225- clr is regularly written for the front sound, and c, k, or ck for tho back. We may therefore say, that from the beginning of the thirteenth century onwards, there is no further doubt in most texta, as to whether, in any given caw, we me dealing with the front or back sound.

Biatribution of c(k) and ch in M.E. In O.E. Germanic k is fronted in all dialects, in all cases where the circumstances admit of the fronting process-that is, GU~TURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WLD. 143

before original front vowels; and when it is the medium of the i-umlaut, probably also finally after front vowels. Under ordinary conditions this fronted E should become J in M.E. But in M.E. we are met with the fact that whereas in the South, fronting of this consonant takes place in nearly all cases where we should expect it to occur, in North Midland and Northern texts there are many apparent anomalies, and we find forms like eelten instead of when, thenken instead of thenchen, etc. Now, if these k forms occurred regularly in Northern and North Midland texts, if they were the only forms in these texts, and if the eh forms alone occurred in Southern texts, we should be justifiet! in assuming that the ch forms were the charactariatic representatives of O.E. E in the South, but that in North Midland and in the North, O.E. E was with equal regularity unfronted and made into k. Then we should also be justified in explaining those k forms which occur in Modern Standard English as Northern loan forms; the whole question would resolve itself into a question of geography, and there would be, so far as I can see, no further difficulties in connection with these k forms. But, unfortunately for this view, it turns out upon closer examination of the evidence, that not only are there plenty of ch forms in Northern texte, from a very early date in M.E., but that there are perhap quite as many k forms in the South. The evidence of the Mod. Engl. dialecte is quite an striking. Certainly there are far more k forms in the North than in the gouth, but there are too many k form in the latter group of dialects, and too many 01 forms in the former, to be accounted for merely by a theory of extensive borrowing. The theory for which I hope in the following pages to establish, at leaat, a very strong probability, is that the fronted and non- fronted forms exirked side by side, in the same dialects, at a certain period of O.E. I shall endeavour to show what were the special conditiona under which 6 became k. Having shown that these doublets could and did occur extensively in O.E., I shall hope to pmve that there is abundant reason to believe that for a certain time both forms were retained in the Southern dialects, and that Iahr on the Northern dialects showed a special pre- dilection for the -k forma, although they retained many -ch forms ; while in the South, althongh most of the -k forms were gradually eliminated, many survived, and still survive, alongside of the more frequent -Jforms. 114 GU‘ITURAL SOUNDS IN EKGLISH-H. G. WYLD.

I shall delay formulating the law for the origin of the -k forms, and a discuesion of its application and scope, until we have passed in review all the evidence I have collected for the development of the gutturals in N.E. and the modern dialects. This final discuesion will also include that of the so-called irregular dcvelop- menta of O.E. cg, g, and A, as I believe these are due to similar phonetic conditions. I shall not discuss hero the irregular development of initial O.E. E in kirk, kaff (=chaff), etc., as we are dealing only with medial and final c, etc. I giye here a few illustrations of the strange dialectal distribution of the ch and k forms in M.E., which the lists which follow exemplify more fully. k forms in Southern texts : Kentish Gospels has swinked; ilken. Vices and Virtues: beeeke%, beeekj, jeinkinde. Ayenbite : awreke, vb., smec, and smac, ‘ taste,’ waki, sb., ‘ watch,’ azcnkte, ilke, workinde. Libeau Desconus : pink), pricked. Wohunge : pik, sb. Ancr. Riwle: prikko, sb., SKUC (=‘such’), tukc5 ‘ chastiseth,’ stenk sb. Owle and Nightingale : tukest, ‘ twitchest.’ Sir Ferumbras (Devon, 1380): deke ‘ditch,’ prykie fib., reke * rich.’ ch forms in Northern texts: Cursor Mundi: rich, adj. ; wreche, sb. and adj.; speche sb., spech vb. ; xicche sb. Uinot: feched, ‘ motche,’ sb. Allit. Poems : biseche vb., aliche ‘ alike ’ ; dych sb. ; pich sb., soche vb., wrech ‘ vengeance.’ Catholicon : bechtre fagus, a leche medicus, nche copiosus, to teche, etc. Lcvins (Yorks, 1570) : ache, sb. and vb. (rhymes to spinache), bltlche, bletche, rich, pich, ditch, itche. Dunbar: siche ‘ such,’ streiche adj. ‘ stiff,’ teich vb. Wars of Alexander : liche ‘ a body,’ reche vb. (reach). Seche vb., 6khc ‘such.’ Havelok (N.E. Midl.) : lich ‘like,’ ich ‘ I,’ swich ‘ auch.’

Tirs fwma in -einte, etc. These forms of the p.p. and pret. do not appcnr to be very numerous, widely spread, or to have survived xuuch beyond the fifteenth century. I have noted only one, adreinte, in Minot; in Brunne, dregnt; in Xirc, i-queynt; in Chaucer, queynt, dreynte, and blepte ; in St. Juliana (metrical), adreynte. Most of my examples are from Rob. of Glos., who hae adreint, adreynt. aaeint, blenyte (= bleynte), dreinte, and dreynt. In this text occur also the fornis adrcincte, seeincte, and bleincte. The Leominster MS. (Had., 2,253) has dreynt, seint (sunk), wreint, from *wrenchen. Gaviu Uouglas has two examples in his poeme, QUTTURAL SOVNDS IN ENQLISH-H. c. WYLD. 145 hint and quent, which are perhaps the lateet examples. These forms could, so far as I can imagine, only arise while O.E. d wae still a front-stop consonant. They appear only before t. The procesa muet have been ae followe: front stop + point-teeth stop hecame by amimilation double, or long front stop; the preceding nasal hnd already been fronted, probably by the original single front stop. Thia heavy combination of front consonante developed a parasitic vowel after the e which went before it, giving *bleinace, etc. Such P form ae this might either become *bleinche or, by advancing the long-front stop to a point-teeth stop, bleinte, with eubsequent pointing of the front nasal. As tbe ending 4s waa required by analogy, €or the termination of preteritee and past participles, these latter changes were those which occurred. Forms like adreynct are obviouely new formatione, with the vowel combination of ‘ dreynte,’ and the consonantal peculiarity of forms like adrenk), etc. But in several texts the combination -nit becomes -mht without diphthongizing the preceding vowels, giving cmenchte, etc.; in this case C muat have early become a blade stop, with a strong glide after it, without fronting the n.

H.E. -ght, dC. 0.E. Lt. Chnucer has twight, pret. of twicchen, streight from strecchen, prighte from *pricchen. Rob. of Qlos., schrigte from *echricchen, pigt from *picchen, ctc. These forme are apparently due to a desire to avoid the combination -it. The front etop is opened, to a front open &oneonant before a following point-teeth stop. It is possible that ‘ blight’ in Mod. Engl. may be explained in thie way. We are quite justified in aseuming an O.E. vb., *blibian, *blecban ; for the form ‘ blichenyng = ‘mildew, blight ’ occure in Palladine on Huebondrie, while blecheat and bleche) occur in Ayenbite in the senae of ‘ to hurt, injure.’ The form blectha ‘ vitiligo ’ occurs in the Corpus C~~OEO.,Sweet, O.E.T., 1069, p. 107, and Wright-Wiilcker, 53. 28, which form, from *bledian, is analogous to O.E. gic%a, from 6iZan. Had blectha survived in M.E. we hould have got blekpe, just as we get gykje in Promptorium. But before the -t safar O.E. G‘ has been opened, as in pight, pright, etc. This explanation aeems more satisfactory than the negative reeulte obtained by Murrny in N.E.D., who, by the way, ignores the Corpue form, though he doubtfully qUOh8 ’ blichenyng ’ from Palladius. Phil. Truu. 1886-9. 10 146 OU~TURAL somIN ENGLISH-E. c. WLD.

Pronunciation 0fM.E. ch, cch, eta.

The date at which O.E. b acquired its present eound of point- teeth +blade-point-open conaonant, cannot be determined with precision. Most German echolam, as we have seen, attribute this pronunciation to b already in the O.E. period, and reasons against such a view have been advanced above. For Mr. Sweet's view8 on the question see H.E.S., pp. 193 and 291. He denies the existence of the sound in early M.E., but assumes it for late M.E.,hie earliest example of the spelling -tch being stretche, from Wicliffe. For a long time I practically agreed with this view, as the only carlier example of -fch which I knew was from Minot, who has wretche. I therefore asaumed that the middle of the fourteenth century was the earliest period at which the existence of the preaent sound could be proved. I have now, however, found two examples of tuh about a century earlier. Both are from E. Mid. texts; Qenesis and Exodus (circ. 1250) has fetchden (line 2,889), and the Bediary of same date has witches, eb. pl., 542. This reading, which is that of the MS., is, curiously enough, relegated to a footnote by Morris, who has restored wicchee in the text. Another early case of -tJ is in the Metrical Psalter (before 1300), which has wretchednea, Ps. 106, verse 10. From thew examplea it would perhaps seem that we ought to admit that ch had practically its present pronunciation, at least as early ae the middle of the thirteenth century. But Mr. Sweet tells me that he attaches no importance to the sporadic early spellings with -tch quoted above, EO that the question is still an open one. I record the facts, and leave echolam to draw their own conclusions. The -tch spellinge are in any case extremely rare, and the Promptorium ie tho earliest text in which they are fairly common. Here we have Iatchyn, watche, wetche, etc. Dunbar has wretchis, and the Complaynt of Scotland hae numerous spellings of the kind. From what has been eaid in the foregoing section regarding the dialectal distribution of the -ch and -k forms, it follows that Kluge'a remarks ((hmdriaa, p. 844) to the effect that O.E. Q, and by implication O.E. 6, mver reached the asnibilated etage of -dgs and -tch in the North of England, require some modification. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENCLISH-H. c. WYLD. 147

O.E. -d wae fully ultimately Rsaibilated in the North a8 well aa in the South, under similar conditions. There were factorr, however, which in some dialecte unfronted O.E. d before it got beyond the etage of front stop. These factore most certainly obtained in the South, so that there, at any rate, there were some d'e which never reached the aeeibilatod &age.

O.E. g. O.E. 6 represents a front and a back consonant. The front variety we shall write i;. O.E. i; has a double origin; it = (1) Germanic y, lndo-Germanic *i or *j; (2) Germanic *g, Indo-Germ. *gh. The back form of O.E. 6 = Germanic *g, Indo-Qerm. *gh. Examples of the O.E. 5 = Germ. g are O.E. gdr, 0.H.C). kana, Lit. (h)anser, Gk. xi.; cf. also 0. Bulg. qsl, etc., O.E. sit, 'a goat,' Goth. gaits, Lat. hsdue. Examples of O.E. 8 6 "J' are O.E. geoc, Goth. juk, Lat. jugum, 0. Bulg. igo, O.E. ~eong, Goth. jugge, Lat. juvencus. O.E. s = Germ. *g represents a back Bound, before all original back vowels and their mutations ; before O.E. rt a Germ. a before nasals; and before the consonante I, r, and n. It always repre- aenb the front sound when it - Germ. *j; and when P *g before original front vowels, and all O.E. diphthonge whatever their origin, and tho mutations of these; diphthongization ie a sure sign that the g which immediately precedes it ie a front g. The geminated 6 nearly always =. Germ. gj, and this in O.E. is alwape front. There are only a few words (such as dogga, frogEa, etc.) in which tho double 6 ie not of the above origin, and then it represents a back eound. Yediallp after vowels, and after Z, r, 8 may be either back or front, according to the nature of the preceding vowel. (See on above questions Sweet, H.E.S., pp. 146-149; A.S. Reader, xliii-xlvii ; Kluge, Orundriee, pp. 841-844 ; Sievere, An&. Or., $5 21 1-216.)

Pronunciation of O.E. g and f; and ig, As to the pronunciation of initial g, most scholars are aped that it was that of au open voice coneonant, back or front according to the condition8 ebted above. For statement of thin view, me 148 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYI.D.

Braune, Beitriige, Bd. i, p. 514, note; Ten Brink, Anglia, Bd. i, p. 515; Sievera, Anglia, i, p.575; Sievers, O.E. Gr., QQ 211, 212; Paul, P.B.B., i, pp. 173-183; Kluge, Grundriss, p. 841 ; Napier, Academy, February 22,1890, p. 123 ; Wright, Dialect of Windhili, 0 515; Btreitberg, Urgerm. Or., p. 120, etc., etc. Against thie formidable array of authoritiee, however, we have the weighty opinion of Mr. Sweet, who holde directly the contrary view: see Proceedings of Phil. h.,February, 1883; H.E.S., pp. 145, 146; A.S. Reader, pp. xlv, xlvi. Zupitza also, formerly expressed the opinion that initial t; was a atop (see Vorrede, p. vii, to his edition of Cynewulf’s Elene, 1877), but I learn from Professor Napier that he afterwards recanted this opinion. Mi. Sweet’s view in that O.E. initial g waa a back-voice stop, initial a a front-voice stop whether it = Qerm. *g or Germ. 9. Ae we are, on the present occasion, only discussing non-initial g, we need not weigh the arguments in favour of either view on the question of initial g, but may merely note in passing that Nr. Sweet has advanced some grave arguments in favour of his view, which have never been met or even properly discuseed by the other side, but at the Rame time it must be admitted that there are great difficulties in the way of the stop theory. Mr. Sweet admits, however, that probably was a front open coneonant in unstressed syllables. (A.S. Reader, s 123, p. xlvi.) With regard to non-initial a, opinion eeems to be unanimoue that medidly, between back vowels, e.g. in such words as saga, lagu, map, etc., and finally after back vowels, it represents the back open voice consonant. This is supposed to be proved by the fact that in later texts g in thia position is unvoiced, and become8 A after long back vowele, and after I and r (Sievers, Angle. Gr., 0 214): &en6h, %ah, stah, bedh, from older gen6g, bhq, stig, bealx, and the same appliee to front i; when, through syncope, it is brought into contact with a voicelesa consonant : stlhet, yrh%o, for stisst, yrgxo, etc. readily disappears hally aa a consonant after front vowels, and becomes -i, and even in Epinal we find pi, bodei. Aleo, before original syllabic n, 8 disappears, and produces wren, rin, from wqn, rep. In this connection, Sievere (5 214. 3) says that enll for snsegl ia not found until later on, but I have found snel in Epinal 611 (O.E.T.), or folio 14, line 9, of the faceimilc edition. The combination q waa unquestionably a nasal stop, front or back as the case might be (Sievera, 5 215). GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN EXGLISH-H. C. WTLD. 149

Geminated a is usually written a when it = Gem. gj, ond in this casc is invariably front, and a stop in O.E., bycgan, Goth. bugjan. According to Kluge (Or. 844) this combination (cg) expressed the modem assibilated pronunciation ‘ bald nach 900 ’ ; Sievrrs does not fix the date beyond saying that the O.E. cg was “ bereita ziemlich friihe zu palatalen affricaten . . . geworden.” The chief argument for this assumption eeems to be the spelling micgern, which, however, as Sievere admits, is “erst ziemlich spat belegt.” Profeseor Napier pointed out that midirnan occurs in Lorica, Glosa. 26, and it thus became evident that micprn =. O.H.Q. mittigmi. Hence it is argued that since cg here = & the pronunciation of cg as di ’ is proved. I cannot regard this as more convincing than is the orceard, ctc., ‘ proof ’ of the assibilated pronunciation ’of O.E. d. These spellings merely prove that dg and cg on one hand, tg and E on the other, were pronounced alike, but there is no reason at all for assuming that that common pronunciation was tch, or age; to my mind these spellings rather tend to confirm the view that d and cg were front stops. As has been already mentioned, the cases where geminated g is not Germ. *gj are rare. In frogg, dogga, etc., it Beems probable that there was a back-stop consonant. The combination -ng seems to hare been a back nasal followed by a back-stop consonant ; it ie often written -m.

Graphic distinction bstwsm g, i;, kg, gg.

The Runic inscriptions diatingnish between g and g. The following are from Vietor’e ‘‘ Nordhumbrieche Runensteinc.” The Rune for g (transcribed g) occurs in the following worda: aetgad!r)e, adv., Ruthw.; bigotten, pap., Ruthw.; bugs, vb., Ruthw. ; cpiburug, Bewc. : galgu, sb., Ruthw. ; gistiga, vb., Ruthw.; giwundad, p.p., Ruthw.; Qod, Ruthw.; hnag, let eing. pret., Ruthw.; modig, adj., Ruthw. ; eorgan, dat. pl. sb., Ruthw. The following words have the symbols for x (g) :- Sigbecun, eb., Bewc. ; alegun, 3rd pl. pret., Ruthw.; bergi, eb., Thornh.; &xed=, 3rd sing. pret., Ruthw.; Oeesus, Jeeus, Bewc.; &idmild, p.p., Ruthw. ; gstiga, inf., Ruthw. ; gstoddun, 3rd pl. pret., Ruthw. ; HilddiisJr), Hartlepool ; Igilsuip, Thornh. ; Limwaerignre, adj,, Huthw.; Dmgogmf, Ruthw. 150 GUTTCRAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD.

be in the case of c, 6, the manuscripts do not distinguish between 1; and ;f with perfect consistency, 60 that often the Round has to be inferred from the kind of vowela before or after it, and from the subsequent history of the word in the later language. In West Saxon initial 71 and d are very generally distinguished hy writing an a after the latter. In late texta the ’6- is often dropped altogether before #a and Eo, but on the other hand n % is often written before aa, 60, zb&= Base; aeornest ‘earnest,’ etc., in late Kentbh. (8ievers, Angls. Gr., 3 212, Anm. 2.) MediaUy after I and r i; is frequently written ig; byrig, m-jri$, fyligan, etc. ; occasionally, though rarely, ug is written after r and I for g, burug (Sievere, Angls. Gr., 213, Anm.). Medially and finally g is occasionally written gh: btgh, hulig, slbg, d&aghian,t6toghen, etc. (Sievers, Angls. Gr., $ 214, Anm. 5 ; Bweet, Reader, p. xlvii, 5 128.) The front stop is usually written cg : secg, hrycg, etc. Medially this combination is often followed by e or i, before a back vowel: secgea, secgium, etc. (Sievere, Angls. Gr., 5 216.) The back stop is generally written gg, frogga, dogga, etc., but occaaionally also cga, Barwicga (Sievere, Angls. Or., 0 216, 2). But the front or back sound is revealed by that of the following vowel, or, if the cg, etc., is final, by the preceding vowel (Bweot, A.S. Reader, p. xliv, 5 113). The spelling hiniongs for hingongm in Bede’s Death Song cun only be explained as being due to some analogy, perhaps with eode, unless it be a mistake of the foreign scribe. (Sweet, A.S. Beader, pp. 176 and 224.)

5, cg, do., in XE.

In M.E. texts of the thirteenth century and onwards, back and front 6 are clearly distinguished, and in many instances the stop is also distinguished from the open coneonant. The front stop is usnslly written gg, the back stop g, the front open coneonant g, and the back open consonant gh. This exactitude is, howover, only attained by degrees, nor do all MSS., even of a fairly late date, ehow unanimity in the employment of the symbols. For an elaborate account of the use of g cmd 6 in early M.E. M89. see Profewor Napier’a letter in The Academy, February 22, 1890. Out of the twenty MSS. here examined (all of the twelfth QU-ITURAL SOUNDS IX ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. 151

century) nine retain the O.E. ;3 in all caees, four have g in aU cases or use 6 only occasionally without any fixed rule, seven use both g and lj to distinguish between O.E. g and g. To this laat clam must now bo added XS. Cott., Vcspaa, A. 22, a Kentish MS. of the latter part of the twelfth century. Mr. Napier mentions this text aa one of those which he had not had an opportunity of examining. I made a careful examination of it with the following resulte: g occw sixty times; in the majority of these cases it = a back sound, sometimes, however, e stop, some- times an open consonant ; there are, however, a few C~WEin which it is apparently written for a front sound. 8 is written fifty times, generally for a front open consonant, but occasionally, perhaps by error, for a back consonant. I only found three cwes of g doubled ; in two of these it = O.E. 65, in the other it = a back open consonant-aggonnc. a does not OCCUT doubled. g appears initially in such words as be-gan, god, gaatcs, golde, gylt, grate, etc. ; medially in fugel, halegc, laglice, nigon, bugon, dagum, halgode; after n in anglene, strange, kingene, king, fengon, unglcnges, hungre. Spellings like bigeten, gif, gilt, nigon are probably scribal slips. The back open consonant iS several times written ch, as heretoche (O.E. horetogtr), burch (O.E. burg), purch (O.E. jurh), and doubtleea thia spelling implies the voiceless sound. ch and ?b are both written for the front open voiceless consonant, michti, lichte, mihti. g, on the other hand, occurs in giaf, gef, zief, -ongean, agen, foqiaf, xearnunge (thc second g here is doubtiess a scribal error), gife, sb., twegen, deige, dege (dat. sing.), upstixe, seg8, sorige, etc., in all of which words it = the front open sound. g represents thc back sound in dagen (dat. pl.), ogeh, laze, muge, magi, etc. In the Xentisb Gospels (Hatton NS., 38), as Mr. Napier has pointed out, (see letter in Acadmy above quoted), g and g are used with very fair regularity for back etop and front or back open sounds respectively. The word eye = ‘ eye,’ as Mr. Napior says, never occurs with i inserted before the a. This, he thinks, rather tancia to show that the original back sound (cf. Goth. augo) WBB not yet fronted. On the other hand, those g’s which were .front in O.E. often have ri, ai before them, ns in eaigde, rneigden, etc. The MS. B. 14. 52, in Trinity Coll., Cambridge (before lZOO), and MS. of Geneeis and Exodus in Corpus Chrieti Coll., 152 GGTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-TI. C. WYLD.

Cambridge, do not distinguish between stop and open, back and front coneonant, but write g throughout. For this information I am indebted to Mr. Henry Bradley, who asked Professor Skcat to examine the 3699. to decide the question. M9. Laud, 471, Kentish Sermons (ace Morris, OX. Misc., p. 21). haa g for back stop, gg for front stop, gh, w, for back open consonant, and y for front open. But of all the M.E.MSS. the Ormulum (Junius, 1) is the most carefully and phonetioally written, and Professor Napier has brought to light some important facts for our present purpose. (See “Notes on the Orthography of the Ormulum,” Oxford, 1893, also Acadcmy, 1890, p. 188.) The discovery of Xr. Napier was, that Orm uses a new symbol, y, a kind of compromise betwecn the English and the Continentnl g and g, to express the hack etop voice consonant. This symhol is ueed regularly in Orm’s MS. in such words as yodd, biginnen, egyinng, etc. It may be mentioned, in passing, that Kluge (Gr., 844) states on the strength of Napier’e paper that Orm had a special symbol for the sound in seggen, liggen, etc., while of course the whole point ie that Orm retains the ordinary Continental g for this sound, but uses his new symbol for the back stop. For the front open voice consonant Orm writes g, drigge, reggn, etc., and for the back open sound gh, laghe, hallghenn, aghenn, etc. The fact that he uses this eymbol in the word egbe=‘eye,’ showe that the original back sound of this word had not yet been fronted, and confirms Mr. Napier’s suggestion with regard to it in the Kentish Qospels.

Pronunciation of ALE. g, a. The main facts of pronunciation are clear enough and are practically contained in the above remarks, but there are one or two points which need a little further discussion. O.E. medial and final i5 after front vowels disappears in M.E.. having previously diphthongized the vowel, e.g. O.E. Gade. M.E. wide; maeze, M.E. meie, mei, eta. This is appears in the Orm. aa isis, and O.E. a, before it as a; naaalenn ‘to nail,’ cf. O.E. nsal; wagan, O.E. wmgn daga, O.E. d&, etc. The question is how soon did this is lose itn consonantal quality and become a mere vowel, presumably the high front wide (I). The answer Beems to be that Orm had .already lost the consonantal sound, for he writes for O.N. reisa, GUTTURAL SOUXDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. MLD. 153 regxsenn, where presumably -egg - b. It Beemi therefore reanon- able to assume that the combination azg - 31, 31, or even perhaps v. The Kentish Homilies (Vespaa, A. 22) write dmg, dmig, and dsei, and Lagamon has the same word spelt with and without the g, in several cases : dai, deie, dsexe, adaige, etc. ; tweige, ‘tweie ; eeie, eie, eiae, etc. = awe. A Worcester glossary of the twelfth century has already nseilsex, noraculum (cf. also remarks on O.E. g). St. Juliana(Proae version, Dorset, 1200) has meiden, deis, etc. ; Cursor Mundi (Yorke, 1300) has lies and lighes, 80 that it seems clear that we may safely regard Z, or zh, etc., in this position after a front vowel aa having ceascd to be a consonant before the end of the twelfth century, perhaps in all dialects. O.E. g between back vowels had, as we have seen, the sound of the back open consonant, and in the M.E. period sliows evidence of lip modification in many dialects, being written often -wgA, etc., and at last only w. O.E. Iagu, M.E. lawe, etc. This is a very early process, for in the Worm. Gloss. we find elbowe and heretowa (Wright-Wulcker, 536. 16 and 538. ZO), and in Kentish Sermons (Laud MA, 471), 1200-50, we find ‘we mowe,’ but also the traditional spelling -gh in daghen (dat. pl.), hghe, ‘law,’ etc. In Owle and Nightingale, Dorset, 1240-50, the Jesus M9. generally spells with w, the Cotton MS. with g or h: thus Cott. moreping, Jesus morewening ; Cott. fuheles, Jesus fowelea ; Cott hazel, Jesus hawel; Cott. hahe, Jesus hawe, etc.; but there are examples of g in Jesus and of w in Cotton. In most thirteenth- century MSS. both spellings are found. Will. of Shoreham rhymes both ifaxe and inage, to lawe. In Orm, however, this sound appears to be always written ah. In some cases, however, this g is stopped, e.g., Catholicon, fagynge, blandica, to fage, O.E. faienian. In those dialects where final g was unvoiced, the A thus produced shares the fate of primitive A. Final h wan also very early lip-modified, and then changed to a pure lip-teeth voiceless consonant, so that we get throf c O.E. purh, already in Will. of Shoreham. The word-lists which follow, will illustrate the development of the whole process, and its spread in the various dialects. In the modern dialects these O.E. g’a appear as back open voiceless consonants, a~ lip-teeth voiceless (Le. f),as lip-open voice consonants with back modification (i.e. w), or are often lost altogether, aa in Standard English, where such a word BB ‘ plough ’ has a pure diphthong finally in the pronunciation of moat 154 .QU’ITUBAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. educated speakers. It aeems almost impossible to formulate any rule for the dovelopment of O.E. medial and final I in X.E. and Mod. Engl., as all possible forms of it are often found in the mme texta and dialects. It ie difficult to determine at wbat date O.E. c‘x developed from thc front stop into the assibilated sound. The earliest example I have found of the introduction of a d occurs in Robt. of Brunne, 1337, who has ‘eedgeing’-eaying. The next exemples are a century later in Promptorium, 1440, where the spellings wedge, ~b.,alongside of wegge, sb. ; hedge sb., hedgyn vb., aro found ; and the spellings cokeedge, coksedgye, occur in a Norfolk will of 1467. But the usual epelling in all of these texts is certainly -gge, and this spelling seems to have continued, even in English words, far into the sixteenth century (see article “Bridge” in New Engl. Dict.). On the whole, both from the evidence of spelling, and from the fact that words of the rig and brig type have a rather different distribution in the Mod. dialects from those of the fick, dick type, it is possible that G and us were not developed quite on the same lines, and that the complete assibilation of the latter took place rather later than that of the former.

DMtribulion of fronted and unfrontsd 6~ in M.E.

This is a much more difficult question than the distribution of b and c, M.E. ch and k. It is impossible to tell fmm the earIy texts whether in any given word -gg, or g and c, represent the back or the front stop. All texts, with the exception of the Ormulum, write $9, dike in words like brigge and words like Gogge, so that elthough there is no doubt in Southern textv that gg in the former of these is fiont and in the latter back, in Midland and Northern texts there is generally no means of ascertaining .w.ith certainty whether, at a given date, a given dialect pronounced ‘ brig’ (a8 in Modern Scotch), or ‘ bridge.’ he we have men, the spellings with d arc scarce and late. Almost the only way to be absolutely certain that a word (of English origin) in M.E. was pronounced with a back stop, would be to find it rhyming with such a word aa the Scandinavian ‘leg.’ Guch rhymes, unfortunately, are rare. I am indebted to Yiea Xempe, of Lady Margaret’s Hall, Oxford, for calling my QUTCURAL SO~NDSIN ENQIJSH-11. c. WYLI). 155 attention, howerer, to n rhyme of this kind in MS. Laud, 595, upon which she i working. In this YS.,on fol. 227, verso, ocour tho 1h~-

“ He bade hem take him by the leggis And throwe him over into the seggis ” ; and this couplet ie frequently repeated. On fol. 213 of the same MS. the words figge and brigge are rhymed together. The hand- writing is in a scribal hand, apparently of the first quarter of the fifteenth century, and the dialect is evidently West Midland. There can, presumably, be no kind of doubt a8 to the pronunciation of brigge and seggis in the above case, namely, that the gg in both instances represents a back stop. On the other hand, it is very unsatisfactory work to examine rhymes in M.E. for light on this class of words, for not only are fiuch rhymes few and far between, but also we constantly find that both of the rhyming words are of the same class. Thus, such rhymes as ruggc-brugge (Laaaruon, vol. ii, p. 457, lines 18 and 19, both MSS.) are absolutely valueless, since they reveal nothing of the pronunciation of gg in theso two words. It seems probublo that they had the front-stop sound, and that is all that can be said. Again, it is not altogether eafe to trust to the evidence of the Mod. Dial., and infer that bemuse we find brig or seg in any district at the present time, therefore a similar pronunciation of these words obtained in that province in M.E. Seg, for instance, occure in Gloucestershire at the present day, but seem8 to be the only one of the O.E. -awords which has the -9 form. Kow, are we to regard this word in Glos. as a last survivor of a primitive atte of things, or as a modern importation from some other dialect, such as that of Hereford, Worceeterehire, or Warwickshire ? The Promptorium, as we have seen, has wedge and hedge; but do we assume therefrom a -age pronunciation for the worde spelt rygge, segge, brigge, etc., in the eame work? We are met with the diflculty that in Norfolk at the present dny they say rig, seg, brig, etc. Modern English dialects have many interesting qualities, and not a little is assuredly to be learned from them, but their study must always be in a way uneatiefactory from the neceamy uncertainty which exists as to whether thie or that peculiarity is really bdigenous to thia or that dialect in which we happen to find it. The speech of ruetics seems to be as fluid 156 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ESGLISH-H. C. WYLD. and variable as that of savages. When (ince a form of language has become the mere jargon of peasants, there ceases to be any etandad of correctness, any adherence to type. Thus it probably happens that a 4, or -ch, a -g, or -age form is often abandoned or adopted by a village community through such a simple accident as that of the squire’s coachman, or my lady’s femme de chambre, coming from some distant shire. This is what may and does happen, and it does not lighten the labonnt of the ‘dialectologist.’ Professor Wright gave me an interesting cam which practically happened under his own observation, in which a totally strange form was introduced into the Windhill dialect, and became the current form, entirely through the arrival in the village of a certain fumily who came from another district. The new form thus started gained a permanent footing in the dialect iu a single generation. And so with regard to the -9 forms, although I have added special lists showing their distribution in the Modern Dial., I cannot feel absolutely eure that anything very important ie thereby established. Are we in the presence of a primitive and very widespread phenomenon, or have we merely a most prodigious mixing up of dialect characters? Personally, I incline to the former view, and believe of the -9,an of the -k forms, that they are not originally a Northern characteristic, but that they existed side by side with the fronted forms, being later on eliminatcd in the South in favour of the latter. Be this 3s it may, a glance at the list ehowing the present distribution of these forms will show that Kluge’s statement (Grundriss, p. 844), “ Die formen mit g [meaning rig, seg, etc.] reichen siidlich bis Lincoln- shire,” will require very considorable modification. In fact, the remarks above with regard to the degree of fronting of O.E. d in the North, apply also to O.E. a.

111. H in 0.E. O.E. 1 represents Germ. h or X; Idg. *k. O.E. hikfod; Goth. haubik ; O.H.G. houpit ; Lat. caput, etc. O.E. Baht ; (30th. ahtan ; Lat. octo ; etc. .H occurs in O.E. initially before all vowels, before the consonants w, I, r, n ; it also occurs medially and finally. QUITURAL SOUNDS IN BNGLISH-H. c. WYLD. 157

Pronunciation of h in O.E. Initially, before vowels, h was a mere breath glide in O.E. (Sweet, H.E.S., Q 497; Sievers, A.S. Gr., f 217). Before I, A, r, 10, it probdbly in the oldest English period preserved an independent sound, whether as mere breath or a3 u weak open coneonant. This etnge is proved by such a metathesis aa horn for hros (Sweet, H.E.S., Q 501). Later on, in this position h probably ceased to have an independent sound, and merely unvoiced the following J, 7, etc. (Sievers, A.S. Qr., 0 217; Sweet, H.E.S., Q 501). Medid h, between vowels, was mere breath, and in later texts is dropped altogether, though still preserved in Epinal in suchoras, W.S. aweoras, ‘fathers-in-law,’ etc. (H.E.S., 0 498). JZ was originally, undoubtedly a back open cousonant when doubled, and before 8, ), f; in the combination ht it must have had the sound of a front open consonant in later W.S., for it fronts the preceding vowel, as in nicht, cnicht. In Epinal h is writteu c, ch, hch when it =. an open consonant, whether back or front ; for -ht Epincil generully has ct. (For above statement, with the exception of remarks on A before J, f, j, aee H.E.S., § 502.) When A etands by the apocopation of a vowel, before an open consonant, it is dropped in tho Anglian dialecte, but preserved in W.8. and Kt.; W.S., siehst, sieh), niehet, but in the Mercian Psalter, geels, gesl), nest (Sweet, H.E.S., f 504.) The combination L is frequently written 2, (1) whether it be already Germ., as 0x8, Goth. auhsa; or (2) whether it arises in O.E. iblf, ~FJsiehst, written commonly eyxt, etc. (Sievera, A.S. Gr., 5 221, Anm. 3 and 4). Sievers believes that the pronunciation of this later z was that of back open consonant + 8. The evidence against such a view appears to me overwhelming. I believe that the combination in was pronounced kr, whatever its origin, from a wry early period, i.e., that the back open consonant became a back stop before a following open consonant. The spelling with z seems to prove this, for there ia no evidence that t WIU ever pronounced otherwiee than b. No one doubta, presumably, that in arian, where it I kr, by metatheeie from *-rk, the t wan pronounced kr (we also Kluge, Grundr., p. 850). Now this word ie sometimes written ihsian, bhxian, which shorr that b could be used to represent the aound of k, ; when, therefore, we dad *h and *h both written alike, whether ao L or x, it ir 158 GU~URALsouNns IN EIWLISK-H. c. WYLD.

surely reasonable to conclude that they were pronounced alike. That common pronunciation must have been ka, and not open consonant + a, for we have no reason to believe that in axian x ever could hare been thus pronounced. h + f and j = k will be discuRsed later on. Sweet thinks that O.E. x, whether = Qerm. *h or ka, was pronounced -ka. (A.S. Reader, Q 159.)

H in X.E. (See Sweet, H.E.8., QQ 720-727 ; Kluge, Qrundr., pp. 847-50.) Mr. Sweet shoitly sums up the matter of nninitial h in M.E. by saying that O.E.h was split into two sounds ; the back and the front open breath consonants, the former of which was rounded .(or lip-modified) in M.E. This clacla has already been mentioned above as sharing the fortunes of O.E. unvoiced 8. Fronted h in most dialecta seems to have been voiced at an early period, and opened to a front vowel. The O.E. combination -ht appears in Early M.E. texts as -cht, hl, at. Thus Vespaa, A. 22, has -cht in dochtren, michte, echt (‘pomessions’), ht in almihtig. The Laud MS. of the Kentish Bermons writes -cht, licht, bricht, etc. Laxamon has dohter (both MSS.); douter, dogter, dochter, and .dotter in Y8. Caligr. A, ix. ; brofte, brohtc, in MS. Otho, csiii ; briht in both MSS. Orm baa ht, hht, lihht, wahht, etc. Libeaus Desconue (middle of fourteenth century) has -gt, kniat, sogt, wiat, etc. In Piers Plowman we generalIy find 4,but occasionally ale0 -gk Genesis and Exodua have -ct and gt, Bestiary gt ; but the later East Midland texts, English Guilds, R. of Bmnue, Promptonurn, and nokenham on the whole prefer -ght, but occasionally write -eM, etc. Tho Yorkahire texts all seem to prefer -gM, and the Gcotch texts, which of course are later, generally write -cht. It is not easy to decide at what date the back consonant in thie combination waa dropped. In 6cotland and the extreme North of England it still survives. In the South, however, and in the atandad language it Beems to have dieappeared fairly early. Sweet (H.E.S., $5 889-895) gives the somewhat contradictory stntements of English writers on pronunciation from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, but does not express .any opinion aa to the period at which -gh ceased to be pronounoed. He says, however (E 727), that the fact that Lagamon sometimes writes almiten, broute, “ can hardly indicsto an actual loss of the consonant themselves, bat is rather a part of the general loosenees GUlTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. 159 in the writing of h, and also of that unwillingness to use it in a strong consonantal value which afterwards leads to the general use of gh.” If ;3 or h were only left out in places where one would expect to find it, as in the cases quoted by Mr. Sweet, it might be possible to say that the symbol was left out through carelessness, though the sound was still retained, although this does not seem very probable in this case, as the omission is fairly frequent, from a very early date. But when we find that g is also occasionally introduced before t in words where it does not belong, then I think we must conclude that in the dialect, and at the period in which this occurs, the O.E. combination -hi had ceaeed to be pronounced even when written according to tradition, and that most certainly it was not pronounced in words where it had never existed. Besides the cases in Laaamon, alredy quoted, I have found the following of It, gA, etc., omitted : Hali Xeidenhed (1225), nawt = O.E. nawiht ; Will. of Shoreham (1315), wyth-thoute, which rhymes to nouste (but Conmth reads wij thoute = ‘thought,’ here) ; Will. of Palerne (1350)’ bit, rit (and rixt). In Songs and Carols (1400) occur dowter, nyte, and bryte. Ten Brink (Chaucet‘s Sprache, 2” And., Kluge, 1899), 5 121, Anm., p. 83, refers to the Six-text edition, 473/2335, where plit = plight ’ rhymes with tippetit. I am unable to find this passage in Mr. Skeat’s six-roliime edition of Chaucer. A striking example of an intrusive x occum in Will. of Shoreham, p. 6 (Percy SOC.,1849), where foxte is written for fote, and in 6t. Editha (1400) out ie spelt owxt twice. In spite of the ambiguous statemunta of SnleRbury and his contemporaries, there can be little doubt that all trace of the A had ditrappeured in the time of Surrey and Wyat, who constantly write delight, spight, spright. etc. (I gavo a complete list of these spellings in Notes and Quarks, Feb. 27, 1897.) For a lkt of spelling8 like bight, quight, etc., in Spenser, nee Ellis, E.E.P., pt. iii, p. 863. For an account of Tusser’e spellings (maight = ‘ wait,’ etc.) see Payne and Heritage’s edition of the I‘ Five Hundred Pointes,” E.D.S., 1878. 160 GUITURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH--13. c. WYL~.

IV.

