129 V.-CONTRIRUTIOKS TO THE HISTORY OF THE GUTTURA4L SOUPJDS IN ENGLISH. By HEXRY CECILWYI.~, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. [&ad at the Meeting of ;he Philologual Society on Friday, April 14, l8Q9.1 PREFATORYREYAEKS. TEE following is a study and history of four classes of English sounds :- 1. Old Engl. u. Back (guttural) and front (palatal). 2. Old Engl. a. Back and front. 3. Old Engl. 5. 4. Old Engl. h. Back and front. All these sounds are here considered only as occurring medially sod finally. My remarks are based upon an oxtensire collection of forms which I have cnlled with no little labour from O.E. and X.E. texts, and from modern dialect glossaries. My collections of Literary English words are from Professor Skeat’s larger Etymological Dictionary. I shall discuss the pronunciation of the sounds which I hare mentioned in O.E., and it will be seen that in several points I venture to differ from the commonly received views of McsRieurR Kluge, Sievere, and Biilbring. I shall then investigate the M.E. forms of O.E. o, a, q,etc., as they appear in the most important texts of M.E. For this purpose tho word-lieta are arranged chronologically and geographically. so aa to show at once the historical development of the sounds, and their distribution in the varioue M.6. dialects. With regard to the modern dialects, the arrangement is chiefly geographical, beginning with the North and working down to the extreme South of England. The order of the lists ie as far aa posuible from west to east. I have also added othcr lists which show at a glance in which dialecta of Modern English many of the most important words of the above-mentioned four classes occur. A special feature of the Phil. Trans. 1898-9. 9 130 GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WYLD. paper is the explanation which I venture to offer of the so-called ‘ irrogular’ or ‘ Northern’ forms, such as seek,’ ‘ think,’ ‘ hagthorn,‘ ‘ heckfer,’ to lig = to lie,’ etc., etc. (See p. 247.) I cannot but think that in tho main the law here formulated muat be accepted, though it ie of course inevitablo that may of my applications of it will be disputed, and that opinions will differ as to the exact geographical area over which it obtained. In conclusion, I have to thank Professors Napier and Wright for thejr kindness and courtesy at all times in giving me valuable advice and suggestions. To Dr. Sweet I owe far more than I can adequately Bet down here; not only have I had the privilege of a training in practical phonetics from him, but I have also enjoyed the advantage of frequent private discussion with him of every part of my work in the course of its carrying out. Oxford, April, 1899. LIST OF MIDDLE ENGLISH TEXTS USED IN THE FOLLOWING WORE. SCOTCHAND NOBTIIXBWTBXTU. Barbour’s Brace, 1330. Dunbar, E. Lothian, 1460-1520. Gavin Douglas, 1475-1622. Complaynt of Scotland, 1649. Metrical Psalter, Yrks., before 1300. Cursor Mundi, Trka., 1300. Minot, Yrlre., 133362. Prick of Conscience, YrLs., before 1349. Sir Gawayn, Northern, 1360. Townley Mysteries, Yrka., 1460. Northern Glossary (Wright-Wiilcker, xriii), Bfteenth mtury. Wars of Alexnnder, Yrks., late fitteenth century. Catholicon, Yrku., 1483. Manipulnn, Yrku., 1670. MIDLANDTnrr. Alliterative Poems, Lanc~hire,1360. Metrid Romances, Lance., 1420. Onnulum, Linca., 1200. Havolok the Dane, N.E. Midland, 1300. Robert of Bmnne, 1938. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. c. WSLD. 131 Hali Meidenhed, W.NidL, 1226. William of Palerne, W.Midl., 1360. Earlieet Prose Psalter, W. Midl., 1376, Myrc, Shropshire, 1400. MS. Harl., 2,263 (R6ddeker's Altenglische Dichtnngen), Herefordeb, 1310. A Worcester Glossary (Wright-Wiilcker, xiii), twelfth ran-. Laxamon, Worcs., 1205. Guy of Warwick, thirteenth century. Song and Carols (Wright, Warton Club, leas), Wuricbhire, 1400. Palladins on Husbondrie, Esaex, 1420. Peterborough Chronicle, 1122-1 164. Bestiary, E. Midl., before 1260. Genes& and Exodus, E. Midl., 1260. Returns of Norfolk Guilds, 1389. Wills and Inrentories, Norfolk, 6ftaenth century. Promptorium, Norfolk, 1440. Bokenham's Poems, Suffolk, before 1447. Wicliffe. E.E.T.S., 1880. Chaucer. Skeat's ed., six vole. Political Songs. Wright, Rolln Series, 1869-61 ; 2 vols. SOUTFIBXN TEXT^. St. Katherine, Gloucestershire, 1200. Robt. of Gloucenter, 1300. St. Juliana (Metrical Life), Glooceetersbire, 1300. Piem Plowman, 1363-93. Sir Fernmbraa, Devon, 1380. 8t. Editha, Wilts, 1400. St. Juliana (Prose Life), Doreet, 1200. Gawles Wards, Doraet, 1210. Wooing of our Lord, Dorset, 1210. Ahncren Ride, Dorset, 1226. Owle and Nightingale, Dorset, 1246-60. Sir Beves of Hamtoun, IIanta, 1327. Usages of Winchester, IIants, 1380. Kentish Qospels, 1160. Eentish Homilies (Tenpas, A. 22), 1200. Vices and Virtu-, Kent, 1200. Moral Ode (MS.Digby, 4), Kent, early thirteenth centnq. ltentish Sermona, 1200-60. William of Shoreham, Kent, 1307-27. Ayenbite of Inayt, Kent, 1340. Libeaw Deaconus, Kent, 1360. 132 GUTTURAL SOCNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. LIST OF MODERN DIALECTS, WITH AUTHORS OF GLOSSARIES HERE USED. Northumberland, Heslop, 189N. Cumberland, Dicldnson, 1878-81. Westmoreland, Wheeler, 1802 ; Weatmoreland and Cumherlaud, 1839. Durham (Hetton-la-Hole), Palgrave, 1896 ; Teeadale Glossary, 1819. W. Yrks. (Cleveland), Atkinson, 1869-76. N. Yrks. (Swaledale), Harlaud, 1873. N.E. Yrks. (Whitby), Robinson, 1876. Yorkshire N.Yid. Yrks. (Windhill). Wright, 1893. Mid. Yorks , Robinson, 1876. W. Yrka. (Almondsbury and Hudderdield), Ensthw, 1883. S.W.Yrks. (Sheffield), Addy, 1888-90. Lancashire, Nodsll and Milner, 1875-82. Cheshire, Holland,I 1884-6 ; South Cheshire, Darlington, 1887. Derbyshire, Peggo, Skeat, LIrllam. N. Lmcs., Sutton, 1881. Lincolnahire ‘ N.E. Lincs., Peacock. 1889. 1 S.W. Linca., Cole, 1886. Shropshire, Jackaon, 1879 ; Balopia Antiqua, Hartahorne, 184 1. Staffordshire, Poole, 1880. Leicestenrhire, Evans, 1881. Rutland, Wordsworth, 1891. Norfolk, Rye (East Anglia, 1895) ; Spurdens, 1879 ; Cosens-Hardy, 1893 ; Nall, 1866. Herefordahire, Havergal, 1887. U ton-on-Severn, I,awson, 1884. morcestershire d Wrcs., Chamberleino, 1882. S.E. Wrcs., Salisbury, 1894. Warwickshire, Sorthall, 1896. h’orthamptonshire, Baker, 1854. Bedfordshire, Batchelor, 1809 (G10ma1-y at end of ‘‘ An Ortho+ical Analysir of the English Lanyage ”) . Suffolk, Moore, 1823. Oloucesterehire, Robertson, 1890. Oxfordahire, Parker, 1876-81. Beerkehire, LowsIey, 1888. Esser, Charnock, 1880 ; Clarke, Talon in hxDialect. W. Somersetshire, Elworthy, 1886. Wiltahire, Dartnell and Ooddard, 1893 ; Akerman, 1842. Surrey, Levwon-Oower, 1876-93. Kent. Parish and Shaw. 1887. W. Cornnail, ~ourtuey. E. Cornwall, Couch. Cornwall Cornish Glossary, Monthly Mag., 1809. ,, Journ. of Royal I~titutionof Cornwall, 1864, Garland; another in eame place by Couch; Cornish