WORD-LI8T8. M.E. WOED-LISTS. The following M.E. word-lists are all from texte which have been edited, although in some instances I hare taken my forms from the MS. itself. To save space, I have refrained from gidng references in the case of those texts for which more or Iese copious glossaries exid, and the reader is referred to the glossary itself to verify B form. But I hare in such caws generally mentioned the MS. from which the form comes, if the glossary from which it is taken ia based upon several vcraions. In the case of those word-lists which are taken from the body of a printed text, or from a MS. for which no glossary exists, I hare referred to the page, chapter, or line of the printed edition a8 was moet convenient. Most of the references explain themselves, but it is perhaps as well to say that in the case of Lagamon, words without my mark occur in MS. Cott. Calix., A. ix ; those which have - in front of them occur in both MSS.; those in brackets, only in XS. Otho, c. xiii. The order of the word-lists, which corresponde to that of the list of texts, a8 will be seen, is chronological 80 far ae possible within each dialect or group of dialects. The geographical order ie from North to South and from West to Eaet. The Northern (Eng.) texts are all from Yorkahire. The Midland section begins with North-West Midland, and works, as far as possible, straight acroee to East Midland, then goes back to Mid-West Midland, and strAight acroee again to the East Xidland, and so on. This plan eeemed to me the mmpleet after careful consideration, and, after all, any system of arrangement which is consistent, will fulfil its purpoee of giving a picture of the organic interrelatione of the dialects.

THE XODEllN DIALE~WOXD-LISTB. In the word-liata of the Modern English Dialects I hare endeavoured to give every form in each dialect that ia interesting or 'irregular' among the different clansea. The eystem of classification of the forms themselves is in one iense not a perfect GUlTURhL SOUNDS IN BNGLISH-H. C. WY1.D. 161 one, but I have adopted it to mve space, and too numerous subdivisions. I refer to tho fact that I have often grouped together words which originallF belonged to different categories, but which in tho Modern language have been levelled under one group. Thus, taking the dialecta as they are, I hare, for example, put into one class all words with final or medial k, which includes : (1) words which have c in O.E. and which me should expect to have the back atop now ; (2) which have d in O.E. and which we should expect to hare -d,but which have -k in this or that dialect. Tho M.E. forms are grouped on the same principle. Some of the lists may not be thought copious enough, other8 are perhaps too full. In tho case of ordinary forms it doee not follow that because they occur in one list and not in another, that they therefore do not exist in that dialect, but in the case of ‘irregular’ words like lig, brig, flick, and so on, I have endeavoured to mention them in each dialect where they exist ; therefore, if such a word is not found in a word-list it may be assumed that it does not occur in that dialect. At the same time, though great pains have becn taken in this matter, it would be absurd to pretend that no word of importance has been overlooked. In dealing with so large 3 body of material it ie inevitable that one man should make an occasional slip. In making the lists which show the diatribution through the modern dialecta of upwards of sixty words I Lave, in those cams where it was possible. checked my results by Professor Wright’s 1)ictionary.

11 162 QUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

I.

Non-initial k, c, ck in X.E. Barbour. Blek. ‘ blocking.’ Breik, ‘ breeches.’ Abak, ‘backwards.’ Clek, sb., ‘ hatch.’ Brak, ‘ broke.’ Cleik, vb., ‘ seize.’ Cr kkis, ‘Cree:? Rinryk. DiE, ‘ a trench. ~ Leik, ‘ dead body.’ Ec, ‘ eke ’ (conj; ., Keke, vb. lc, Ik, and I= . Sic, ‘ such.’ Sekir, ‘ sure.’ Seik, ‘ to seek.’ vb. Srnowk, sb. EEi 1 Skqke, vb. Seik. guke, ‘ itching.’ Sik, ‘such.’ Slak, ‘ a hollow place.’ Slyk, ‘ slime.’ Gav. Dorqlaa, 1475-1522. SDek. ‘ speech.’ Beik, ‘a beak.’ Spek; vb: Beseik, vb. Gtakkar, vb., ‘dagger.’ Bike, ‘3 bive.’ Stekand. Brak, adj ., ‘ salt.’ Strak, ’ straight.’ Ihkill, ‘ unsettled, brittle.’ Strekyt, ‘ Stricken.’ Clukis, ‘ claws, ,clutches.’ Strekit, ‘ stretched.’ Elbok, ‘ elbow. Strikand, ‘ striking.’ Swak, ‘a blow.’ Sykes, ‘ trenches.’ Takyn, ‘ a token.’ Thik, adj. Nokkie. ‘ notches.’ Thek, nb. I’ick. sb., ‘ pitch.’ Reik, ‘ reek.’ Preik. \rb., ‘ gallop.’ Reik, ‘ to reach.’ Knlikis, ‘ (he) reeks.’ Rec, I reck.’ Kaliles, ‘ reckless.’ Saik, ‘nske.’ Keik. sb., ‘ smoke.’ Oulk = onk, ‘ wmk.’ Rekand, pnrt. prea. Pikkis, ‘ pickaxes.’ Reik, yb., ‘ reach.’ Pik. ‘ pitch.’ Rekand, ‘ stretching.’ Screik 6 shriek.’ PP:: PP:: 1 vb* Scrike 1 sb** Jik, vb., ‘ pleaae.’ Siclik, ‘ such.’ Jik, ‘ likely.’ Slekit, adj. Luk, vb. Slike, ‘ mud, slime.’ Snuk, sb.. ’snatch, short time.’ ;:;$e ;:;$e 1 Stakkir, vb. Ik, ‘ also.’ Swyk, vb., ‘ assuage.’ Vikkid, ‘ poor, SOT;’ Thekyt Wouk, kept watch. Th,.kfi f p.p., ‘ thatched.’ Kinrik, ‘kingdom.’ Wreikis, 1 prffl. pl.

ndmr, B. Lothian, 1460-1520- colltpl. of Scotl., 1549. Ilcswik, vh., ‘ deceive.’ Acqunms, ‘ acorns.’ Beseik, vb. Uaik, vb. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. 163

Bekkis, ‘bow, curtaies.’ dfinnt, Yorks., 1333-52. Blac, adj. Dikes, ‘dikes.’ i Dik, ‘bank.’ Reik, ‘smoke.’ Kyorik. Seik, vb. I Priked, p.p. Smenk. Thak, sb. Prk. of hue., Parka., before 1349. Quyk, adj. Rreke, 9b. Buk, ‘a buck.’ Cloke, ‘a claw.’ Netrical Psalter, Parka., kfme 1300. vb., ‘ increase.’ Bi-taking, 38. 13, passim. i g2e 1 Dyke, sb., 7. 16. Fickle, adj. (he) Ekes, 40. 9. Layk, ‘ to play.’ Oriking, 46. 6 and 77. 34 (at the ! Like, ‘ to please.’ latter place Egerton Loke, vb. MS. has I €+gin&. Mikel, adj. to am Like, 48. 21. Nek, sb. Mitel, 34. 18 Prike, vb. i Pyk, sb. Mikel-hede, s‘8. I Pricked. p.p., 31. 4. I Reke, sb., smoke.’ Reke, sb., 36. 20. Reke, ‘ care.’ for to Reek, 109. 4. ! Sake, ‘ fault.’ Siker, ad‘ Ike = ? Skrike, vb: I Slake, vb., ‘ quench, mitigate.’ ‘6 Till aghe-fulle and ai ike I At ldnges of erthe pat nke.” ~~~~,\vb., ‘ to slake.’ 15. 12. Souke, ‘ to suck.’ ‘incense,’ 140. 2. Rekles, Strykly, adv., 4 direct.’ Rike, ‘ kingdom,’ 44. 7. i W3 .k, adj., ‘ weak.’ on Gekes, 7. 6. my{, ‘ horrid,’ bad.’ Land, 9. 10. Seked,L p.p., 16. Soth-like, 26. 10. Sir Gaw., North., 1366. Slike, ‘ such,’ 84. 8. Stiked, 3rd pl. ret., 37. 3. Eke, ‘else.’ Wiccand, LWitc\ing, charming,’ MS. Fyked, ‘shrank, wm troubled.’ E erton, other YSS. ‘ wiwhand.’ I Wreier, ‘avenger, 8.3. 1 i Cumw dittndi, Ymks., 1300. I Townl. Nyat., Ymkr., 1450. Beeeke I Cloke. vb.. ‘ seize.’ Freck, ’ a man.’ Pik, ;pitch.’ Ilik, ndv. Shryke, ‘ to shriek;’ Limm, ‘ corpw.’ i Twyk, ‘to twitch. Mak, ‘ a mate.’ Mikel i Vrt.- Wrkt.. xviii, Northex, Ear& Mikil 1 Ftftmith Century. Pik, Rb.. ‘ pitch.’ Reck, vh., ‘care.’ 1 Bckylle. Prick, sb. Maicke, ‘mag ot.’ Prik (Fairf.) . Moke, ‘ moth.6 Rik, adj. S .ke, ‘ gutter.’ Bek, vb., ‘ Reek.’ I Thekare. Spek, sb. (also Specbe). Flvk (of bacon). Spek, vb., and Spech. Reke, ‘ fumes.’ 164 QUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD.

Wary of Ah., l‘orkr., Late Fifteenth a Strykylle, ’ hostonurn.’ Cm t ury. to Take away. a Taket. ‘cla~iculw.’ Akiq, pres. sin ‘ (it) aches.’ Hekels Bcseke, D. an$;. RekYls \ 6 incemm.’ Bewche, D. and A. Cf. Rechles, her. Hiw. Cleke, vb., ‘ clytch. Rreke, ‘ breeks. Levins, Yotks., 1570. ‘ditch.’ g!t: 1 Blacke. adj. Freke, ‘ a man.’ to Bleck (and bletch) ‘ nig-rarc.’ Kokel, ‘ sbnky, unukadfast.’ Flick (and flitch) of bacon. Lnike, sb., ‘ sport,’ etc. Prick, vb. Lekc, sb., ‘ leek.’ Scrcalie. Licken, vb. Whake := ‘ quake.’ Mekill, great.’ Bishoprich. Pik. sb. to Seeke. Rckc. ‘smoke.’ Seekc, adj. Rekils, ‘ odour.’ Reek, sb., ‘smoke.’ ‘ such.’ Cbcko. E$te\ to Wreck, ‘ vindicare.’ Strekis, ‘ it stretches.’ Eke, vb. Scke, vb. Meeke, adj. Skrike. sb. Cleake, vb., ‘ snatch.’ Schrikis, prcs. pl. vb. to Breuke. Wreke, vb., wreak. Smaeke, sb. nnd vb., ‘ taste.’ Snackc, sb. and vb.. ‘ bitc.’ Heck. sb., ‘ a hatch.’ Catholicotr, I-mis., 1483. Heckfure, sb., ‘heifer.’ (IIeckfar, IIuloet.) a Thcker. ‘ tector.’ Allit. P.,Laiiee., 1360. Ake, quercus. to Alie. %c:id j . a Bakbone. Blayke, ‘ pale in colour.’ a Bck, ‘ torrcns.’ Byswyke, ‘to defraud.’ Illak, adj. F kcl, ‘ fickle.’ to Breke, ‘ franpre.’ dkc, ‘also.’ to Dike. Likke, ‘to sip, drink.’ to Eke. ubi ‘to helpe,’ (notc, cf. Jetch Palsgrave). ”,p f 1 mate.’ n F1 ke of bacon. Makcles, matchly.’ WicL, ~wterw Sykande, ‘ nighing. a W Ire, of ye egP, (Tfihyte, 4). Wreke, p.p., ‘ avenged.’ a de,prmm. Mikill, a 1. $;ike} wicked.’ a Wake, ‘vigilia.’ a Kyke, ‘ a nick, notch.’ Nett. Rom., Lam., 1420. ) ph, bitumen.’ Bake, ‘back.’ to P ke, ‘pnngere.’ Beken, vb., ‘ command.’ a -7. Blake, vb., ‘ blacken.’ to Seryke. Makelest (‘ most mnta?ltm’ P). S ker, ‘eec~uas.’ Makeles, ‘ matchless. Sr ke I ‘much.’ a Lie. Reke, sb. and vb. Pr&; ;p away.’ Bekyn e. e) amok@.’ to SpL. Bqken, vb., ‘shriek.’ GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH--R. C. WPLD. 165

he) Sekes, ‘swks.’ Final c in Orin. keke, ‘ sick.’ Am.. ‘but.’ (he) Sikea. ‘ sighs.’ Bac biking, ‘ sighing.’ Bacc 1 ‘back.’ Hikes, ‘ slides.’ Bacch ! Spekes, inf. Bucc, ‘ goat.’ to Wake, ‘watch.’ Boc, ‘book.’ Worlike! ‘worthy.’ Bracc, ‘ broke.’ Wort elk. Ec, ‘ alao.’ Wrake, ‘ destruction.’ Flocc. ICC, ‘ I.’ B. of Brttntu, Lbcs., 1338. Lsc. Breke, p.p. Lac, ‘gift.’ Brek, sb. Ifeoc‘ meek.’ Ddlvk, ndj. Mec 1 Dik.’* ditch.’ Lak, rb., ‘ play.’ SecSeoc ] ‘6ick.’ Prvkel. Smw, eb. PGked, p.p. Tl’ic, ‘ dwelling.’ Skke, vb., ‘ stick.’ Smacc, ‘ taste.’ Sykes, ‘ furrow, watercourses.’ Wac, ‘weak.’ pakkea, ab. pl. Eorplic. pikke, adj. Lic (and lich), ‘body.’ Wycke, adj.

Om., Lined., 1200. Hauelok, N.E. ~Uidl.,1300. Bakesst. Swike, deceiver.’ Becnenn. Swikel, ‘ deceitful.’ Bilokenn, ‘ consider.’ Biaeken, vb. Bierikenn, ‘ betray.’ Bitaken, ‘ deliver over.’ Bitcecnenn, ‘ betoken.: Bleike, ‘ pale, wan.’ Biwokenn, ‘ watched. Breken, vb. Bokes. Dike, ‘ditch.’ Bruknenn. ‘ enify.’ Ek, ‘ also.‘ Fakenn, ‘ exile. Fikel, adj. Forreakep). Hic, ‘I.’ Huccesteress. Ekenn, ‘ to increase.’ MikelL Makenn. Likenn, ‘to like.’ Seken; vb. Sienedd. S ke, 'speech.' Bake, ‘ strife.’ xken, ‘ watch.’ Sikenn. Wicke Tacnenn. Takenn. Wikke Swikedom. Wreken, vb., ’avenge.’ Btake. Btikkes. pl. Btekenn, ‘ to ahut.’ Eali Hekienhtai, FV. Aiidl., 1226. Spekeun. Sikenn, ‘to nigh.’ Pricunges, 3rd. Siker. . Prikien, vb. 3rd pl. Strncinn, perf. Licke8, 3rd sing. Wuke, ‘week.’ Cwike, adj. Wikken, ‘ duty, office.’ Siken, inf. 27, ‘to eigh.’ Watemenn. ‘ watchmen.’ Ake vb l., 31. Wicke, Witke, ‘ mean. wicked.’ huk, hie,* dat. ~ing. Wrekenn, vb., ‘ avenge.’ Schucke, ‘devil,’ 41. 166 GUTTURAL SOUWDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WTI.D.

Will. of Pal., V.Afidl., 1350. Blac, adj. BW. Biker, ‘ a fight.’ Bock.] Diked, ‘ dug out.’ $rockel, badgem.’ Freke, ‘ II man.’ Buken, ‘ bellies,’ d. pl. Hakernerc, ‘ mms.’ Crakeden. Layke, vb., ‘ play.’ Dic, ‘ ditch.’ Prike, vb. Drake, ‘ dragon.’ Siken, ‘ sigh.’ Floc, ‘ host.’ Stiked, Flocke, d. Wake, v%‘:‘, watch.’ Hoker, ‘ contempt.’ evil. Ic and ich, ‘ I.’ $zke} Pic-foreken, d. pl. Bmokien, vb., ‘to smoke.’ diirc, Saalop, 1400. Specken} 6 speak.’ Lychwake, sb. Speken Quyke, ’ alive.’ Spke, ‘ speech.: Stoke, ‘ duck.’ Snike, ’ betray. Peke, ‘ also.’ Taken Token ) NS. Harl., 2,263, Heraf., 1310. Aken, vb. B swiken, p.p. .Wort Brykep. Worch] Blak, adj., ‘black.’ Worck] Blac, ‘ pule.’ Cweccte] from quecchen. Eke, ‘also.’ itaken, deliver, give ’ (and bi-taxhe). Make, ‘ mate.’ Mukel, adj. Songs mid Cur., Tam., 1400. Prikyares, sb. pl. Rykene, vb. (I) Beseke, 13. Sike, 1 sing. pres. Prykke (id.), 73. Smok, ‘ a garment.’ Spekest. Rmtpt., Nwf., 1440. Swyke, sb., ‘traitor.’ }eb. Wicke, adj. ”:’,: Akyn, vb. Wwc. Qlorr., Twclflh Centwry. Alyke. Bake, ‘ veaprtilio.’ Bakern, ‘ pistrionun.’ Bleke, ‘ atramenturn.’ Siker, ‘ tutus.’ Blak, ‘ am.’ Bticke, ‘ re*.’ Dyke, ‘ fow.’ Werc, ‘ opns. Flykke (of bacon). Slac, ‘ piger.’ Froke. Oc, ‘ quercus.’ Hec, or IEek, or Hetche (of a dor) Lax., Wwcs., 1205. Hekele, ‘ matasca.’ Abake. Abac. Zke, ec, eek, etc., etc., ‘plw.’ Brendmeke, ‘ messenger. Aswike, ‘ we cease.’ At-wke, ‘ forsake.’ Awakien, ’ to awake.’ Blikien, vb., ‘ ehine.’ Blakien. QUTrURAL B0UXL)S IN ENGLISH-H. C. WTLD. 167

h’mfolk Guildr, 1389. k dially in Chauwr. Worche fulleke, 87. Aken, vb. Fialeie, 54. Aking. nskylfulleche nnd -lik, 55. Acornes. Bake, vb. Biseken, vb. Bitake, vb. Butiary, E. Midl., 1250. Breke, vb. Barlic, 291. Brekke, sb., flaw.’ Bec, ‘beak,’ 58. Darketh, vb. Bitterlike, 481. Derken, vb. Borlic, ‘ burly,’ 605. Derke, sb. Ic, 54. Dokke, sb. Lic, sb., 797. Drake. Mikle, 648. Fikelneeae. Yikel, 235. Flikere, vb. Quike, adj., 341. Halke. GekeE, 62, 132. Forsake. Bpeken, 692. Hakke. Swk, ‘ such,’ 193. Herke, vb. Biswike, 429. Herknen, vb. Wakes, 47. Lich-wake. Wikke, ad]., 593. Loke, vb. Lokkea of hair). Make, v\. Make, ab. i3eneau and Ezdtn, Sufolk, 1250. Meke, adj. Biluken, p.p. Pekke, vb. Biseke}Biaek imperat. Kekke, ab. Nake, vb. Bieeken, id. Mikel, adj. BliBelike, adv. Piken, vb. Dik, ‘ ditch.’ Priken, vb. Diken. pl. Prikke, sb. Forsake, ‘ deny.’ P ke, vb. Hie. ‘I.’ Prukke, vb. I-Geke, I avenged.’ Pokkes, sb. Lik, ‘like.’ Rake, sb. Likede, ‘pleased.’ Reeke, vb. (8180 reechen). Rekene, vb. Miu >‘great.’ Rekith = ‘ emokm.’ ?Michi]) Siker, adj. nkeE, ‘ pncks, spars.’ Sake. Reklefat, ’ a censer.’ 8like. Seken, ‘ to seek.’ Smoke, sb. Smaken, ‘ to scent.’ Souke, vb. Swike, ‘ unfaithful.’ Speke, vb. Strekede, * stretched.’ Stiken, vb. 8 ken, vb. Stikke, sb. Tr ikke, ‘ wicked.’ Strake, vb. Upreketi, ‘ up-reeks.’ Stroke, vb. Stryke, vb. Syke, vb. (I sigh ’). Takel. Bokenham, &folk, &fore 1449. Thakketh, vb. L k, S. Anne, 427. Thikke, adj. Flykke, Ch. 859 Waker, adj. W kke. Ch. 836: Wake, vb. Sere, inf. (and Seche). TriWed, vb. 168 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN EKGLIGA-H. c. WYLD.

Sike, vb., ' nigh.' Weke, ad' Wreke, vt I Snike, sb., ' villain.' Wikked, adj. Wikke, adj. P. Plowm., Glor., 1362-93. Biseke. k pna& in Chaw. Dike \ Bak. l)ik J Beek, beak.' Dickers = ' ditchera.' Blak, edj. Frek Book. Fraik. etc.} 'man.' Bouk (of tree). Ik and y, pronoun. Brok. Iikarn ' corpse, body.' Buk. Licam 1 Eck, also.' Prikkyth. Hook. Prike Ik, pr. s&$, seighed.' Lak. Leek (plant). WiLke) dJ* Look, sb. Ryke, adj. Ook (tree). Sak. Seek, 'sick.' Sir Fer., Dmm, 1380. Smok, a a smoke.' Crnke, ' crack.' Wrak, sb. Freke, man.' Stryk, stroke.' Make, ' mate.' Syk, ' a nigh.' Bespeken. Be-snyke, a deceive.' Vyclife. Deke, 'ditch.' P kie, 'ride,.' Bregyn e k; x. Rse, rich. Prick$ GM. Wikke a violent.' Quik, alive,' X. Wycke f hard, painful.' Recke, to we,' x. Quyke, ad]. Seke, vb., X. Sykynge, * sighing.' Sike, ' search hb,' x. $1. Edilha, TiZta.p 1440. St. Cath., Oh., 1200. ., ' itch,' 3,388. Aswikep, ' CeMUa.' crykede,vb 1,671. Swike, pres. optat. rke* Freken, ' champione.' Pika, ' spikes.' St. Jul. (PTosc), Doract, 1200. Wreken, Caveup.' sb., Slakien, id., 20. Ecnease, ' eternity.' Riienen, id., 80. Slec, mud.' Cwic, living.' Eke, 'also,' 4. Stewtnaket, 10. Sikede, ' sighed,' 20. R. of Glos., 1300. Cwike, adi, 22. Wikke, adj. Wike, '0 ce,' 24. Wrakc, sb., ' vengeance.' Awreke, sb., ' avenge.' A,tcr,?n Riwlc, Doraet, 1226. Bisuike, g:p., deceived.' Bbeke, v to-break&. Gcrikede, pret; Yrikko, * point,' j,'t. &fern, ' meek. Speckes, specks. Speke, vb. Speken, id. Spek, vb. Strik, imp. of strecchen. Prikie, ' to up.' Swike, ' traitor.' GUlTURAL SOC'NDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. 169

Picke, adj. th = k. Wikke. * foul, bad.' Chana, Joh., ii, 1. yoke.' Fich-treom, Job., i, 60.

Swuc, ' such.' MS. F'espaa, A. 22, Xent, 1200. Teketie, NS. Titus and MS. Nero, piece, 237. Norton's ed., p. 50. Sicernesse, 239. Morton tranqlates teke-Se ' teach- eth,' but Natzner (Spr Proben,l. 9) rejects this, and regards teke' e as Vices and Virtues, Kent, 1200. = teke, 'to eken,' + -Se, and as Siker, 26, 31. meaning ' moreover.' In support Beaeke5, 109. IS. of Matzner's view it may be ur ed Beseken, 147. 28. that, on p. 106, MS., Xero fas teke pet = 'moreover, and MS. Cleopatra here has 'to eken'; 3foml Ode (Digbg IU~S.),Xettt, Early p. 180, Xero also has teclien he, TI&ivtemat h Cent uvy. etc., which Morton, again, trane- Ecnesse, sb. latea ' teach thoae who,' eb., ic = ' I,' only form d in thin NS. but Matxner'a explanation certainly Likede, make4 bettersenee here. On the other 13. Quike, 79. halid, on p. 50 Morton's translation (Euel) Smak. makes good sense, and MS. Cleo- (ic) Speke, 17. patra htLs techen je. In my CBBB Siker, ad'., teken, teke-S, etc., may be formed 39. Bisweked, 14. from tekj, just aa seken from eekg. Tuke-S, ' chastiseth.' hi-nfirh Sermons(Laud,471),1200-60. 0. and N., Dwaet, Hafita., 1246-50. Betocknej, Fifth Sermon. Werkes, ab., Epiph. Tokest, ' twitchest,' 63. 8wikel-hede, 162. Bi-swike, 158. Axenbite, Kcid, 1340. 8wikedone, 167. Minlike), 344. Awreke, vb., 'puniah, avenge.' Awrekinge, ' vengeance.' Boc. Eentrah (forpels(RfS. Hatlm,38),1150. Breke, vb., brec). k and ck used for the atop, imtead of c. Icing = ' itching.' Ilke, ' serve.' Akenncd, Joh., ix, 20. Licnesee. Kaiaeu, Mat., xvi, 19. Liknme. Taken, sb., Joh., ir. 16. Loke, ' to look.' Sprelren, im . I., Joh., ix, 22. Make, ' mate.' ppe swmket!, %at., 1, 28. Markw, ' bounds.' Iken, Lk., I, 7. Prikyinde, particip. Zkerea, Mat., vi, 28. Kpz, Lk., xi^, 38. E:," ] 6 taste.' Drinke, Mat., vi, 32. Syke, ' to speak.' Deofel-seoke, Mat., viii, 16. 'A ah, 'to autch.' Chikene, Mat., xxiii, 37. Y-bake, ' baked.' Of-kuf, Lk., ~xii. Zik, 'sick.' Kynne. Smackep, vb. ck. Will. of Shoreham, Kent, 1307-27. Lickeres, Mat., rxii, 18. Hyre lockan, dat. pl., Joh., I, 2. Siker, 13. - By-swike), 22. 170 GWUHAL SOUNDS IN ESGLISH-H. C. ‘WPLD.

Bi-penkepe (Conrath, ch). Lib. Dcsc., Kent, 1350. Drykup, 23. to Speke, 4i. Wvrkerede, 99. Mepinkej. Mllke. dat.. 133. Ilke, 363. penkpe ’ Awreke, p.p., 441. Clenkeje 1 ‘13. Pricked. 496.

11.

Non-initial t, ch in Y.E.

Barboar. compz. of Scotl., 1549. Beteche, ‘ to commit.’ Reche, adj. Fechand, part. Skrech. shriek.’ Lechis, ‘ doetors.’ Tech, vb. Vach, ‘ witch’ (sb. and vb.). Vytchen, ‘witches.’ Vrechidly. Vrechit, adj. Metrical Paalter, Ywka., bejorc 1300. Drecchand (in MSS. Had. and Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. Egerton), 108. 10. Feche, vb. Riche, adj., 33. 11. Siche. ‘ such.’ Speches, sb., 18. 4. Smoch, ‘ mouldy, stinking.’ Teche, id., 93. 12. Speiche 1 Wichand ‘witching, charming,’ 58.6. Specho ) Wicchandf MS.Egerton haa aiccand. Streiche, adj ., ‘stii, affected.’ Wrewhes, 136. 3. Teich, vb. Wrccchedhede, 11. 6. Wreche \ Wretchednen, 106. 10. Wretchia J Curwdiundi, Yorkr., 1300. Gat.. Douglaa, 1475-1622. Rich, adj. Wrwhe, sb. and adj. Awrch, vb., ‘ wrtch.’ Speche, ah. About-spechc. circumlocution.’ Sph, Brechins, stuffing to prevent hamea vb. from galling horse’8 neck. pcche, sb., ‘gout.’ Cuchill, ‘forest or r’(cf. ‘queech’ in Mod. Suffolk ialect). Minot, Yorkr., 1333-62. Fet, ‘ to prepare.’ Feched. Feche, vb., ‘ fetch,,’ etc. Wretche, sb. Hachis, ‘hatches. Ich, ‘ench.’ Lech, ‘ a doctor.’ Prk. of Conac., Yorkr., before 1349. Mich, ‘ much.’ Leche, ‘ physician.’ Sichand, ‘ sighing ’ put perhaps ch Heche, ‘ to reach.’ here = front open consonant?). Wiche, ‘ a witch.’ Spraich ,howling S reich 1 Sir Caw., North., Itache, ‘ watchman.’ 1366. Wrache, ‘ a wretch.’ Brnchez, ‘ hounds.’ Wrechis, pl. Drwhch, ‘hurt.’ GUITURAI, SOUNDS 1N EXGLISH-13. C. WFLL). 171

Foch, vb., ‘ fetch.’ to Fetch. Iche, ‘each.’ to Reche, ‘distcndi.’ Lach, vb., ‘ take.’ to Stretch. Riche, vb., ‘ rwh.’ Speach, ‘senno.’ ltyched, p.p., ‘enriched.’ Beach. Beech, vb. to Bleach, ‘ candidare.’ to Teache. Homleache. Tmnl. Myst., Yoh., 1460. Drecche, ‘to afflict.’ Ich = ‘I,’ an imitation of Southern. Allit. P., Lmc?., 1360. ‘Take out tbat Sothern tothe’ is wid to tbe person who u~89the Aliche, ‘ alike.’ word ‘ ich.’ Biseche, vb. Ich = ‘ each.’ Bibhe, vb. Brych, ‘ filth ’ ? Clecbe, ‘to receive, take.’ Wars of Akx., Yorka., Late Dych, ‘ ditch.’ Fifteenth Century. Feche, aubj. of vb.

Bichc. } 4 hatch ’ of a ship. Drechet, p.p., ‘ vexed, spoilt.’ Feche, vb. ] vb., ‘to take.’ fiche, ‘body.’ Macchk, ‘ ma?.’ Lsche,vb., ‘hitch’ (cf. Dial. to lukh). Mecbe, ‘peat. ] ‘ make,. fellow.’ Riche, ad]. Reche, vb., ‘ to reach.’ Pich. ‘ Ditch.’ Seche (and S;ke). Racchch, to go.’ Siche, ‘ such. Rych, sb. Wrichc, eb. Pich, ad’ Beche, vt, Smacb, ‘ scent, smell.’ Catholicon, Yorks., 1483. Streche, vb. Whichche, ‘ ask.’ a Bechetre, ‘ fay.’ a Bych, ‘ licista; FE:~] 6 vengeance.’ a fiche, ‘ vicia. Wreche, wretched.’ a Leche, ‘ medicus.’ Wrech , wretch; Ricbe, ‘ copionus.’ Wrechche ) a Speche, ‘colloquium.’ Wyche-crafte. to Teche. a Weche, ‘ veneEcus.’ Kgchp, ‘coquina.’ dfetr. Rom., Lana., 1420. Burlicbe, ‘ hurl.’ Leuitis, Yorh., 1570. (he) Clechh, ‘ seizes. Ache, sb. and vb. (rhymea to Spinache). Foche, imperat. Bitcb. Haches, ‘ h:y-rack&’ Ich, ‘each. E2e1 3’. Machet, ‘ matched.’ Rich. Muche. Pich, ‘ corbiculue.’ Quyche, ‘ which.’ to Mych. Hechs, ‘ reeke,’ vb. a Ditch. Richest, adj. Itche, ab. Seche Stitch, sb. Pitcb, ‘ pis.’ Suche a Wrytch, ‘ miser.’ Suche, vb., ‘ seek.’ Flitch. Wurl ch, worthy.’ Witche. nrreciut, adj. 172 GUTTURAI, SOUNDS IS ENQLISH-H. C. WY1.D.

Own., Lims., 1200. Eche. Erliehe. &he, ad]., ‘ eternal.’ IIache. Fecchenn, vb. Hacches \ Icchenn. Haches J LEchenn, ‘ cure.’ Ich Lache, sb. ch, ‘ each.’ Lacchenn. vb.. ‘catch.’ .achen, ‘ rob, caw!.’ Riche. ‘ kingdom.’ ;eclie, ‘ physician. Riche, adj. Lithe, ‘ like.’ Raceheas, sb. pl. MIchr, l great.’ Tachenn, vh. Michel. S seche, sb. Muchel. hPucchc, ah., ‘ mate.’ Uch, ‘earh.’ WraccIie. 4 vengeance.’ micche 1 p.p., 1 bewitch.’ Wrecche, adj. and sb. Wicched J Wicche-criettees. Wreche, ‘ revenge.’ Wecche, sb. Wreche, ‘ to revenge.’ Reching, ‘ explanation.’ Ilaidok, Midl., 1300. Kiche, ‘ kingdom.’ N.E. Seche, ‘ to seek.’ Swich. Swiche, ‘ such.’ Cunriche, ‘ kingdom.’ Mime-spech, ‘ edreport.’ Leche, ‘ hysician.’ Iich, * life.’ Ich, y, and I. Miswercbe, vb. Ihc. Kichen. Marche, ‘ boundary’ (Ah). a. of Brrtnne, Litrcs., 1338. Feche \b Earliest Eng. Pr. Pa., W.Midl., 1375. Futte peif. Jlichel, 91. 5. Leclies, ’ phyeicians’ l‘echep, 93. 10. Liclle, adj. Seche , 4. 3. Picched. p.p. (perf. is pight). Whirl!e, 13. 6. Keche, vb. Ilisechen, 26. 7. Teche, vb. ldche to, 27. 1. Wicche-craft. Jch, pahsim (commonest form of pr., Wreche, vb., ‘ vindicate.’ but i and y occur). Chirchc, 21. 26. Zali Muidenhed, W. XidZ., 1225. Richedom, 8. Hiic, SaZq, 1400. into Drecchunge, 7. Myche, much.’ Uisechcn, 11. ‘ Bruche, hreaeh,’ 11. Dedlyche. ‘ Onlyche. Bruchele, brittle,’ 13. ‘ Seche, ‘to eeek.’ Smecchunge, ’ tasting,’ 13. S ch ‘such.’ Ich. dhd, ‘ each.’ Wiccben, 33. L ch wake Stichen, ‘ pains,’ 35. dorehe, vd. Niche, 37. Worchynge, 8b. Wlecchc, adj. or atlv., 43. Wrecrh, sb., 47. Iliche, ‘like,’ 19. XS. Had., 2,253, Heref., 1310. Areche, p.p. JViilI. of Pal., W. ,Vial., 1350. i Byseche. Areche, ‘ to reach.’ Bysechinge. Dreche, ‘ disturb’ (Ah). Bysechen, vb. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLI). 1i3

Bruche, ‘breech.’ Lic (hnth MSS.). Drecchep, vb. .Ilic.ht?,‘ like.’ &hen, ‘ to increase.’ Jlucbelc, * gnat.’ Jch. .Ilirhe. ‘ realm.’ K yneriche. Rivche, ad]. Leche, ‘ medicus.’ Rehcbcn 1 fiche, adj. [lkchc] J ‘to ““” Muchele. Il;t!cchcn. ‘ tcll, esulain.’ Muche. Quecclien, move, Cscape,’ etc. Recrhe, vb. Yzchen. Riche, rdj. .Sccben. Biche, sh. Seche, vb. Speche, sb. Sbucchen 1 Such. , phes] ) ‘pieces” Suche. hchcn, vb., ‘give.’ Techcn, sb. W’rmcchc i pour man.’ Wycche. ‘ witch.’ IWrecche. n-rechl f ‘ a Wrecche, sb. and adj. I’rucche, ;to thrist.’ Awnchede, ‘ nrose.’ Wow. Gloss., Twelfth Centwy. Songs an3 Carols, Warrc., 1400. Imzccn, ‘ conjiinx.’ Wicche, ‘ phitonism.’ Dychc, 58. Sticels, ‘ nculeus.’ Yisliches, ‘ bless, discolor.’ Engl. Gtiilds, 1389. Ticchen, ‘ h:cdus.’ iY~rf., Blaeern, ‘ lichinus.’ Qivyche, 3!. Stucche, ‘ frustrum.’ Morn specheu, 45. Ic bore. Blcchil. Lic, ‘ corpus.’ Fecche. 76. Ilchea. Prmnpt., Xorf.., 1440. Lnaamotr, WoYo,.cr., 1205. nrcchr (Bycka. l’.).‘ bitch.’ Bchen, vb., ‘ increase.’ Iikhyyrychc (bywlioperilie, l’.). Arecchen, ’ interpret.’ Irytchyn, ‘ nioveu.’ -hrcchc, vb., *touch.’ Iche (or Teke). Ataechen. Latchyn, ‘ catch.’ Bmh, vulley.’ Leche, ‘ mvdicw.’ Bieechen Lvclie, ‘ dede body.’ Binecchcn Bfatch (or Xake), compar. Kecliyn BiteichenBitaxhe 1 vb., ‘ deliver, give.’ A-r&hyn } ‘ attingo” Bi-wricched. Watohe, or Wakyng. Crurche, ‘ crutch.’ Wvtch. ‘ mnm.’ otc. Cuchene. Wetch ” ’ eKucbene. Wretchyd 1 SDich. Ppche, or P k. -Dichee. Ichyn, or TI% Faechen. Hetche (and g&)of a door. Ilecche -&be, Bcc. ) ~ch.’ Beatiary, E. JfidI., 1260. .I& (and+) ) , 1.. SHich Briche, adj., 379. hhe. DreccheS, 103. Eche. ‘eternal,’ 176, 177. 2;’ } boob.’ Feches, 242. *Lich. Fecchen, inf., 353. 174 GUlTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WPLD.

Heuenriche, 378. Dichen, vb. Meche, ‘mate,’716. Dich. Reche, vb., reck, 714. Drecche, vb. Ricbe. eb. 28. Ech, ad’. Witch-, sb. pl. (Morriswrihwicches Eche, vb. in text, but states in a footnote that Everich. the MS. has form aith -tch.) Fewhen. Fecche, ‘ vetches.’ Mechel. Genesis and EzOdr(6, Sufolk, 1250. Mochel. Drechede, dela ed.,’ Muchel. Drechen, ‘ t3 deray. Overmacche. Fechen, ‘ to fetch.’ l’ich. Fetchden, ‘ fetched’ (2,889). (Yery Recche, ‘ reek, care.’ early ezainple of -tch.) Recche, ‘ interpret.’ Gruching, ‘ murmuring.’ Reche, ‘ to reach.’ Kinge-riches, ‘ kingdoms.’ Hiche, adj. Lich Seche, vb. Lithe 1

Seche, vb. Vacche, vb., ‘fetch.’ Suiche, ‘ euch.’ I Wyche, ‘ which.’ S che, vh., ‘ ni h.’ I Qu Lhch, rdv. dcche, ’ fetch.6 I Ycl,‘ 1, Chille, etc. Vreche, ab., ‘wreak, vengeance.’ I Wrecche, adj. I Wreche, ab., ‘ revenge.’ i St. Edith, TfiZta., 1400. I IVh che, 2,680. St. Jul. (diefrical),Gbs., 1300. I Iteckelesse, 2,680 I Sodeolyche, 2,16i or 2,661 (7). Ich. Ache, hb., 3,713 and 3,726. Muche, 69. I I Ich, ‘ each ’ (?), 3,957. Wreche, adj., 225. I BeReche, 49, 46. Wiche, sb., 169. Ych 235 1 ne reche, ‘ I reck not,’ 19. ! I { 245 1 ‘I*’ j Y-leyche, 399. 1 P. I’Io~o.,Gbs., 1363-93. Irhan, 54 1. Fullyehe, 219. Biterliche, adv. I Spouscbreche, 743. Binechen (and Iheke). I Clicche Clvcchen 1 ,,b., ,seize.9 St. Jul. (Pross) Dorrel, 1200. Clbuche f i Clucche I Spcccbe, sb., 24. Diche. sb. Sechen, vb. inf., 60. E’echc, imperat., 66. Dichen, vb. I Fecchen, vb., ‘ take Pecchen, inf., 68. Xote difference Pich, sb., 68. H’lech, adj. ‘ lukewarm,’ i0. bring. Streechen. 12. Flicche. ich Bisechc, 74. I Eche, adj., ‘eternal,’ 2. Flucchcn. I I Muchel, 4. IchamIch t etc. Ricbe, 4. Lacchen, vb., ‘ catch.’ I Frcoliche, ad’., 6. Licbe, vb., ‘Ii?.’ kchnunge, sk., 6. Euch. 6. Lich, ‘a body. Macche, ‘ a mate.’ Biteaehen, vb., ‘ give up,’ 10. Reccheles, adj. Ich, paarim. Recche, vb., ‘ care, reck.’ i Swucche, 22. &hen, vb., reach.’ ! Wrecchee, 20. ‘ of Ileouenriches, 24. %&?) adj. Rjcche, sb. Sawles IFaat.de, Doat.&, 1210. Thecche, vb. iI pecchynge. Teaches, 246. Top-aches, pl. sb. EIn-uch. 245. Wecchis. sh. pl., ‘ wakes.’ I Bfuchel, 246. Wicche, ‘sorcerer.’ i Hechvleae, ad]. , 245. Wgche, which.’ Smechunge. 246. i Wearliehe, adj., 245. I (hi.) Seche, 249. Sir Fer., Decon, 1380. I Ich, 249. Miche, ‘ much.’ Wrecchedom, 251. Pvcb, sb. Smeche, pn. pl., 251. 5’che ‘ seek, follow.’ I Drecche5. 251. Jrecie, 1 ven-eance.’ Swuch, 251. Drecche, ‘ to 6klay.’ Echen, id., ‘ increase,’ 251. Ha ch. i Hechelunge, ‘ gnashing of teeth,’ 251. Lecges, ‘ physicians.’ I Yich, 2-51. 176 QUITURAL SOUIiDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

Echnesse, ' eternity,' 251. Xentish Gospels (MS.flatton, 38). Mucbe, 25.5. 1150. Riche, adj , 257. O.E. 1) written -ch. Biseche'G. 259. Awecchcn, inf., ' arou~e,'267. Sicclreltx (sic), Mat., xxvii, 28. Sicchele (sic),.. Mat., xxvii, 30 = O.E. uciccelae. Anw. Riw., Dowet, 1228. Fccchen (inf.), Joh., ir, 15. Bched. O.E. 'eeed,' 1.k.. xsiii, 36. Bisechen. On eche lyf, Joh., vi, 27.' i-Blcched. ' bleached.' Echenysse, Joh., vi, 51. Ijreche, ' drawers.' Openliche, Job, vii, 10. Ei:hc, ' to ache' (and wke, once). Bpraechr, yb., Joh., vii, 40. nicli, sb. (ic)mche, Joh., siii. 26. Heouenriche. Racch, dnt. sing., Xk., i, 2. Keache-cuppe, 'drunkard' (cf. ceac, Swahlich, Mat., v, 81. Xlf. Voe. \V.-W., 123. 35, etc.). AaeccheE, Mat., x, 8. PriCClles. sb. Ich and Ic, pmsim. Reche.5. Ticbrhenan, Mat., xxv, 32. Recch.4, ' recka.' Becb, dat sine., Lk.,iii, 4. Sechen. Xe-swinchcn. hi.,rrii, 28. Smech, 'taste.' Riche, sb., Lk., xxiii, 51. SnicL'chen, ' to taste.' Nichele, Lk., xi, 11. Spcrhes (and s arkcs), ' specks.' Speche, ' apcech.; Strecchcs. c. written 6. Stucrhencs, ' pieces.' Secan, Lk., six, 10. Swuche. Rice, Lk., xir, 14. Techen (teh-ese. MS. Titiis). Micelen, Lk., xi, 4. Fenrlien, ' think.' Race), Lk., xxiv, 17. Piuchen. Reccep, Lk., xxiv, 17. T'achclien, 'fetch.' Ic, passim. lrnrechlcns, ' indifferent.' Wtirche. ' pain, nche.' Wcc:cben. to watch.' I'espas, A. 22, Xwt, 1200. n'icchecraftes. Riche, bb., 214. Wrecchc, dj. Rice, adj.. 219. Wreche, ' revenge.' Moche, 235. TVurchen, ' to work.' Wercen, id., 22.5. 'itching.' %$~r:astitch.' Kucheno, ' kitchen.' Vice8 ad T'atttm7, Xmt, 1200. Kechless, ' odour, inceme.' Seehen, vb., 3. 17. Wurchende, 3. 10. Michcl. 5. 14. 0. and N.,Dorset, 1246-50. Biwchei5,4. 13. Speches, sb.. 15. 21. Ic, Ich, and I, pm. Iliche, 16. 23. Ich, 1220, Cott. Wrecche, 15. 31. Ic, Jesus. Tschp, 27. 29. Recche, I reck,' 68. ' Besieche, 21. 30. Evrich, C. 195. Ech, ' 129. 27. Euriche, J. also,' Iliche, 316. Riche, kingdom.' dimal Odc (Digby MS.),Knt, Eadr Bechep, 380. . mirceentA Cm fury. Diches, sb. pl., 41. Heueriche, 42. Sir B. 01Empb., B&h Hank, 1327. Michel. 60, 62, etc. Barlyche, barley.' ic Recche, ' I re&,' la. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN BNOLISH-H. C. WYLD. 177

Smeche, rb., 18. Speche, sb. Stecche, ab., piece,’ 191. Riche, sb. Swich, 80. Stecb, stechche, O.E. sticce. Wonderlicheste. 68. Strcchche, vb. Techches, ‘ bad habib: Teche, vb., ‘ to teach. Kmiith Sermond (M8.Laud, 471), Wychche, a witch.’ 1200-50. Wreche, ‘ vengeance.’ Zccht, ‘sack.’ Medial and final t=ch. Zeche, to see!.’ Spethe, Epi.ph. Zuech, ‘auch. Seches, Epiph., but beneke), Second Sermon. Lib. Due., Xmt, 1360. Kinhiche, Epiph. Ech, 96. Dendlich, Epi h. Swich, 197. Smecch. Epipf.. ab. Loplich, 619. Wych, Second Sermon. Pich, 620. But in pnrch, Second Sermon = O.E. Ich, ‘ I,’ 1123 (8180 I, PU.). jurh, ch =front open coneonant. Will. of Shoreham, Ked, 1316. Ayenbifa, Kmt, 1340. Sechen, 136. Beches, ‘beach-trees.’ Aschrencheth, 17. Bezeche, ‘ tu beseech.’ Sonderliche, 1. Bezechinge. ‘ petition.’ Ich, 8. Blechest, ‘ hurtesr.’ Lich and lyche, ‘body,’ 20. Blechc. ‘ pale.’ R ch, sb., 20. Bodiliche. pl. adj. Tiat thou-werche, 23. Dicb, ‘ ditch.’ Adrenche, 3rd sb., 30. Ech, ‘each.’ To the che, 49. Eurich. Areche, vb., 49. Iliche, ‘ like.’ Opsechernhy, 67. Leche, ‘aurgeon.’ Speche, 69. Moche. Bi-wiched, 71. Mochel. By-reche, 96. Smech, ah., arnoke.’ In pe ameche, 96.

Non-initial -nk, -lk, and -rk in M.E. Barbour. Ilka, each.’ Ilk, name.’ ic: \ ‘bench.’ Walk, ‘watch,’ eb. and vb. Blenkyt. ‘looked aside.’ Dmndyh. Dttnbar, E. Lothian, 1460-162P. Vencle, ‘wench.’ Binlris, ‘banks ’ of ea;rth. Stark. Schredc, ‘ to shrink. B kis b -trees. Sppk, ‘ chaf3nch.’ &k, ‘ad;. Birkin (treea). Virk, vb. Kirk. Kirk Wark, sb. Kpk 1 Wirk, inf. Gmlk. Gchalk, ‘ rogue,’-etc. Phil. Rw. 1808-9. 12 178 GUTTURAL SOUSDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WLD.

Gav. Douglas, 1476-1522. Prk. of Conae., J’brkr., before 1349. Benk . Blenk, ‘ fault.’ Benkis, pl. Rouncle. Blenke, ab., ‘ view. gLmy’ Swynk, ‘ labour.’ Schrenkis, vb., ‘shmb. Think, ‘to aeem.’ Skinkis, ‘ pours out.’ Wrenk, a trick,’ etc. Balk, ‘ beam.’ Ilk, ‘ eacb.’ Holkis, 3 sing. prea. Welk. vb.. ‘wither.’ Hollut, p. ‘ to hollow out.’ Sculke, vb. Holkancf ’part. Thilk =the ilke. $!!Ik ] ‘ which.’ Birkis, pl., ‘ birch-trees.’ Yholke, ‘ yolk.’ Hcedwerk. Irk, ‘to weary of.’ Kirk. Compl. of Scotl., 1649. Kyrk. Merk, ‘ a mark.’ nerk, ‘ to bark.’ Wirk, vb. Mirknm. Virk. Finkil, ‘ feunel.’ Sir Gaw., LA , 1366. Th mk vb. Gol)dsphk . Rlenk, vb., ‘shine.’ Ilk, ‘ each.’ ~~~$kb) ‘ white home.’ Dronken, ‘drunk.’ Netrical Psalter, Yorkr., before 1300. Thinkes, ‘ mm.’ Drenkenand, 22. 5. Kirk. Strenkil, inf., ‘~prinkle,’ 50. 9. Swink, sb., 9. 28 1 etc. Swynk, eb., 108. 11 Tomil. Myat., 1460. Thinkand, 34. 4. Belk, vb. Kirke, 34. 18, pasaim. Ilk, ‘ each’ Werkes, sb. PI., passim. Kyrike, 6 to draw the ?math audibly.’ Wirkes, 3 pl., 6. 7. Wark, vb., ‘to ache. Wirkand, 35. 13. Ilk-on, 72. 28. Whilk, 34. 27. IT.- U’., xviii, Early Fifteenth Cetifury, Whilke, 7. 3. North.

Curror blundi, YOrks., 1300. Spynke, ’ rostellus.’ Bynke, l ~camnum.’ Kirk. Uyrketre. Werc , Kyrgarth. Werck sb. Kyrk. Wark I ‘ marc Warckea. Tar8 of Alex., Yorks., Latr Fifllrenlh Wirk, vb. Cetitu,y. Euerilk. Suinc. Bcnkc. (Ashin. Dnbl. MS. only J Wrenk. vb., ‘ wench.’ forms.) Wrenkes, sb. pl. (also wrenches). Drenke, sb., ‘ drink.’ Brenke, ’ brink.’ Warke . Minoinot, York,., 1333-62. J\rark, D“b1.t ‘ache, pnin,’ Ib* Ilk, each.’ Derke. Whilk. Derknes (MS.Dreknea). Swink. Milke-quite. Kirk. Schalk, sb. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WY1.U. 179

Catholicon, Yarkr., 1483. Om., Line., 1200. Final nk in Cathdicon. BannkeM. Risennken% Benke, ‘scarnuurn.’ Drinnkena , Drpke, biber.’ I)mcnenn, 1 drown.’ Dronkyn. Bipennkenn. Spynke. Strennkenn, sprinkle.’ to Stynke. Snennkenn, vex.’ a Stynke. Swinnkenn, ‘ labour.’ Derke. pannkenn. M ke. Stinnken. a garke, opus.’ Staonc. a Stqrke, ‘ procuculus.’ Stunnkenn. to Wyrke. Sinnkep). a Kpke. Sainnc, ab. Milke, ‘ lac.’ ITmc (dual acc.). 2,;;1 6 conchile.’ hI nncclif. hferrke, ‘ merk.’ Ilkane. Wirrkenn, ‘ work,’ vb. Werrkeda heaa Levinr, Yorkr., 1570. lveonc, st. Hirk, or Irk, ’ tzdim.’ Werrc. a Kirk. Werrkeas. Mirke. Starrc. Lurke. Folk. Worke, sb. and vb. Illc, ‘each.’ Brink. Illke, t~ame.’ Drinke, sb. and vb. Whillc, ‘ which.’ Chincke, sb. lfillc. Iinke, torch.’ Swillc. Sinke, ‘ cloaca,’ and vb. Stinke, sb. and vb. IIavrlak, h’. E. XidI., 1300. Inke. Arke. Shrinke, vb. Herkne, imperat. Swinke, vb. Serk. Thinke. Milk, ab. and vb. Stark. Blenkes, sb. PI. Swink, sb. AUit. P., .LUnCU., 1360. Bwinken, vb. Bipenke, vb. Swilk. Renke, ‘ man.’ Fenkande, ‘ thinking.’ R. of Brunne, Liner., 1338. Ferke up, vb. Derk. Blenk. ‘trick.’ Merk, ‘ dark,’ adj. and nb. Urynke, sb. Bypenke, vb. Ilk. penke. Derk, adj. Metr. Ram., Lcrncr., 1420. Wryke, inf. Blenked, ‘ glanced.’ Swylk. Drinkes, sb. pl. Stinke, 8b. Hal; din‘denhd, W.diidl., 1225. (I).Thenke. Tlunke, inf. puncke5, 3rd aing., p. 3. Wlonkest, adj. Btinkinde, 9. Ilke, name.’ Swinken, 3rd pl., 29. Welke, ‘walked.’ to Werke, dat. of nb., 16. Werkw, ab. pl. Ilke, 46. 180 GUTTURAL BOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WTLD.

Will. of Pal., W.dlidl., 1350. Sinken, 638. Swinke'G, 236. Bonke, bank.' Bijenken, 94. Dronked, dro,wned, drenched.' 'Genke6, 449. penke, 'thick. Ilk, ' each,' 97. Derk. Swilk, 440. Ferke, vb. Gwilc, 336. Herken, vb. Wac, ' which,' 5. Park. Kuke, 93. Ilk. Werke8, vb., 498. Talke. Werk, sb., 442. Walken. Gmois and EzoduJ, 1250. Mire, Salop, 1400. Sufolk, Dronken. Drinc, sb. Swinke, vb. Drinken, vb. Thilk, 'that same.' For~anc,' sank entirely.' Rerkeday Hinke, ' fear, dread.' . Senke.de ( = Schenkede) . Stinc. HS. Earl., 2,263, Heref., 1310. Stinken, ' &inking.' Clynken, to resound.' Sac, sb., ' toil.' Dronke, adj., 'drunk.' Swinken, vb. Forhirked, tired o,f.' } vb., drink.' Merke, ' boundary. Stpken, vb. Werken ' (they) work.' Swynke, vb. Folc. Swynk, vb. Folcken 1 ich penke. each.' penken, inf. 1 me puke). Quilc, 1 what, which.' Ilke. Quilke (pl.), ' which.' sdc, 'such.' Walkene, welkin.' Xaa., Worcr., 1205. Welkede, ' withered.' Boncke (dat.). Drinc. Etigl. Builda, Norf., 1389. Drsenc. Driogke. Qwilk, 37. Euere-ilk, 66. L?;;:?A. Werkye, eb. pl. pankie: Kyrk, 87, and prrssirn. Scene, ' draught.' Su-inkep 1440. Swonc vb. Prompt., Norf., Swunke I Menkte, ' mixtue.' adj. Werk, ' opus.' DOC^^, ' darkened.' Werke, ' operor.' eorc, serc, waxc, nh. Werkyn, or 'heed akp.' Chiric-lond (cf. chuc = chirc : O.E. gelke of egge. Horn., 1st series, pt. i, p. 9). Milc, sb. Bokenhatn, 1447. Swilc Sufolk, Swulke 1 Thylk, Mary, 947. Talkie, vb. Chaueo. Bufiary, E. diidl., 1260. Dirk Drinke'6, 142. Dark 1 adj. Drinken, inf., 139. Stork. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. ‘ 181

Stark, ‘strong.’ Sir Fcr., Dmm, 1380. Werk Werkea. vb. Stinke, rb. Stink. Brink. Thanke. St. Editha, Wilt#., 1400. Thonke. Thank. Wertus, ab., paesim. Thcnke, ‘ think, seen.’ 1 thenk, 3,764. Swinke, vb. powe penk, 640. Swink, sb. Sinke. Inke, ab. St. JuZ. (Prose), Dorret, 1200. Drinke, ab. ponckes, ‘thoughts,’ 42. Drinke ponkcn, inf., ‘thank,’ 68. Drank Suncken! p.p., 78. Dronken Sinken, inf., 28. Dninlien 1 Cwenct. Winke, vb. Starcke, 78. Milk, sb. Welken, sb. Welken, vb. Sawles Ward?, Dotret, 1210. Walken. Stalke, vb. Swinc, 263. Ilke, adj. Balke, ‘ a beam.’ Talke, vb. dncr. Riw., Dorret, 1225. Stalke, ’ a stalk.’ Stinken. Stenk, sb. WyeliJ$c. Swinken. Werk-bestis, ‘ plough-oxen,’ Swinc, sb. x. Were, eb. Skdken, ‘ slink along.’ St. Bath., Glol., 1200. Smirkinde, participle. Swinkes, gen. sing. Tohinge of ure Laucd (by author of above). St. Jul. (Metrital), G~oJ.,1300. penke, imperat., 279. pulke, 104. to penken, 287.

R. of Glor., 1300. Sir B. of ITampl., South Hatila., 132i. Biswinke, rb. Wark-man, A. Blenkte Worke, vb., rinted copy. Blencte f Wyrke, vb., gdanehenter MS. llke. Brmk (printed copy has brenche). Melc, sb. Gtinkinde. Uaager of Winclre~lrr,ciw. 1360. Swinke 1 vb- pelke, ‘ that.’ 7:; sb., 361. penke, ‘to think.’ me Worke), 350. pu& pu& 364. P. Plotom,, G~os.,1362-93. \;?’ Bolke, eructation.’ pilke penken, rb. pt ylke rtat, 362. 182 OU’ITURAL BOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. TVTLU.

Pupar, A. 22, Kent, 1200. a Worke, dat., 11. Werkes Wurc, sb., 223. Workea } gen’ Vicsi and Virt~er,Kmtirh, 1200. Aymbile, Knit, 1340. Workes, sb., 3. 14. Wolkne, 103. 23. Azenkte, ‘ Mnk,’ trans. vb.

Stinkinde.penk, sb. Moral Ode (Digby MS.), Xmt, Early Thirtcmth Cmtury. Ilke, ‘ same.’ SKingke, vb. Milk, eb. i Suinc. Workinde, ‘ working.’ me pinxh (“pink)). Workea, sb.

IV.

Non-initial .-%A, -hh, -rch in M.E.

ffau. Douglar, 1476-1622. Stinch, ab. and vb. Linche, sh. and vb. Clp-nschis, vb., ‘ rivets.’ Kintch (of wood). Drinchit, p.p., ‘ enveloped.’ Goldfinch. Quenscbit, p.p. Bench Belch, ‘ a swelled. fat fellow.’ Binch Pilchia. ab. pl., kind of garment. 1 March, ’ bonndaries.’ dllit. P., Lanu., 1360. Blcnche, ‘stratagem.’ Hetrical Padim, Yorkr., bfm8 1300. Quenche. Wenchar, sb. pl., 67. 26. Wrenche, ‘ device.’ Worche, vb. Wowher, eb. Bk.of Conrs., Parka., bcfiw.1349. Wrpchand, ‘ wriggling.’ Mclr. Born., Lancr., 1420. Wenche, ‘girL’ War# of Ak., Me Filprenth Wurche, vb. Ccntuvy. Om., Liner., 1200. Benche (Dub.). Drenchid, p.p., ‘ drond-,’ Bennche. Henchyd, ‘ gnawed, &an. Srennchen, vb. Worche, vb. Swinnchen, vb. Stinnch. sb. Curmr kundi, 1300. Wennchell, ‘ child.’ Drinnch, drink, draught.’ Wrenches, eb. PI. Hali Mwhed, W. diidl., 1225. Levinr, YonCr., 1570. penchen, 3. Lurch, rb., ‘lie hid.’ punches, 16. Milch, nb. and vb. guw;xPt”. 35. Belche, ab. and rb. QUTTURAL SOUXDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLI). 183

EatIiert Eyl. Pr. Pa., W.Midl., 1375. Prompt., Xotf., 1440. Wirchen, inf., 6. 6. Benche, nb. penchand, 8. 8. Wrenche (idem quod slythe). B rchetre. \!I arche. MS. lIarl., 2,253, Henf.,1310. bl lche or Mylke of a cowe. Adrenche. vb. bylke etands ‘ idem uod mylcYder e,’ as if thie were the wua? farm.) ’ 1French. Schenchen, vb., give to drink.’ Bokenham, before 1447, Sufiolk, has penchen, inf. Cherche. pench, imperat. En . Guilds, Norf., 1388, hna Chyrche, punche. 8hirche. punche). Chirche. ChaWc*. Worche, 2 sing. subj. Monche, vb. ”,:”,B,p ”,:”,B,p } 3 sing. Thenche, vb. Wenche, sb. Quenche. Lax., Warm., 1206. Inche, sb. Wrenchen, ‘ frauds.’ Worcheth, vb. Worcher, sb. Wirche Werche} vb- Finch. Drunchen, p.p. Drenchen, vb. Drench, sb. Bench, sb. Drinchea Benched, p.p. Drenchen } pl*, d* Swenche5. u1. r8winke .j’ Wyclife. 6ceemeth.’ Dryncching, drowning,’ X. mzk$l 1 lverchpge, sb., ‘ iduence,’ x. Senche], ‘ draught.’ Worche Pcenchen. vb.. ‘ pour out.’ Chirche. Wnrche, inf., CC. Churchen. cf. Chucgong = Chirc- ong, Morris’ O.E. St. Xath., GZw., 1200. %om., First Berim, pt. i, p. 9. penchen, ‘to think.’ Wurche punchen, ‘ to seem.’ ) vb. Wrenchen, * to entic:’ Werche, weorche, wirche] Kenchen, ‘ to laugh. Worch], sb., also weorc, etc. Shrenchten, ’ cheated.’ Wurchen, vb.

Gmruand Exodus, Sufolk, 1260. R. of Glor., 1300. Driok. vb. Chirche-gong. Abencbe. Churches. Blench, id. Werchen, ‘ to work.’ Drench, sb. Drenche, vb., ‘ drown.’ ofkenche) 6 repenbth.’ Bertiary, E. Nidl., 1250. Ofthinchej ) Quenching, 207 Stenche, vb. 184 QU’ITUKAL SOUNDS IN ENQLISH-H. C. WYLD.

Suench Am. Riw., 1225, Dorut. Swench sb. Swinch. Bi-nenchen, ‘ bank.’ Schenche, vb., ‘ pour out.’ Cnwrench, ‘ wicked artifice.’ penche, vb. Wenchel, ‘a maid.’ penches. Btunch, ‘a stench.’ penchest. Ilchere, ‘ every. ’ Wurche, ab. and vb. Kelche-cuff e. Wourche, vb. Vohungc of u,r Laccerd (by author St. Jul. (MetricaZ), Gloa., 1300. of above). pouch, inf., 62. Drinch, 283 (twice), sb. Drenche, inf., 91. Dunchen, 3rd pl., 283. Fenche, inf., 92. pench, imperat. 0. and N., Dowet, 1246-1250. P. Plotcm., Glor., 1362-93. Hit jinchep, 226. Benche, sb. Bipenche, 471. Quenchc Blenches, 378, ab. Quenche) 1 Goldtinch, J. Jknche, 2 prea. sb., ‘ think.’ Goldfinc, Cot. 1 I3O* vb. Unwrenche, sb., 169. ~~~~~~} Me punch), 1651. But Me junc], 1672. Sir Fur., Devon, 1380. Wurchen, vb., 408. Wirche, inf., 722. Blenche, vb., ‘ turn aside.’ Chirche, 721. Drench, ‘ a drink.’ Werchc, vb. Sir B. of Hampf., South Hantr., 1327. St. Editlia, Wilfa., 1400. Werche, inf., A. ou Worcheat, 2,686. Brenche (printed copy), MS.has brink. pv.grche ; mf., 2,926. Clenche, vb., ‘ cling to.’ Sutherland MS., end of fourteenth century. Sf.JIII. (fiorr), Dorrrt, 1200. Senchht, 32. Schrenchen, 34, inf., ‘shrink.’ Uaagea of Winchter, circ. 1360. Schunchen, 34, ‘to be terrified.’ Werche, inf. bipenches, 42, ‘considers.’ him punche‘6, 42, ‘ seems good.’ Wrenchen, 42. kintiah Qoapel~(MS.Hotfon, 38), 1150. Caenchto, pret., 68. 231chen, Lk., fix, 36. Blenchte, 72. Swilce, Lk., xxiii, 14 and 17. Senchte, ’ sank,’ 78. ic Werche, Joh., iv, 34. Adrenchten, ‘ drowned,’ 78, ic Wyrce, Lk., xxii, ri. For punches, ‘ gricves,’ 16. Chyrcan, Mat, xvi, 18. Bipench, 20, imperat. Awenchen, Joh., xi, 11. For senchtest, 60. Bepenchep, Lk., uiv, 6. Wurchen, inf. go-swinchon, Uii, 28. Wurch, imperat, 16. Lk., Werchte, Lk., x, 7, 8b., ‘labourer.’ Sawlea Wade, Do*&, 1210. Vetpat, A. 22, Xm;,1200. Wernches = wrenches, ‘dericea,’ 246. Stench, sb. Adrenche, 215. penche‘6, imperat., 251. penche, 215. punches, ‘it mm,’ 267. pamnce, 219. s Pilche clnt, 263. Elc, 231. GUTTURAL SOUPFDS IN ENOLISH-H. C. WYLD. 185

O.E. nE, li, rt. Vier and Virfuea, Kent, 1200. 1 Ayrnbife, Kmt, 1340. Pinche, ab., 3. 31. : Adrenche, vb. Drenkch. eb., 87. 29. i Bench. Swilch, 3. 28. Bepenche, ‘ to remind.’ Wurchende, 3. 10. , Bepenchep, 3 eing. i Blench. 1 Drench, vb. Moral Odr (Digby NS.).Kitit, Early ; Drench, eb. TAirfmfhCntlury. I Stench, sb. Adrenche, vb. penchinges. BI enche, 6. penche, vb. O&enchep, 10. Wrench, ‘ craft.’ i Zupche, vb. Quenche, inf., 152. Iswinch, vb., 36. i Zuynch, sb. Iewinch, eb., 67. Iiuenehe, vb. penchen, inf., 62. I Chcrche.

V.

The 4n.h forms.

O.E. -nEt = -nt in M.E. with diphthongization of preceding vowol.

Gaoin Dmcglns, 1475-1622. Chaum. Drint, ‘ drowned.’ Quept, pret. Quent, p.p., quenched.’ Dreynte, pret. ‘ Bleynte, pret.

XS. Had, 2,253, neref.., 1310. St. Jul. (Mefricul), Gloa., 1300. Drept, p.p., ‘ drowned.’ ~dreynte,pret., 224. Seint, p.p., ‘ sunk.’ Wreint, p.p., ‘ tormented.’ R. of Brunne, i%cr., 1338. Dreynte, pret. Minof, Pork#.,1333-62. Bleynt. Adreinto, p.p. R. of Gloa., 1300. Mire, Salop, 1400. AclreFt Adreint pret. I-queynt, ‘quenched.’ Adreincta Aseincb f 61mk.~ Amint Lqanmon, Worer., 1205. Blenyte = Bleynte. Blcincte, 3 sing. pret Dreinte, 3 sing. Dreynt, p.p.

[Aseintr, pret. P. Ph., fflor., 1362-93. Aseiogde, pret. Bleinte, pret. QueW, P.P. 186 GUTTURAL SOUXDS IN ENQLISH-H. C. WYLD.

VI.

O.E. -it (Zd) = -cht ; -ght in M.E. Gav. DougIaa, 1476-1522 Ply3te, 3 sing. Ypligt, ‘ pledged.’ Picht, p.p., ‘ pitched.’ i Hire, Galop, 1400. Me&. Born., Lauca., 1120. White (‘ strong,. ..active ’) = wight Pigte, p.p., ‘ pitched.’ = .wicht =*quiccd?

R. of Gh., 1380. Ch-. PiXt., ‘poet.’ Twight, p. of twicchen. Pigte, p.p. Streighte, pt. 8. of slrecchen. Schrixte, 3 pret. 8. Reighte, rechen. Pligte, p.p. Prighte, pret. of prikken = *pricchen.

VII.

Son-initial O.E. g non-fronted, and =gh, w, etc., in M.E. Barbour. Dunbar, B. Lothian, 1460-1620. Low, ‘ a 5ame.’ Bow (for shooting). Law, adj., ‘low.’ Fowll. Lownyt, ‘ sheltered.’ Beuche, ‘ bough.’ Aw, ‘ thou oughtest.’ Ikarch, ‘ dwarf.’ Born-drancht, ‘a bow-shot.’ Lauchie, ‘ laughs.’ Dawit Pleuch. Dawned p.p. Teuch, adj., ‘ tough.’ DaapI 1 Heich Dawin (and Dayis). to Draw. He Enew. Fallow, ‘ to follow.’ Fallow, a fellow.’ Gav. DougIaI, 14i5-1522. Saw, a sb., ‘ saying.’ Aucht, ‘eigpt.’ Slew, ‘struck.’ Daw, ‘day. Yla. ‘ to slay.’ Dawing! ‘ daybreak.’ All-thouch. Dowchtie, a$. Bonrch, ‘ a pled?.’ Pla, a flea. Burch, ‘ borough. Houch. Dreuch, ‘drew ’ Ma&, ‘ son-in-law.’ Eneuch (and Enew). Rowch, adj., rough.’ Holche (cf. Chan,cer, halke), ‘bmmer, ‘ lurking-place. Sauch, ‘ a willow.’ Heych, ‘high.’ Bleuch, ‘slew.’ CompL of Scofl., 1549. high. Lauchand, ‘ laughing.’ Aneuch. ‘enouzh.’., Lawch and law, ‘low.’ Burcht ’ Maach, ‘ kinsman.’ Burght f ‘ burgh’’ Throuch, ‘ throo h.’ Cleuchia, ‘dells.’ Pleuch, ‘ a ploug%’ Heuch, steep valley.’ QUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-11. C. W’YLD. 187

Metrical Paalta, Pwka., brfote 1300. Saelge, vb., annllow.’ FOf Aghe-fulle, ad’., 74. 8. Fogh ‘though.’ Fo helm, biras,’ 7. 9. ’ ‘ poghe laafeghs. sb. pl., S6. 28 (back or Waghe, ‘ wall.’ front 7). Warlnu. ‘ wizard.’ Sagh, sh., 36. 25. Wawea, ‘ waves.’ 39. Slogh, sb., ‘slough,’ 3. Worom, 1 to strangle.’

Cursor Ntmdi, J’otka., 1300. Sit Caw., Akrlk., 1366. Legh, sb., ‘a lie’ (Fairf.). Lighes, 2 aing. rh. A& ‘ owned.’ Togh, adj. Bawe-men. Foghul. Bog-, ‘ boughs;’ Brozes, ’ brows. Drap, ‘ draws.’ E$f”3d$;:eY. Haluaed. Laghes, 3 pl. pres. Hag-Chovtze. (Wote the open cons. Sagh, vb. and sb., ‘to saw.’ Magh, ‘ relation.’ here.) Plo h, sb. Holr, *hollow.’ sag%, *aaaging.’ Inokh Tifted, 3 Ring. Inox ‘enough.’ Tift, p.p. Lawxe, ’ a laugh.’ Loaen, 3 pl. (Trinity). Fonul. Foghuls. Foghul. ? Fourl. ? Foxul, etc. Lou, ‘ flame, blaze.’ ,”:,”,16saying.’ Swoghe, ‘ silence.’ Jliinct, Ywka., 1333-52. Thag, ‘ though.’ Borz Aghe, ‘ fear.’ Burz 1 ‘ borongh, city.’ Eqhen, ‘ eyes.’ Beghed, ‘ approached.’ Since both npellinp, ‘sage, sawe.’ occur, it loob 08 if ‘sap’ were the traditional spelling, and ‘ awe’ Prk. of Cotuc., Yorkr., before 1349. the real pronunciation. Agh, ‘ ou ht.’ Boghee, ‘%oughs.’ Tocpnlry Myrktiea, Yorkr., 1480. 2%lm Hol h, ‘hollow.’ Bowm ~ag‘i,‘1aw.’ Bughaam Leghe, ‘ a lie.’ Felaghe. Sagbe, ‘ a saying.’ Gnawen, p.p. Saghe, ‘ aaw.’ Halghe, ad]. ‘a 8owch 1 Staghe, ‘ a ladder.’ %h ‘a1aw.9 Saoghe, ‘ sound of wavea.’ Laghe I Thrughe, ‘ flat gravestone.’ Lagh, vh., laugh.’ Wawghes, ‘waves.’ Maghea, ‘ moths.’ Sh, vh. 6louh, ab., ‘ slongh.’ 1 Note spelling, shows these words 8laghe, pret. of ah.’ all had C. 188 QUTTC’RAI. SOUNDS IN EKGLISH-H. c. WYLD.

Iv.- V.,spiii, North., Fifttentl 8 Ploghe, 8dNm.’ Century . Plugh, A., vb. a Mughe. Dagh, ‘pasta.’ to Mughe, hay.’ Maw, ab. to Mughe, ‘ posse.’ Helbow. Marghe, ‘ medulla,.’ Trogh. to Laghe, ‘ ridere. Ylogh, aratrum.’ an Hawghe, ‘ circum.’ Enoghe. Wanof Akx., Yorka., Late Fiftcmth Deghe, ‘pasta.’ Cetit ury. Medial and Final O.E. g=w in Axhe } 6 awe.’ Catholican. Axe I3al h, adj., ‘ swelling out.‘ to Bawe, severe.' Bog%e, ’ bough.’ 6 scucda,’ Burgh ‘ city.’ Outelawry ) exilium.’ Burghis 1 pl. a Mawe, ‘ iecur.’ Drawen ) Lawe. Drazes Law he, A. Dsaxe, 6 feeble creature.’ 8U Efawe tre.

Enoie ’ 1 Enogh Enowe (Dub. only) nu Elbowe, ‘ laccrtus.’ Hop, ‘ boughs. to Draw up. Dewe, ‘ ros.’ Law to Daw, ‘ diescere.’ Lawe, ‘ mountain.’ to Awe, ‘ debere.’ Loge, sb.. ‘ lake.’ to Bowe dome. Rogh, adj. a Bowe, ‘ archus.’ Sagh, 5aw ’ (Dub.). to be Slaae. Saxe \ 6 1 saw.’ Rowe, ‘ crudus.’ Saghe Sighe3, pren. aing. ,%vim, Ymkr., 1670. poi, ‘though.’ Togbid, p.p., ‘ Rongh. Warlow tDub.l?’Ysr =warlock. Chou h. Co*g%. Plough. Slough. Catholicon, rorka., 1483. Trou h. Rougte. Tough. Tr%he Aucus. All these words are said by L. to Trow e,A. } rhyme. ‘hqPg ‘a coffin Throgbe, A. ) Daw (or Dangh) ‘ dough.’ a Slurhe. ‘ scma.’ Hawe. to Sa”he’a tre. Lawe. a sagie. Mawe. Rughe, ‘ hirsutus.’ to Sawe wood. Salghe, ‘ salii.’ Strawe. Fa1sh‘3 \ .sb. Daugh ’ Palowe, A. to Laugh 1 rhyme. n Dwarghe, ‘ tantulus’ (note). Borgh, ‘ fridcursor.’ Allit. P., Lama., 1360. Hor ham, ‘ epiphium.: Ar fe, ’ pusUanImIL9. Borg, city.’ a #lughe wqghte. Bop, bough.’ to Plowgbe. Dagter. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. 189

Sloahenn, p.p., ‘ slain. ] ‘ low.’ Log Sinnghepp, ‘ he sins.’ Innoghe, innoze, enongh.’ Wrexhenn, ‘ accuse.’ Lnge, ‘ to laugh.’ Woahe, ‘ wnes.’ Son. ‘8OlTOW.’ Waghe, ‘ wall.’ pry& ‘ through.’ prazhe, ‘time, while.’ pohh. The spelling schngede, ‘ showed,’ purrh. impliw that g had become w in this Rurrh, ‘ city.’ dialect. Daghess (dso Dazgess). Deah. ‘ is worth.’ Mctr. Rom., Lonu., 1420. Dreghenn, ‘ to suffer.’ Dragbenu, ‘ draw.’ Awen, ‘om.’ Dizhellnesse, ‘ secresy.’ Bow, ‘ boughs.’ Droghe Drogphe 1 ‘ draw.’ Zavelok, N.E. Midl., 1300. Inughe, ‘enou h.’ Dawes, ‘ days.’ Laucbet, ‘ IaugL.’ Felowea. ‘ fellowr.’ Plws ‘ loud~~,’sb. Plug;, st. a&.

Om., Liner., 1200. Haodok, N.E. blidl., 1300. Aghe, ‘awe.’ Herborowed, ‘ lodged.’ Aghenn, ‘ to own.’ porn. Berrzheun, ‘ to save.’ BON. Borqhenn, p.p. Bollzhenn, ‘d18 leased.’ Bozhes, ‘ bou L.’ R. of Brunnc, LlnCr., 1838. Bughenn, ‘ to ion.’ Awe, fear.’ Feh, ‘ property.’ Sawe, sb. Fnrrhoghenn. ‘ to neglect.’ Foll henn, ‘ to follow.’ ,“:a:; Fom%UgheM, ‘ avoid.’ Mowe, ‘ I may.’ Flughenn, perf. o! ‘ fleon.’ Borewe, sub. Flqhenn, ‘ to fly.

Hazberr, dexterons.’ Draught.’ Hallahenn, sb. pl. Saugh, 3 perf., ‘ now.’ Hallahem, vb. Borou h. Laxhenu, ‘ to lower.’ Drougi, 6 drew.’ Lah Laxbe I ‘law’ Hali Meidenhcd, W. diidl., 1225. EgiO Ehne. gen. pl. } ‘ Idruhen, p.p., 6. Lqhenn, tell lies.’ Follie6, ‘ follows,’ 15. Leghe, ‘ daily ay ’ Laho, ‘law.’ Meghe, ‘ fern& relation.’ Sahe, sb., 39, ‘8 tale.’ Loghe, ‘ fire.’ Saeshenn, pl. perf., ‘saw.’ Will. of Pahe, W. Hid., 1360. Seqhe, ‘ rorrow.’ Ni hen. Alwes, ‘ aaints.’ Nef~ Bomes, ‘ boughs.’ Muibenn. Bow-, ‘ inclines.’ Ploh. Burw, ‘ town.’ Gwollghenn. Dam. Suhhghenn. Dawes. Stixhenn, ‘ to go, pass.’ Droug, ‘ drew.’ 1no GUTTURAL SOUN1)S IN Eh’GLISH-H. C. WYLD.

Dwrp, ‘ dwarf.’ Felane.