Tiles, Trerelles.D Deron, Hewett, 1892 ; (Harland) Chope, 1891 ; Exmoor Scolding. Domet, Barnes, 1886. GUTTURAL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WTLD. 133 Hampahire, Cope, 1883. Isle of Wight, Smith, 1881 ; Long, 1886. Sueaex, Cooper, 1853 ; Parish, 1879. OTHER DICTIOXABIES, GLOSSARIES, AND CHIEF WORKS USED. Engliah Dialect Dictwwoy, A to Dinner, Wright. Grose, Provincial Glossary, I8 11. Bay, Collection of North Country Words (1691): Pt. iii, Reprinted GloasPriea, ed. Skeat, E.I).h., 1374. White AFenncr (Bp.j, Parocliial Antiquifiw (with Glousarp at end), Oxford, 1695. Shut's Reprinted Glossaries-Thanet by Lewes. Glos'ter by Marshall. Sorfolk, Marshall. Yurks, Marshall. Yorks, Willon. W. Uevon, Marshall. Thoresby's Letter to Ray. GIossnry to Burns' Works, Renlcy, 1S97. (Iu Yo]. IY.) Bp. f't.t.cy's Folio MS., 1867-68, Hales and Furnivall (Gloes in Vol. IV). €fal[izcell's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, 3rd ed., 1865. Nurcs' Glossary, ed. Halliwell, 1859. Uictistury oj. E'nglrsh Pkmt-XmRc, Britten and IIolland, E.D.S., 1878-L.6. Anglo-Saxon Uictionarp, Bosworth-Toller. Swet's Anglo-Saxon bictionti1-y. Middle English Dictionary, Stratman-Bradley, 1891. The New hghhDictionary, Miurray. Johnson's Dictionary, 1st folio ed., 1765. Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, 1888. Florio, Worlde of Wordes, 1698. Cotgrave - H owell, 167 3. Minsheu, Guide into Tongues (Emendatio, 2nd ed.). Bailey, 2nd ed., 1724. Kluge, Etymologkches Wiirterbuch d. deutachen Sprache. Wright-Wdcker, Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies, 1884. Skcat's Meso-Gothic Gloa~ary. Uhlenbeck, Kwz gefasstea etymologisches Wortsrbuch der Gotiechea Sprache. ( Letter in Academy, Feb. 22, 1890. Napier Xotes on 0rtho"raphy of the Ormulum, Oxford, 1893 ; also in EIistory 1 of the Holy Rood-tree, ed. Napier, E.E.T.S.,1894. Gotischea Elementarbuch, 1897. S"eitbwg { C:rgermanische Grammatik, 1896. (Urgerm. Gr.) Aufl., Siecers Phonetik, 4 1893. { Angelvhchsische Grammatik, 3 Ad., 1898. (A.S. Gr.) Hmsbach. Xittelengliache Grammatik, 1st part, 1898. (M.E. Or.) History of English Sounds, 1888. (H.E.S.) Oldw Enxlisb Testa : Facsimile of Epinal Glossary. Anglo-Saxon Reader, 7th ed., 1894. (A.S. Header.) Primcr of I'honetics. Paul, Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, Bd. i, 1891. (Grundr.) Paid utrd Urntme, Ueitrigo rut Geachichta der deutschan Spracbe utld Litteratur. (P.B.B.) Cook, A Glovsary of the Old h'orthumbrian Gospels, 1894. 134 GUTTURAL SOUWDS IN ENGLISH-H. C. WYLD. Lindelof, Glosaar ZUI altnorth. Evqelieniibersetzung in der Ruahworth- handechrift, 1897. Ten Brink, Chaucer'e Sprache undVersht, 2 Ad., Kluge, 1899. (Chaucer's Spr.1 Brotc, Nordische Lehnworter in Ormulum (in P.B.B.. I). Khqe, Geachichte der Englinchen Spmhe (inGmndr., pp. 31-90), cited by page. Bilbrity, Beiblatt EUT Anglia: Jul~-Aupt,1898, and February, 1899. SkLaf, List of Boob illashting English Dialecb, 1873-75. (E.D.S.) Wright, Englische Mundarten, Grundr., Bd. i, p. 976. (These last two workn are invaluable IU bibliographical guidw.) Brundl, M.E. Literatnrgeschichte, in Grnndr., u, pp. 609-718. I. O.E. c. O.E. c corresponde to Qermanic *k, Indo-Germanic *g. O.E. ~Qosan,Goth. kiusan, Qk. y;w; O.E. %aec, 0.Icel. Pak, Lat. tego; O.E. cyn, Goth. kuni, Qk. ykvor, etc. O.E. c occurs initially, medially, and finally; it may stand before all rowels, and before I, n, r.