Felmchige.Dnwe, v , alhaen, dat. pl. Morne, ‘ morning.’ Mow, ‘ 1 may.’ Sawe, ‘ laying.’ Sorhe Awght, ‘ owned.’ Seoraa pough. To-flqen, p.p. To-drqen. Eatlicrt Engl. Pr. Pd., W,Audl., 1375. g:ze } ‘game, play.’ Bow=‘incline,’ imperat., 101.2. Lugen, vb., ‘ tell lies.’ he Slop. ‘ dew,’ 104. 27. Dawede. Lame, 104.43. Dagede. gat Drawep, 148. 14. pat he Drame, 9. 32. ~?~~~;]Dawen \ sb. Felawei, 44. 9. Dawe, Dawes, Dagee] j IInlwen, dat. pl., 82. 3. hahaen Dap )- aing. dat. Xirc, Salop, 1400. *Dswe Buruwe borwe, Fhwe]. Sloghe, ‘ slew.’ Loh, adj., ‘low. Azte. ‘ ought.’ Pa@. poq, ‘through.’ Songs and C.’s, Wm.,1400. Fdghth. baptism.’ Slegh, ‘ day. ’‘orwe 1 31. Stegh, ‘ sscen!ed.’ fiorwe Negh, ‘nigh. Ijlawyn, 66. Eghpe, eighth.’ Bdiory, E. Mi&, 1260. JV,S.Ifnrl., 2,263, Heref., 1310. Drage8, 3 1 1. hit Dawes. Lege, sb., 784. IIawe (aid Heye), ‘ high.’ Lawe, sb. Mane. Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. Felaa, fellows,’ 30. Wore.. (31or., ‘ Tuelfh Century. el awe, 39. Reah, ‘ armilla.’ P, awen,. 62 and panaim. Dracruh, ‘ nanue.’ Morwe speche, 65. Elbowe, ‘ ulna.’ Horetowa, ‘ dux.’ Prompt., Nwf., 1440. LaXninoir, Wmer., 1206. Bowe of tre. Bowe, ’ IUCW.’ Fowle, ‘bird.’ hwe, 6 jw,’ etc. Herherwp. Sotow. Swelwhe of a water or of a goande. nrawae Cowh n, 11. Idrawen Cowgien } vb. Idrqen Cowyn, K. Fnhzel-aunne. Coghe, nb. Lawhyn, ‘ rideo.‘ Throwhe, through.’ GUTTURAL SOUNDS IA ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. 191

Bokenham, Sufolk, before 1447. Swogh SwouRh 1‘ low noise.’ Lanhe, id., St. Cecilia, 821. SwoK J Sawe, St. Elizabeth, 987. Tbwh. :),zT)*$v 1 St. wee. TOWh Tough ‘though.’ Morwe, St. Doroth 106. Tow t porch, 20, 11,000 krg. Thorgg porgh, 183, St. Magdulene. ‘I’hurgh 1 In thia text we have such spellings Trogh as-Malyhs, 215. Trough } ~$,2~~5} St. Agnes.

= 6 malys,’ 4 nys,’ ‘ wys,’ etc., and these spellings wcur constantly throughout the test, shoring that A had no consonantal sound in thie position, “,2h ) vb. Wyclife. Halwen, sb. pl., X. St. Katl,., Gh., 1200. Burh, ‘ city.’ O.E. -a = w in Cl~auetr. I.ahe, ‘ law.’ Pinlien, ‘ they play.’ Sorwe. Sorh, ‘ sorrow. Moweu, vb. Mawe, ‘ stomach.’ I?. o/ Glos., 1300. Lowe, adj. Axte, 3 sing. Sawe, ‘saying, s eech.’ Dawe, pl. Fawe, ‘ fain, plat’ Drawe, p.p. Howe, rh. lh-awep, 2 pl. Dawe, vb. Droiig, ‘ drew.’ Dawes, ‘ days.’ Fanpe, pain.’ Dawing, ‘dawning.’ ‘ Dewe. :$z; f rb. Drawe, vb. IIalwe, adj. Adawe, vb. Hawe, had.’ Awe, sb. Kouhe, cough.’ Awen, ‘ om.’ ‘ Fowel Ez: } ‘ laughed.’ Fowl Lowe Hawe, ‘yard.’ Mawe,’ stomach.’ Owe. vb. llawe (fruit of rose). Rowe, ‘rough.’ Horoae, ‘foul, ~~andal~u~,’O.E. Slam horia (?). Siaze f **pa Halaen, vb. Sorno, sb. Halwes, sb. Waaee, ‘ waren.’ E,“:::::? } sb. Tou, ‘tough.’ Herberme, vb. Thof, ‘ though.’ Sore, ‘a now.’ St. Jtrl. (Xutrical), G~oJ.,1300. Foweles, 226. O.E. -g, -h gh Chawtr. - in ge Mowe, 183. of Dawe, 103. Marw, 146. But fronted in Haide, 27. 193 GUTTURAL SOUNIIS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

O.E. -ht gt. Felahes, ‘ fellows,’ 4. poxt, 31. Ahne, ‘own,’ 10. nij$, 21. Fuheles, 12. digte, vb., 22. Kowber, ‘neither,’ 14. Ye ne mahe, ‘may not,’ 16. Lahen, 6 customs, laws,’ 22. P. Ploum., Glor., 1362-93. Burh, 4. purh, 6. Bergh \ 6 bill.’ Berwe I Borghe, b. Ancr. Riw., Dorret, 1225. Borw. Ageliche. ‘ awfully.’ Felawe. Bouh Laugen Bowe } ‘bough*’ Lauhen Coue, ‘ chough.’ Dawes, ’ days.’ Laughe, b. Lawghe, b. :$: } 6 clever.’ hwe 2 pt. sing., ‘ didst tell lies.’ Indlh. ’ hwen t p.p. hwe, ‘ flame.’ ;z} ‘ a aaying.’ i:,o”,”} ‘ meek,’ etc. Sahe. Flouh. Plow, b. 0. and N.,DW3#t, 1240-50. Plough, b. gorge, J. Ploug, a. sorewe, c.1 Some. Fuheles, C. Monve. Foweles, J. 1 Swowe, vb., ‘ faint.’ Laze (‘law,’ 103). O.E. nwogan. HnXel, C. Thauh. Eiawel, J. 1 10~002. PW. Hahe, Cot.) 1,612. Hawe, J. Morqenning, Cot. Sir Fcr., Devon, 1380. 1 Morewening, J. Awe, ‘ respect, worship.’ Galwetre. Sir B. of Hampt., South Zantr., 1327. For- nap, ‘ devour.’ Pol$ede. Dawe, ‘ to dawn,’ A. Fnwe (nnd Fayn), ‘ pleased, happy.’ Fawe, ‘ glad,’ A. Herbuqer, ’ rostiog-place, camp.’ Sawe, tale, account.’ Kmtwh Gospels (MS. Zatfon, 38), Fonv, ‘furrow.’ 1150. O.E. g (back) =g. St. Editha, Wilt#., 1400. Eagen, J., ir, 11, passim. Sorwe, 3,216. Enge, Joh., I, 34 (dat. slug.). Slam, p.p., 320. he geaeahge, Mk., v, 32. geseagen, Yk., vi, 49. on Dizlen, Mat., vi, 4. St. Jul. (Proar), DWJC~,1200. Twigan, J., xv, 6. Selhtie, * happiness,’ 10. Twig, J., LV, 6. Heh, hehest, 8. Twiggan, Joh., 5,13. Seh, ‘ mw,’ 16. Drehe, ‘ I suffer,’ 16. Examplcs of mimae of g and g in Fehere, ‘ fairer,’ 18. Erntiah OospcL. of Dahene. 30. g for g. Isahet, p. , ‘sawn,’ 38. Droh, per!;, 4. Halgen, Mot., iii, 11. Duhe.Z(e, sb., 4. slog, Mk., xiv, 47. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. 193

8 for g and gx for gg. Lib. Dcsc., 1350, Kent. gast, Mat.. iii, 11 : Joh iv, 24. Lawe, 216. Ganx (im etat ), Mat., ki, 9. Aaxt, 298. Segge, Jog., ii, 6. Owene, 441. Fmxer, Job., XI, 27. Drouge, ‘ drew,’ 1499. pingen, Mat., v, 32. Dwerg, ‘ dwarf,’ 119. porw-g, 291. Pespa~,A. 22, Kent, 1200. Eagen, ‘ eyes,’ 223. Till. of Shoruhatn, Kent, 1307-27. Oge, ‘own, 235. Lawe, 62. Agen. 241. To slage, 66 rhymes Kith lawe). gosawen, 242. Y-fuge, 67 (r6 pmea with lawe). I)raxep (sing.), 68. I-ice8 and Virtues, Kent, 1?00. I -uagc, 68 (rhymes with lawe). prof, ‘ through.’ i-Slze, p.p.. 6. 22. figen. 62. lage, sb., 99. 13. pag, ‘ though,’ 102. Holwye, 3. Moral Ode (Digby NLS.),Xmt, Early Thirtcefith Ceutrtry. Agenbile, Kent, 1340. DraXhen, 47. 49. Exhte, ‘ property,’ 55. Adraze, vb., p.p. Eagen, ‘eyes,’ 379. Alpag, ‘ although.’ Fogeles. 83. A& ‘ ought.’ Lage, ‘ law.’ Beax, ‘he bowed.’ Mugte, 16. Bogsam, ad Oxhru. 2. BOX,‘ bougt.’ B&,h,’l35 = (Rekp 7). Brogtm, ‘ brought.' Pegh. 4. Bouge, ‘ to obey.’ Dog, ‘ dough.’ Dr:rf. ‘dre 8.’ Kedish Sermojw (Laud, 47 11, Drag, ‘ to $rnw.’ 1200-60. Lqe, ‘law.’ Wo movie, Epiph. Lox, ‘low.’ Legheg, lies, Fifth Sermon, 5. Mnwe, ‘ to mow.’ Daghen, dat. pl., Fifth Sermon, 5. Moae, ‘ may.’ I-eeghe, ‘ seen,’ Fourth Sermon. Oze, ‘ omi (adj.). Moreghen, Fifth Sernion. Slaae, ‘ to slay. LaTte, am., Epiph. Uogel, ‘bird.’ , ‘own,’ ad]., Second Sermvn. Tnoze, ‘ enough.’

mr. Non-initid O.E. and h fronted in M.E.

Berr. vb., ‘hury.’ Yorly, ‘ to violate.’ By,” to buy.’ Haqit, ‘ harried.’ Dm 1 vb., ‘ endure.’ Hcrheq, ‘ lodging.’ Drq J IIe ( ‘eye.’ IIcp j ndj. Ey / Sla, ‘klV.

Phil. Trans. 1898 9. 13 194 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ESGIJSH-H. C. WPLD.

Gar. Dou~~u~,1475-1522. We, to suffer.' I Eine, ' eyes.' Ley, 'a lea.' i

Compl... of Scotl., 1649. iI I I Sir Gaw., ATorth., 1366. i Ben. ' hill.' Den., vb. ~ryi~ten,' lord.' Yay. ' maid.' Metrical Paalter, Ywka.,before 1300. ISghen, 33. 16. Filigh, irnperat., ' follow,' 33. 15. For&gh,p.p., 21. 25. Kegh, adj., 39. 13. Ivan of Alez., Yorks., Late Fifteenth Keghburgh, 14. 3. Centuvy. Slighen, 3 pl., 21. 30. Stihen, sb. pl., 118. 105.

Cursor dfundi. 1300. his Ywka.. Ege, sing. Eghen } l eye.' Eie, pl. Eeyn ' eye.' hege, vb , ' dree.' Eze Een and Egen 1 ' fear" Hei Fey, ' fated and die.' Leis, sb., ' lies.' Lei. rb. Lies, 2 sing. Levins, I-oh., 1670. Iigbes. Flee, 'a fly.' Liges. Eye. to Dree. Minot, YorXa., 1333-63. to Flee. L e 'falsehood.' to Pee. dai: Hdfare, 'heifer.' Main. Allit. P., Lnnca.. 1360. Townley diyaterics, Ywka., 1480. Adrez, aback, aside,' = ?' Wey = O.E. wiga, ' a man.' I Hyp, ' tp lie.' Urn, ad]. Prk. of Consc., Yorka.,bafore 1349. May, ' maid.' i Mefr. Rom., Lunca., 1420. Hger, ' higher.' se ' i Seghe Oma., Lincs., 1200. Bilqgd. Prizzenn, ' calumniate.' GUTTURAL SOC'XDS 1x EXGI.IPH--II. c. WTLD. 195

Fraggnen, ask.' Ferliz, adv. Forrlegenn, 'guilty of adultery.' Fee, ' cnttle,' ctc. Yleg$. Ney, ' near.' Fanerr, ' fair.' I Fleye, ' flew.' Faygre, adr. Feigbtit, perf. Fegeat, ' joineat.' Pleypbe, ' fled.' InnsqXleas, ' seala.' Sleigpc, ' cunning.' Eg$enn, ail.' EggPerr, * either.' Jf'ill. of Pal., JV. Mid/., 1250. E;5gwhrer, ' everywhere.' Egae, ' fear.' Ai, eye.' Twigps, ' twice.' I Aie, ' awe.' Twqaenn, ' hain.' 1 6 pqxre ] 'their.' !::' L$tr:victorg.* Dele, vb., 'die.' prizgess, thrice.' Flye (hlis), adj. Dnggd. Hip, ' haoten.' Xddmdlqge,. Drie. 'to dree.' Rap, 'rain. ~ Heie Nqglenn, ' to nail.' Heig %Pqb Heigh 'high.' maggn, waggon.' Heve Hiae JI WaX& ' woe.' Dagg, ' day.' IIeiging, ' hurrying.' Maaz, a maid.' i p?: 1 6 nearly.' Xagg, ' may.' j Seie, 6 to as'.' Note spelling, reggsenn, 'to rdae ' I Seya. (= 0. Icel. reisa?). This seems to I Seyde. I Skip. prove that gg in above words = 0 Sle. ' to slay.' or 1, which wonld imply diphtbongi- 1 Fe/h, 'though.' zation of the a. agg I Pel. 31. Weih, ' a balance.' ' Weig, 1 man.' XavcLk, .V.E. Midf., 1300. i Hali NeidCnM, Ip. di lu.s1225. hit Beie, vb. subj., ' ben 1.'

I Feire, adj., 29.

R. of Brunw, Liner., 1338. Bey, 'hay.' Seide, 15. 1. Rep, ' rain.' Nqbur, 29. 4. Eyen, 'eyy.' Seige, 36. 31. E e 'awe. to Sle, 36. 31. daiden. Abreyde, p.p. Mirc, Sukp, 1400. Weye. Sties, ' b~-~o~.' Stv, a path.' Lye, ' dwelt. sie, 6 to L , inf., 'to lie down.' Sleen, 'slain.' dyes, sb. Dreye, vb., ' dree.' Drergh, adv. 196 QU~TURAL SOUNDS i~ ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD.

MS. Uarl., 2,253, Heref., 1310. Brqe, ‘brow.’ Buy), 3 sing. prea., ‘buys.’ Eps. Egenen, dat. pl. Jlokmham, Stifolk, before 1447. Fe, ‘money.’ Flege, dat. sing., a fly.’ Rqe, ub., ‘ saw,’ St. Agatha, 144 ? He e Eyne, St. Mary, 466. andl(Haae) f ‘hi@’’ E ghte. St. Mar 935. Yie, St. Agatta, 345 (rhymes to ‘lies.’ Lig6 ) aapye, eye, leye).

Engl. Gttildr, Nwf., 1389. Lqamm, Worm., 1205. Leefully, 51. Heye, adj., 39. Sing.: Dzi, *dni [‘day’]. Dsiee, daiges, .daiea, da ea [daiges], docie, doeigen, dqe, fie, daiae, deie Prompt., Nwf., 1440. Eye, ‘ oculus.’ [d$?:: Dscies, dmigea, docaea, daiges. Neyhbore. Gen. : Uagen [daigeue], daigc, Neyborede. daises, dnges. Dqen, vb., daiyn. . U’yclife. Deigen. degen [ eie, deige], ‘ to die.’ Eien, X. Digelen, ‘ eeeretly.’ Eigen, X.} ‘eyes.’ Ege, ‘e e.’ Yge, LL. Feie, ‘ Lted to die.’ hie, ‘tell lies’ Faein, ‘ fain, glad.’ Jsip Lige [lege]. Leigede Moei. mai, mscie [mail. Byge, vb., CC. Plocge, pleige [ple:ta, pleoi]. Tweie, -tweiae. Tweine, tneiae [taei, tweye]. Charcm.. Xh-senen, ‘ eyertiaht.’ Ip,vb., ‘ to lie (down).’ Xie, eie, eiae,,ege [eaae, eye], ape. L e, a lie; nlso rb. *Saei, saeize, we, impemt., ‘ say. dayden. hi. .lai, pret., of liggen. Playen. *Lwide, ‘ laid.’ Pleyen, ‘ to ply.’ Reye (‘ rye ’). Rep Styo, ‘ to mount.’ Styward. Twepe. Tweye. Wt!Y. Abeye, vb., ‘ pay for.’ A-breyde, ‘to make.’ Alwey. Bi mye, p.p. Dayerc. Bertiary, E. Xtdl., 1250. Dayeseye. Deyen. Drye, to endure.’ Drye, ad]. Eye, pl. eyen, ‘ eyes.’ Fair, ndj. Pnyn, glad.’ Ylyc, a fly.’ GUlTURAL SOUNDS IX ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. 197

Frye, vb. I, e, ‘ flame.’ Hye, vb., ‘to hssten.’ i&ene, 9. Lest, ‘ flame.’ Folgyeap, pree. pl. Saj.e, 6 to my.’ Syging, ‘ sighing,’ sb. Nei h, adv. (aha negh). Eig%te. St. Editha, Wilt#., 1400. Heigh, ‘high.’ hi per lqe, 3,385. Ueighte, sb. y-neyge, seen,’ 3,535. Sey, pl, yen, time.’ Sene, ‘ he aaw,’ 3,846 and 460. Hy, adj., hyh.’ Eyge, ‘eye,’ 4,297. h ther, 713. St. Kath., Glos., 1203. dygede, 1278. Herion, vb., ‘ glorify.’ Seyen, 3 pl. vb , ‘saw,’ 1,423. Ehe, ‘eye.’ Twey, t-*o,’ 2,337. Ehnen, pl. Sf. Jd (Amc), Dorrct, 1200. R. of Gtor., 1300. Meidea, 2 pres. Deu, gen., 6. Lei hae, ‘ flame.’ Meari, ‘ marrow,’20. I .i&, ‘ to layh ’P Fligen, ‘ flies. Ancr. Riu,., Dorut, 1225. Egto, ‘ eighth.’ IIei [ g:ihe 1 6 awe.’ Heih J Eye, pl. sb., ‘ ep’ IIeihte, 8. hie, ‘ Uame.’ Rein, rain.’ P. Pbwm., Glos., 1362-93. Li-gen, ‘ to lie.’ Beia, ornament for neck. Worge8, 6 wearieth.’ Eye, ‘awe.’ Wigeles, ‘ wiles.’ l’leelips, ‘ hedgehogs’ alrina.’ 0. and N.,Dwsci, 124060. Xge. Eyen, J. Fey, ad’. Egen, Cutt. ‘JC~.’ ::?$ edj. Plei, 213, vb. inf. 1 Weie, 214, sb. Hi Leighe, 3 pret, ‘ didst lie’ (‘mentire’). Loye, ’ a flame.’ Sir E. of Eampt., South Xants., 1327. Lie mentire.’ Untige, vb., A. Li-gon ] hige, ‘ fear,’ 8. A. Teigen, rb., ‘tie.’ Wry, vb., ‘turn.’ Eentuh Gorpelr (HS.Eatton,38),1150. hyn, p. 8eih. Dcc~.Nat., XI, 2. Seigh, 1 pt. sing., ‘eaw.’ Felge (imperat.), Mat., ix, 9. Seie, p.p. Aighwile, Mat., vi, 34. hip, prca. sing., ‘ to lay.’ Mqz, Mat., vi, 24. Dayghwamficc, Mat., vi, 11. he sighed.’ Onf@ 37. g$e%y‘L 0nfe h5 1 Mk., ix, Eige, ‘lear,’ 36L is, 6. Sir Fer., Durn, 1380. Forleigre, Mk., xi, 21. Aye, ‘ awe.’ Meixdene (dat.), Mk., Vii, 22. A~per. Suigde, Mk., ir, 21. Egene, ‘ eyes.’ Maniae, Joh.. xxi, 6. reye, ‘ accused, cowardly.’ Eyge, * fear,’ Joh., XI, 19. May, ‘ maid.’ pu agest, Slat., v, 33. 198 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WTI.~.

Verpas, A. 22, Rent, 1200. On-rigt, ' wrong.' I Ncgebores, ' nqgeborea.' xcio, ' fear,' 225. Nayle. Mayden. Vices md Vtrfut,a, Kcitt, 1200. I Lygere, ' liar.' Lkte. ab. qixc, ' fear,' 19. 29. higene, ' eyes,' 51. 2. Fleih, ' flew,' 137. 12. Lsjrt, ' light.' Moral Ode (Digby YS.),Kejrf, Early IIalgede, ' he hallowed.' Thii.terikth Ce,rCriry. Elate, 8. Aihaer, ' anywhere,' 88. Ege, exen, ' eye, eyes.' BolXeS, 14. Eyren, ' C* ' EigsI'awe,' 281 (rhymes nith leie). Eyder, ' ezcr.' LieXen (rhymes with driezen). Daies. Leid, p.p., 12. Zuoli = O.E. sulli. Soqe, 146 ) 13 a in thew words back Brixt. Feze, 61 or hutF

Ifill. of Shorehain, Xmf, 1307-27. Ijayp, ' buys.' Enen, ' eyes,' 5. Hqe, ' high.' Cly, ' to fly.' Byenbite, Kent, 1340. x-aarged, ' farrowed.' Lib. Ikrc., Xotf, 1XO. Wrage, ' to betrny.' ixen, ' eyes,' 943. Slee and slea, ' to slay.' Esge, ' fear,' 2,025. Plep, sports.' Streigt, 942.

IX.

Non-initial O.E. -cg .= -gg (front stop, etc.) in 3I.E.

Gav. Bouglac, 1475-1522. Ram of AIcmnder, Yorks., Lafe Eige, ' ridge of a hill, edge.' I Fijfeetrth Ceiifury. (ge here = dii) 1 'inciting' (front or back?). Sir Goo., 1366, Norfh. 3zzng Eggis Egge, ' edge.' Hegp 1 ' IIegges, ' hedqes.' Egge, 'edge.' Ryggo, ' hack. IP.. W.,xviii, Noh.,Early FiftrentA cm t uvy. i fitJifl8, Yorka., 1570. ' carex.' ?$!?!of knife). Bridge. Tf egge, ' cuneus.' Midge. ? Bryg I di ? Ridge. GUTTURAL SOWXDS IN ENGLISII-11. C. WTI.1). 199

Allit. P.,LCZJXS., 1360. -US.Hnrl., 2,253, Hmcf, 1313. Aleggen, ‘to overtl~row.’ Brygge. Brugge, ‘ bridge.’ Bu,Oglng. Dungen, ‘to beat.’ I.egieny 4 to lay ’ Egge, ‘ edge,’ sb. Li gen, 4 to hi.’ Eggynge, ins$gatitrn.’ Tu%rugge, n drawbridge.’ Lygge, ‘ to lie. Rug, ‘ back.’

Worts., Glos., Tlcdftlb Ccntlrry. or2Jl., Li~WS.,1200. Seg, ‘ carex.’ Abiggenn, ‘ pny for.’ Weg. Uigeu. ‘ bury.’ Eggu, ‘ edge.’ Legenn, ’ lay,’ lqaesst, 1eXge)P. Lag., Ivor~cs.,1208. Seggenn, ‘ say, tell.’ Abiggen, ‘ buy.’ .Brugge. ‘ hridge.’ Bugqe (Bigge). Ilavelok, ,V.E. Xzdl., 1300. .Legge, to lny.’ Brigge. .Liggcn, ‘to lie down.’ kiy. .Seggen. tvghgne. R. of B~WIJM,Lijics., 1338. Lgge, ‘ exge.’ Rug ‘ back.’ uYg6C”. ( l!u,R,Re) 1 Br ugyt s. lti,vga, dat. Egge,,’ edge,’ rb. srg, ‘ man.’ Stulgeing, ‘ saying.’ Sag, early use of (Note -4c.) Pi.ot)ipl., Xorf., 1440. Lyggynge, rrb. Hal; Xeiahhed, W. ilfd.,1’225. ILygge, bone.’ to Seggen, 3. Segge, 6 sedge.’ Buggen, 9. Hrygge, ‘ poiis.’ Vegge EggeS, 3. ] ‘cuneus.’ Notice Rug, ‘back,’ 17. \Ve%ge, vb., ‘cleavc wood’ (the apelling shows pronunciation of other forms). Kill. of Pal., IF. MI&., 13SO. Eggjn, or entycyn. Biggen. Egge, acies.’ hug. (g here perbapq = €I.) Fly ge aabryddys. BNggc. He&, sb. Eggad. p., ‘ incitcd.’ Iledgyn, vb., ‘ to make a h.’ Egge - to!: Keygge (or ioly), cf. Suffolk ‘kedge.’ LlEge, rb.. ‘lie, dwell.’ Riiie, ‘ back. ’ Wilh and Iw. Begging, ‘ swing ’ (Aj. Swinge, ‘ th& suike.’ Iieggen, Rookewoode, 1479. Coksedge Coksedgva 1407. Coksegji ,!

Earliest EngZ. Pr.Pa., JF. Yidl.,1376. Wyclife. Ognin siggeing, 30.-26. , . j Bigge, 43. 28. Rggge, 49. 18. 200 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

Chauccr. Sir Ftr., Devon, 1380. Abegge, ‘ pay for.’ Bnggeward . Brigge, sb. Dynpn, ‘ dash, hound.’ Drugge. Riggoa. Egpg, eb. S1eg e, ‘sledhammer.’ Egge, vb., ‘incite.’ el‘edged.’ Egge, sb. fkge, &lie.’ Pynge, ‘ to tingle.’ Kigge (and Rig). Sigge, ‘ my, tell.’

Senge, ‘ to singe.’ St. Editha, Wilfr., 1400. Wegge, sb. Lyge, id., 3.156. Lepgng, 3,629. St. Kuth., Glor., 1200. hgge, mf., 452. Lygmg, 2,474. Egge, ‘edge.’ Leggen, ‘to lay.’ Bncr. Riwl., Dorset, 1225. 1300.

Sir R. of LTainpt., Soulh Eanfs.,1327. Ri ge bone,ManchesterMS., Fifteenth ten&.

Moral O& (Digby MS.),Kent, Ady Thirteenfh Century. Reggen, inf., 66. Siggej, 114.

P. Ph.,Ql~r., 1362-93. Ayenbitc, Kent, 1340. Brigge. Besenge, ‘ to singe.’ Bvgge. Begginge, ‘ to buy.’ Bigge, vb. ‘ buye;h.’ Biggere, ‘ a buyer.’ L?$p: to lay. Bugge, B. Ligge, ‘ to lie.’ Buggers, A. Ziggen, ‘ to ,my.’ Leggen. Reg, ‘back. Liggen. neg, ‘ hedge.’ Rigge. RTgP (and RYd. Segge (and Seg). Lib. Drre., Emt, 1360. Regge, 1,018. St. Jul. (BMu),Dwaet, 1200. BrigKe, 1,330. Eggin, inf., 44. Lcgge, ‘to lay,’ 1331. Seggen, inf., 8. Liggc, ‘ to lie,’ 1635. GUTTURAL SOCNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. 201

X. Non-initial g and 6 =back stop in 3I.E. Barbuur. Prk. of Cmuc., I’orkr., before 1341.

Big, l to build.’ Byggyn, sb. Egg, vb., ‘ incite.’ LiRB Briggit, ‘bridged.’ Ligp vb., ‘ lie.’ Egginp ‘ urqng.’ IJYg Ryg, ridge. Lygyn,I ‘ lain.’ Tyg, ‘ to touch lightly.’ Lyggys, ‘ lics.’ Dunbar, E. Lothion, 1460-1520. Brigge. TGwnley Myulniea, Zbrkr., 1450. Dreg, ‘ to dredge.’ Lig, to lie down,’ but lyys, 3rd Lirr. ‘ to lie.’ ‘ Sing., &;bane. alao occurs, line 104.

Compl. o/Scot1., 1649. Tar8 of Akz., Yorkr., Late F@mth Big, ‘ build.’ Cen t icry. ling. Drug, vb. Eg, sb. Lye rig. Scroggis, ‘ low stuntcd bushes.’ pig.’ G~v.DOUgh, 1475-1522.

Buge, I a bow ’ (ghere must be 3 stop; it is never used ta express an open coneonant in thie text). %gig, incites.' Rigbone. Catlrolicma, Yorka., 1483. Ryg, ‘back.’ lhig, ‘ to beg’ (O.E. jicpn). Myge, cules.’ to Lyg(e), ‘ under, succumber.’ Metrical Paalter, Yovka., btfore 1300. to Beg. to Byge, ‘ fundare, condere.’ Fen of Dreg (fecis), 39. 3. to Bygge, ‘ again, re-edificare.’ Ligging, ‘ lying down,’ 6. 7. a Bryge, ‘ pons.’ Ligging-ated, 36. 6 (MS.Egerton). n Drag, ‘ arpsr.’ ?*higgand, ‘ begging.’ 39. 18. an IIogge. 1 wigged, 79. 11. an Ege Eg f, A.) ‘ Ire’-.’ Curwr diundi, Yorkr., 1300. rgg:i *.} ‘omm.* Brig. Ligus 13rd sing. Yige tre. Liggus Hagwnrne, ‘ a viper.’ Ligand to Lygg, ‘accumbere.’ hggand to Lyg in wayte, ‘ insidiare.’ Likand a Pegg, ‘ cares.’ ‘ adulari,’ Minot, Ymks., 1332-62. to ’age { 1 alpsre ’ Brig. 3 Fagynge, ‘%landicis.’ Lig, ‘ lie, remain.’ (See note in I’romptorium.) Rig, ‘ back.’ on ‘ Fagyu, or flateryn, adulor.’ 202 GUTTUKAL SOUKDS IN ENGLISH-11. C. WYLD.

1’. 146. Pt.ompt., Norf., 1410. ! I cf. Erriwiggle, Forby, O.E. fnaenian. Sorf . i\rrmviggle, Prompt., fauniu, ‘ blandio.’ Lnngl., 1 Moore: SuEolk. sv, 295 ; has fnuhnede. Byggyn, or byld~n. B. Thyggyn, ‘ meuhco.’ Frogge ) I or Frugge ‘ ‘ode.’ Lccina, 1-mka., 1670. I ! Egge and Ey. Brig Rigge of land C‘hattcn.. Ri;: of a Iiouse All these Bagg~,Rh. Snig, ‘angullla! genus’ Begge, vb. Whig (and Whny) Dogge. fib. Diggen, vb. Dngged, adj. k rogge. Roggeth, vb. Ruggy, rrdj. Waggefi, vb. R. ojBrunne, Liitca., 1338. i P. Plomwa., Glor., 1362-93. Bigged, ‘ buil:’ Bigge, vb., ‘build.’ He#, ‘hedge. Hegge, ‘ to beg.’ Ligges, ‘ lies,’ vb. Egges, fib. pl. I lyg, ‘ I lie down.’ Ryg, ‘ hack.’ Megge, ‘ kinsfolk.’ Seg (and Segge), 6 creature, man.’

XI.

O.E. ht in M.E.

Borbour. Compl. Gf ScotI., 1549. Aucht, they qossessed.’ Brycht, adj. Aucht, ‘ eight. Eycht, ‘ eight, oiybth.’ Bataucht, ’ handed over.’ Docbtir. Brichtly. Poucbt, ret. Douchty. Higbt, L\eight.’ Dochtrys, ‘ daughters.’ Laucht, ‘ laughed ’ Maucht 6 ,,+bt.* Egt } vb. Mycht 1 Flicht, ‘ flight.’ Ryeht. Hicht Thocht. Hescht } ‘ heigllt*’ Vrocht. Xinot, Ymkr., 133342. Dunbar, 6.Lothian, 1460-1520. I Doghty, etc. Brieht. I Rk. of Conre., Porkr., bcfovr 1349. Aght, pret; Agbtend, eighth.’ GUTTURAL SOUS1)S IS ENGLISH-H. C. WT1.D. 203

Digbt. ‘ decked.’ Brolilito. Drighten, lord.’ Forr-rnltht, ‘ prevented.’ Heght, oh. Duhhtiz. Sleght, ‘ wisdom.’ FuUuhlit. Slughter. Xabht. Soght, p.p. Wehhte, ‘ weight.’ Bytaght, p.p. >Inhht, ‘mi$ ’ Fought. Uhhtenn, ‘ early morning.

Far8 of Alex., Yorks., Lale Fiffrrrrth R. of Brunne, Liner., 1338. Ceii t id i y. Lyght, sb. Feght, oh., etc.. etc. 1,au ht erf. of lacche, ‘ to catch.’ Augit, perf. Faught,;.E. peri. Catholicon, Yoi.k~.,1483. a Thoghb. ITali Ncidenhed, IP. Xidl., 1226. Taaght, ‘ doetus.’ a Slcght, * lamina.’ Kawt, ‘ uought,’ 9. a Slaghter, ‘ c4,es.’ a Nighte, ‘ nor. Lynhte, sb. Will, of Pal., IT. Bid., 1350. an keghte, ‘ apes,’ etc. nrit, ‘bright.’ Goluohte, ‘ auruxn ’ [uote). I.i;3tere, ‘ lighter.’ Fraghte of a schippe. Rit. i,$jfi:b } of anam (note). Hiat. Suugt, p.p. a E’lnghte de terra. Doqti. a Draghte. ‘ houstus.’ Doiigkr. Aglite, ‘ oh.’ Wryghto. Endiert Eiigl. Pr. Pa., IF. Mi&., 1375. Harrlok, N.E. Nidl., 1300. Rp,tful, 91. 15. Knicth Urught, 87. 7. Bnith Knictes Hire, S&p, 1400. Kniht Lict I DrDt. Libt 1 ”* DryXte, ‘ dinposc.’ Plith, ‘haven.’ Fvate, ‘ fight.’ Rith, sb. l’iy,k., plight. Aucbk RvXt. Aurtc ‘ possessions.' Bat, ‘ sight.’ Authe 1 Bruucte, ‘brought.’ Douhter. Lag., Tovc~.,1303. Douther. *Rriht. Doutres, PI. Fabt. .Dohter. Douter. Onn., Linor., 1200. DuXter. Awihht, ‘aught.’ Docliter (dopter). Rrihhte, ad .Cniht (cnipt). Ehhte, eigit.’ Ahte (eahte). Ehht. Ilohte, part. of ‘ biggen.’ Lihht. Pette and fschte, from ‘ fech-n.’ Wrihht, ‘make.’ Quehte, from ‘ quecchen.’ 204 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

Song8 and C.’a, U’arw., 1400, Droughte ] ‘thirst.’ Droglite Dowter. Bright. Nyte, ‘ night.’ I’lighte, vb. Bryte, ‘ bright.’ Night. Right. Gcneair and Ezodua, Sufolk, 1260. Wight. Wight, adj., ‘active.’ Brigt, bright.’ Fighten. Brocte, brought,’ pret. Born&, ‘ bought,’ pret. St. Kath., Gbr., 1200. Fogt, ‘ fought.’ Fehten, vb. puhb, ‘ seemed.’, Bestiary, W.iffid;., 1260. gktoL‘, thought. Brigt, 70. Drigteu, 40. FIi$ 69. p. plotoll., 1362-93. Nigt, 63. Rrizt. adj. This test writcs g for back and Hougt, ought, anything.’ front, open, and stop consonants.

Engl. Guilds, Norf., 1389. L ght. pouftc, pret. dght, also nod passim. Sir Fw., Dcvon, 1380. Prompt., A’orf., 1440. Doatv. Fohht. Bn-ohte, ‘ clam.’ Follogt. righ. Ifyhth. St. Editha, Jrih., 1400. Mighthy. Nvghte. Almygty, 1. Kj-th (H.). Knnt I izht! 530. Bokmhain, Sufolk, brfore 1447. piwzt,‘ 1738. Hycht, St. Dorothy, 10. N.B.-Spelling oqt = ‘out,’ 1670, Doughtir, 11,000 tirgh.9, 104. 16i6, flhowa that the a cannot have DoKtn.8. St. Dorothy, 23. beau pronouiicd.

St. JuI. (Proae), Dmrct, 1200. Unduhti, ‘ unworthy,’ 4. Nahte, sb., 12. Brihtre, comp., 18. Stmughte, p.pl. Btrmght, p.p. and pr. aing. (N.B. dmr. Biwlc, Dorut, 1226. Streighte, p.pl.) Taughte, pret. Et2 ] ‘caught.’ Raughte. pret. Hiht, ‘ judgernont.’ ‘I’hoght. Sonhte. r‘eap., A. 22, Xert, 1200. Nck Kouoht \ Richtaisen, 217. Aboihte,’ p.p. of abye. Almihtig. Doghkr. Dcchtrea, PI., 225. Dou ht). Michte, 229. Dogity : Echte, ‘ poesessions,’ 233. GUTTZ:RAL SOUNDS IN EKGLISH-€I. C. IVYLD. 205

Xenlirh Sermmr (NS.Laud, 471), Lib. Dcac., hint, 1350. 1200-50. Knixt. mmslechte, 2nd Serm. Sogt. licht, E iph. Wizt. hricht, Epiph. Si& etc., etc. unsawgt.

MODERN DIALECT WOItD- LISTS.

____.

I. Non-initin1 X- in the Modern Dialects.

A-orthumb., Errlop, 1593-4. Hkk, ‘ to hesitate.’ IIikr, ‘ to awiiig or sway.’ Bike, ‘ bm’ nest.’ Kahbuck, ‘ cheeue.’ Blake. ‘golden yellow,’ a.3 butter or Larick, ‘ lark.’ ellease. Klick, a peg for hanging. Brake, ‘ kind of harrow.’ I Breck, ‘ portion of a ficld cultivaled hy i:L } ‘ match, pair, equal, mote.’ itself.’ Mickle \ Breeks. Murkle J :zk 1 ‘ brittle.’ ~~~~ichcr)1 nb. nnd vh. Cleak, ‘ to snatch.’ Nick, ‘ notch, nick,’ cw. ~$~letcb)~lbrocdof young chickens.’ I’cmck, ‘ park.’ Pirk. a tool. Clwk, ‘ a crook.’ Pick, ‘ itch.’ Click, ‘a rent, bnr.’ Pick, ’ !ark.’ Click-clack, ‘ idle gossip.’-. Pick, ‘ to pitch, throw.’ Crake Pickle, ‘ grain of corn.’ (and Craikh) } 1 to complain.’ Pike, pointed hill. Diker, ‘ hedgcr, ditcher, hedxe- Plock i npnrrow.’ plukc ‘pimple.’ Dike, ‘ fence. ditch, hedge, stone wall.’ Pock, ‘ mark.’ Dockan, ’ dock-lea!.’ Praek, vb., ‘ ndorn.’ Prick. :Ek Or 1 prct.. of ‘ drink.’ Hack, ‘ Reawccd ’ Rack ‘~trenk of coloiir, drifting Or ‘ drench with water.’ ::::$ (Katdi) 1 ’ clouds.’ Ecky, ‘ sorrv.’ Hackle, ‘ rnsh,’ etc. Ekc, nn addition to a building. Rack, ‘ reach ot water.’ Ferkiul, ‘ remorseful.’ Rccklin 6 laSt-horn.9 Feck, ‘ quantity, abundnnw.’ Rickhn 1 ‘ to be rcetless.’ Reek, ‘ smoke ’ r:t: \ Rick, ‘a pile.’ wattled hindle.’ Roak, ‘ foc, mid.’ :ft’\ 1 ‘ Rock, ‘ di.“tuff.’ ‘ flitch.’ Riicli, ‘rick.’ Flickrr i ::,: } ‘such.’ Flacker , ‘ flatter.’ Seck, ‘ to Iwin: or carry mything.’ Frecken, ‘to 1riplitr.n.’ Bescck, t b. 206 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ESGLIYH-H. C. WT1.D.

I Seek, ‘pick.’ I Beak, ‘ n hcam.’ Sicket, ‘ sma? ndet.’ Uenkk, ’ to bak~.’ .Sike, ‘ such. Bwk, ‘ n brook.’ Sike. ‘ small stream or drain.’ I Beck, ‘ to bask by, fire.’ Skrike, shriek.’ Boke, ‘ to hinder. Slncl;, ‘ idle talk.’ ) ’ to snatch.’ Slake, ‘ to smear.’ I ;pi Sleek, ‘ river mud.’ Feckless. .Sle&it, ‘ smooth-skinned.’ Feck. ‘ to he uneasy.’ .Slick. ‘ smoothly.’ 1 Flacker, ’ lau~hIietlrtily.’ Hackt, chapped ;old.’ Smack. I ‘ with Smock. i Id, ‘ a leak.’ Snock, ‘ snap of the jaw.’ ! Iike. Snook, prnjerting headland.’ I I.arrick. ‘ lark.’ I Snoak, ‘ sniff L(B a dog.’ Lake, ‘ to play.’ Sneck of pate. Mak, ‘ to nlahe.’ Sook, ‘ such.’ I Mickle Stacker, ’ stagger.’ , Mucue 1 hfialikken. ‘ to nexlwt.’ :::: f ‘ a labour dispute.’ ! Nicker, ‘ laugh sottly.’ ! Pick dark. i Pick. . pitch ’ i Pickle, * cnrn-grain.’ Stook of corn. Plook, pimple.’ Straik ‘ a streak or stretch of any- I i’riekers. Strake f thing.’ I Reek. Strike. Roke, ‘ to scratch glass \villi a point.’ Teakem, NUniag of watery mattm i Sek ‘such.’ from a me. Sik 1 moor-Teek, ‘ a tick.’ I Skril&, ‘ to scream.’ Theck. Slek, ‘ to slake.’ ‘rheak. Sllek, * a Itltrh.’ Thake. I Snack. ‘ haat? men1 ’ ‘rhock, ‘ to breathe henvily, pant.’ Stakker, ‘ to etagpr.’ Twike, ‘ a ointed stick.’ i Streck. ‘ to stretch.’ 1Rel;l ;i+Ay? Strickle, for 8li:irpeninl; scvthe% Wic . in dace-names. Swyke, ‘ thin-made anrmal.’ Syke, ‘ small wet hollow.’ Theek, ‘ to thatch.’ l’hak \ Tbeuk I Dkckinson, Cumberland, 1859. I Tokker, dowry.’ Ac, ‘to heed.’ I Whick, ‘ alive; quick.’ Akkern. ‘ acorn.’ , Yucks, ‘ itches.’ Dikey ‘ hedge-sparrow.’ Yik, ’ ache.’ Dyke, ‘hedge.’ ! I nook, ‘ to dire.’ Palgrarc, Durham, 1896. Drakt, ‘ wet.’ Drookt, ‘ very wet.’ Rerk, ‘ stream.’ Drukken, ‘drunken.’ I I3leck. ‘dirt grease on coal-waggons.’ Breekin. space between udders of llrock, ‘ badger.’ a sheep. Bracken. Rreeks. Click, ‘ to catch ,one in the side.’ Brek, ‘ badger.’ 1 Dyke, ‘ a hedge (never ‘ ditch ’). Brok I Beek, ‘ call for a horse.’ llrokken 1 ‘broken.’ I Hark, a hem-j pick.’ Buckle, healthy condition.’ i Howk, ‘ to dig. throw out.’ Black. Mickle, (not common). Boke, ridge of land left for division I Pike, ‘ large haycock.’ of ownershiu. I Reek, ‘ smoke,’ sh. or vb. S QUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ESGLISH-H. C. WTLI). 207

Rook, ‘ thick fog, damp.’ Pnickle, ‘to snare pine.’ Sneck, ‘ door latch.’ Sterk, *tofasten the door.’ Stook, ‘ bundle of aheavee.’ Strickle, tool for shnrpening wythe. Skrike, ‘ shriek.’ syke. ‘ rill of water.’ Beeker. ‘ an overlooker.’ Thuck, sh. Thcak, vb. Wick, ‘ alive.’ Srualedak (N. Yorkr.), Harland, 1873. Blako. ‘nallow.’ Click. ‘ to snatch.’ (Weak and } 6 the hip.’ Yenk The transcription in that of Prof. Wright. Mickle. Biak, ‘ benk.’ Reek, smoke ’ Brok, ‘ hadger.’ Hoke, ‘ flyinn mist.’ Dnik, ‘ditch.’ Site, ‘ aueh.’ Drukv, ‘ drunkon.’ Skrike. Yik1,‘adj. Streaked, ‘stretched.’ Flik (of bacon). Thack, 6b. Flika(r), vb. Theck, vb. Fluk. Xk, ‘to hitch.’ Laik. Whitby (N.E. Ywkr.),Robitrroti, 187G. Leak, ‘to play.’ Lik. book. Beaks. pl. f Pik, ‘ picknxe.’ Breeka, ‘ breeches.’ Pluk. Brock, ‘ badger.’ Prik. Brucklc. Prikl. Clnek, ‘ twaddle.’ Rcik, ‘to reach.’ Click Hik, ‘ reek.’ Glitch) ] ’brood,’ ek* Sik. ‘to seek.’ Dike, ‘ ditch.’ Skrik, ‘ to shriek. Eking, ‘ enlarging.’ Sick, ‘ mall coal to slake a fire.’ Feak, ‘ to fetch.’ Smtk, ‘ to smoke.’ (Fetch used in different sense.) Snik. ‘to cut.’ Fick. ‘ to strup le, a3 a child in cradle.’ Snikit, ’ small pasage.’ Flecked. specfied.’ Spcik. vb.. * speak.’ Bacon-Hick; Straik. vb. Heck, ‘ hayrack;’ Stnak. ‘ a strcnk, stripe.’ ‘IIeuk, ‘the itch. Strikq. ‘ #tricken.’ nicker, ‘higher.’ Stukg, ‘stunk.’ Hike, ‘ to toss u ’ Sukg. ‘aunk.’ I Keck, 1 to half cR”ke.9 Srukq, ‘ shrunk.’ KerkenFrted, ‘queamiah at sight of Taik, ‘a low fellow.’ food. pak, ‘ thatch.’ Xeek, ‘ to pwp.’ Liklv, ‘ likely. Robinson, Xid. I-orkr., 1876. Yicfile, adj. Pick, ‘to pitch.’ Bleak, ‘to hlk emptilv.’ Pickfork. Blcek, ‘black pease‘ in machinery,’ (cf. ‘ bletch ’ in many dialects). ,it:: } ‘ to smoke ’ (of n fog). Breeks. Heck, to care.’ * Brekly, ‘brittle.’ Reek, ‘ Bmoke,’ sb. and vh. ? Cluke, ‘to claw.’ Scrike. ‘ a shriek.’ Clik, vb., ‘snatch.’ Sihr } aBUCh.i Clock, kind of etlo. Sic hak, ‘ to idle. Sleck, ‘ drink of tll kinds.’ Douk. ‘ ta drink.’ Smeeak, * woke. Droke, ‘ to drip with moiature.’ 208 QUTTERAL SOUNDS 1N ENGLISH-€I. C. WYLD.

Feck, ‘ large number.’ Ray’s Coll. North Country Wwh,1691 - Flack, ‘to pulaale heavily’; not in Puck. ‘ to itch.’ common use, but still heard. Streck, to atretch.’ Fleak, ‘n wnttle.’ Pleck, ‘ a place.’ Fluke, ‘ large kind of maggot.’ Make. ‘n match.’ Heck, ‘ a latch.’ Iaik, ‘to play.’ Micklo, adj. Shr$eld(S. 7y. I-orka.),dddy, 1888-90. Muckle, sb. Rrickle, ‘ brittle.’ Nicker, ‘ to neigh.’ Dike, ‘ river, or any collection of water.’ Pick, ‘to itch.’ Dicktield (in Ect:lcsficld). Rick, ‘ricf.’ Hick, ‘ to hop or spring.’ Roke, ‘ to perspire heavily.’ Eck, ‘to itch.’ acrike, to scream.’ Plnke, ‘ II hur?.’ Slek. ‘to dike.’ Fleck, ‘ a spot. Snickle, ‘to snnre with a draw-loop.’ Flick, ‘ flitch.’ Snack, ‘ small )ortion.’ Pick, ‘to throw ’ Strerk, ‘ stwigit ’ Pick-fork. Streek, ‘to stretch.’ Prickle, 1 to prick.’ Strickle, * a scythe-sharpener.’ Th~k L tllatch.’ BeykReik 1 ‘ to rcach out.’ Theak and (Reich) $:ken 1 ‘ hawthorn.’ ’ a ditch, ravine.’ Sick(and ) Yuke, ‘to itch.’ Speak, vb., ‘speech, sayin7.’ Sticklc. L‘vke. ‘ R sigh.’ Easther, Hudderrjeld( l‘or.ks.),1881. JV. ‘hc.k j 6 thatc.li.v Cleek, ‘to catch hold, snatch.’ Theek I Wake, *to watch with a sick person.’ Cloke. ‘ to scratch.’ Wicks, quicks, tliorns.’ Dike (douk). ‘a ditch.’ ‘ Fick, ‘to struKgle with the fmt.’ Flirk (of baron). Lama., 1876, i\>akl rind MiItwr. Heck, * a hatch gate.’ Acker, ‘ to fa!br. Iiesitnk, cough.’ Kecker, ‘ sqiieamish, cowed.’ hlster, ‘ bnkey.’ Like, ‘ to play.’ Heck, ‘ stream. Pick, ‘to hitch, throw.’ Bricklc, ‘brittle.’ Reek, ‘ EIUII~C.’ l)ullock. Sic I Rrock, ‘ badger ’ (and Sich) ( Hurk. kind of st:ikt!. Stricklc, ’ corn-striker.’ (!luck, to clutch.’ Thaak. sb. Clack, ‘ to chatter.’ The& vb. ClIewkin, ‘twine, string.’ Weak, ‘to squeak.’ Click. Wicks, ‘ Iiawthorn hedges.’ Clwk, ‘ a small c.abll.’ Crack, ‘to boast.’ Crick, ‘ Ioe~lpnin.’ Tiio)Pab!j’s bllcr lo Ray, 1703. Cld: a beetle.’ Peke, ‘ to itch ’ Coak, E. and Mid. Id. ), * to strqiii, Cowk, S.L. J voroit. Clokes, ‘ clutches.’ Uacker. ‘ uosettlcd.’ lhnk (Fyldc) 1 ‘to stoop, Deawk, S. and E. Lanrs. J pl~~rr~z.’ dinrshnll, R. Yorkn., 1785. I)& ‘ a pack of cards ’ ; obs. since Whick, ‘:rlivc.’ 1 i49 lhack. sb. Tlienk, ib. Th.xhr, ‘ :I thatch.’ GL‘TT’URAI, SOCKDS IN ENGLISH-13. C. WYLD. 209

Fleck, ‘ flea ’ Flecked, ‘spotted ’ Govik, ‘ cuckoo.’ (H)ackcr. ‘to stammer.’ Hack, ‘ pirkarc.’ (II)ack, ‘to map with the mouth.’ Heak, S.L , ‘half-door, +tch ’ ; obs.? Bike, ‘ to goad or tosq with horu.3.’ Hattock, ’ shenf of corn. Huck, ‘to hoist theshouldersand back.’ Lake, ‘ to play.’ Hucklc, ‘to shuffle away.’ Layrock, 6 lark.’ Keck, ‘ a seedlipg marigold.’ hawk, ‘ to beat, thrash.’ Nick, ‘ to take. Like, ah. Packle, ‘ speckle.’ Lick, ’ bat.’ to Pick a ralf. Lowk, Yylde and N.L., ‘ to weed.’ Pick, ‘ to vomit.’ Lock, N:L., ‘ quantity.’ l’ikel, ’ Iiavfork.’ Mack, ‘ magpt.’ Plack, ‘ situation, place.’ Mak, ‘ sort, kind.’ Pricker, ‘a thorn, prickle.’ Make. Sike, ‘ to sigh.’ Mickle, ‘size, bulk.’ Skrike, ‘ to shriek.’ Muck, sh., ‘ manure.’ Sleak, ‘to put out the tongue.’ Neck (Fylde), ‘to beat, as a watch does.’ Smicket, ‘a woman’s hhirt.’ Pike, ‘ to choose.’ Suacku, ‘ shares.’ Pike - fork. Sneck, ‘3lot&.’ Pleek. ‘ place.’ Snicket, ‘ naughty child.’ Pikel. ‘ pitchtork.’ Strickle. Suck, ‘ a ploughshare ’ Krik ) ‘ small boil.’ Sweak, ‘crune for hanging a pot on Recony-prick, ‘ stickleback.’ thc fire.’ Dun,opike. Thick. Pricket. ‘.six sheaves of corn.’ Threek, ‘ cluster of tliistles in a field.’ Uakii Twak, ‘ to pinch.’

Dcrbyali., Pegge-Skeol, 1896. Beck, ‘ streani ’ (obs.). Rucklc. ‘ rccklcss, rash.’ Black. Intack, ‘ enclosed field. ’ Cucking-stool (obs.). Hamshackle. ‘ fasten head of nnimd Dike. ‘rivulet’ (‘mound’ at present to its leg.’ time). Sike, vh.. ‘ eiRh, sob.’ Flecked. ‘ Tariezated.’ Sike. ‘ a drain.’ Crick in’ the n&k. Skrike, sb. Flik, ‘ Bitch.’ Sleck, ‘ to slake.’ Freckle. Snjcket., ‘ 3 fornard gill.’ Heckle, ‘ to erprejs indi,ption.’ Sock. Rleck, ‘ to clutch.’ Tack, ‘ a nicsty taste.’ Luke, ‘ to plny.’ Tnckle, ‘ to take in bnnd.’ Pick, ‘vomit. to pitch hay,’ Thick, ‘ friendly,’ etc. etc. Tickle, nice. dainty.’ Pick, rb., ‘ pitc?.’ ‘ Pik, sb., ‘ pitch. Truck, ‘ trndu, Iiu~incss.’ I’leck, ‘ a place ’ (obs. except in place- Tvkc, ‘ awkward man or bcaqt.’ names). wacker, ‘to shake, tremblo.’ Prick-eared. Pucker, ‘ hurry.’ S. Cheah., Darlingtoii, 18F7. Reckling, ‘ weakest in a littcr.’ Keck, ‘ smoke.’ Backen, ‘ to put backward.’ Sick, ‘ re7small brook.’ Brack, ‘ a rent.’ Snack, ‘ a share.’ Brcak, vb. Sneck, ‘ latch of a door.’ Buck, ‘pnrt of a plough to which Strickle, for levelling grain in a hordes are attached ’ measure. Clookin, ‘strong rord.’ Strike, ‘ a bushel.’ Fleek, ‘ kind of hurdle gate..' Tbxk, ‘ thatch.’ Fleck, ‘ a Ilea ’ (Holland, also flef). N’akc, ‘ a feast of dedication.’ Phil. Tram. 1808-3. 14 210 CUlTURAL SOUNDS IN EKGLISH-H. C. WY1.U.

N.E. Linu., Peacock, 1889. S. W.Liner., Cole, 1886. Rncken, ‘ to retard.’ Beck, ‘ dream.’ Beck, ‘ a brook.’ Black. ljlack, ‘ angry,’ etc. Bleak. Jlreeks. Boke, ‘to belch.’ Brack, (he) ‘broke.’ Break, vh. Ikackle, ‘ brittle.’ Uullock, ‘ to bully.’ Bonk, ‘ to be on point of vomiting.’ Buck, ‘ mart young man.’ Ek:k ] ‘ to clutch.’ Bullock, ‘ to roar.’ Crack, ‘boast.’ Clack, ‘ idle talk.’ Dvke.-,--- to Click, hold of.’ Ue, ‘to lenkdhen.’ Clock, ‘ any large beetle.’ Flick, ‘ bacon.’ Cluck (of a hen). Hick, ‘ to hitch, hoist.’ Crnck, ‘ to boast.’ Mak, ‘ to mnke.’ Cuck-stool. Pick, tar.’ Dacker, ‘ waver.’ Pick, ‘ to pitch.’ Deek, ‘ dyke.’ l’rickle, ‘ to prick.’ Ihok, ‘ a handful of straw,’ etc. Reek, ‘ a pile, iiwnlly of snow.’ Dyke, ‘ to dig 8 ditch.’ Slouk, ‘to slouch.’ Fleck, ‘ a spot.’ Thark, sb. and vh., ‘ thatch.’ Fleak, hurdle of woven twigs.’ Wacker, ‘ livelv, active.’ Flick, ‘ a flitch.’ Wwkin, ‘corn& of the mouth.’ Freckned, freckled.’ Wirken, ‘ mountain-ash.’ Hock, ‘a hedge’ (rare). Tuck, ‘ to itch.’ IIick, ‘ to lift with li hicking barrow.’ IIInck, ‘the hip.’ to Leak. Shroprh., Jackson, 1870. Like, adv. and adj. Ackern. acorn.’ Maivk, maggot.’ Ackerrting, ‘ scorn-gathering.’ Mnwkin, * carec crow.' Hrickle, ‘ brittle.’ Mcck. Ecall, ‘ green woodpecker.’ Nacker, a drum.’ Flak. ‘ a hurdle.’ Neck, * to swallow, to drink.’ Hike Pick, sb., ‘ pitch.’ (nnd Hite) ‘ to Pick, ‘ to pitch.’ \ to Prick. :;:: 1 ‘ to pitch forwnrd.’ Rake up. Pike( ‘ pitchfork.’ Reek, ‘smoke.’ l’rickcr, instrument for making holes Roak, ‘fog, mint.’ in blasting. Smock-frock. Srrike, sh. and vb ‘ shriek.’

~~~~~ ] ‘ smoke.’ Seek (of water), ‘ to pcrcolnte, find it.. way.’ Snacks, sham.’ Sike, ‘to sigh.’ Sneck, ‘ a latch or catch.’ Spok, sb., ‘ talk.’ Snickle, to mare.’ Strickle for corn. Tweuk, ‘ a Bevere attack of illne-9s.’

Salop Ant., Hariahome, 1A4 I. Stook stowk (Of Prick, ‘prop for supporting shafta of .Sleak, * to extinguish a fire.’ a cart.’ Sleek, ‘ to make the hair smooth.’ Eeke, to increase.’ Syke, ‘ a small brook’ (ob.). Thack, thitch.’ Tickle, ‘ nerioun, aby.’ Stafa., Poole, 18RO. Wyki~, cornern of the mouth.’ Freek, ‘ man, fellow.’ Sike, ‘ to pant for breath.’ GUTTUHAI. SOUNDS IS ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. 211

Lcicer., Et?atu, 1881. EF:$rchel) 1 'heinp-dresser's comb.’ Ackcm, ‘ acorn.’ IIickler \ Backen, ‘to (and Hikhler) ) Hellock. Huckles, ‘ the hips.’ Black, adj. Pick, ‘an eel-spear.’ lilenk, ‘ pdlid. white-fnced.’ Prick sharp-pitinted iron inBtI7I- Iirack, to break.’ (and Pritc‘n) / mcnt (also in Nd, 1866). Brock. ‘ badget.’ Hoke, ‘ a fog.’ Ihwk, ‘wash.’ atc. Snickle, ‘a slip- knot’ (dso in Cuck. ‘ chuck.’ (or Snittle) } Nall;. Dike, ‘ditch.’ ‘hack, ‘thatch.’ Flick, ‘ Hitch.’ Wickcr, ‘ to neigh.’ Hack, ‘to use the rake in haymaking.’ Sall (1866) hw Streek, ‘to iron out Hike. ‘to hiitt with tlic horns.’ clothes ’ (=‘stretch ’?). I.RCk. ‘ 1083.’ Specke, ‘ woodpecker.’ Lik. Peaked, ‘ wasted ’ Peek, ‘to pry,’ lhrfordsh., Haiwgal, 1887. Pick, ‘ pitch. Sriek. to d~ripk.’ Pikle, 1 a pitchfork.’ ‘ Prockle, ‘ to poke.’ hack, ‘ light repast.’ Hack, ‘ breiik up.’ Yuackcd 6 squeezed.v Wnke, an aunud village feast. Queeckd 1 Ackern. ‘ acorn.’ } 1 weak ’ :ik EEk / ‘ icicle, woodpecker.’ Shocklo, to shake.’ Sike, ‘ to sigh.’ Kcck, ‘ to he sick.’ Stook (of corn). Sicking, ‘ sighing.’ Thnck, vb. and sb. Tweak, ‘ to twitch.’ t‘yfota-on-Sccer~r( Il’orcs.), Luiuron, 1884. Rtrflatrd, TpOd~m.rA,189 I. Nicker, ‘ to snigger.’ Dike, ‘ ditch.’ Peck, ‘to pitch, fa11 forward.’ to l’rick out, ‘lengthen out’ (oi daye). Quocken. ‘to choke.’ T. Worcr., CAambwlain, 1882. Reek, ‘ to smoke, steam.’ Thack. Eacle, ‘ woodpecker.’ Ickle, ‘ to Ion for.’ Peckled, ‘ spehlod.’ E. Anql., Rye, 1895. Peck, ‘ pitch forward.’ Beck, ‘ brook.’ Sike, ‘ tu sigh.’ Blackcap, ’ marsh-tit.’ Thack, sb. and vb. BIerk, pale, sic!dy.’ Wicker, small baaket for p rckin: sdt. Brackly, ‘brittle.’ Clack, ‘ to clatter.’ S.B. Forct., Saltrbury, 1893. bend uuder a weight.’ Cruckle ‘to Backen, ‘to keep back.’ 1 Black-bat, ‘ black-beetles.’ Belluck, ‘to roar.’ Dike Deck, ‘ pnck of cards.’ Flack, ‘ to hang loose.’ Douk, 1 duck the head.’ Flick of bacon. to Dock a horse. Flick. ‘down of hares. ctc.’ Eckle, 1 woodpecker.’ Hack’ Hockle, ‘ to shuffle along.’ (and Hat&) } ‘hatch gate‘’ Nicker, ‘ to laugh ruddy.’ Hick, ‘ to hop.’ hlawkin, carecro crow.' Hike, to go away.’ Pick, ‘ pickaxe.’ 212 GPTTDRAL SOUhilX3 IN EKGLISII-If. C. WFLD.

Puck, ‘ stve in the eve.’ strf., Moor, 1823 Quick, ‘ ioung hawthorn plants.’ Chicked. ‘ sprouted ’ (of corn). Ruck, ‘told or vrcaw.’ to Eke out. Skrcek-owl, ‘ tLc swift.’ Wake, ‘ village feast.’ Flick of bacon. Queak 6 to squeak (said of Wick, week.’ ’ ‘ (and Queech) n harc). Rwk, ‘ stcam. Varioicksh., -Vorthall., 1896. C/o#., Ro6ertso~,1890. Bellock, ‘to roar.’ Blarkie, ‘ blarhhird.’ Ackern. ‘ acorn.’ Flicket, ‘ to flutter, flicker.’ Blackthorn. JIacker, ‘ kiud 01 arc.’ Brake, a corpse.’ Ilickle, ‘ woodpckcr ’ Break, ‘ to Bar.’ Hike, ‘to to$*, t4) haul.’ Brickut, of a cat. on heat. Hockle, ‘hobble ’ Chackle, ‘ to cecMe.’ Make. Cock-bnnd. ‘ 8ticklebac.k.’ Jlnuks, ‘ slatternly wouinn.’ Craiky, * weak, iutirni.’ Muck. Cnck, ‘ corner.’ Drock Kicker. ‘ to jeer, suigzcr.’ (and DruE, 1 ‘ a covcred driiiu.’ I’cck, 1 a pick for cads,' etc. /I Peck, to pccp, pry.’ &Be, 6 green woodpcckur. ’ l’ikel, ‘ pitchfork.’ Flake. ‘ wattled hurdlo.’ Pleck. ‘ a sninll enc:losure.’ Flickets, ‘ littlc pivccs.’ Sick. Flick, snap of u dox.’ Slnck, ‘ mall coal.’ Gluck,-.‘ to mvnllow with difEcdty ’ Sneak. (S. tilos.). Sock, ‘filth, nure.’ Keck, ‘to rpfh ’ Stock, ‘ to pub up.’ I.aiking, ‘ idlitig.’ etc. Strike. likc, adverbial trroiinat.ion. to Suck. ..Mikc, . ‘to loaf, to mitcli.’ Svke, ‘ bncon.’ Make. Thack, vb. Nacker, ‘to treml)le with passim.’ Thick. Peck, ‘ pieknse.’ Wik. ‘ a seek.’ Peck, ‘ to pitrh torward, to pitch.’ Pick, ‘a hayfork ’ Pick-pike, ‘ pitc,hfork.’ Nmthaniptoir.qh., Bnker, 1854. ii~:k 1 portion of a field. Jlle:rk, ‘ p:ile, sic.!l!.’ Puck, small stock of diesvcs. Brickle, * brittle. Screek, ‘ shriek.’ Eke . Skrike, ‘ shriek.’ (and -ch form) ‘to add Slick, ‘ smooth.’ Flick, ‘ Uitch.’ Smack. Hackle, ‘to put the har in row.3 in Snack, kind of fungus nu tlz:es. raliirig.’ - Specks ‘ pieces .of wood for kecp;ng Quick, ‘youn,n hawthorn plants.’ Spicks } thatch in plncc.’ Reck. ‘ stenni,’ sb. and vb. 1 instrument for levelling *tick{ corn in the hhel.’ :g’i 1 to stirick.’ Stuck, ‘sheaf of corn.’ Thack (ohg. ?). Tack Tach) ) 6 an unpleasant flavour.’ Which, ‘ plants of white-thorn.’ ‘ ’hick, this.’ Tbuck, ‘that.’ Beh., Batckrlor, 1809. Wed, ’ to Hrhimper.’ Broked, ‘ Iinble to split, brittle.’ Skriek, ‘ wrewh.’ Ozf., Parker. 1876-81. Thek, ‘thatch. Clack, ‘ talk, noise.’ GU’L‘I’URAL SOUIIDS IN ENGLISH-If. C. WYI,U. 213

Berks., Lwslcy, 1888. Slack, adj. Smock. BelIock. ‘ bellow.’ Snack, ‘ hasty meal.’ Bruklile, ‘ brittle.’ Spicket, ‘ spigot.’ JSkkern, ‘ acorn.’ Suck, vb. Hike I ‘ move off! ’ Take. Kcck, ‘makcachokynoiw inthe throat.’ Take forward. Miekle, used in proverb-“Every little Thick, ‘that.’ makes. ete.” Thack. Snack (and Snatch) a amall piece.’ Tookt, ‘ taken.’ 1 ‘ Truckle, ‘ mall cheese.’ Vleck. hare or rabhit fur. Taick, ‘to tweak, jerk.’ Which, ‘ to neigh.’ Wack, ‘to overcome.’ Wake, to watch bv a corpse.’ sotners., xhcorlhy, 1886. Wicked days. ‘ weekdays ’ ,@lwap). Vricl;, ‘ to wench, ep1;ain. Crick, ‘ to strain some part of body.’ Yuckle, Crook. ‘ woodpecker. Cuckold, ‘ duck.’ Aleek, ‘ dike.’ Dtxoit, Ucicelt, 1892. Back. Bakin, quantity of dough kneaded at Nicliierc, ‘ mall faggots.’ one time. (Cf. Nitch, ‘ bundle of wood.’) Black, udj. Bicker, ‘ a vew!.’ W~ltn.,Dorttd and Goddnrd, 1893. Ilickv, ‘hide and seek.’ Brack, ‘ fat covering intestines of Able ‘break up land with mattock.’ animals.’ E:iE 1 Break, ‘ upland.’ Back. Brickle, ‘ brittle.’ Blnckberrv. Uroc, ‘ badger.’ Bleat = ‘ $leak.’ Urocket, young male deer. Bellnck, ‘ cry like friqhtened child.’ Buck. Nicker, ‘to glimmer, S.W. Uik. ‘ ditch.’ Brack, ‘ fracture.’ Dock, ‘ crupper.’ Brenk, N.W. Facket, ‘ faggot.’ Dicky, ‘ dernnged. wvakly.’ Flick, ’ fat round kidney of pig.’ Dirker, ‘to bedeck.’ S.W. Hack, vb. Drork, ‘ sbort drain.’ Haclily, ‘to haggle.’ Druck, ‘ crowd,’ S.W. Hick, ‘ to hop.’ Drucked, ‘ tilled to owflowing.’ Hike out, turn out.’ Flick Hurdock, ‘ robin.’ IIoke, ‘gore with horns.’ Hook. hat, ‘to leak.’ Brucklc, vb. Lcck, plant. Frictle, ‘to potter.’ Lick. Sticklc. Look. Truckle. ‘ to roll,’ N.W. Black, ‘ magpie.’ Hackle, covering for beehive.’ hlake. Mickle. Muck. Muckle. Hike, ‘to hook or catch.’ $ih1 ‘a bundle.’ Keck, ’ to be sick.’ l’anici, ‘ paddock.’ Nucl;. Pick. ‘ a hayfork.’ Pick, ‘ a pitchfork.’ Prick, ‘ to track a hare.’ Peck, ‘ a pickaxe.’ Rack, ‘frame.’ Rack, ‘ animal’s track.’ to Ruke. Hoke, ‘ smoke,’ S.W, Seeked, ‘sou ht.’ Rimmick, ‘ smaUeet pig of a litter.’ Shackle, ‘ toher.’ Rick. 214 QUl’lUKAL SOUKDS ‘IX EKGLISH-H. C. WT1.D.

Blicket, ‘ thin lath of wood.’ Moke, ‘ meah of a net.’ Muck, vh. :tztt and \ 6 slippery,’ N.W. Muck, sb., ‘ a busy person.’ Siack, impudcncf,’ S.W. Peek, ‘ to stare.’ Smicket, ‘mock. Pick. Snake. Prick up earn. Sprack, ‘ lively.’ Pucker, state of excitement.’ Spick, S.W., ‘ peg for thatching.’ Huddock, ‘robin.’ Strick. ‘strike.’ Ruck, ‘ an uneven heap or lump.’ Stuck,’ ‘ a spike.’ Ruckle, struggle.’ Tickiua-pig, ‘ auckiiig-pig.’ Slick, ‘ nlippery.’ Thick here = ‘ this ’ N.Jr.. Gucker. Thiok = ‘ t.htrt ’ Strike. Uck, ‘ to nhove.’ Strickle, ‘ a striker.’ Wake, ‘ raked-up hny,’ N.W Tack, * an unpleasant taste.’ Wicker, ‘ to neigh. bleat.’ Wik, ‘ wcek.’ ) ‘to twist, srcnch.’ g:fk JP. Corii., Corrrtncy, 1880.

Clack, 4 noise.’ Surrry, Lercsa-Gorutr, 1896. Swike, a twig of heath.’ Veak (and vcach), ‘whitlow.’ Akerin ‘ picking up acorns.’ Bannick ‘ to thrash.’ Broke, ‘a fall of timber.’ E. Cortw., Couch, 1880. Crork, ‘ earthen pot.’ Breck, 6 a rent or hole in a garmeut.’ Dik, ‘a ditch.’ Flick, ‘ down of hares and ralhits.’ -Like, ‘ comfortable-like,’ etc. Nuckcr, * to neig).’ Peaked, * unwell. Haotr., Cope, 1883. Picksomc, ‘ dainty.’ Bellock, ‘to bellow.’ Picky, ‘ gipsj.’ Reek, ‘ steam, smoke.’ } ‘ brittle.’ Squacket, to quack like a duck.’ Dik, ‘ ditch.’ Tissick, ‘a cough.’ Fleck ‘part of a pig before boiling Tuaaock, ‘ tuft of rank, coarse grass.’ Flick ] down into lard.’ Keck, ‘ to retch.’ Pick, ‘ hayfork.’ Kent, Pariah aid Shaw, 1887. Rork, ‘ to reek, steam.’ Blarkie, ‘ hlackbird.’ Roak, ‘ stenm,’ sb. Black. :pic\ ‘ lavender.’ Bruckle. 1 Dick, ‘ ditch.’ TE, ‘ this.’ Dickers, ‘ ditcpere.’ Thuck, that.’ Deek, ‘ditch. Vlick. to comb out the hair.’ Drako-wwd. Ecker, ‘to stammer.’ I. of I&, Smith, 1881. Fnck, ‘ntomach of u ruminant.’ Fakement. pain,’ etc. Bruclile, ‘brittle.’ Fleck, ‘ rabbits. ground game.’ ‘ lard of inaide of a pig.’ Fleeky, ‘ flaky.’ :Ezk ] Flicking, tooth-comb for horse’s mane. Vlick 0’ bacon, ‘ flitch,’ etc. Hicket. Skreak, ‘to creak.’ Eke, ‘turn out.’ Strick, ’to strike.’ Hocken-headed, ‘ pusionate.’ Thic nnd theck. Huck, ‘ pod of pem,’ etc. Vleck, ‘ comb nut hair. ’ Like. ”bicker, ‘ to neigh.’ Lucking-mill. Hocks, ‘ the feet’ (hng, 1886;. GIJIITURAL SOUSUS IS EXGLISH-€I. C. WYLI). 213

Coke, ‘ to fry.’ Hocklands, ’hock - ahaped pieces of Cluck of a hen who want9 to sit. meadow lond.’ Dick, ‘ a ditch.’ Knicker, ‘to whinny.’ Flake, ‘cleft wood.’ Hoke, steam,’ etc.

11.

Son-initial nk, Ik, rk.

AVorthttmb., Rerlop, 1893-4. i Cumbnfan4, Dickinson, 1859. Bink 1 ‘ shelf, flat slab fixed t: a will Be11k as seat or shelf. EkL } ‘to glance with plensure.’ ::,$ ledge of rock.’ Clink, * to clench.’ I Urnnk, ‘to hold the head affcctedlv.’ Clunk, ‘ hii,cup. ’ Brenkt, ‘of colour of a wllite dhuep Denk - squeamish, dainty, with black legs and belly.’ and Dench) f rai‘c.’ Drunk. Binklin \ Hank, ‘ to fasten with a hoop.’ Wrcnkel J st-‘)orn” Spink, cliatfioch.’ Scrankit, ‘ shrunk.’ Strinkle, *to sprinkle.’ Bog-apink, * cuckoo-flower.’ Clink. Kin-cuugh = Luk-cough. Kink, ‘twist in rope, sound of Fcnkle, ‘bciiil ur corner of street or whooping-cough. ’ river.’ ]{irk tree. Spcuk, ‘ spnik. mtch,’ also ‘pluck.’ Kirk. Prinklin, ‘stingin;: sensation Iclt whcn blirk, ‘ dark.’ body goes to slcc:p.’ Work. Birk I Ijelk, ‘to belch.’ Brick. 1 ‘ hirch.’ Ilk, ‘everv. Milkin, 6 iliu: Pelk, ’t4l heat.’ Spelk, ‘ splint, rib of J basket.’ U hilkan, ‘ wliirh one.’ li‘hilli, ‘ wliich ’ Lork(and Larch) 1 ‘ to lurk, lic in wait.’ Wilk, bark of a young dog in close pursuit.’ Ypnrk, ‘suiall spot nt inud.’ btarken. ‘ hecorue titiff.’

Du,ham, Palgrace, 1896. Bclk. ! Sark, ‘shirt.’ 1 6 every.‘ Stirkin, ‘ to cool and atiffen as gra\y Kelk, vb. and sb., ‘severe blow.’ I dom.’ Wa(r)k, ache.’ Kelk, ‘ roe ot a tisli.’ I ‘ to a ; Pulke, ‘ a pctition ’ I Spelk, ‘ thorn or linter in the flesh ’ S@ ‘small splinter.’ cf. Spelch in W?-cs., etc.

tiilk, ‘which.’ ~ 216 GUTTURAL BOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WTLD.

Sicaledals (N.Yorb.), Harhnd, 1873. Glink, ‘ a short watchful glance.’ Kincough, ‘ hooping-cough.’ ;;;; 1 ‘to belch.’ ~ -_ Balk, ‘ condition of body or tempor.’

6 111ow.’ ....._Ef: a Kirk. Swilk, ‘ splash of water in a cask.’ Wark, ‘ to ache.’ Wclk, ‘a souuding thwack.’ Belk, vb. Wilk, ‘which ’ (occlrsional in Mid and Kclk, ‘ violent blow.’ N. Porbs). Whilk, ‘ which.’ Barknm, ‘ horse-collar.’

Birk. ~ Thitby (X.E.Ymka.), Robobimon, 1876. Kirk. Wark, ‘ to ache.’ Knk, ‘bench.’ Blenk, ‘ a blemish.’ Bull-spink, chaffinch.’ Hiui&.fleld( W.Ywks.), Enrther,1881. Xink, ‘ cough.’ Birk. ‘bench.’ Kirk. E:::

z=:ik j 6 sniff, snore, grunt.’ Ek:k } 4 glimpse’ (a130 glent, glint). atark, ‘ stiff .’ Kink, ‘ to choke.’ Wark. Xinkcough (and Chincougb). Belk. vb. Bull+nk, ‘ bullfinch.’ Pelks, pieccs of wood from which form the circumference of a wheel. Cf. O.E. fek felga, the fdly or feUoe of a wheel. Cf. also fcllickv in Lmcs. (see Halliwcll), and below, Shefield. Spelk, ‘ splint of wood.’ Windhill (N.Central Yorkr.), Ihk. Wright, 1892. UaUnvark, ‘ stomach-ache.’ The tranneription in Prof. Wrlght’a. Waik, work.’ Bcgk, ‘ bench.’ Dregk, ‘ drank.’ E. Yorka., Harehall, 1788. Drigk, ‘to drink,.’ Figk, ‘to think. Spelk, ‘ splinter, thin piece of wood.’ Kigk, ‘ cough.’ Whilk, ‘ which.’ Sleuk, ‘ dunk.’ Sligk, ‘ to dink.’ Stigk, ‘stink.’ Twigkl, twinkle.’ Wgk, ‘ wink.’ Kelk. ‘ to kick.’ Bikn, ‘ home-collar.’ Wik, sb., ‘ work.’ W5k, vb., ‘work.’ Shrfleld (S.IT. I-o~ks.),Addy, 1888-90. Wik, ‘ pain, ache.’ Ucnk, ‘n bmch.’ Kink, ‘ chokc, sob.’ Hid. Ymkr., Robinrot,, 1876. Kincough. a Sink for water. Bink. ‘ bench.’ Spink, ‘ a finch.’ (Bench also head occasionally.) Strinklc. Blink, ‘to wink.’ Wark, ‘ ache.’ nulllipink, ‘ cha6nch.’ Felk ‘ felloo of n wheel.’ (Cf. Crinkle, ‘ to bend tortuowly.’ (and Felly)} above, Ruddersf.) CU‘lTLHAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-11. C. WYLD. 217

Laj#ca., A’odal and Xiliiur, 1875. Hank, ‘ skein.’ Hank, l to rlenr the tbront.’ Blinket, ‘ n person blind in ono cye.’ Hunk, ‘ a chunk.’ Bonk, ‘ a bank.’ Kiuk, a hoist, or hitch.’ Carik, ‘ to talk, chutter.’ Pink, ‘ chnffioch.’ Dank, ‘ to depres, dnmp.’ Rnnk, ‘strong.’ Hanke, ‘ to twist.’ Sink, ‘ a draiu.’ Xink 1 ‘to lose the breath with Chiilk ) coughing, ctc.’ Kin-cough. Mank, ’ a sportive trick.’ Penk, ‘ to strike a,small blow.’ Bulk,‘‘ a beam.’ . Spink, ‘chaffinch. Kelk Bethink, ‘ call to mind.’ (and helcli) } ‘ a Ark, chest.’ Milk-beast, ‘ con-.’ a Birk tree. Ark. Dark, ‘ blind ’ nirk (the tree). Hurkle, ‘to stoop, squat.’ Dark, ‘ a serret ’; adj., ‘ wicked.’ Querk, N. I,., ‘ to cheat.’ Furk, a fork.’ Sark, ‘shirt.’ Kerk, ‘a cork.’ Stark, ‘ stiff.’ Kirk, ,rhnpe obsolete here (in Wap- Kdk. N. L., ‘to strike.’ en&% oi Manbv and Corsingham), Spelk, ‘ chip ot wood.’ hut still current in 3 .E. Lanes. Stark, ‘ stiff.’ Stirk, ‘ voung bullock.’ S. Chesh., Darlington, 1087. ”ark, 81. and vb. Bonk, ‘ bank.’ Clink. Kink. S. IT. Lims., Cok, 1886. Slinkaz, ‘ to loiter.’ Wrinkle. Brink, ‘ brim.’ Yilken, ‘to milk.’ Clinker, ‘ clineher.’ Smilk h of liquids in n ,vessel, ‘to Swilkerj awny and spill. Birk, ‘ birch-tree.’ Derbyh., Pegge-Skeat, 1096. Perk, ‘ perch.’ Stark. Crank, ‘ brisk, livcly.’ Pulk, ‘ a ronard.’ Kincougb nnd Cbinuough. Syink. ’ chaffinch.’ Birk (the tree). Shropsh., Jackron, 16i9. Dark, ‘blind.’ Kirk, ‘ church.’ Chink-chink, ‘ chaffinch.’ Stark. Cliukw, ‘ cinder of iron dross.’ Stirk, ‘ young bullock.’ Crink, ‘ wry small apple.’ Wark, ‘ to thro!.’ Drink, ab., ‘ ale.’ Wilk, ‘to bark. S ink, * chaffinch.’ Sink. ‘ to druw back, as a horse about to bite ’ X.E. La+tct.,I’earock, 1889. (Snl. Ant. IIurtshorne. 1841, has SkelL, Bank, ‘ to heap up.’ ‘to shrink,’ applied to coffln-wood. Bink, ‘ workman’s, bencb.’ Clinker = clincher, large nails which Bunk, ‘ run an-ny. turn up over toe of boot.) Blink, ‘ to wink. or aincc.’ Chunk, ‘ a lump.’ Drink. sb. Stirk, ‘ young calf.’ 218 GUlTCRAL SOUSDS IN ENGI.lSI1-11. C. WYLU.

Leicederah., Evatir, 1881. Northamptonah., Bakct, 1834. Brink, ‘brim.’ Bink, ‘a bench.’ Kink. ‘ to twist awry.’ Chin-cough. Swank, ‘to swagger.’ and Chink-cough. Firk, ‘stir up.’ Hunk of brad and cheeFe. Perk, ‘to bride up.’ Stirk, ‘ cow-calf.’ Gloi., Robertsou, 1890. Bilk. Swelking, * sultq, hot.’ (Swelter, ‘ to Blink, ‘ spark of fire.’ get over hot.’) Chin-cou h. Swilkcr ‘noise of liquid inside a Crank, fad branch of tree.’ Squilker j barrel or boots, ctc.’ Crinka ‘rehw apples.’ Crinkcb f Chink, ‘ chaffinch.’ Rrtlatid, Wordrwotlh, 1891. Dink, ‘ to dandle a baby.’ Drink. Strinkling, ‘ a sprinkling.’ Pink, ‘ chaffinch.’ Firk, ‘ commotion, fuss.’ Sink, ‘sunken gutter.’ Work, ‘to manage, go on.’ Slenks, ’ to slink ’ Thunk, thorny ’ fobs.). Twink, 6 chatiinvh.’ E. Angl., Rye, 1895. Charkv, ‘ very dr ’ Blunk. ‘ temuestuous.’ Churk; ‘ cow’s u&er.’ Stark!, shrivelled up.’ Gulkin, ‘ a hollow liole with water.’ Yolk up, ‘ to cough up.’

Funk, ‘ touchwuotl.’ Derka., Loicaiey, 1888 Kink, ‘,to be entangled ’ (of thread). link-pin, ‘ linch-pin.’ Blink, ‘spark of fire.’ Srrinkled, ‘ slirivclltd.’ Sterk, ‘stiff.’ Skiuk, ‘ to serve to drink.’ Virkin, ‘ scratching of a dog for flea ’ Slink, (of a cow) ‘to slip her calf.’ Dilk, ‘ a amall cavity in a nurface.’ W.Sotiinr., El~otthy,1866. Kalka, ‘the tesb~.’ Work, ‘ to nche.’ Banker, ‘ bcnch fur dressin;: stout%.’ Drink, 6b. and, vb. Hank, skein. Zerefordah ., llavmgal, 1887. Hunk, ‘hunch.’ Kink, ‘twist in a rope.’ Lonck, ‘ the groin.’ Prink, ‘ deck out.’ Pink, ‘chaftiuch.’ Sprnnk and sprinkle. Srink, to shrink.’ Stink. Chark, ‘ coal burnt on ty of kilna.’ Wink, well from which mter is drawn Cliarky. ‘ dry in mouth. by a winch, chain. and bucket. Peerk, ‘ prch of land.’ Beik, ‘ bnrk oi dog ’ Hark, vb. Wacwea., n’orthall., 1896. 6 Wuurk,’ sb. and vb. Quirk, ‘to di;.’ Tluiik, ‘to bolt off.’ Balk, ‘ beam. lhk. llelk = Ihulk, ‘ to belch.’ f’ink, chaffinch.’ Hulk, ‘grain mixed with chaff.’ Ronk, * rauk, strong.’ Milk. ‘Yank, ’ to strike, knock.’ Yelk of egg. Kirker. ‘ something difficult to over- come.’ Devonsh., Hewelt, 189!. Balks, ‘ ridgo of land between two fields.’ Plink, 6 to sprinkle.’ Bilk, ‘to cheat.’ Tmink, ‘ to chastise.’ Dwaet, Barnes, 1886. Qui1kiu.i and toads: Bulpet of c. I l’oems, 23. ‘ a winch or cruuk.’ Wink, Wiky, 6 young toad or frog ’ : Couch, E. Corn., .lourn. of Hoy. Inst. of ! Corn., 1864. Wilts., Dnttiirll mid Goddnni. I Blink, ‘ spark, my.’ 1 W. Corn., Conrtt~y,1880. Crink, ‘ crerice.’ FluuL, ‘ spark of fire.’ Mink, ‘a apark.’ Hank, ‘ dealinp with,’ S.W. ! Crunk, ‘croak like a raren.’ Quanked I ‘ overpoircred with fntigc ’ Plink. ‘ to flino.’ = queuclicd ’ ? Hunk (and iiunch) }‘large piece” 1 ‘ audacious.’ i Belk. ‘belch’ falao in Garland. W. Barken, ‘enrlwd yard near farin- I Ch, JouGal of Roy. Inst. of house.’ Corn., 1864). Flirk, ‘to flick.’ I Bulk, tws with the horns.’ Firk,“ to worry.’ Fork. :;$} ‘stye in the eye.’ Nurk, ‘ worst pig of litter.’ Quilkiu, ‘ young toad or frng,’ hid. Burkle, form of Iiurdle.’ Quirk. ’ to enin Inin.’ I Stark!, ‘ stiff, Irv ’ ! IIujjta., Cup, 1983. Stark, ‘ to dry up.’ N.W. Baulk, ‘bare space missed by sower.’ 1 Chiuk, ‘ chrtflinch.’ Milkmaids. Conk, ‘to Croak.’ I Whilli= \Villi, ’ howl like a dog.’ I Kent, Parish adShuw, 188i. I Clinkers, ‘ hard cindcrs from forre.’ I Chunk. Carkr, ‘ amazed.’ Querk, a sigh, to fret.’ IIink, ‘hook used in cutting peaj.’ ‘ Kmk in a roue. Enkle, ‘ wilh mustard. ’ Lag, 1886. Twink. ‘ a nliarp, ahrrwish woman.’ Perk, ‘ to fidget about.’ I Clink, ‘ a smart hlow.’ Soirk, ‘to dry, wither.’ Kink, ‘ in a rope,’ etc. Kilk. ‘wild mustard.’ I Swelked, *overcome bv ercmqire heat.’ I Whilk, ‘to complain, mutter.’ Strsscz, Parish, 18i9. I Clinkrn. ‘ smd bricb burnt verv hard i for pn.riu* E. (rornrcnll. Couch, 1880. ’ ! Drink, ‘ ru&rioe Tor cattle.’ Relk. ‘ to belch.’ Kink in a rope. Wilk Link, ‘green, wooded bank ou side of Wulk 1 ‘ a ridgy lump or tunour.’ a hill.’ Wilt Kilk, ‘ rharlock.’ Wil ky, ‘toad or frog. ’ Wbilk, ‘ to howl, to mutter.’ 220 GUlTURAL SOUNDS IN ESGLISH-H. C. WY1.D.

111.

Non-initial ch in the lfotlern Dialects.

Northtriiib., Hesfup, 1893-91. Durham, Palgvare, 1896.

Bleach. ‘ nct of rain fallmg in a strong Fetch up, ‘bring UI, rear.’ wiud.’ Cletching, ‘ a broo of c\nckens.’ Bleech, ‘a black shale found near a coal-seam. ’ Dloacher, ‘ any 1ar;e animtrl.’ Rritchin, ‘ pait of hameas.’ Swaledulc (N.Yorkr.), JIarland, 1873. Clatch, ‘ mees, slops.’ Cletch, brood of chickens.’ ~!$~leekl1 ‘ brood of young birds.’ (FI)itch, ‘to hop on one leg.’ Clotch. ’ awkward nerson.’ Nich, ‘ much.’ rake^ ‘ to :omplain.’ Fetch. sh.. Fitch. ‘to shift.’ JVhitby (N.E.Yorkd.), Robrnron, 1876. ~~ntc~i,6 n’gate.’ ’ Hitch, vb. Airmstritch, arm-stretch.’ Hotch, ‘ to ahake with laughter.’ Batch. Kcach, ‘ to lienve up.’ Clitch and Click, ‘a brood.’ (Clitch Kitchen. is also in Ray’s h. Couutrv 11 ords. Letch, lonx narrow mamp with 1691.) water amon:: rushes, etc.’ to Fetch the breath. Xirher IIetch,

Pitching pikel. Itc’1litch ] 1 move, stir.’ I l’ritch, 6 stnff with iron point.’ Pitch, ‘ a amaU box to keep salt in.’ ! Heechy, dirty and smoky.’ l’lcaching, ‘ a hedge.’ Sitch, swamp, boggy place.’ Hntchel, ‘ poor land with a quantity of i Sneach (obs.), ‘ tci scorch, nip.’ small stones.’ Squitch, ‘ couch-grass.’ SloFtch. 1 Stiche, ‘ to eet up sheavea.’ rttc. Teach. Thekh, sb. and vb., ‘ thntch.’ ‘hutch. ‘ to thrust.’ Thetcher. ‘Twitch-grass. I Thetching-peg. ‘ a amall candle.’ Thrutch (and Thrush), ‘ to thruat.’ Witch f 5: ‘ to make weight.’ Schrich, ‘to screaiu.’ Sol. Ant. Hartshornc, 1841. N.E. Liircs., Peacock, 1889. Stays., Pooh, 1580. Blotch. b;b. and vh., ‘ hlot.’ i Brewhbnnd, the ’ brichin.’ Atcborn, acorn.’ Ditch-water. Blotch, ‘grew of cart-wheels.’ Clutch, ‘ a handful.’ ! Thrstcheled, ‘ draggled.’ Crutch. Fetch, ‘to give.’ , Frutch, ‘ petty th:ft.’ Leiem., Evan$, 1881. Hitch, ’ to move. Itch ing Bntch-eako. I)itc)l, 6 dirt grained into the hande.’ I,oitch, * cunning, clever ’ (of dog). Dratchell, dim. of ‘ drudge.’ aflctl, 6 much * Katch, to stretch, esaggerate.’ Fetchel, *totease.’ ‘ Fitch, vetch.’ Reucb, ‘ to vomit, to help to.’ I ‘ Sich, ‘ouch.’ Keach, ‘ choice or pick of anything.’ I Much. Switch, ‘ a twig ’ I Twitch, stick for holding homes.’ Pitchfork. ‘ l’leach, ‘ a hpdge.’ Yich, such. S. W. Lines., Cole, 1886. 1 Smutch, ‘ a t.n.de,’ etc. I Smouch, ‘ kivs grclssly.’ Breach, ‘ rnisbehaviour.’ Smutch =smudge, ‘ mud.’ Cletch, ‘ brood of chickens.’ Snatch, ‘ hastv meal.’ Much, ‘ to grudge.’ Swish, switch.’ Hatch, ‘to stretch,.’ I ‘rwitch, couch-grass.’ Retch, to roach. ‘ I Queechy, ‘ sickly, ailing.’ Speech, ’ tn speak.’ Spretch. of egg9, ‘to crack before hatching.’ I TKitch, couch-grw.’ I Pitch, ‘to load hay wit! a fork.’ 1 Squitch, ‘ couch-grass. Shropah., Jackron, 1879. I I Achern. B. Airgl., Rye, 1895. Acherning. Aitch, ‘ fit of suffering.’ , Bitch. Batch. Bleach, ‘ a drying-ground.’ Clutch, ‘ brood of chickens.’ :\$:) black grease in wheels.’ Eachon, ‘ each one.’ Britchy, ‘brittle.’ i Fleaches, ‘ awn portions of timber.’

€leach, ‘ to clutch.’ Hitch. ‘to chaneeV. dace.’ Diche (daitch), ‘Pitch.’ 1 %tickel,1 ‘a hemp-dreeser’e comb.’ Fatch, ‘to fetch. I. 1 I I itchler Flitchen, ‘ flitch of bacon.’ (and Hic.er) hemp-dresser*’ Keech. cRke of hard fat, wax,’ etc. 1 ‘ * Pitcher, man who pitch hay.’ i Hatch (gate) (and Hack). GCTTUR.4J. SOUSDS IN ENGIJSH-H. C. WTLll. 223

Pritch a sharp-pointed iron Mooch, ‘ to loiter about,’ etc. (and Prick) 1 ‘ instrument.’. I Much. Quewh, ‘ plot of grnund adjoining \ l’otch, ‘ to thrust. push.’ arnble land.’ Reechy, ‘ smoky.’ Kall’s Gloss., 1866, has this word=an Rctch, ‘to jtretch.’ untilled plot full of ( uicks. See nlvo ! Sic.11, ’sudi.’ Noor’s Yuff. Gloss. kelow. I Sm:ttch, ‘ sninck, flavour.’ I Swatchell, ’ fat, untidy female.’ Twitchd, for holdiug a horse. Hercfwdsh., Hactrgal, 1887. Wratch, ‘ wtctch.’ Clutch, ‘ a brood of chickens.’ i Fatch, ‘thatch.’ I ,Vortha,i,ptoiiah., Rnkrr, 1864. Scoutch I Etch Scutch Eche ‘toaddto’ j gnd Eke) Icech, ’ to wheedle, flatter.’ Uptoti-on-Seccvn ( Wows.), Lawroil, I Hatchcl, ‘to rate hay into rows.’ 1884. ! Eitchd. Qiieach, ‘ ground overgrown with Glutch, ‘to swell with effort.’ i bushes,’ etc. Cow-leech, ‘ a vat.’ Squecch, ‘ wet, boggy place.’ Meeching, ‘ mclancholy.’ i TwitC b -grass. Prichell, * to goad, prirk.’ ! Scutch, ‘ couch-gram.’ Brds., Batchelor, 1809. 7i7. Worca., Chombcrhin, 1882. Ectch, ‘ eke ’ (Batchelor writes ‘ iyty ’). IIitchuk, ‘ biceough ’ (‘ hityuk’). Pole-pitching, I setting up polm in rows in hoi)-yud.’ Squitrlr, ‘ couch-gram.’ &if., Nuor, 1823. Clutch, ‘ rorev of prtridgrs.’ S.E. Worca., Saksbtwy, 1893. F Drouched, ‘ drenched.’ Fleeches. ‘ portions into which a piece Fatches, ‘ vetches.’ of timber is cut with a saw.’ (Cf. Fitcher, ‘ pdecat.’ Fleak in other dials. i‘) Fritch, ‘ coneeited.’ Grutcli, ‘to grudge.’ Mouch, play about.’ TIotchel (and Hoclilc), ‘to ahuffle :::z:h or } ‘squeerh orspear-grass.’ along.’ Queech ‘an untilled, rou h, busby pitcher, 4 one rhothrown up corn, etc., rnd corner, orirregufuportion to the loader.’ Squeech ) of a field.’ Pitchfull. sh., ‘the quantity of hay, (Nares refers to Bacon, Essay 40, ubi etc., that,can bc tllien up with a queaching. ) pitchfork. Moor (under Perk) haa a collection Pukhen, 6 eel-trap.’ of words showing interchanFe of -k, Sich. ‘ such.’ -ch, but he does not yay in which Stretch. dialects the forms occur. Among Screech-owl, ‘ the swift.’ others he has quick = queech. This latter form is unkuovn to me except Wanccah., Northall., 1896. in this dialect (dee above) and Northamptonshire, where it has Batch-cake. anottier meaning appnrently, and in Ditched. ‘begrimed with dirt.’ Bacon’s Ewy, 39 (Of Custom and Dratchell 6 a mucation), uot 40 a~ Moor up. Drotchell ] (Nares is quite rcrurate na to Bacon. Fatch, to fetch.’ He quotes alvo Todd’s Johnson.) Itching-berriee, ‘ dug-rose berried.’ Here the ward maw, apparontly, 224 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD.

‘squeaking.’ “Tlir! lads of Spa& of Smtch. flavour.’ ancient time were wont to be scourged Squitch-Bre, ‘ mndc of couch-grass.’ upon the nits of Diana without 80 Thetcli, ‘ thatch.’ much a queching.” Johnson, 1st folio, li.55. quotes this passage, but writes qucccking.’--II. C. W. Bcrkr., Lowaley, 1888.

Clos., Robei.tsorr, 1890. Couch-graw. Glutch, ‘to xwnllow with effort..’ ‘ n hedge-sparrow.’ Hatch, ‘Kate.’ $$e,itec)I Hobtchcr, ‘ kind of crook, nscd to pull Beech. down braricbe? when :.iit.heriug fruit.’ Blatch, ‘ soot. dirt’ ; vb., ‘ to corer \!it11 hlnck.’ g:ic and ] 1 n sinn~~picce.’ Blatchv, ‘ blnck, dirty.’ Ilatcher, ‘ nnimon trout.’ Briched. ‘ rich.’ 1V. Somers., E[icorthy, 18%. Cleacher. ‘ lavers of n Iiedce.’ Cooch gms>.. Rairh of hrend. } ‘ tool usod in tlintcliing.’ Ikchen, ‘ made of bccch.’ g::kk Bitch-fox. Fat%; :l’ic.ia sativn.’ Ijrcach, 6 land prepnrcd fltr n sced-bed.’ to Fetch (p.1). fotj. Breechin* = ‘ I{uuri:heen,’ ’ britchin.’ Glutch, ‘to swallovz with difficulty.’ ~ouc:h=Cii~oc~i. (Yale of GlIJS. ; Gluck iu S. Gloe.) hitchen. ‘ vetchcx’ Kccch. ‘ fat conzcalrd after melting.’ Dnteli, ‘ thatvh.’ Leech.’ ‘ cow doctor.’ Fuch. ‘ polecnt.’

6 plny truant,.’ Fretclicty, ‘ fidget!.’ 1 H~wcb~,‘ mnke n noisc in eatinx.’ Nitrh. ‘Iiurden of hay.’ Bitch,: strike against nu obstaclu.’ I’itcher. Hutcll, ‘ trap for fish.’ Pitrb, ‘ quantity taken at a time on a Hatch, ‘ a half-door.’ pitzhfork.’ g,ch, ‘ fnt from intestincn of Plesch. to luy a Iicdzc.’ slauglitcred nnirndls.’ Pritch, ‘ to prick ’ Kitch, ’ to coiigcnl.’ Pritchel, * n goad.’ Kitthen. Putchin, ‘eel-baeket.’ Match it, ‘ contrive.’ Hooch, pet. of ‘ to rench.’ Meedier. ‘ n sneak. Screech, ‘ the swift.’ Much, adj. Hnatch, a nnst flnvour.’ Pitch, ‘rod,of nltler, etc., planted to Squitch, ‘squad.’ takt: rout. Stitch. Queechy, ‘ sickly.’ Stretch, ’ miswl thrush.’ Quitdi;‘ to twitch.’ Swich, ‘ nurh.’ Qujtch-grus. Tach, ‘bad flavour;’ Ratzliv. ‘ Htretch on waliing.’ Twitch, to touch. Scratch. Vatch, ‘thatch.’ Screech. Vetch.. Sich, ‘ such.’ Vlitchen, Aitch of bacon.’ Smcech. ‘ smuke, dust, ymcll.’ Witchify, vb. SmoacIty, ‘ snore, speak thmuqh nose.’ IVretch, to stretch.’ Stitch, ’ n ahot,k or slo:ik nf corn.’ Stretch, ‘ to cover something.’ Ozf., Parker, 1876-81. Tutch, ‘ habit, gait.’ ‘l’litcb, ‘ to clutch.’ Repteh, ‘give unwilliiigl!.’ to Twitch, ‘seize with sudden pain.’ Cutch. couch-grass’ (at Garnton). Urch, ‘ rich.’ Fet, ‘ to fetch.’ Vntchw, ‘ setcbcs.’ Roacht, ‘ renched.’ \Vichy, ‘ which.’ Slouch, * n sun-honnet.’ Witch-tree, ‘ witch-clin.’ GU’ITURAL SOUNDS IS EHQLISH-H. C. MTLD. 225

Ttzfoord, Pooh-Burner, 1867. Prichel, implement for making holes in ground. ’Cham, I am.’ Putch, * puddle of water.’ ’Cha, ‘ 1,Iiav.e’ (etc.). I Reach, ‘ a creek.’ Ich, I. Seutchel, ‘ rubbish.’ This is a most uncritical com- I Strooch, to the feet in walking.’ pilation, and contains obsolete words Bwatch, ‘ a w%.’ without any note to that effect. W. Corn., Courtney, 1880. Wiltr,, Dartnell and Goddard. I Breathy water, ‘ brackish water.’ ad!., ‘black, Booty ’; eb., Smeech ‘smell of smoke from any- Blatch, etc. smut, soot’ ; vb., ‘ to Smitch 1 thing burnt in frying.’ ! blacken,’ N.W. i Souitch. ‘ to twitch,.. icrk.’ Bleachy, ‘ brackish,’ Somera. border. Cooch, ‘ couch-gram.’ I z;hveik) ‘whitlow.’ Clitch, ‘grain.’ (Scrookh. ‘a crutch.’ Gnrland, W. Eel-stitcher . I Corn., Journ. of Roy. Inst. of Corn., Jitch, ‘su(:h,’S.W. 1864.) Moutch, vb., ‘ shuffle.’ ‘Chell. ‘ Moucher, ‘ truant.’ 1 ’Cham (Melles MS.), Monthly Mag., Much. ! Janutm?, 1809. Nitch. ‘ hlork of wood.’ IchiZu-pea, ‘ missel thrush ’ (only heard from one Uerson) ? 1 E. Cwnw., Couch, 1980. ‘ Ian; tilled every year.’ Datch, thatch.’ (Horkland) Miche, ‘to play truant.’ Hatch. ‘ a half-door. line of raked hay.’ Screech, vb. Smeerh, ‘ dust,’ K.W. Decotr, ILwatt, 1892. Sploach, ‘ to eplutter,’ 8.”. Stutch, ‘ crutch, a stilt ’ (oh.). Fitch, ‘a stoat.’ Kootch, ‘ couch-grms.’ ~~$~~} ‘ vetches,’ N.W. Kitches, ‘ roll of offal fat.’ Witch-hazel. Leechway, ‘ graveyard path.’ Stritch to Pritch=:purch, ‘to prick holes in‘ (and Strickle) 1 ‘ a corn-striker.’ 1 (Exmoor, Scoldin 17irj. Smoech. ‘ smoke anfhust. ich, I,; in chare Stcrrey, Lrrrron-Gnwcr, 1896. i ‘I have,’ etc. (Ezm.) ! cham 1 Hatch, ‘ to drew bark fbr the tanner.’ ! Stoach, to traniple into holm.’ ! ! Iloraet, Burner, 1886. Kent, Pariah and Slaw, 1887. i Blatch, ‘ mot, black stuff.’ Cow h -graqs. Cooch- rw. i Keech, ‘ to cutgrsas, etc., below water.’ Eche, ef. and vb., ‘ to eke, an addition.’ i Hatch, ‘ to stretch.’ Fold itcher, irn lement fur making Slatch, to slake, of limo and water.’ hoLs in grounl; ! Smatch, ‘smack, taste.’, Hatch, ‘ a gate ill the road.’ Smeech, cloud of dust. Hotch. move awkwardly.’ i ‘ ‘ to Streech, ‘ s ace taken in stone-striking Hutch, ‘ upper part of waggon.’ of tho Itch, ‘to creep, be anxious.’ raft.' Latch, vessel used for holding anhes in making lye. ~ Hantr.. Cope, 1883. Meach, ‘ creep softly about.’ Much, ‘ to fondle.’ Beech maat. Mooch, ‘ to dandle,.’ BIatch, ‘ black, sooty.’ Notch, ‘to count. I (Black also exists, in compounds.) Phil. Tranr. 1898-8. 15 226 Q~URALSOUNDY IN ENQLISH--B. c. WYLD.

Black-bob, ‘ cock-rqach.’ I. of Iv., Long, 1886. Breachy, ‘bra&+. Pritchel, ‘ a mall hed,ne stake.’ Fotch, ‘to fetch. Sletch, 6 to alake lime.’ ‘ to stifle a sob.’ Glutch, ‘ to swallow.’ Glutch ) ,) b 8WUuOW.’ Batch, ‘halfdoor, ate ’ Hatch-hook, ‘a bif-hook.’ swrex, Paribh, 1879. Mitch, ‘shirk work.’ a Beach. Screech, ‘ bull-thrush ’ (not in N. Hatch. HlUlb.). Brachy. ’ brnclrish.’ Snatch, bad taste, smnck.’ Clitch, ‘ a clueter.’ Clutch, dr., ‘ taghtlp ’ (‘ hold it, cluth ’). Clutch, ‘ Ibrood of chickens.’ I. of Ip., Smifh, 1881. Cooch-grass. I Pitches, ‘ vetches.’ Clutch, ‘to cluck.’ Hatch, ‘ (L gate ’ (in placc.namen, Plaw- Hetch, ‘ hook.’ hatch, etc.). Pitchun-prog. IIaitch, ‘ a passing shower.’ Screech-owl, ‘swift.’ Pitcher, ‘ man who throws corn up on P Reach, ‘ ndpof Ifield ’ ? to a cart.’ Stretch, ‘ a strike for corn.’ ‘dirty, black smoke or Tbetch. EZ t vapour.’ Lid, ‘such.’ Ratch, h reach.’

IV.

Non-ioitial nck, lch, rch.

Northumb., Hcrlop, 1893-4. Durham, Palgrave, 1896. I ‘aquearnieh, dainty (rare).’ Skinch=‘I’m not playing,’ aaid in or Denk) } games. bonch, ‘ fastidious.’ Danch, ‘ to knock against.’ Flinch, a pinch.’ Whitby (N.E.Yorh.), Rolitrsofl, 18i6. Munch. Pinch, ‘ iron crowbar.’ Squench, ‘ to quench.’ Scunch, ‘aperture in a wall for window- frame.’ - Winch, ’ to dart or wim.’ Windhill (-V.Cetitral Yorks.), Wright, Belch. I 1881. Stitching, ‘ narrow-minded, mean.’ zzi ‘hipid.’ The Lnmseripllon Is Prof. Wright’s. Drenri, ‘ drench.’ Cumbwhnd, Diokinra, 1869. Bunch. Mid. Yorkr., Robinrota, 18i6. Binah, ‘ bench.’ Clnnch, ‘ stupid pereon.’ Clinch, ‘ to clutch.’, Dunch, ‘butt with the elbow.’ Densh. * fastidious. Runch, a hardy, thick-set peTdon.’ (H)anch, to snatch.’ QUTTURAL SOUNDS IN EXGLISH-H. C. WYLD. 227

EuddarrJrcld(W.Ywkr.), EartLcr,1881. ~ Ranch, bundle. also to kick eavagely.’ Cranch, ‘ crunch.’ Meleh, ‘ moist.’ ! Drench-horn, ‘ drink-horn.’ Churchnuster, churchwarden.’ Lansh, ‘ to lance, rut into.’ Idinch. bdr in D field’ (oba.). ’ Shefikl(S.T. Fork), Ray, 1898-30. I ;::Leon 1 farge slice of bread.’ Imch, ‘to lurk, lie in wait.’ Rench, ‘ to rince.’ Skinch. ‘ to stint.’ I Wench; ‘ R winch, a girl.’ Belch. ‘ obscene talk.’ ipe,,) ‘a blox.’ ,?ant:., Nodal Nalner, 1816. uelch, ‘to crush.’ ad Starch, ‘starch.’ Clunch, ‘ a clodhopper.’ Cranch, ‘ to grind with the teeth.’ , Hanch, ‘ to snap at.’ S. 1r. Linrr., Cote, 1886. Hench, ‘ to sprain.’ I Binch, ‘bench.’ Golch, ‘ to swallow ravenously.’ Skinch, ‘to stint.’ Halch, ‘ a noose.’ Kelch, ‘ a thump.’ Kelch (Ormskirk), ‘ a sprain.’ Melch, ‘soft, warm.’ Melch, ‘ moidt, warm.’ Solch ‘noiae made by treading in Solah 1 damp ground.’ Shropah., Jnckroii, 18i9. I,nrcher, sb. I Dronch. ‘ a draught for cattle.’ Perch, ‘ pole.’ Dunched, ‘knocked, byiead.’ Snurch. ‘to snort, snigger in a ; Red-finch, ‘ cliallinch. smothered way.’ I Kench, ‘a twist, sprain.’ Wurch, ‘ to ache.’ I Wench, ‘ girl.’ Tooth-warche. Melch, Inoft.’ Worch, ‘to work.’ i Melch-cow. I Stelch, ‘stealth.’ Warch, throb.’ S. Quh., Darlingtoti, 1887. ‘la I Warching, adj. Clench. Cluncheon, a cudgel.’ Stnfr., Poole, 1880. Kench, a kink.’ I. Scrinch, amaU pieces or quantity.’ Blench, ‘to betray. impeach.’ Wench, ‘girl.’ I Kench, ‘to sprain.’ by Hulsh or by Stulch, ’by hook or by I Munching, ‘idling or loafing abont.’ crook.’ Easy-melched, of a cow that yields Lcicca., Evanr, 188 I. milk eaail . ! Swclch, ‘ a {em1 fall.’ I Bunch. ‘to make anything.’ Lurch, ‘ to lurk. Bull-finch. Wllrcher. ‘term of contempt for an , insignificant person.’ Wsrch, an ache or pain.’ ‘ I Dunch, ’I suet duk ling.’ Hunch, lump olJread,’ etc. Drrbyrh., Peggc-6keaf, 1896. ‘ , Kench. ‘ to bank. lch ‘tobrniaebe.nsinamill’(obs). Nuncheon. ach: 6 6oit, of weather.’ I Squench.

N.E. ~i~er.,nocock, 1889. I Rutland, Rordrwoclh, 1891. Bheh, a bench.’ Ilunch, ‘ a lump.’ Blench, to change colour.’ Stench-pipes, ‘ venhlation shafts.’ 228 CIUTTOKAI. SOUNDS IN ESGT.IS11-H. C. 1VTI.D.

Squench, ‘to quench.’ Stelch, ‘lap or row of anything Belching. above the other parts; as much as Spelch, ‘to splinter.’ a man can thntch without moving Chorch, ‘church.’ his ladder.’

E. Anglia, Rye, 1895. Northatnptonsh., Baker, 185 t. 1 ‘a trench: a turn at a job; Bench, a quarry term = ‘a shelf of small quantity of corn put rock.’ aside.’ Church. 2;: ] ‘division.’ Hunch of bread and cheese. Stelch, ‘as much a5 a ma;” can thatch without moving ladder. Skinch,’ ‘ to stint, pinrh:’ Nall, E. Angl. Uiakct, 1866, has Suf., JWW, 1823. Stinch, ‘ to stink.’ Church. gz::h 1 ’to SqUWZe.’ Drench. ‘drink for a sick horse.’ Norfolk, Bawrgal, 1881. Kench, ‘ a turn (of work),’etc. Squench, ‘ quench.’ Kinchin, ‘ a little child.’ Yllch-cow- Lunchy, ‘ stiff.’ Glor., Robertson, 1890. Gpton-on-Snmn (Rorcr.), Lamon, Clinching-net. 1884. Crinch, ’ a small bit.’ Squench, ‘ quench.’ a Crunch of bread and cheese.’ Melch- hearted, ‘ milk-liearted.’ Dinchfork, ‘ a duw-fork.’ post to whrch cow‘s are tied ’ Drench, ‘a bad coyd.’ (‘ variant stalk skat’). Also J)rnnch, drench.’ If’. II-oo,cs., L‘hatnbeo,lum, Dnnch,.- ‘ a poke or thrust.’ 1882. Inch. Kinch, ‘ fry of young fish.’ Linch, ‘narrow steep bank usunlly S.E. Il‘urcs., Salrrbury, 1893. covered with pas.’- Bunch. Winch, ‘ a finch,’ H. of Bcrkley. Dunch, ‘ give a blow with elbow.’ Gulch, ‘to ulp down.’ Stelch, ‘stif,’ H. of B. ~~~~~n * lunclieon.’ Stilch, ‘uyri ht post for fastening S ueneh. cows,’ V. oT ~10s.(uncommon). dench, ‘ girl.’ Stulch, ‘series of helmti for thatching ’ Bolchin, ‘ unfledged bird.’ (Cotsat,lds). Starch, ‘ heron, stroud.’ Warwcsh., hTwth., 1896. OxJ, Parker, 18i6-81. Blench, ‘ a glimpse.’ Drench ,(or Driuk), ‘ draught for Scrinch, ‘a very small piece.’ Cf. cattle. Crinks, e.g. in Glos., etc. Drenching-horn. Scrunch, ‘to hite quickly.’ Dunch, ‘ a blow.’ Squinch, to quench.’ Kench, ‘ to twist or wrench ’ = kink. Munch, ‘ to ill-trciit.’ Sevinch, ‘ a littlo morsel.’ Bsrkr., Lorcrlcy, 1888. Baulch, ‘ to fall heavily.’ Lynches, green Fks, or divisions Spelch, ‘ a small splinter.’ Cf. ‘ spelk,’ between ‘ lands. Northumb., Yorks., etc. Bquench, ‘ qucnch.’ GUTTI:R.AL SOUNDS IK ENGLISII-H. c. wi-r,~. 229

JP. Somers., Efzcarthy, 1886. SiwrPy, Lcveso’r-Gown., 1896. Bunch. ‘ a swelling.’ Blanch, ‘head back 3 deer from its coure.’ Densher, to skim turf off, burn a Bunch, ‘ apt, mark.’ tield.’ Dinsli, ‘stupid.’ Drunch, ‘ a dose of medicine for Kent, Parish and SJhaw, 1887. horse, etc.’ Chinch, to point buildinga. Horch, gore with the homo.’ ‘ ’ ‘ Dencher-pont, ‘ a pile of stubble, etc., Linch, ‘ledge in wall or bank.’ for burning.’ 1 ‘ food between meal$.’ Lirich, ‘ little strip of boundary land.’ Scrunch. Wench, ‘ girl.’ Culcb, ‘ raga, bits of thryd,’ etc. Scrunch, ‘ to crush.’ Yilch, ‘child’s garment. nirchen, adj. Milch-hearted. VulcS, ‘ shove, uudge.’ Sculch, ‘ rubbitrh, trash.’

Corn., Courh, 1880. Bwset, Bavries, 1886. E. Blinah, ‘to catch a glimpse of.’ Linch, ‘ Ied,oe of ground on the side of a hill ’ (=link). IIants., Cope, 1883. Dunch. ‘ stupid.’ U‘iIk, Dartnell and Goddard, 1893. Scrunch, ‘to bite in pieces.’ Dcnshcr, ‘to prepare down land for cultivation.’ 1. of If’., Smctb, 1881. Dunch, ‘ denf ’ (rare now). Squench, ‘ to quench.’ IIanch, ‘to thrust with tbe liorns’ (of cow, etc.). Suaret, l’aruh, 1879. IIuuch about. ‘ push or shove.’ Kiutch. ‘burden of wood, straw, or Bench, ‘ widow’s portion.’ hny.’ Bench, ‘ a arelling.’ Linch Uenaher plough, instrument fur turf- Linchet cutting. Dunch, ‘ deaf, dull.’ Lnchard Squench, ‘ to quench.’

V.

Non-initial -9.

Abvihrctnb., Heslop, 1893-4. Clog, ‘ log of wood.’ Bhg, ‘ blackguard.’ Duggar (barley-), ‘kind of cake.’ Bog-ducker, ‘ goblin.’ Bag, ‘ to rain, drizzle.’ Brig. Drag. Bull-seg, ‘imperfectly castrated ox.’ Fag, ‘loach’ (fiah). Cq-mag, ‘ bad food.’ Pleg. ‘ to he furnished with feathers.’ F’larr, ‘ a turf for fuel.’ gk$y,e-) ‘ to chew, champ.’ E’1 i&d . Cleg, ‘ gadflv.’ Flog, ‘work with hammer anJ chisel.’ Clng, ‘ to stick, make adherz.’ Fog, ‘ nftermath.’ 230 GUTTURAL SOUXDS IN ESGLJSH-H. C. WY1.D.

Gleg, qnick, mart.’ Fag-end. Hag-berry, ‘ fruit of bud-cherry.’ Fog, ‘ aftermath.’ Heg. Gleg ? Hw. ‘division of timber to be cut Greg ? d%wn.’ Hog, ‘ woaned lamb.’ Hag, ‘the belly.’ ‘end of stave outside cask.’ Rag, ‘ to wane.’ lie.’ Heg, ‘to rue, repent.’ Limy,$Y& ‘ loach ’ (fish). Hug, ‘ to cqwith effort.’ Liggan upon, ‘ urgent, keen upon.’ Hog-reek, ‘ I@t, fleecy miat.’ lag. ‘ear.’ Laggin, ’projecting staves at bottom to Pig in. of cask. Rig, ‘ ridge.’ I.ig-abed, ‘ sluggard.’ Higgelt, ‘animal with teaticle in the Lie-ma last. ‘ loiterer.’ loins.’ ~.uOg,‘a lug-worm.’ Bug, to pull rudely.’ Nag, ‘ a sour taste.’ Seg, ‘ a corn on hand or foot.’ Nng, ‘ to ~07.’ Seag, ‘Bed 8.’ I’teg, ‘ to cheapen, in bargaining.’ snig, 6 to Lag timber.’ Prog, ‘to prick.’ Bteg, ‘ gander.’ Kag, vb. Bwagt, ‘ bent downnarda in centrc.’ Rig, ‘ ridge ’ ; 173 place-names in Cleg, ‘kind of fly.‘ -ry in Sorthumb. Clag, ‘ to stick tp.’ Riggin, ‘clothing.’ Claggy, ‘ sticky. lliggin of a houae. Roggle, ‘ shake, umhle.’ Rug, ‘tug, pull. 1 Durham, Paigrase, 1896. Beg, ‘sedge.’ Riggy, ‘ ridgey.’ Slag, ‘thin bed of coal, mixed with Sng, ‘ to beud down in the middle.’ lime, etc.’ Waggon. Slairg, ‘soft, wet.’ Slog, ‘strike with great force.’ Ylughorne Swakdals (N.Yrkr.), Earlaird, 1873. and Slogan 1 Brig. Smnirg, ‘ to smear.’ Clag, ‘ to cling.’ Snag, ‘ to hew roughly.’ Clag;y. Iig, to lie down.’ Rig, ‘ridge.’ Stag, ‘ young male animal.’ Riggin-tree. Steg, ‘garden.’ Stcg. 1 gmnder.’ Swggj, ‘ a swing.’ Tig, ‘shnrp hloa.’ Tug,“ to rot, destroy.’ WhItby (N.E. YwkJ.),Rohsoii, 1876. qi8.feeling of IIRUS~~.’ Brig. Brog, ‘to )3ump,’ 89 cattle do with Whig, ‘ preparation of whey.’ the horns. Wig, ‘ a tea-cake.’ Claggy, ‘sticky, like pitch.’

Cumbetland, Ddiiison, 1859. E 2 on. Bag. Efieag’d, ‘ infested with fleas.’ Bog. Fbg, to fl ’ Ilig. ‘ to build.’ Fligg’d, ‘ thgd.’ Brag, ‘ twig or strna worn in hat.’ Zig, ‘ to lie, lay.’ Brig, brid e ’ Lug, ‘ear.’ Chtsg, to c~w.’ Mswg, ‘a whim.’ Mig, ‘li uid manure.’ Dag } 1 to ooze, flow slowly.’ nrg ‘ I&.’ I!aggy, ‘wet, musty weather.’ Segge, ‘sedges.’ hg on. Steg. ‘ a gander.’ GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. 231

H indhill (N.Central Yorkr.), F-rigrigRf, Plug, to beat.’ 1892. 84, ‘to snatch.’ (Perhaps related to 6maak, snack,’ etc., with TO- The mripti01.1is that of Prof. Wright. of final k.) arig. Twaga, ’ twigs.’ Deg, to sprinkle with water.’ Dreeg, ‘drawl.’ C;na$e Drcg, ‘drag.’ 1 Gnat h J ‘to Haig%, 6 the haw.’ (There ia nothing to ahoa whether -gh here = the back stop. but it 188- F&& 4 fledge.’ probable.) Flog. Fog, ‘ aftergrass.’ Frig, ‘coire.’ Thwsrby to Roy, 1703. Ig, ‘ mood, temper.’ Rig, ‘ tree.’ Jig, ‘ lie down.’ Mig, ‘midge.’ Neag, ‘ gnaw.’ Ray’r North Counly JVmdr, 1691. Prog, ‘ collect firewood.’ Dag, ‘ dew on the graw.’ Rig, ‘back.’ Feg, ‘fair, clean.’ Rigin, ‘ ridge of a house.’ Yliggens, ‘ young birds that can By.’ Snig, ’ take hastily.’ Seag, ‘ a eaw.’ 8eg. ‘ sedge.’ HuraJrull, E. Ywks., 1788. Twig, sb. $&; V;;;:’.’ but Midge, ‘ adgnat.’

Mid. Ibrks., Bobiniori, 1876. N. of Xngland, J.II., 1781. Ag, ‘to complain.’ Cbig, ‘to chew.’ Bng. Brog, of cattle, ‘ to browse about.’ Shefleld(8. W.Yorkr.). Addy, 1888-90. Bulleeg, ‘ csstratd bull.’ Clag, *toadhere.’ Brig. Dag, ‘ to sprinkle linen,’ etc. Uu$h, ‘bulk, eke.’ Egg, ‘ to incite.’ to Egg on. Plig, ‘to fledge.’ Fligr’to flag.’ Fligged. Fli~aed,‘ fledged.’ (E)ig, state of petulance.’ tiniKgle, 6 to gnaw.’ Lig, ‘ to lie, to lay.’ Grig, cricket.’ Rig, ‘ridge.’ Haighs. ‘ hips and haws.’ Sag, ‘to Lulpe with own weight.’ Hig, ‘ huff, fit of temper.’ Scag, ‘ squirrel.’ JlUbXiIL9, ‘ hip-bones Of 8 COW.’ Seg. ‘ sedge.’ Keg, ‘ belly.’ Sug, ‘a sow.’ Lig. ‘ to lii down.’ Kog, ‘ an unshaped bit of wood.’ Rig, ‘ ridge.’ Euddera@ld ( IT, Yorkr.),Earthsr, 1881. Saig, ‘to saw.’ Brig. Seg, ‘ castrated bull, etc.’ Deg, ‘to wet.’ Sure. ‘ to snarl.’ FlGi;xl Hq, a huff or quarrel.‘ 1. a to lie down.’ spyig, 6 a copee.’ 3. *to tell lies.’ Swag Rig, ‘ ridge.’, (and Slayj I hangdown” Sag, ‘ a saw. Whigged, of milk, ‘ curdled.’ 232 QUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENQLISH--He C. WYLI).

Lancr., iVocfal atid diilnn,, 1876. Gag-mag, ‘ carrion.’ Agg, to tcaae, worry.’ Dag, ‘to get petticoats or ends of Biggin, ‘building.‘ trousers wet.’ Big, ‘ a tat.’ Daggly, ‘dew\*.’ Bigg, barley.’ Chg, b now ‘in a hard ma= in the Bigg, ‘to build.’ boots.’ Boggart, ’ thost.’ Earwig. Boggle, a lunder.’ to Egg on. Braggart, ‘new ole spiced with sugar.’ Egg, ovum.’ Brig (N.and Mid. L.), ‘ bridp.’ Egg, ‘ eager for.’ hog, ‘branch, bnugh.’ Feg, coarae grw.’ Clng, ‘ to adhcre.’ Fliggy, ‘ hay, etc., tangled through Clog, ‘ shoe with aooden 60113.’ wind and rain.’ Cleg, ‘ gadfly.’ F%. nag, ‘tu sbcur ahee .’ Frig, ‘ coire.’ Dug, eb. and vb., ‘ sew.’ Gleg, ‘ to look furtively.’ Deg, ‘ to sprinkle with water.’ Frog, Griggy, ‘ rotten ’ (of grass). Egg, ‘ urge, incite.’ (lI)ag, ‘ a task.’ Fceag (Furncss), ‘flatterer.’ (H)og, ‘heap of potatoes corered up Pcgpr, ‘ fairer’ (Bamford’e Gloas. ; with atraw and Roil.’ 1804, obs. P). Up-kegged, ‘ upset.’ Lag, ‘ upri ht plank in a tub.’ :!z: 1 ‘ to irigbten.’ rig, sh. an9 vh., ‘Bh.’ Fog, ‘ aftermnth.’ Lig own, ‘ very own.’ Grig. ‘ a cricket.’ Lug, f to pull.’ Grug (Fylde), ‘ a dandelion.’ Moggin, ‘ to clog.’ Hag. N. ‘ an encloaure.’ Mag, * togo ’ (commoner form Jlodge). L., Migglc, ‘ to trot elowly.’ 2:izw1 ‘belly.’ Nog, ‘piece of wood built into brick wall.’ :$: :$: }’

Riggins of a how. Hip, ‘ to be in one’a hip..’ Lie, ‘ to lin.’ Seg, ‘gel cd bull.’ I 1’0:) ‘to carry on one’s bark.’ Sip, ‘ old urine.’ Scg, ‘ castrakd hoar.’ .Tag,‘ sheep of first year. i Whig, ‘ buttermilk.’ N.E. Lima., Pracoek, 1889. ShropJ., Jackron, 1879. Bag, ‘ udder, womb, etr., of animale.’ Ago” Big, ‘ strong.’ Etiz 1 ‘ to urge, incite.’ Bng, ‘ bridge.’ EC2 ) Brog, ‘ to push with a pointed imtru- Dng, ‘ to fiprinkle clothes with xatcr.’ Gent.’ Ihg, ‘ a bar used for drawing timber.’ Buz, ’ proud, officious.’ Plilp, . of birds whose duan U Clcg, ‘-ydRg.’ c anging to feathers. hap, ‘ ind of harrow,’ cf. Dredge. Iig, ‘ to tell lieu.’ Fligd, ‘ fledged.’ Iipger, ‘ linr.’ Glei{ :. ii glance.’ Seg, ‘ any kind of irk.’ . ‘ nhy.’ Seg-bottomed, ‘ rush-bottomed.’ Hap, a bog.’ Smrg, ‘ a bit.’ Hub’, ‘ to cut, chop awkward1 ’ Sniggle, an eel.’ Hig : to put someone in a gig= ‘ to Stag, 4 young. turker-cock.’ offend him.’ I Swig, ‘ a c&k ’ (es’peciall) spiced ale). Higgler, ‘ pedlar.’ Whig. ‘ whey.’ Hog, ‘ an unshorn lamb, castrated pig.’ Whigged, ‘ curdled.’ Kee-men, ‘ bad food.’ Lag, 8 totire.’ Lcicc~.,Ewonr, 1881. Lig, ‘ to lie, lay.’ I Lig-abed, ‘sluggard.’ Lug, ‘the ear.’ Magppt, ‘ whim.’ ! Meggie, ‘ moth.’ Mog, ‘to move on.’ main.’ Muggy, ‘ damp, closo.’ i Nag, to gnaw.’ Nigg!e, ‘ to hack, notch.’ Rfggin, ‘ ridFe of a building.’ CkgY. Rig, ‘ ridge. 1 Dag, ‘ trail in dirt.’ Sag, bend, warp.’ ‘ F1e@Fd ‘ fledged.’ Seg, ‘ boar castrated when full-grown.’ Flig 1 Sel;, ‘sedge.’ Fog, ‘course, rank Fa%.’ Slug, ‘ to shirk.’ I Gnag, ‘gnaw.’ .. Skg, ‘ a gander.’ I Hog, ‘ yenrling sheep.’ Sugg, ‘ to deceive.’ Lng, ‘ crack, split.’ Twig, ‘ underatand.’ Lig, ‘ to lie ’ (jucere and mentire). Swig, ‘to drink.’ Maggot, ‘ whim.’ Wag, ‘ to beckon.’ i I’roggle. i Piggle. Iligget, 1 Rmall surface drain.’ S. W. Litics., Cole, 1886. I Rig, 6 ridge.’ Brig, ‘ bridge.’ Sqg, ‘ tu sway, bend with weight.’ Clag, ‘ to daub with sticky clay.’ Segg, a bull castrated before maturity.’ Drag, ‘to harrow land.’ i Segg, sedge, etc.’ DN~,‘ aaggon for carrying timber.’ Snig, ‘little eel.’ FbggI, ‘ fledged.’ i Snrcgs, ‘ slianrs.’ Sog, ma5s of earth.’ Gnag ‘ to gnaw.’ ‘ =Jag ‘ Swiggle, ‘ to drink frcely.’ Hag, marshv place.’ ‘I’eg! ‘a lamh, from first Michaelmas Hag, ‘ cut, hkw.’ I alter birth.’ 231 GUTTURAL IOUNDB IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD.

Rutland, Wordsworth, 1091. Pug, ‘ to pull.’ Yap, ‘ ruahea for chair-making.’ Brig. I Sag-bottomed cham. Drug, ‘a timber waggon.’ Bcog, ‘ to scold.’ Hag, ‘ stiff clum of cowpaes.’ Snuggle, ‘ lie close.’ Haghog. ‘ hedgepog.’ Swag of a line or, benm, ‘to ray.’ Higgler. Swig, ‘ to drink. Bia. Tag, ‘ game of touch.’ RG, tree.’ Teg, ‘ yearling sheep.’

3. Angl., Rye, 1095. Arriwiggle, ‘ earwig.’ Warweah.,A’wthall., 1b9G. Bigg, kind of barley. } * to egg on.’ Brig. ‘ a bridge.’ 4% Claggy, ‘ clogged with moisture.’ Dag, ‘dew.’ Crag, ‘the craw or crop.’ Fligged, ‘ fledged.’ Dag, ‘dew.’ Fog, ‘ rough 612%’ Drug, ‘ strong cart for timber.’ Geg, ‘to swing.’ Hag, ‘ to cut’ (woodman’s term!. Fligged Higgler. Higgle, ‘ to chaffer.’ I Lugger, ‘ litter, mes.’ Lig, ‘ to lie ’ (jacere). Lip, ‘ to tell a lie.’ Rig, ‘ ridge in a field.’ SeE, 6 sedge.’ Sagging, ‘ aou hing of wind in roeds.’ ‘dender rodB to faaten thatch 6cug. ‘ uirr3.l LX&, seg, * Jge.’ Piggin. Seggen, ‘ made of sedges.’ I Skg, ‘ to tear or split.’ Slug-horn, ‘ short, stunted horn of an Slug. ‘ to tlfrow atones, ek.’ animal.’ Snug, ‘ a pig.’ Snag, ‘rough knob of a tree.’ Spug,, ‘,spamow.’ Teg, )earling sheep.’ Hetrfordslr., Havcrgal, 188’1. Trig, ‘ a narrow path.’ Segs, ‘ mhes.’ Nmthampfourh., Baker, 1054. Upfon-otl-Sewcrfl( Worts.), Lawaotr, Brig. 1881. Dag, ‘ to bemire, aoak with dirt.’ Drigglo, ‘ small-meshed draw-net.’ I Yligged, ‘ fledged.’ Fag, ‘ fog-pss.,’ I Fligger, ‘to Butter.’ Rig, ‘ to Rprrun (of back). I Fliggers, ‘ young birds ready to fly.’ Sng, isedre.’ I Lig, ‘a lie.’ sag-seatci c~iair. I Liger, a liar.’ Swag, ‘ to sway, balance.’ ! Rig, ‘ ridge.’ I Segs, ‘ sedges.’ Seggy, adj. IF. WOYOI.EI., Chanilrrlain, 1882. , ti 176,’ rose of watering-can.’ Dag, ‘ to draggle.’ 18hig. ’ whey.’ Smg, ‘ to sway.’ I

I S.E. Worca., Salerbwy, 1893. Beds, Batehelor, 1807.

Bag, ‘ cut wheat with a hook.’ I Brig. Uag, ‘ to draggle in the mud.’ I to Egg on. Drag Plig, * fltdged.’ ‘ harrow.’ ! Lig, ‘ an untruth.’ (Ratchelor calls this word ‘ old-fashioned,’ so it \+a6 Mag, ‘ a scold.’ probably ob31,leacent in Beds. iu \ Nng, to scold incessantly.’ law.) 6uf., Mom-, 1823. Cloggy, thick, ~tickv.’ Dag (to set n dag= t,; haw somebody). Sepseg ] ‘ sedge.’ Drug, ‘to drag.’ Swig mid of a lenk in n tap, Duggcd, ‘dagoed.’ (and Swidge) ‘ all of a swig.’ Egg (ag) of a8ird. ) Fog-grass. Higglcr, ‘ poultry-dealer.’ Hag, ‘ old womau.’ Cagmag, ‘ bad meat.’ Lic-abed, ‘ sluggard.’ Deg, ‘ to dig.’ Mugget, ‘ outer stomach of calf.’ Nag, ‘log, block.’ Egg. Fog, ‘pan growing on boggy ground.’ Nu:, ‘rough mass of any substance.‘ Frog. Pig. Guggle, ‘ amall snail.’ Pog, ‘ to pke, ,thrust.’ TLayger; ‘ nnrrow strip of land or llag, ‘ to Mold. Rig, ‘ lark, ‘oke, wanton woman.’ “p”; Slg. ‘ urine. 3 F Lug, piece of land.’ Moggy, ‘ a cnlf.’ Slug.- Nag, to worry.’ Snug. Niggle, ‘ to tease.’ Swig, ‘drink hastily.’ Niggut, ‘ smd1 fa got.’ Scrag, ’ neck.’ yenrling sheep.’ Sag-seated chair, &. of Clos. ,.’reg, . ‘ Yam i ‘ neat, tidy.’ Ugly. Xog, ‘ a bog, morns.‘ Sei sig Dortet, Barner, 18YO. Scnggij ‘shaggy,’ V. of Gloe. ; 11. of Ber Icy. Cag-mag, ‘ bad mcat.’ Snag, ‘ tooth standing aloue.’ Cag, ‘ to surfeit.’ Stag, ‘ young ox.’ :tzgle) 6 to sway.’ Wilts., Dartnell and G‘oddard, 1893. } ‘ one-year-old aheep.’ Agg, vb., ‘ hack.’ ;ri Agalds, hawthorn - berries.’ (In to Trig. ‘ to wedge up.’ Devon, -4gglc‘los.) Wag, ’ to move.’ Ilq, bent pns with u hook.’ Bade big. 1)aggrid. Orf., Parker, 1876-31. I uggled. Daggle, ‘to trail in the mud.’ Flag, ‘ blndc of wheat.’ Fligged, fledged.’ IIggS, ‘ haws.’ Guggle, ‘ a snail’s shell.’ lhug : to drag timber. (H)ag I;, ‘to harasr ow’s self with Dra:. ‘ u harrow.’ wort. Freglam, ‘odds and ends of food Ligster, ‘ a lie, a liar.’ fried up.’ Mn&ed. ‘tired out’ (Blnckhurn). sog ? Wupgn, 4 wagxon.’ JlugRlc, muddle.’ .\l;iggi~~,‘ tricks.’ JA~,’ hole or perch.’ Brrkr., L~wrky,1888. Jag, ‘ beard of oats.’ Haggle, ‘ cut cluiiisily.’ Ifaggas, ‘fruit of hawthorn.’ E’eqgy, ‘ fair,’ obs., S.W. ! Pig. W.S-r., ElwortLy, 1866. Qua,“, ‘ a shake, tremb!ing,’ 8.W. ’ kip, ‘ half-gelded horsz.’ Ag, ‘to scold, provoke.’ kig, vb., ‘ climb on, bestridc anyt:iiiig. Bag, mewure of weight. I1 scg Big, bumptioue.’ ~ sifi ‘urine,’ S.W. 236 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENQLISH-H. c. WYLD.

Sliug, ‘ squirrel.’ rP. COWL,Chrt~y, 1880. Smug. Clig. ‘ to cling to.’ Snag, N.W., ‘decayed tooth’; S.W., Cligged to .ether. ‘ a sloe. ’ L)N~,‘ a kgfor a wheel.’ Snig, ‘ small eel,’ S.W. Trug, ‘ trudge.’ Sniggle, S.W. Aglet, ‘ beq of hawthorn.’ Garland. Sog, ‘ boggy ground.’ W. Corn., Journ. of KO Inst. of Teg-man, ‘ shepherd,’ S.W. Corn., 1864. (Perhaps Jiench.) Tig, ‘ little pig.’ K.W. occasionally. Trig, ‘fasten, make firm,’ N.W.;adj., 1 in good health,’ S.W. E. Cornw., Couch, 1880. Tag, ‘ to reap with broad hook.’ Wag. Dogberry, ‘ wild gooseberry.’ waggon. Drug, ‘ to drag.’. Sneg, ‘ small snail.’ let, fruit of whitethorn. Couch, Suwry, Le~eson-Gocccr,1896. (9ournal of Roy. Inst. of Corn ,1864.) Sag, ‘to bend.’ Teg, ‘ a year-old sheep.’ Trug, gardener’s wooden basket.’ Hanfr., cop, 1883. Dogleta, ‘ ieiclea.’ Bent, Pariah and Shaiu, 1887. Hag, ’ haw ’ (the bem). Bag, ‘to cut with hook.’ Haggils, ‘haws of whitethorn.’ Dng on sheep. Leg, ‘longna~~owmeedo~(= ‘lenh ‘P). *le-tailed. Strig, ‘stalk of a plant.’ strttub of grass.’ Swig, ‘ to suck.: Fog, ‘ aftermath.’ Scug, ‘ squirrel. Reg, ‘hag, fairy.’ niggler. Hog. I. of W., Smith, 1881. Reg-meg, ‘ a gossip.’ Igg, ‘ egg.’ Lug - worm. Drug shoe, drag for a cart.’ Maggoty, whimsical.’ ‘ MegPY. Pig. Surrp.2, Parish, 1879. I’log, ‘block of wopd at end of halter.’ Pug, soft ground. Bug, ‘ any winged insect.’ Rig ? Drugged, ‘ half-,drid.’ Sng, ‘ to sink, bend.’ Egg. ’ to incite. Sig, ‘urine.’ Orig, ‘merry, happy.’ Smug, to steal.’ 6 long, narrow marehymeadow.’ Tag, ‘ a yearly sheep.’ Wig, to overreach, cheat.’ Sag, ‘ to hang down.’ Snag, ‘ a enail.’ GU‘ITUHAL SOUXDS IN ENG1,ISH-11. (’. \\Sl.l). 23i

VI.

Words in -age.

Northtinab., Eedop, 18934. Whitby (.V.E. Yorkr.), Robtiison, 1876. Cadgy, hearty, cheerful,’ especiallv i Hedge-dike-Ride. after food; cf. eag-mag, ci. dab IIoose-midoes, ‘ commnn flies.’ kedge. to Sudge \:th the elbow. Dredge. Edge; sb. She$isld(S. Ip.Porko.\. Addy, I%%-90. Fadge, ‘ small loaf of bred. Fad@, ‘ bundle of sticks.’ Edge-0’-dnrk, ‘ twilight.’ PleLger, ‘ a fledgeling.’ Hcdge nnd bind, ‘ in atid out.’ Kcdge, ‘ to fill o~,~eselfwith meat..’ Midge. Kidgel, ‘ cudgel. hfidgeon-fat. Midgy, ‘ midge. ’ Midge-gnus. IKirddeajeld( U? Forkr.),Ea..4hei.,IS8 I. Mudgc, ’ stir, shift.’ Radg~,‘ lead, wanton.’ Alidge, ‘ a small gnat.’ Rudge, ‘ push about.’ Slud e, ‘aoft, wet mud.’ Lama., iVodnl atid diilner, 167.5 s m u&e, to lough uietlj.’ Badger, ‘ sniall retail dealer.’ Snudge ‘ a fi;fet or rihbon worn Dqe, damp.’ fd by girls.’ ‘ Snood) ] Edge 0’ dark. ndger aud Spag, a sparrow.’ ‘ Henridme ) Ormshirk, ‘ outlet for qadge, ‘ slice of bread, wedge.’ Hainri&e j cattle.’ Midge, ‘ tlnything very small.’ Cumbedand, Dickinron, 1889. Badger. S. Cherhirc, Darli/rgtoti, 1897. Bndge, ‘ to cut a hedge.’ 2C, 6 a slow trot.’ Aodge, ‘ to botch.’ Frufge, ‘ to brush roughly past.’ Drudge-box, ‘ Hour-dredger.’ Hed re. EJge, ‘ border.’ Knikgel, ‘ to castrate by ligature.’ Edge (and Egg) ] ‘ ‘Or.’ (Hjedge. Marshall, E. Yorkr., 1788. (H)odge, ‘ paunch of a pig.’ Fridge, ‘ to chafe.’ ].edger, ‘to warp woodeu Veesd3 in Midge, but, lig, flig, rig. water.’

Swabdale (N. Yorkr.), Harland, 1873. l\fudge-Khe, soft, boggy plnce.’ Midge. ‘ swellcd.’ Smudge, ‘to smoulder.’ kx&d, Dcrbyah., Pegge-Skeat, 1896. Windhill (N. Ccntral Yorki.), Fright, Fdge in place-names =‘ roclrs.’ 1892. Hedge. The transcription in Professor Wright’e.. Midge. Sludge, ‘ mud.’ E&, ‘ed e.’ Snudge, ‘ LO go unasked to an tnter- w,‘he%ge.’ tainment.’ 238 GI!lTURAI, SOUNDS IN ESGLISH-H. C. WILD.

N.E. Liner., X’eacock, 1889. Sedge-marino. ‘ sedge-warbler.’ 6 to drain off, swill ’ ; in Cradge, ‘sm+ hank to keep out Swidge Dialect of E. An&. water.’ Nall, 1866. Dredge, ‘ a hanow of hushy thorns.’ Ledger, ‘ a thatcher’s tool.’ Ettidge = eddiah, ‘ aftermath.’ Fridpe, to graze, chnfe,’ aud in S.W. Lincs., which hae Bode, ‘to Herefordah., HavrrgaZ, 1887. mend, patch.’ Kedge, ‘belly. stomach.’ Flid eter ‘go$gatlididgcter ’=‘tnking Nudge, ‘to follow closely.’ a !gin; leap. ;;dp, ‘stiff mud.’ Hedge, ‘ bill.’ orth Lincoln, Sutton, 1881, Rndge of ploughed field. Kedge = atop age of the bovxls horn green t0J.V Upto),-on-Scrcrn, IPorcr., htoaon, 1884. Shropsh., Jackson, 1Si9. hfudgiu, ‘ fat from chitkrlingn of a pig.’ Edge, ‘ ridge of a hill.’ E:$$ \ ‘ a half-gelding.’ fledge. nI Letlgen, ‘to close seams of a wnoden Snudge, n kiss. to kies,’ and W. vewl by warping ’ (cf. ‘ tho lnp’ of Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. n tub). Midueti, ‘ omentum of a pig.’ Sluzge, ‘ wet mud.’ S.E. Vorer., Salrabr,,.y, 1893. i:p } ‘ space of ploughed land.’ Ed e o night. He!&; Wage, ‘ a wedge, lump.’ hf udgin. Rid I. Stafi, Pook, 1880. Sluge, ‘ liquid mud.’ Snudge. Tadgel, ‘ to tie.’ Stodgy. ? Letger, ‘ under millatone.’ Warwcrh., Xorthnll., 1896. Leiccrfrrrh., Ecaw, 188 1. Badger, jobbing dealer.’ Badge. ‘ cut. and tie o 9sin shock Bodge, ‘ prod with a pointed stick.’ Edgy, * keen, forwar:. Fridge, * to fray out. Edge, ‘ to incite, emu on.’ Rudge, ‘ a heap, mw.’ { !. 1 to dr3Pa person.’ Hodge, ‘ stomach.’ Fadge 2. ‘b toady.’ Modge, ‘ to muddle, confuse.’ Fridge, sb., ‘chafe.’ Mudgin, ‘ fat on pig’s chitterlings.’ Hidgeler, higgler.’ Podgel, ‘ to trifle, dally.’ Y idgetam - fat. Sludge-guts, ‘ person with prominent Mudginp, ‘ fat about the intestines. abdomen.’ Kudb$g, nesting of birds.’ Spadger. l’ndge, ‘ barn-owl.’ Stodge, ‘ stuff and cram.’ Pedgel, to pick over, examine.’ Sludge, ‘ mire.’ Wadge, ‘ lump, bundle.’ nbrthanrptond., Baker, 1854.

Birge, 6 bridge ’ (nearly obs. in 1854). E. Angl., Rye, 1895. Bodge, ‘ patch. botch.’ Suf., Moor, 1823. Fndge, ‘ a bundle or parcel.’ Hedge-pig, ‘ bedpellog.’ a Ridge of ploughed land. Kedge, ‘ brisk, active. Swidge said of a leak from a tap, to Sudge with the elbow. (and Swig) ‘ all of a swig.’ GUITURAL FOCKI)S IX ENOI,ISR-H. c. WTLD. 239

Gba., Robcrtaon, 1890. Rudge, ‘ space between furrows of ploughed land.’ to Badge, ‘ to hawk.’ Spudgel, ’ woodrn scoop.’ Cludgy, ‘ thick; stout.’ Edge. Fd e on, adj.. ‘ ea er for.’ Stcrrey, Lereaon - Cower, 1896. F&e, 6 small bungle.’ Bodge, ‘ gardener’s wooden hnsket.’ Mudgin, ‘ fat of pi ’8 chitterlings.’ Cled J, ‘ wet, sticky ’ (of the ground). ILndgel, ‘ an imperfect gelding.’ Dre&e, ’a brush-harrow.’ Ridge Edget, ‘ kind of rake.’ Hudge ) Snudge, ‘ to move about peneively.’

Otf., Parker, 1876-81. Bent, Pan’rh and Shaw, 1887. hfudgerum. Rodge. ‘ gardener’s wooden basket.’ Cled e, ‘ clay, atiff loam.’ Dre&e, ‘ a brush-harrow.’ v. sOmW8., ~hCOr~h$!,1886. Begurge. IT. Cornw., Coctrfney, 1880. Cadge, ‘ tramping.’ Bulge. ‘ battor out of shape.’ Clidgy, ‘sticky.’ Rurge. ‘bridge..’ Cock-hedge, ‘ trimmed thorn hedge.’ Dredge, ‘ to spriukle.’ Edp~., to egg on.’ Dorrel, Barnrr, 1886. Ediinent, ’ incitement.’ Ledgers, ‘ rods wed to keep thatch in its place.’ $f$$g! } ‘ an uncut horse.’ Kedge,. ’ bod8 anchor.’ Bare-ndged. Smudge,-* to smear.’ Hank, Cope, 1883. Stodge, ‘ thick, doughy matter.’ Hedge picks, ‘ fruit of blackthorn.’ Urge, ‘ retch.’ liudgy, ‘ clumsy.’ Hudge-bone, ‘ weather - boarding of Wexford, Poolc- Burner, 1867. wooden bourn.’ sidge, ‘ aedge.’ Bidge, ‘ to buy.’ (This dialect is W. Southern type, but E‘., Smith, 1881. the glossary is very unreliable.) I. of Tledge-houn, ‘ a plant.’ Led em, wood fastening8 for thatch Wilta., Dartnetl and Goddard, 1893. 6 fayem. 3 Badge, ‘to deal in corn ’ (oh.). FAp?. Suaus, Pariah, 1879. DuJgc, ‘bundle of mything uvcd to Btoy II bole.’ Ihdge, ‘ mixture of oab and barley. Dredge ‘ bnrley and oats qrorn Hedge-pick, ‘ hedge-sparrow.’ Drodgo } together.’ 3lidge. any kind of gnat.’ Podge, ‘ small package of wool.’ Itidge.bnnd, ‘ part of harness.’ 240 OU‘ITURAL SOUNDS 1N KSGLISH-H. C. WT1.D.

VII.

Non-initittl O.E. ;3 nnd ir = w, f, etc.

Northumb., Henlop, 1893-4. Braffam Briffam ‘ horse-collar.’ Barfam f Brougb, ‘ moon-halo.’ Tocher Couh, ‘ cough.’ Daw, ‘thrive.’ ’rovicher Draa, ‘to thrive.’ Draft-net. ;zz 1 6 trougii.’ Duff. Wallow. Flaa, ‘ turf for fuel.’ Fluughter, ‘ thin Irryof turf.’ Ctonbnland, Dickiirroit, I%!). Has- Hna- ] tree- Aneuff \ ‘low-lyin~ puud by aide Anengh Efh1 of river.’ llnoo I Herousheugh lhaff am. Heroneeugh Cleuh, ‘ claw, hoof.’ Heronshuff Coff, ‘ to cougb.‘ 1 Huff. z”,gh ‘to throw a ball,bclow the Hugh. bough. IIough Salftrec. 1 htree, ‘ willow.’ ;& 1 ‘ hollow.’ FFUId, trough.’ high, ‘IoK.’ Thruff-stan, tombstone.’ Low. ‘ flame.’ Thruff, ‘ through.’ Ted, ‘tough.’ ITeugb, ‘

Pegb, ‘to pff,’pant.’ Haugh, ‘ Hat land near rirer ’ ILw, ‘ fruit of hawthorn.’ ;f::ct \ ‘ wattling-etick.’ Leugh. ‘ laughed.’ Ploo 1 .righter, ‘ brood of chickens.’ Plugh. Plew plough.’ Pluf 1”u. Pleuf Laa, ‘ law.’ Raa, ‘row.’ Ro Durham, Palgrave, 1896. Roa ‘ raw.’ Doo, ‘ cake.’ Row Nni:ugh =enjuuf. Ruf ‘ Mama, ‘ mnte.’ Rough ) Nnwt, ‘ nothing.’ I’luf€, ‘ plough ’ (very seldom). 2~~1 6 willow.’ Sad Swakdule (A7. I-wkL), IInrIa,d, 1873.. 6 small stream drniniug to thrive.’ through the land.’ now, ‘ Sough Y (H)awe, ‘a meadow by a river.’ ‘ the hocks of a beast.’ E::fh } sound. of wind.’ Onwz, Teuf, ‘ tOUgh.’ QUTTURAI, SOUNDS IN EXGTalSII-III. C WTLI). 24L

Whitby (N.E.Ywka.), Rebitwon, 18i6. Marrow, ‘ match, fellow.’ Maw, ‘ab.’ Forms with -f. 1 a mow of corn, etc.’ Barfon, ‘ horse-collar.’ } Thd,‘ through.’ Pleaf Plufe, ‘ plough.’ l’luf Sluffs, ‘ slrins of fruit.’ teeth’ (cog. with Sigh ? or= l’iaw I Wilf, ‘willow’ (also in Marsholl’s Sough, vb. (=aaow), of the iviud. E. Yorks., 171). Forms with -?c. Htidderfifd ( W.Ibrka.) , Eadhcr, 188 1. Awn, ‘ to om.’ Words with -f. Barrow -pigs. Clough, ‘ ravine ’ (clutf). Fsrrow, said of a barren cow. Dough (dofe). Marrows, sb. pl. Drutty, ‘ dry, droughtv.’ &w, ‘ a sow.’ Fauf ‘ to cl&n ground for Sou, of the wind = ‘ to calm down.’ (and Faigh) ) bitilding.’ ‘ saturated, soaked.’ Windhill (X.Central Yorks.), Uiight. % 1 (An old man xas heard to pronounce The transcription u Profmr Wrigbt’a. Words with -/. Dwif, ‘ dwarf.’ 1 presumablr means Duaf, ‘ dough.’ \ a bark-opea con- Dmft. ’ sonant.) Inif (sing.), ‘ enough.’ Stiff, ‘ to tire of.’ Laf, ‘laugh.’ Sod. ‘ willow.’ Sluf, ‘ slough.’ Ruf, ‘ rough.’ Trof, ‘ trough.’ Word3 with consonant dropped. Moo of barley, etc. Words with no final consonant. ~~~~~ } ‘ to match.’ to bow.’ Bi, ‘ Nnrrow, similar, 1 the marrow glove.‘ Riu, ‘ bouzh.’ soo, ‘ H sow.’ Droa, ‘ drmv.’ Ploo FUI, ‘ fowl.’ (and Pleugh) Fnld, ‘ fellow.’ 1 Ioiu (PI.), ‘ enough.’ Loa, ‘ law.’ Shc$ieZd (S.W. TorkJ.), Addy, Mara. ‘ milrrov.’ 1888-90. Pliu, ‘ pliiu~h.’ hew, ‘ enough.’ Si, ‘a dnin.’ Ilaw, ‘ herry of hawthorn.’ sh, ‘dew.’ Marrow, ‘ fellow, mate,’ etc. Wila, ‘ willow.’ Hay-mo w. poa, ‘ though.’ Plew, ‘ plough.’ So0 of wind in trecs, P~C. Mid. Ywb., Robinso,,, 1876. Trow, ‘ a trough.’ Suff, ‘ a drain.’ BesfBOO 1 ‘ bough.’ Sauf, ‘ sallow, willow.’ now, ‘ to prosper.’ Ewe, prct. of ‘ to owe.’ Lancr., Nodal and Afifner, 18ij- F~UOW,‘ fallorr.’ Aan, adj., ‘ om.’ Low, ‘ flame.’ Barrow-pig, ‘ male swiiie.’

Phil. Trans. 1898-3. 16 242 G~TTGRAL SOUNDS IN ESGLISH-H. c. WYLD.

Mnrrow, ‘ a match, mate.’ Shropah., Jucbon, 1 8; 9. IIay-moo, ‘ titark of hay.’ llathorn, ‘ hrwthorn.’ E::f 1 ‘ hay NOW.’ Haw, fruit of same.’ Laeter, ‘complement of ~ggsfor a to laugh.’ sitting hen.’ Sasgh, ‘ willow.’ Ln’cea., Evana, 1851. 5. Chesh., Darlington, 1687. Haw. in place-names. f 6 goose-graas.’ Bow. giz5h Now. Enea, ‘ enouah.’- 800 of the wind. ‘ a covered drain.’ Sd, to drain.’ k::f 1 Flef and Flcth, ‘ a flea ’ (Holland). JV. Worcs., Chamberlain, 1882. Derlysh., I’~gge-SIccat, 1896. Ah-thorn, ‘ hawthorn.’ Barrow, ‘ a gelt pig ’ (obs.). KnewEnow ‘enough.’ Diiwter, ‘ dauFhter.’ l’low. Slough=? * muy place.’ SUE. ‘a drain.’ Coff, ‘ cough.’ Draft. 6 team or cart.’ znuff: S.E. Wmca., Saleasbury, 1893. (H)offle, ‘ hough of a horse.’ Dimin. Ilu~ru,‘sheltered place’ (also in Upton- on-Sevcm, Lnsson, 1884). N.E. Lirua., Peacock, 1889. E I I ow. Jiow, 6 pirt oi barn filled with straw.’ Aniff, ‘enough.’ Idoff,‘ laugh.’ Hiif. ‘ biqh.’ Ruff, 6 hilly ground with trees growing Enif, ‘ enough.’ on it.’ Sluff, ‘skin of a fruit.’ SIW,‘ the tool.’ ‘I’off, ’ touFh.’ Throw (rhymes with cow), ‘ througb.’ Thrif through’; also in S .lV. Thruf Lincs. \ ITarrccsh ., Xortha Il., 1696. Tiffen, ’6 make touch.’ S.W. Lincs., Cole 1SR6. hns Daffy, Anew, ‘ enough.’ ‘ douFhy ’ ; Suff., ‘ underground Rough (ruff). drain. Suff. ‘ mouth of drain with grating.’ Awe, ‘to ow.’ Beu ’bough ’ ; back-open cons. i::“ } a troug~i.’ Bcwgh 1 usually heard in this word. Bow, to bend.’ Draw, ‘ to druin.’ Haw, ‘ fruit of hawthorn.’ nollow. Maw, ‘ to mow.’ Now (rhymes with ‘ now ’), ‘ pile of hay, ek., in a barn.’ gh still heard, but Glor., Roberlron, 1890. ;kgh} disappenriug. Raw, adj. Burrow, ‘ shelter or lee side.’ Rough = 7 (‘” sound). Droo, ’ throu h ’ Sew 2, ‘to Bow. Ebow, ‘shoJdir-jointa of cattle.’ Souing of the wind. Fallow. Faugh (mu), ‘goat willow.’ Slough. ‘ part of quick of a cow’s horn.’ Tallow. l‘rough (- trow) for drinking. GIITl’IIRAI, SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WPI.\l. 243

Oxf., Purker, 1871-1-81. Surrey, Leuesou-Gouw, 1896. Fuuwt, ‘ fought.’ Farrow, ‘litter of pigs.’ Pluuwin, ‘ ploughing.’ Kent, Pavwh and Shaic, 1887. Berkr., LatcaIey, 1888. Draaft, ‘bar on plough to which Haw, ‘dwelling enclosed by woods.’ tram are fixed.’ Zaa, ‘ a mw.’ Dwarfs-monev, ‘ ancient coins.’ Huffed. p.p. ‘(also ‘ rery great’). Jp. Sorner.e., Elwoythy, 1886. to Iluff (splt hough), ‘ to hough.’ Ruff, ‘ anv rough place.’ Barrow-pig, ‘ gelt.piF.’ Thoft, ‘thought.’ Bow (buw), ‘a twig. Dram-well. Bow (buw), ‘to bend.‘ Draw-hook. Dough (doa). Enom. to Draw. Flaw, ‘to flay. strip off bark.’ Draft, ‘ bar to which plough-horsea are Haw, ‘ siiiall”? attached.’ Raw. Drough (drue) ‘ throiigh.’ Dmw (Druw),‘ to dry.’ T. Corn., Corf,~tncy,1880. Enow, ‘ enough.’ 1.nuKh (laa-ot). ? nelve, ‘ to bellow.’ Yaw: mouth in men, etoma’ch in Laff, ‘ laugh.’ cattle. Mow cmaew), ‘ rirk.’ Budget of C. Pocma. Ought =au.t or au.f. Tlouph (plaew). Broft, ‘brought,’ 45. Raught (raut), reached.’ Thoft, ‘ thought,’ 16. IlaW. Rev, ‘ row or ridge of gnss made E. Cornto., Cod, 1880. in ecything.’ Rough (hruuf). Xlaa, maw.’ Row (ruw’, *to roughen cloth.’ Row, ‘ rough. sife, ‘to sigh.’ Sitf, ‘ to siih.’ Thawy, ‘ to thaw.’ ! l’hoff, ‘ though.’ Hunts., Cope, 1883. IIuf, to breathe hard.’ Dors.t, Barites, 1886. >low (m6n-j, ‘stack in a barn.’ hwen 6 winter gross’; cf. ruffen, Sifv, ‘a sob, ratch the breath in dghing.’ Romet ) other dialeeta. Trow (troa), ‘ a trough.’ Wilts., Dnrtiiell atid Goddard, 1893. I. Draw. ’ a squirrel’s neat.’ of IF. Drawn, ‘ large drain.’ Maa, ‘ maw.’ Pig-how. Mow, ‘part of barn for heaping up Sus~ex,Parish, 1879. corn.’ Rough =f? Flaw, ‘to nag, to strip bark.’ Spawe, ‘ aplinter of stone.’ IIaffar, ‘ heifer.’ 244 GUTTURAL S0UNI)S IN ENGLISH-H. C. WTLD.

VXII.

Non-initial O.E. -x and -h fronted and lost or = -y.

Northumb., IT~slop,1893-94. HudhsJ7eld ( W. Yrka.) , Ea8th cr, 1 8 3 I . Ee, ‘ eye.’ Ee, ‘eye.’ Flee, ‘to fly.’ Fain, ‘glad.’ Flee, ‘a flv.’ Stet., ‘ n ladder.’ Feid, ‘ feud ’ (0.1.:.fiehpe). Wully, ‘ \\ilIo\v.’ Shrjcid (S.JY. Yrks.),Addy, 1888-90. Cumbdand, Bickimoii, 1859. Flee, 4 a fl .’ Lee, 1 a dehood.’ Ee, ‘ eye.’ Een, ‘ ayes.’ IIee, ‘high.’ S. CheRh., Dai.liprgton, 1887. 14, ‘arable Ian?.’ l.ec, ‘to tell lies. Fley, ‘flay.’ :z,1 ‘ n ladder.’ Fly. Swally, ‘to swallow.’ l:?k;. act., ‘ lay down.’ Wills, ‘ willow.’ Swey, ‘ to swing.

Swabdale (N. Yorks ), lTavland, 1873. Lanes., A’odaal adiliilnrr, 18i5. Ee, ‘eye.’ Felly. Ee-bree, ‘eyebrow.’ Lee, ‘a lie.’ Ley, ‘ pasture or grass land.’ Sh,‘ a ladder.’

Whitby (1V.E. TOYkS.), Robitlsm, 1876. Eee ‘eye.’ 17. E. Lincr., Peacock. 18R3. Even Belly. Ekn PI‘ 1 Bee, 6 to die.’ Flee, <’aflv, to fly.’ Dq, ‘thirsty.’ Stee, ‘ sdiall ladder.’ F, e. Flee, ‘a fly.’ IVi iidhi 1 I (N.Cent val Yorks.) , Wright, Lay, 6 to lie.’ Lee, sb. and vb., ’ lie.’ 1592. Ley, ‘ unenclosed gnss land.’ The transcription is that of Prof. Wright. stays, ’litairs.’ Stee, ‘ ladder.’ Dmi. ‘ drs.’ Thee, ‘thigh.’ Dri, ‘ driary.’ ‘ weigh.’ Ei, ‘high.’ Wee, to Fli, ‘ a fly, to fly.’ lay.’, Led, ‘ Lima., Cole, 1896. Xei, ‘ to neigh.’ S. W. Sti, ‘ ladder.’ Dree, ‘ mearisome, long-continucd.’ GUlTURAL SOFNDS 13 ENGLISH-H. C. WYLU. 245

Cptori-on-Sercrn ( IYorcs.), Latoam, 1 Wmwcsh., Sorthall., 1896. 1884. k’; k’; ) ‘land Iaid down for pasture.’ Eye,, ‘ to glance at.’ ’ Lie in, ‘ to cost ’: “that will lie you Pix-ste. -sty. in n matter of 16r.,” etc. i Sigh =wi. Sty, ‘ a pimple.’ W. Worcd., Chainberluiir, 1882. Sallies, ‘ willows.’ Glos., Robcrtam, 1890. Eve, ‘ to *lance.’ S.B. Worcr., Soleabury, 1893. Layers, pycces of wood cut and laid in Belly-full. a hedge when ‘layiug’ it. Or?, ‘ thirsty.’ Lay. ’ pasture.’ parry, 6 to firrow.’ ! I Sallies, ‘ willows.’ I

IX.

Find -k, voiced.

Northumb., Healop, 1893-4. Lnnca., h3&1 adiWihcr, 1875. Ag, *to hack, cut in pieces.’ Snig, ‘ to snatch ’ (cf. Snack, etc.) ? Flag, ‘ flake of sandstone, also a mow- me.- S. Chtd., Dai-Iinglon, 1887. Ligly, ‘ likely.’ Xog, ‘knob,’ ctc., like the stump of Plug, ‘to pluck the hair.’ a hranch. Pag, ’to pack tightly, to stop up, Ilerbgsh., Pegge-Skuat, 1896. ehokc.’ lceshoggle (O.E. zycel). Wiggin, 6 mountain-ash.’

Cunibola~rd,Dickinaou, 1859. 1 N.E. Lima., Peacock, 1889. Hug, ‘to pull.’ Staggarth = ‘ stackyard.’ Hug, ‘ hop with an me.’ h’iggle, ‘ to hack, uotch.’ Huggaback. ‘ climbing retch.’ Xoy. * lhck of wood’; cf. nick, Shropsh., Jackson, 18iB. nitch, ctc. Plug = ‘ to pluck. pull.’ Smcg, ‘ a bit,’ cf. ‘smack’ ? I Windhill (X. Cextral Ibrks.), Whght, Rig, A to rick the back,’ etc. 1892. 1 Blcgs, ‘ blnckbcrriu.’ Leices., Ecans, 1881. Ip$e = ‘ icicle.’ Whitby (N.E. l>rka.), Robinson, 1876. Piaele. ‘ to pick.’ Flags, ’ flakes.’ UiidderrJfeId( W.Yorku.), EartAw,l881. I Blogs, ‘ black bemee.’ ’WigKen, ’ mountain ah.’ CL Wirkcn, Rutland, JVmdscorIh, 1891. Lincs., elc. Piggle, ‘ to pick ’ (frequentatire form). 246 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN EX‘CdLISH-H. C. WYLD.

rpton-on-Sernn. IForcs., Lawson, ! Hantr., Cepe, 1883. 1884. ’ Agg, ‘ to hack.’ Rig, ‘ to sprain, rick ’ (used chiefl of I the buck, and perhaps influencediby substantive). IT. Someva., EhoriAy, 188G. Gloa., Robertson, 1890. Hug, ‘to itch ‘=gicran. Cf. IIeuk, Dog, the dock.’ ‘ the itch,’ iu Whitby Did. (O.E. F Nog. ‘handles of a scythe pole.’ Xictk). Sug, to soak.’ Lig, ‘like’ (in rapid speech when Soggy, soaky.’ followed h R \owel). Kog, ‘ log, hyocock:’ Cf. itch in eame dial. and in Wilts. Bevks., LOtUSky, 1888. Pog, thrust, poko with fist.’ Agg, ‘to cut unskilfully.’ GUTT-UKAI, SOUSDS IS ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. 247

d propoasd Eqdauntron of many npparent Anomah in the Development of 0.B -d, -Ex, -& and -h. 1 now propose to deal, as briefly as is compatible with thorough- ness, with the abore four classes of words. We may take as types of the forms under discussion Mod. Eng. seek, think ; O.E. sebean, jpccan ; Eng. Dial. brig, segg; O.E. bryag, seCz ; Eng. Dial. hag, to lig; O.E. hnau, a ham ; lidaan, 3rd sing. ha), from which tho standard Eng. verb ' to lie ' has bccn formed, and also the abore 'irregular' form. Of difficult -h words, Eng. hock (hough), elk; O.E. hbh, 6olh are examples. We have to explain how d and Ex hare become unfronted, and how -;5 and -h hare been stopped, instead of becoming -to, -f if back, bcing opened to a front vorel if front, or being lost altogether after 1. The csplanation which I desire to offer of these two groups of phenomena may be diagrainmaticallg statcd as follows :- 0,E. i+f, a, p, w, I, etc.= k. O.E. Ex+f, 8, ), w, 1, ek.= k,g. O.E.;s+f,s,P,w,I,etc.=k,g. O.E.h+f,s,P,w,l,etc.=k.

That is to Bay, t.hat before an OrEN CONSONANT0.E. E and ig are unfronted, and that in the same position O.E. g and h are stopped. This principle applies not only to the combinations -hj, L), etc., in the middle of words, but also to the eamc combinations occurring in primitive compounds such as hsaporn, standard Engliah haw- thorn, Dial. hagthorn. Sce also my nrticle " Apparent Irregularities in English Guttural Sounh " : Note8 and Queries, January 14, 1890.

Bats of above Chango.

The stopping of h and ;r bofore open consonants certainly began in O.E. There wero apparently two periods of rtopping, the Grst in which Germ. ha bccame x = ks (scc remarks ante on O.E. z) and a later period which followed the apocopation of the rowel in W.S. siext (vb.), nextc, etc. To this later period belongs also 248 QUTTURAL SOUNDS IN EEGLlSH-1%. C. WYLD. probably the unfronting of 0 E. t and Ex before ), 8, etc. At any rate the whole process is apparently complete by the early X.E. period, and we find thenceforth only fossilized remains of the process itself, although the effecte produced by it are numerous and widespread. Analogous to the first procese which stopped h before s, is the stopping of f to p brfore -8, in O.E. reps from earlier woefs. Forms like awec%= awili). Z,lfric, Cambridge NS., First Sermon, p. 8, ed. Thorpe; where MS. Reg. has awehx, (Dr. Sweet called my attention to this form), and adrgc%, Cockape's Leechdoms,

1701. iii, p. 190 = adrya) shorn that a also underwent this change in the O.E.period. It must be noted that a before a voiceless open consonant was unvoiced as well as stopped, the former process being the earlier. It is, howerer, in N.E. that we find the best graphic evidence of these unfronting and stopping processes. Both Sweet, H.E.S., 3 741, and, following him, Kluge, Grundr., p. 839, have called attention to the form sekj, tek), etc., in M.E., and explained seek, etc., as formed by analogy from them. The unfronting process is attributed by both Sweet and Kluge to a following consonant. In this explanation, however, the red point is misscd, as we shall see : O.E. t is unfronted only before OPENCOSSOXANTS, but becomes -oh quite regularly before stops. Again, on p. 848 of Grundr., Kluge sap: '' Renchtenswert ist nod. hekfor fur haifare, ae. hhahfore, wozu vereinzelt wrikk, lik) fur wrih), lihj." Of these forms, however, no explanation is given at nll, and neither hero nor on p. 839 is there any hint as to which texts the forms occur in. Hekfer, wo mnp here remark, is certainly not a Northern form, as far as the testimony of the modern dialects goes. Pollo~ingis a list of these forms so far BR I hare found them. Hali Neidenhed, W. Midl., 1225, has aecxe, ab., 9. On the other hand this text has also h unstopped in buhsum, 3, hehschip, 5, Sih%e, 45, sight. The only other Midland tevta in which they occur are Promptorium, which has hekforc, thnkstare, 3yk)e (pruritus); and Wills and lnrentories, which has heckforde in the Will of Richard Kanan of Isham, 1570. Anmen Riwle, Dorset, 1225, has heixte, hexte, highest. Owl and A'ighlingale, Dorset, 1240-50, has rec), 491 (otlierwiFe recche); me Pint), passim; Pink), 1694; flizst, 405, which rhymes to niawicst in the following line, and therefore = "flikst. GUlTURAL SOUXDS IN EXGLISH-H. C. WFLD. 249

St. Juliana (metrical), Glos., 1300, hext, highest, 13. Robt. of Gloucsslcr, 1300 : adreuctpe, hecst, hext ; isucp = eeeth; secj, seeketh, slex), 3rd pl. ; sucst, sucp, suxt, seest; Pinch, pink), Ping); ofpinc), ofjiuk). P. Plownun, 1362-93: lickth, 3rd sing.; )ii list, ‘thou teht lies ’ ; lik), ‘ tells lies.’ Kenfieh Goepele, 1150 : sec-t PII, Joh. iv, 27; for.scrinc%, Mk. ix, 18. MS. Viapas, A. 22, Kent, 1200: gesec’Se (sb.), ‘Right’ p. 239, Morris’ ed. Kcce and Virtuer, Kent, 1200 : mepinch, 47. 3 and 47. 20 ; zesikst, ‘ seest,’ 49. 22; isik) ‘ sees,’ 49. 23 ; isecp, 87. 17; bc)encst, wercst., 65. 7 ; hesek), 81. 18 ; aesikp, 139. 11 ; bejeincX, 133. 17. Will. of Shoreham, Kent, 1308 : )enlip. Ayetibile, Kcnt, 1340 : aquencj, 207, cind kuenc), 62 ; tek) OCCII~A constantly, p. 57, etc.; wrikj, 128; zek), ‘sceks,’ 169. 116, 241 ; nwrecj, 115. 2; yzic), ‘sees,’ 143; zik), ‘sight,’ 123; pin;) nnd jiucj, 164 ; adrapk) )ex@, 18; )cngst, 214. Libeaua Desconi~e,Kent, 1350 : schinc), 93s). The chief examples in the Modern dialects of old compounds in which the process occurred are: hagthorn in W. Somerset and Devon ; hagworm in Cumberluntl and Lnncnshire ; heckth or eckth = ‘ hcight ’ in Orfordshirc, Worcestenhire, Warwickshire, Wilts, and Hants; heckfer in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hants; ligster, ‘ liar ’ in Oxfordshire. In Standard English ig is unfrontcd before -w in mugrnort, {it must also be said that this word nlso exists in Xorthern dialecte, and Scotch has muggart), and nx before j iii ‘ length ’ and strength ’ = *etroo&i’Su, *lonZi%u. We hare seen that -3s was sometimes written, even when it was clearly pronounced -ke (above, Owl and Nightingale); it is therefore probable that in those dinlids where me find erideuce of‘tho change at all, we should be justified in assuming Ira kp, etc., on all occasions, even when -g3, -a%, An, ctc., are written. A glance at the lists of -rich words from St. Katherine, and St. Juliana (Prose), will shorn that before a stop, L. became ch, giving form8 like cwenchtc, blenchte, schrenchten, etc. Wehave also seen that the tendency was rather to open n front stop before II second stop, giving such forms as priglit, pight, etc., from *pricchcn and *picchen. From the evidence of the M.E. texts, it is clear that the pro- ceases we have been describing mere essentially characteristic: of the W.S. and Kentish dialects. There is very little esidencu 250 GUTTGINI. SOUNDS IN ESGLISII-11. c. \VYL.I). that the stopping and unfronting principle obtninetl, even in Nidland dialects. It must, hon-ever, be borne in mind that Orm has ennyell and not enngell, which Mr. Napier has explained as due to the oblique cases, engle, etc., und enngliush, lenn 9re also owe their y to the following open consonant. Again, we haw lieklorc and aFlr)e in Promptoriuni. In West Xidland, Hali Ncidcnhed has ~ec%c,so that it is possible that the principle was once active also in the Lower Midld ditilects; on the other hand, these forms may hare spread thither horn the South. As for the North, there can bo little doubt thtct the tendency did not exist there at all. On the contiury, tho combination Ls produced by vowel syncope waa simplified to .Y in Aiigliun, though retained in W. Saxon and Kentish (E.E.S., s 504), in which dinlects, us we hare scen, it later on became -ks, x. An interesting point is raised RS to ahether even tho Germ. combination -hr became 4sunirersally in all Northern dialects, for in the IIudders- field dialect such forms as ouse = ox, saycece - six have only recently become cxtiuct, whilc aise = axe still survives. (SCC Easther’s Dialect of Almondsbury and Huddersfield, E.D.S., 1881.) It is interestiug and important to note that Sir Gawaiue, a h’orthern test, 1366, has the form Hag-thorne, with 3 tho open consonant, inste:id of the stop. (See Word-List ante.) But a principle which holds for the middle of words, and for primitive compounds, map without unduc rashness be assumed also for tho sentonce or breatli-group. (Cf. II.E.Y., SS 39 nnd 40; and Siever’s Phonetik, $S 573-590.) If pcople made seest into sekst, they would also make ic saeade into ik sseade. That such tr system of S;rtz-phonctik really diti obtain is almost impossible to prove, because in O.E., when the principle was a living one, the orthogrnphy did not consistently distinguish betwecn d and c. utc.; mhilo by the M.E. period, when graphical distinctions of sounds were more definite, the principle had ceased to be active. Hoping to find some indications that such a system of sentence sandhi liud once existed, I carefully counted all examples, both of io and ich, in US. Hatton 38, and iu the printed edition of Vices and Virtues, to see whether the forms were used according to any lam. There is no doubt that the normal form for the dialect of the Hatton Gospels was ich, therefore it is ic which has to be emplaincd. It may be said that this spelling is dut: to the earlier originnl upon which this copy of the Gospels is baaed, and tliis may be the case to a great extent; still, it is GUTTURAI. SDUKDS IS ESGLISH--I{. (:. WTI.11. 251

a curious fact that of 108 examples of this form which I counted, 63 occur beforc open consonants, only 20 before stops, and 25 before vowels and A. For ich there seems to be no rule, this bping evidently the norninl form, and it is used indifferently bcforc stops, open consonants, and vowels. The results from Vices and Virtues were practically the same. Ich seems to be used indiscriminately, but ic occurs chiefly before open consonants. I give these facts for what they are worth, without attaching any very great importance to them; they may not absolutely prove, but in any caw they rather confirm than contradict, the theory that doublets could be produced in the sentence itself by the influenco of initial EOUU~Supon the final consonant of preceding words. In the face of the curious mixture of back and front forms in all dialects, it appear8 to xno that the only satisfactory explanation mill be one which will nccount for double forms of each word, one form with -k or -9, another with -i or -k. My theory, even if it be only admitted for single words and primitive compounds, will do this for B great many words, as far as the Southern dialects are concerned, and may perhaps also be extended to the South Nidland. In some cases a -k or -9 may be developed in compounds, and survive in the simple form. But with regard to lig, thack, brig, etc., in tho North, a strango dilemma arises. The theory of Scandinavian origin map explain some of these forms, but cannot explain them all; in fact, if it mere assumed for all ’ irregular’ words, there need be no further discussion. Kluge’s view that the 4 and -9 forms are doe to a regular unfronting in the North of O.E. c‘ and c’g (by a procees, by the way, the details of which aro not stated), is hardlg supported by much evidence. The existence of so many -ch and -dgu wordR at all in the North would need to be explained iu this case. Besides, me hare shown in the m-ord-lists that many -1 and -9 words are not typically Northern, but occur also in the South. And yet we cannot regard these forms as produced independently in the North by the same process m-hich we have seen could, and did, produce them in the South. There is nothing left, therefore, but to RIIP~OSC that the ‘anomalous’ forms mere produced in the South, under the conditions already stated, and that they slowly spread to the h’orthern dialects, where thcg eventually became the chief forms, the fronted varieties being eliminated. I can but admit that this seems improbablo at first sight, for it will bc mid that such wholesale borrowing cannot be accounted for. But, after all, the 252 GUTTURAL snuxm IX ESGLKSII-H. c. WYLD. old theory which assumed that all the fronted forms in the North mere borrowed from the South, and that all the -K and -g forms in Southern dialects mcru borrowed from the Worth, is in reality quite as improbable ; in fact, such a theory is disproved, I think, by the evidence I have already adduced of the existence of back and front forms side by side in the same dialects, both North and South. Again, there ie no difficulty in assuming that forms produced in the South and South BIidlands Rhould go northwards-in the West up the valley of the Severn, in the East from Norfolk and Lincolnshire. Then, it may be asked how it, is that the South got rid of most of these forms, in answx to which I again appeul to the word-lists, to show rather how many of them were kept. It is ttdmitted that even if we take all these arguments iuto con- sideration, thie theory of extensive borrowinge from the South is unsatisfactory; but all I can eay is, that in spite of all its defects, it seems to me to present fewer difficulties than any view hitherto advanced. This theory may be improbable, but the othere are manifestly impossible. We have certain phenomena, commoner in some dialects, it is true, than in others, but still existing in all. I have endeavoured to show that these phenomena were originally produced by factors (word and sentence sandhi) which it is not dieputcd have produced sound-changes in other cases; I havo attempted to explain the wide distribution of the phenomena so produced by the sixnplc process of borrowing from onc dialect into another, a principle which is certainly not a new one. Thc question of why the Southern dialects should have (on the whole) preferred the -dgc and -ch forms, and why the Northern dialccts should (on the whole) have eliminated them, and preferred the -g and -k forms, belongs to a different order of curious inquiry.

Noies on soiiic Doctbl/il or Diflcult Words.

Standard Engl. briltb. I identify thie word with the dialectal brichel, brickle, bruckle, etc. M.E. has brucchel (in Hali hleidenhed for instance), this would -- 0.E. brydel ; brickle, on the other hand, would = O.E. hryclc, etc., in oblique cases. Such doublets ae mickle and rnuchel are also to be oxplained in this way. In O.E. brycle, etc., c' would in the South be unfronted before 1, but in the North Midland and North mould remain GUTTURAL SOUNDS IS EKGLISII-H. c. WYLD 253 a front-stop; the difference in sound between this and the point- teeth consonant is not great, and the combination -tZ is an awkward one. Or brittle may hare been derived in the South from brycle (where -cZ = -kZ) by the not uncommon change of k to 1. (See list of examples of this changu.) For other views see brittle in N.E.D. To zig, etc. Piers Plowman hae lickp, lixt, and from thie would be derived stem lic-. This form still survives in West Somerset (Elworthy), lic-abed, ‘ a sluggard.’ Cursor Mundi aleo has likand by the side of ligand = ‘ lying.’ Iht in West Somerset there are eevoral examples of -k becoming -9,cf. hug, ‘to itch,’ stem ik- (ikpe, etc.); pog, ‘to poke’ (which shows thut the change is M.E. at all events) ; lig = ‘ like ’ ; nos = ‘ log of mood,’ cf. nitch. Thus Zik- mould quite naturally become Zig in the Southern dialects, and this explanation accounts for Zig, and rather tends to show that it is not ‘Korthern’ in origin. For other examples of 4 becoming -9,see list : “ Voicing of final 4.” Elk. Nr. Bradley mill not have it that this word is historically connected with O.E. 60111, but says that it must be borrowed from some Continental form at a comparativcly late dato (Bee RZk in N.E.D.). On the other hand in the Co. Down a seal is called a selk, O.E. seolh. This is the pronunciation of the word at Kilkeel, where I heard it often, and paid particular attention to the sounds. (The k is tlic front variety of the back stop, and the Z ie also pronounced clear, with arched tongue as in Frcnch.) In the glossary for Down and Antrim (E.D.S., Patterson, 1880), the word is written ‘selch.’ 1 would suggest that both of these words repreRent the O.E. forms, and that the X. in both cases arose before on open consonant, either in a compound, or in the sentence. The O.E. form eolhx secg (Hickes, Thes., p. 135) does not inspire confidence, especially as the MS. (Cott., Otho, B. x) is lost (see Kemble, hrchreologia, p. 339). In the Bibl. d. A.-S. Poesie (Grein Wulcker, 1881, Rd. i, p. 53-1) the ltunic poem is re- printed and the form discussed. Wulcker prints eolh seca simply, and says that the z was probably added by Hickes himself, and has nothing to do with colh. He regards it as rather an explanatarj note on the value of the rune y . On the other hand, this plausible explanation is rather upset by the fact that eolx segc occurs in a glossary of the tenth or eleventh century ( Wright-Wulckcr, p. 271, 21). Thervfore I think we may regard the .z as genuine. I should explain this as = k.9, and should prefer to regard the form as a nominative. In this case the a of segc is a redundancy. In the same wny selk may be due to siich an old compound as seolhmsd, whwe h + u, mould = kw-. I do not, of course, assert that selk and elk rannot be exphined in any other war than above, but up to the present none has heen suggested which would account for the k. My explanation, at any rate, docs this. I am compelled by want of space to rest-rve unt.il another occasion, publishing some remarks I have put together on severnl other difficult words. GUITORAL 8OCNL)S IN ESGT,ISH-H. C. 1VVYI.D. 255

x

LISTSSHOWING DISTRI~UT~ONOY SIXTY-TIIREE ’R‘OBDS IS THIS MOUERXDIALFCTS.

Brickle 1

Xorthumb., Cumb., Westm., Durh., - I Darbyah., N.K. Lincs., S.W.Ihcs., Northumb., Lancs., N.E. Lincs., 1 I.eices., E. Angl., Suff.. Northampt., Shropsh., E. hgl., SUE, Worcs., 1 Somers., Wilts., Rants., 1. of W. h’orthsmptuush., Beds , Somcra., Bcrks., Kent, Dorset, Hnnts., 1 of W. i Smack, ‘tank.’ - Dike. I Sorthumb., Derbysh., Gloucea. - i ?;orthnmb.,Curnb., Durh., Derbysh., : Dick 1 ditch.’ N.E. Lincs., S.W. Liocs., Leices., i Deek Rutl., E. Angl. - \ E. Augl., N.E. Iincs., Somers., Mucklo I Surrey, Kent, Hank., SU9901. Micue i I -- Korthumb., Cumb., Durh., Laucs., Pik, ‘ pitch, tar.’ Wilts., Berks. - Xorthumb., Cumb., Derbysh., N.E. : Lincs , S.W. Lincs., Ieices. Cleek i Click ‘to clutch, match.’ Snack, ‘hasty meal. share,’ etc. Cluck, etc. I- - Sorthumh., Cumb., Durh., Lnnca., Cumb.9 DUrh.9 DerbF‘h.* X.E. I Lincs., Herefordah., Somere., Berks. N.E. Linca., S.W. Lincs. ! Reek = ‘ smoke,’ sb. and vb. sic ‘.such.’ I SW 1 - ! Korthumb., Cumb., Westm., Durh.. Korthnmh., Cumb., K. Yrks., N.E. Dorbysh., S.E. Linca., Hutl., SUE, Yrks., W. Yrks. i Sorthampt., Gurrey. Cleek \ ’clutch’ or ‘brood’ of 1 to reach.’ Cluck chickens.- I Reik Northumb., N.E. Liucs. 256 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IX ESGLISH-H. C. WY1.D.

Steek, a stitch.’ Clink, ‘ to clinch.’ Stik. Clinker, ‘ clincher.’ -- Northumb. Kotthumb., Torks., 9. Chesh., S.W.Lincs., Shroph., E. Angl.

_____ ~~ Beseek. - Kirk. Northumb. - Sorthumb., Cumb., Yrks. generally, Derbph., N.E. Jincs. ‘to stretch, a atretch.’ Straik 1 Kink, -‘ a twist,’ etc. Northumb., Cumb., N. Yrks., Mid. Cumb., Prks., Chesh., 3.E. Ihcs , Yrkn., E. Angl. Leices., E. hgl., W. Somers., Kent, - suaoex, I. of m.

Ukey, ‘ itching.’ - Northumb., Cumb., Westm., Yrks., Northumb., Cnmb., Durh., N.E. l,ancs., I. of Man, Staff , N.E.Lincs., Trks.. Mid. Yrkn., S. Yrb. (eek. ‘to Sorthampt. itch’), S.W. Linca. (Somers. has hug -~~ - 6 to itch,’ which=*ctk; see rcmarks Bclli, belch.’ above on ~oicingof final k.) - Northumb., Cumh., Durh., Trks., J.nncs., N.E. Linw., W. Somers., E. Corn., W. Corn. -~ - Northumb., Cumb., Trk8. generally, Wink, ‘ winch.’ Derbysh., S.E. Lincs., S.W. I.incs., - Somers , Dorret. Leices.. Rut]., E. AD$., W. Worcs., W. Wanvcs., Northampt., Beds. Crink ‘small apple, anything very Crinkets 1 small.’ I 6 twjtch,’ etc. - Twike Weutm., Chesh., Warwrs., Shropsh., Glos. Northumb., S. Cheshire, Shroph., Leices. C1etch’ 1 ‘a brood of chickem.’ Clutch, etc. J Birk. - Northum.. Durh.. Lancs., N. Torks., Northumb., Cumb., Lanca., Yrks. N.E. PorL., Mid. Torks., S.W. generally, Derbysh., N.E. tincs., Lincs., E. Angl., Suff., Uerefordsb., S.W. Lincs. Susaer. Keacb, ' to heave up.' ISlatch i = the Iilack grense iii - i Ijletch wheels, etc. Xorthumb. only. - Hilt KECK. 6 to he Fick.' in i Chesh , Shropsh , Staffa., Glos., IIerefordsh., Glos., Wilts. ; Rorks. Wilb.. Dora , 1Iants. ( = to iiiuke choliy noiw in tliro:ir) ; I IIauts. = 'to retA,' I. 01 \V. * do I Rrit.che1 1 br. ~ttle.' choke.' i nritcha f Seerh, 'to srek.' LRIICR.,Torks.. S. Chesh., Derlly.-li., - I Shi oprh. Chebh. Lnnra., ~~~ ~ Docs nnt appear to exist iu any i Southeru dialect*. Krnch = kink, 'to twkt, sprain,' rtc. I - Nicher, 'to neigh.' Lanes., S Clicsh , Shropsh., Stall. .. SUE.,Warwcs. Northumh. But nirkrr in Kent nnd Susscx, Imch = 'liuk,' a field, a Koodtxd nucker in Surrey. bauk,- etc. Reccliy, ' smoky,' etc. (;Ion., W. Somerq., Don., Wilts.. Ikecli, -' steam,' etc. Herks., Kent. 9. Torke., l,ancu., S. Chenh., Worch ) Shropsh., \Varecs. . vb. and sh. I Warcb ~~ - Smatch, ' flavour.' I Lnnra., Chcsh., Sliropsh. Mid. Torks., 6. Turks. (T.anes. lias I ~ smouch, 'a kks'), S. Chi.sh.. Derby., Skinch = ' to help to, to stint.' I Lcices , Wnrw3., Osf., hiits. - I Biirh. (= ' shut up ! '1, N.E. Liiics., .4itch, ' achv.' S.\V. Iinw., E. Au$.

I Clireh., Shrop\h. Srrincli \ la morsel, anything very Crinvhlinp J eninll.' Fritcli. ! I'ritchel. - I S. Chesli., E. Augl., Warscs., Oxf. Sbropsh., E. Angl., Worcs.. iI Surtli;impt.. GIOY., Keut, I)ev., s.\v. I of Irthnd. I Brig, ' bridge.'

Snatch, lia.yty nietil, snxtll piucv,' atc. I Niirtbumh , Cuiuh., Trhn. generally, T.;incs. 1,Sorth and Miil.), LJerbysh., hires , Gl~is.! = nasty Ihvour, con- I S.E.aud 8.W. Lincs., Leices., htl., fused with smntcli?;, I3erks. I E. .Iiigl, Xortluriiptuush . Ucds Phil. Trans. 1898-9. 1; Segg, etc., ' sedge.' I Rig = ridge, ' back.' Northumb., Cumb., Durh., X.E. Nortliiiiiil).. Cunih., Durh., Lancs., Lincfi., Shropsh., Leices , E Angl., Yorka., Derbph., N.E.Liocs., Leices., I Siiffolk, Hererordsh., Worci., Upton- I Kutl., E. Angl., Sortbamptoush., o&Sereru and S.W. Worcs., War*cs., , U'i1t.c. (p). Korthamptonsh , Glouces. I Jig, 'to lie down. to la!.' Hig, etc. = O.E. hyge. - Northumb., Cumh.. N. Yorlis.. Mid. Northumb., Lancs., Trks. generally, Yorkn., S. Yorks., 1.0ocs.. Ikrbysh., Derhysh., N.E. and S.W.Lines. N.E. Linca., S.W. T,incs., Shropsh., Leiwn., E.Anpl., Somers. (lir-a-bed). Egg = edge, 'to urge, incite.' - Snig Cumb, Lanes., S. Chesh., Shropsh., &IH~ 'annil, sninll eel.' Wnracs., BY&., Sussex. SUCg I -- Migg, midge.' 1.nnc.s.. S. Chesh., Shropsh., T.eices., - Wilts., E. Corn., Sus?cx. Windhill. 'I% 1 haw-berries,' etc. Lig, 'tell- lies, a lie.' Egg, atc. J - Westm., W. Torks., S. Chesh., Imcs., Derbysh., n'ilts., Berks. Sliropsh., Leiccs., Warwe., Knrtb- (h2F!:iy), IV. Corii. (aglet;, E. Cor~i. aniptoosh., Beds., Oxfordsh. (ligster, (e;lct;, 11aIltl. '1i:tr'). ~~ (Gjiiag, 'to guaw.' Flix, deg, etc., ' fledge.' -- K.l<. nut1 S.W. I,incs., Leices. Sorthumh., Durh.,c 'hesh.,Dctliysh.. S K. and S \V. I.inc8 , Shiolhlt.. Sag, ' to saw ' T.cires., E. Angl., Wnracs , NtBrth- - :unptonsh , Beds.. Oxfd. I - Torks. : IIuddcrsficld. Windhill. (:la:. cleg, clnggy, etc. = ' to stick, i sticky ' ; a16.o = 'dicky 11183s.'

Northumb , Cumb.. Dnrh., Lancs., i YorkR., Chfsh , S.W. Lincs., Lricea, W. Somers. (mugget= outer stomach I 01 cnii). E. Angl., Warwcs., W. Somers., -~ JV. Corn (dig, vb., and cliggedj. Midge, etc. Whip. ' whey.' - Sortliumb., Cumli.. Westm., Durh., Sorthumh , S. Chesh., Derhysh.. E. Torks. (kmhall),Lanca., Chesh., S.\V.Litlcf., Shropsh., Nortbamptonsh. I Derbysh., Swex, etc. CI(!Ilge. UiJpr, I to liiiy.’ Cledgy, etc. -- - Occurs only in Wexford (Poole, Glos., Surrey, Kent, W. Corn., Derb. 186;). This ia a very unreliiihle glnssary, hrcsed on collection!! made To edge on. mnny years before. Therefore mnny -_ words were already obsolete by 1867. Leicea., W. Somers.

~ Fledger, ‘ fledgeling.’

Sorthumb.

The fol2oicing are the chicf anomaforis wordr itr Stnndard English in k and g.

Words with k ahcre we should expect ch ; k formed by analogy.

Ache. 0 E. h=k. Cliick (of hens). Elk (kind of deer). Prick. sh. and vh. Fleck, ‘ a spot.’ Ifeck, vb., ‘to care.’ Hock. lbeh, sb. and vb. Ilickwall ) Seek. llickcl f ‘woodpecker.’ Shriek. Sniack, ‘ taste.’ O.E.gv 2, and i&=I. Snack, sb. Drag, vh. (Scandinavian 2). Stick, vb. Egg, sb. (Scandinavian?). Twak. Nugwort. Wake. SRK. to droop.’ Bishop-rick. Slug. Twig. O.E. I = ck. Warlock. O.E. k,vr. I.inkn = ‘ Gelds’ : cf. linch in Glou., Suiilers., c4c. Think, vb. \Vork, vb. CORRECTIONS AKD ADDITIOXS.

I am indebted to Professor h’apier for Reveral valuable corrections and suggestions connected with my pnper, and I take this opportunity of expresfiiog my grntitude to hirn for the time and trouble he has hestowed upon my work while in proof. 111 the siihjoincrl list of emandutions I have ;iddetl (N.)after each rcrnark which Nr. Snpier saggcsted. For nll othvr slips or error9 throughout tbc work which nre left uncorrected, I done an1 responsible. July, 1899. Ir. c. w.

Page 137. 6‘ The.w fzrrns [in -&!el are not pnrticularlvearly.” etc. Adreiotuin, suffocnto, uiid aweiiite, comprek4t ; occur in a gloss oi elevcuth century, shortly tu he puhlished by Mr. Napier. (N.) ,, 137. After words “Huthvell Croas, circ. 680,” add (?;. (X.) ,, 13.3 (bot.torn of page). “ cu ofh appears as ciu ” ; read ‘ somittinies.’ (S ) ,, 140. Domesday spcllings do not. yield much evidence one way or the other, as they are those of foreign scribes. (S.) ,, 141, line 12. For sercan reud seeean. ,, 141, line 31. The spellin:: biscliop is noted by Reimarin in his dissertntion on the Hatton Gospels. ,, 142, line 14. ’‘ k apparently is not used at all.” This is an error. (S.) k in rare in Yespas, A. 22, but 0cc111’socc:;tsioiially. e g. in f.lie word ‘ kiug’ several tirnes, on pp. 231, 233, and 235, etc. (Morris,

6‘ O.E. Homilies,” 1st series). ,, 144. Delete ‘aorkinde,’ line 15. ,, 14;. line 20. “before 0.X. a: = Germ. u,” etc. : for D rim3 a. ,, 150. TIic form hinionxw canuot be explnined a“ due to a siarihnl crmr. Thc fronted form OCCUR in I)urbani Rook. (S.) Cf. Cook‘s Glossary, p 92. The fronting awaits exyl:inatiim. ,, 151, line 22. For‘ doubtless’ read ‘ possibly.’ ,, 156. $6 I’ronriiiciation of M .R. g, x.” g had di.appr:twd (in proutinciatinn nt 1c:c.t) u1ri:adp in 0.E. rciter front \onel$. und CYI~vtlicm n-rit.tcn often dow not imply H wnsonautal Round. (Y. 0.E sae~n= O.S. svrin. (S.) I have already pointlid nut t.liat rveii Kpiiial has snel (p. 148, 1. 38j. ,, 154, List line. liead Lndy Margaret. Ilnll. ,, 163. Aiiothvr ex~iulileof b i-opeu consonant bcwrnina c in O.E.is anorjtenll 3 wcohsteall, for which form see Napier, ‘‘ Eogl. Stud.,” XI, p. 64. (S.) ,, 163, ctc. It should be distinctly underhiid that in the lists which folliw two distiuct phenomrii:~are illostrated : (I) The stopping of 8 iiiiil k beforp opeu cousouuut5 ; (2, the unfrontiug of c and ‘:A betore open consonants. ., 1y.1. N”i’rchta.ha.s bccn by a slip included in tbc Kentisli Goywls li-t of -rch words. ch iu this word represents of course tlic vuiceless upru (‘OiiboIiaU1.